AlGebRaic ExpRessions

TERMINOLOGY: PRODUCTS
1. Monomial by a Polynomial 4. Difference of Two Squares 6. Mixed Questions
Numerical Coefficient: the number in front of a Use the distributive law The two binomials are the same except the sign in Follow BODMAS;
variable. one is a plus and in the other is a minus. The outer 1. Simplify in brackets if possible
EXAMPLE and inners are then additive inverses of each other 2. Square binomial, FOIL or binomial by Trinomial
Variable: an algebraic letter(s) used to represent un- 2a2(3a2 + 4a b − a3c) so answer is only first squared minus last squared. 3. Distribution
known(s). 4. Add or subtract like terms.
= (2a2 × 3a 2) + (2a2 × 4a b) + (2a2 × −a3c)
EXAMPLE
Constant: the numerical term = 6a4 + 8a3 b − 2a5c
(3a − 2b)(3a + 2b) EXAMPLE
= − 2a5 c + 6a4 + 8a3b 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x + y)(x − y)
= (3a)2 − (2b)2
Algebraic Expression: a mathematical expression
= 9a2 − 4b2 = 4x (4x y − 16y + 12) − (2x2 − 2x y + x y − y2)
made up of one or more terms separated by addition
2. Binomial by Binomial = 16x2 y − 64x y + 48x − 2x2 + 2x y − x y + y2
(+) or subtraction (–).
Use FOIL method (Firsts, Outers, Inners, Lasts) = − 2x2 + 16x2 y + 48x − 63x y + y2
EXAMPLE
Polynomial: an algebraic expression where the (5x − 7y2)(5x + 7y2)
EXAMPLE
exponent(s) on the variable(s) are natural numbers. = 25x2 − 49y4 EXAMPLE
(a − b)(x + y)
Monomial e.g. 4 or 2a2bc (one term) = 3(a2 + 3a − 10) − 2(a2 − 6a + 9) + 2(a2 − 4)
Binomial e.g. 6x + 2y (two terms) = (a × x) + (a × y) + (−b × x) + (−b × y)
EXAMPLE = 3a2 + 9a − 30 − 2a2 + 12a − 18 + 2a2 − 8
Trinomial e.g. 6x2 − 5x + 4 (three terms) F O I L [(a − b) + 5][(a − b) − 5] = 3a2 + 21a − 56
= a x + a y − bx − b y
= (a − b)2 − 25
Degree: is the highest value of an exponent of a
specific variable in an algebraic expression. = a2 − 2a b + b2 − 25
EXAMPLE
(e.g. 7x3 − 3x y + 8x6 + 4 has the sixth degree in x (2x + y)(3x − 4y)
and first degree in y) 5. Binomial by a Trinomial
= (2x × 3x) + (2x × −4y) + ( y × 3x) + ( y × −4y) Multiply each term in the binomial by each term in
Like Terms: are terms with the same variable(s) = 6x2 − 8x y + 3x y − 4y2 (add like terms) the trinomial and the add like terms.
with the same exponents, the coefficients may differ. = 6x2 − 5x y − 4y2
1 EXAMPLE
(e.g. 6a2b and − a2b ) (a − 2)(a2 − a + 1)
2 3. Squaring a Binomial
Step 1: Square the first term = a (a2 ) + a (−a) + a (1) − 2(a2 ) − 2(−a) − 2(1)
Unlike Terms: are terms where the Step 2: Multiple the first term by the second term = a3 − a2 + a − 2a2 + 2a − 2
variables are different. and double it = a3 − 3a2 + 3a − 2
(e.g. 2x , 2x2 and 3x y ) Step 3: Square the last term.
EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
( p + q)( p2 − p q + q2)
( p + 2r)2
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS = ( p)2 + ( p × 2r) × 2 + (2r)2
= p3 − p2 q + pq 2 + p2 q − pq 2 + q3
Follow BODMAS rule but can only add or subtract like = p3 + q3 (sum of 2 cubes)
= p2 + 4pr + 4r 2
terms and write answer with variables in alphabetical
order and terms in descending order of powers. EXAMPLE
EXAMPLE
(3a − 2b)(9a 2 + 6a b + 4b2)
EXAMPLE (3a − 4b)2
= 27a3 + 18a2b + 12a b2 − 18a2b − 12a b2 − 8b3
Simplify the following: = (3a)2 + (3a × −4b) × 2 + (−4b)2
1. 6b ca − 7a bc + 4a2bc − 3ca b + bca 2 = 27a3 − 8b3 (difference of 2 cubes)
= 9a2 − 24a b + 16b2
= bca 2 + 4a2bc + 6bca − 7a bc − 3ca b
= 5a2 bc − 4a bc NOTE: the second step in these examples is
not usually shown.
2. 6x − 4x2 − 8x + x3 − x2 + 7x − 3x3
= − 3x3 + x3 − 4x2 − x2 + 6x − 8x + 7x
= − 2x3 − 5x2 + 5x
 AlGebRaic ExpRessions
FACTORISATION 3. Difference of Two Squares (DOTS): 5. Trinomials:
Factorisation is the inverse operation to products, that is we want Square root the first term minus square root second term in one STEPS:
to put the brackets back into the sum. bracket then Square root the first term plus square root second term 1. Put in standard form a x2 + bx + c
in second bracket. 2. Multiply the coefficients of the 1st and 3rd terms (i.e. a × c)
STEPS: 3. Find the factors of answer in (2) that add if +c or subtract if −c
1. Look for a common factor first. EXAMPLES to get b
2. If a binomial look for difference of two squares or sum/ Factorise Fully: 4. Write with middle term split into outers and inners
difference of two cubes. 1. 4a2 − 64b2 Remember to check for HCF 1st 5. Factorise by grouping
3. If a trinomial check if in form a x2 − bx + c, = 4(a2 − 16b2 )
then factorise. EXAMPLES
= 4(a − 4b)(a + 4b) a ×c =3×2 =6
4. If 4 or more terms group by looking for patterns first, Factorise Fully:
c = + 2; + factors;
e.g. difference of squares or perfect square trinomial. 1. 3x2 + 7x + 2
5. Don’t forget to factorise as far as possible. 2. x2(x − k) + y2(k − x) Sign change = 3x2 + 6x + 1x + 2 2×3 ; 2+3 = 5
6. Remember terms in brackets can be considered as a variable, = x2(x − k) − y2(x − k) Take (x − k) out as a common bracket 1×6 ; 1+ 6 = 7
= 3x (x + 2) + (x + 2)
= (x − k)(x2 − y2) 2nd bracket is DOTS = (x + 2)(3x + 1) both terms + as
= (x − k)(x − y)(x + y) middle term is +

1. Highest Common Factor (HCF):

This is inverse of distribution.
EXAMPLES
Factorise Fully:
1. 6y2 + 12y
= 6y ( y + 2)
2. 3a (2a − b) − a2(2a − b)
= a (2a − b)(3 − a)
3. x (x − y) − 4(x − y)2
4. = (x − y)[x − 4(x − y)]
= (x − y)[x − 4x + 4y]
= (x − y)(−3x + 4y)
= − (x − y)(3x − 4y)
2. Sign change:
Change of sign in a bracket to make the factors
the same.
NOTE:
(b + a) = (a + b) but
Do a sign change as follows:
(b − a) = − 1(a − b)
EXAMPLE
4a (a − 2b) − 6(2b − a)
= 4a (a − 2b) + 6(a − 2b)
= 2(a − 2b)(2a + 3)
3. (a − b)2 − (2a + b)2 2. 6a2 − 17a b + 12b2
= [(a − b) − (2a + b)][(a − b) + (2a + b)] = 6a2 − 9a b − 8a b + 12b2 9 × 8 ; 9 + 8 = 17
= [a − b − 2a − b][a − b + 2a + b] = 3a (2a − 3b) − 4b (2a − 3b)
= (−a − 2b)(3a) both terms – as
= (2a − 3b)(3a − 4b)
= − 3a (a + 2b) middle term is –
a × c = 3 × 6 = 18
4. Grouping: 3. 3p2 + 7p − 6 c = − 6; – factors;
Take (2a − b) out as a common bracket Used if four or more terms. First group then do HCF. Groups can be = 3p2 + 9p − 2p − 6 9×2 ; 9−2 = 7
due to HCF, Difference of two squares or perfect square trinomial.
= 3p ( p + 3) − 2( p + 3)
biggest factor gets
EXAMPLES = ( p + 3)(3p + 2)
Take (x − y) out as a common bracket middle term sign
Factorise Fully:
1. 9d + bc − bd − 9c a × c = 1 × 18 = 18
Simplify 2nd bracket 4. 2x2 − 6x − 36 c = − 3; – factors;
= (9d − 9c) + (bc − bd ) HCF in each bracket
= 2(x2 − 3x − 18) (HCF) 6×3 ; 3−6=−3
= 9(d − c) + b (c − d ) Sign change needed
= 2(x2 − 6x + 3x − 18)
= 9(d − c) − b (d − c) Do HCF biggest factor gets
= 2[x (x − 6) + 3(x − 6)]
= (d − c)(9 − b) middle term sign
= 2(x − 6)(x + 6)
2. 2a − 3b + 4a2 − 9b2
= (2a − 3b) + (4a2 − 3b2) 2nd bracket DOTS
= (2a − 3b) + (2a − 3b)(2a + 3b) Do HCF 5. Perfect Square Trinomial
a) 4m2 − 18m n + 9n2
= (2a − 3b)(1 + 2a + 3b)
(b − a) ≠ (a − b) 2
= ( 4m2 – 9n2)
3. 25a2 − p2 − 12pq − 36q2 Group last three terms as they
= (2m − 3n)2
= 25a2 − ( p2 + 12pq + 36q2) make a perfect square trinomial First term and last term are
= 25a2 − ( p + 6q)2 DOTS perfect squares
b) 49p4 + 84p2 + 36
= [5a − ( p + 6q)][5a + ( p + 6q)]
= (7p2 + 6)2
= (5a − p − 6q)(5a + p + 6q)
 AlGebRaic ExpRessions
FACTORISATION (CONTINUED) ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS
6. Sum or Difference of Two Cubes: EXAMPLES: 2. Simplification of fractions with addition and Subtraction.
STEPS: x2 − x − 6 STEPS:
1. x2 − 9
Example: 8a3 + 27 1. Factorise the denominator(s) (and numerator(s) where necessary)
(x − 3)(x + 2) 2. Cancel like factors in each term if any.
=
First bracket (binomial): (x − 3)(x + 3) 3. Find the Lowest Common denominator (LCD)
Cube
3 root the 2 terms sign between that of sum 4. Put each term over LCD by creating equivalent fractions.
3 27 (x 3)(x 2)
= 5. Carry out the products in the numerator and add like terms.
( ) (x 3)(x 3) 6. Factorise numerator if possible and cancel any like factors.
3x2 3 3x 3a − 4 4a
(x + 2) 1. − − 2. –
Second bracket (trinomial): = x2 − x − 6 x − 3 x + 2 3a 2 − a − 4 a 2 − 2a − 3
(x + 3)
square first term 3x2
3x (3a 4) 4a
3 = –
1st term x 2nd term with opposite sign to 1st = – – (3a 4)(a 1)
(x − 3)(x + 2) (x − 3) (x + 2) (a − 3)(a + 1)
term 2 2
12y − 4x −4x + 14x y − 10y 1(a − 3) − 4a
add 2nd term squared 2. 12x − 30y × 3x2 − 3x − 6 − 3x2 + 9x =
8x − 24y = (a + 1)(a − 3)
2 2 (x − 3)(x + 2)
−4(x − 3y) −2(2x – 7x y + 5y ) −3a − 3
= × 6x − 6 =
6(2x − 5y) = (a + 1)(a − 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
= 6(x − 1) =
48(2x − 5y) = (a 1)(a 3)
(x − 3)(x + 2)
EXAMPLES: (x − y) −3
= =
6 (a − 3)
= (2h − 5g)(4h2 + 10gh + 25g2)
3. Restrictions on Fractions
a2 − a b − 2b2 All fractions with variables in their denominators will have restrictions, as a denominator
3. a2 + 2a b + b2 ÷ a − 4a b + 4b
2 2

24t3 + 1029 a +b may not equal zero. If the denominator becomes zero the fraction is undefined.
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
= 3(2t + 7)(4t 2 14t + 49) (a − 2b)(a + b) (a − 2b)2 Determine the value of x for which the Determine the restrictions on the following
= ÷
(a + b)2 (a + b) fractions will be undefined: fractions:

(a + b) 7x 4x − 2
3. a3 = × 1. 1. x2 − 1
a3 x −1
6 36 x −1= 0
1 x2 − 1 ≠ 0
a a2 ) =
a − 2b x =1
x2 ≠ 1
1. Simplification of a Fraction with multiplication 3x − 1 x ≠ ±1
5b + 5 6 − 4b 2a + 4a b 2. 2x + 1
and division. 4. 2b 2 − b − 3 × ÷ 2x + 1 = 0
5b 2 + 10b + 5 2b 2 + 3b + 1
3 4x
STEPS: 5(b + 1) −2(2b − 3) 2a (1 + 2b) 1 2. –
1. Factorise the numerator(s) and the denominator(s). = × ÷ x = x −1 (x + 2)(x − 1)
2. Cancel like factors. (2b − 3)(b + 1) 5(b + 1)2 (2b + 1)(b + 1) 2
(2b + 1)(b + 1) x −1≠ 0 and x −2≠ 0
5(b + 1)
REMEMBER:
a
÷
b = × × 2x − b
(2b 3)(b 1) 5(b + 1)(b + 1) 2a (2b + 1) 3. x ≠1 x ≠ −2
b a 3x − 2b
−10
a a =
= × 10a (b + 1) 3x − 2b = 0
b b 2b
−1 x =
= 3
a (b + 1)
 Equations and Inequalities
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS: WORD PROBLEMS
Determine values that will satisfy both equations simultaneously. Two methods can be used: Elimination or EXAMPLE 1
Substitution.
Determine the values of x and y if the quadrilateral is a rectangle.
EXAMPLE 1
2x + 14y
10

ELIMINATION: SUBSTITUTION: 4y 2x

Add the equations to eliminate

2x + y = 10 one of the variables 54
3x = 18 4y = 2x . . . A
18
2x + 14y = 54 . . . B
3 1
2y + 16 + y = 10
y = x ...C
3y 10 16 2
1
2x + 14( x) = 54
2
Substitute the value into the
2x + 7x = 54
(6) y 8 original equations to find the
y-value
Substitute the y-value into 9x = 54
equation A to find the x-value x =6 Substitute the y-value into A
4y = 2(6)
12
y=
∴ (6; 2) 4
y =3
∴ (6; 2)

EXAMPLE 2
The results of simultaneous equations are the point of intersection if the equations were to be presented
graphically (x ; y). The sweet you like is reduced by R2 on a special offer. This means you can get 14 sweets for the
same price as you used to pay or 10. What is the usual price?
EXAMPLE 2

Usual price: x
Special price: (x − 2)
∴ 7x = 14

10x = 14(x − 2)
10x = 14x − 28
Substitute the x-value into 28 = 14x − 10x
equation C to find the y-value
28 = 4x
7= x
∴ (2; 1) ∴ the usual cost of the sweet is R7.
 Equations and Inequalities
LINEAR INEQUALITIES: EXAMPLE 2
Relationship between expressions that are not equal
Inequality Interval Notation for Open Intervals
x > a: x is greater than a (a , ∞)
x < a: x is less than a (−∞, a)
x >2 3x > 6
(2;∞)
2
x <2
(–∞;2)
2
2
Inequality Interval Notation for Closed Intervals
x ≥ a: x is greater than or equal to a [a , ∞)
EXAMPLE 3
x ≤ a: x is less than or equal to a

1
[2;∞) subtract 3 from all terms
2
2 1
multiply all terms by -2
(–∞;2] 2
2 NOTE: the inequality signs
had to be REVERSED
EXAMPLE 1
Write down the inequality for each of the following:

a.
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –4 10
b.
EXAMPLE 4
c.
subtract 1 from all terms

divide all terms by 2

x ∈ (3; 6)

–2 2
x ∈ (−∞; ∞); x ≠ 3, x ≠ 6

REMINDERS:
Linear equation: an equation of degree
one with at most one solution
Equations and Inequalities
LINEAR EQUATIONS (Gr9 Revision) LITERAL EQUATIONS
Move all the variables to the one side ad the constants to the other on order to Make a specific variable the subject of the equation
solve. Linear equations have only one solution.

Distributive law: a (b + c) = a b + ac; EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE

that is, the monomial factor a is distrib-
uted, or separately applied, to each
term of the binomial factor b + c
Solve for p:
The surface area of a cylinder is given by A = 2π r(h + r).
4(2p − 7) − 8(5 − p) = 3(2p + 4) − 5( p + 7) Use the distributive law
8p − 28 − 40 + 8p = 6p + 12 − 5p − 35 Group like terms

Like terms: terms that have the same 8p + 8p − 6p + 5p = 28 + 40 + 12 − 35 Simplify

variables and powers 15p = 45 A = 2π r(h + r) Manipulate the equation for find h on its own

p =3 r
Quadratic Equation: an equation of the
second degree
r h
2π r
Degree of the equation: the exponent of EXAMPLE 2 A r × 2π r
the highest power to which that variable Solve for a: =h Adding fractions (LCD is 2π r)
2π r 2π r
is raised in the equation
Find LCD (5) A 2π r2
5
Constant term: a known, fixed value
2a − 1
( 5 ) × 5 − (a) × 5 + (5) × 5 = 0 × 5 Multiply both sides by LCD
Coefficient: a number used to multiply a
2a 1 5a 25 0 Group like terms
variable
2a 5a 25 1 Simplify
Inequality: <,> two values that are
not equal.

Fractions and 0:

Numerator

0 x
x 0

10.Multiplication of signs:
 Equations and Inequalities
FRACTIONS WITH VARIABLES IN THE DENOMINATOR
Steps for solving unknowns in the EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
denominator:
Factorise denominators, apply the 3 x +3 6
Change sign to simplify factorisation Change sign to simplify factorisation
sign-change rule if necessary.
State restrictions. Factorise denominators
Factorise denominators
Multiply every term by the lowest
common denominator (LCD). 2x x
3 6
x −3 (x − 3)(x + 3) x +3 Multiply every term by the LCD
Solve the equation. x −2 (x − 2)(x + 2) x +2
Multiply every term by the LCD x
3 × (x − 3)(x + 3) = × (x − 3)(x + 3)
× (x − 2)(x + 2) − × (x − 2)(x + 2) = 6 × (x − 2)(x + 2) (x − 3)(x + 3)
(x − 2)(x + 2)
2x (x + 3) − (5x − 3) = x (x − 3)

Simplify Simplify

15 = 4x (x + 1) = 0 or (x + 3) = 0
15
4

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS General Steps for solving Quadratic Equations

Cannot
Sum
factorise
2 perfect
squares
Binomial Difference
2. Factor out Highest
1. Standard Form
Common Factor
Trinomial Factoring
EXAMPLE 1: FACTORISATION EXAMPLE 2: DIFFERENCE OF 2 SQUARES
Factorise Quadratic Formula
5x + 2x2 =3 Standard form (x + 5)2 = 9 Complete the
EXAMPLE 2: ALTERNATIVE
square
2x2 + 5x − 3 = 0 Factorise x2 + 10x + 25 = 9 Standard form
(2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0 Apply the zero-factor law* x2 + 10x + 16 = 0 Factorise (x + 5)2 = 9

2x − 1 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 (x + 8)(x + 2) = 0 Apply zero-factor law* (x + 5)2 = 9

2x = 1 or x =−3 x + 8 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 *Zero-Factor Law:
x +5 = ±3
1 if a × b = 0 then a = 0 or b = 0
x= x =−8 or x =−2 x + 5 − 3 = 0 or x + 5 + 3 = 0
2
1 x +2=0 or x +8= 0
∴ x = or x = − 3
2 x =−2 or x =−8
 Exponents
LAWS OF EXPONENTS NOTES:
Laws of exponents only apply to multiplication, division, brackets and roots. NEVER adding or subtracting. For the following: a , b > 0 and m , n ∈ Z
1 a
1. a− n = or a ⋅ b−m =
1. 2. m 3. 4. m an bm
a (am ⋅ an)p = an×p ⋅ am×p n
am = a n
= am−n
an 2. a0 = 1
MULTIPLICATION AND DIVISION ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
EXAMPLES EXAMPLES NOTE:
Simplify, leaving all answers in positive exponential form. Simplify, leaving all answers in positive exponential form. To be able to simplify
algebraic expressions
of 2 or more terms,
1. [Multiplication bases variables] 3. [Multiplication bases combined] one must always
1. Expand factorise FIRST
4 2 2 4 3 1 1 4
) (27m
Laws 3 & 4 Change to prime bases
4 Factorise using HCF and Note 1
(ab3) ⋅ 3
(81m2 ) 2

1 1
Law 1 2 22
Simplify
Law 3
Law 2 (34 m2) 2
a2b12 1 4 4) Note 1
3m 3 × m3 4
Note 1 Laws 1 & 2 3 1
a10 1 4

b5 1
4

2. [Multiplication bases numerical]

1 2. Change to prime bases
18 ⋅ 9 2 ⋅ 16
Change to
prime bases Change 4 to prime and expand
1
(3 ⋅ 2) ⋅ (32) 2 ⋅ (2 )
Law 3 22 x(5 ⋅
1
3 ⋅ 22
(34)n−3 ⋅ (26)n+2 2
Take out common factor
2x 1
Law 1 ( 4

Law 2 Simplify bracketed terms

2
29

Note 1
315 2
29 2
215 Tip and times
2 1
3 15
 Exponents
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS
EXAMPLES continued EXAMPLES
Simplify, leaving all answers in positive Solve for x Equations involving factorisation
exponential form.
3. 3 ⋅ 52 x−1 −3=0
2
NOTE: 1. 3x 3 = 12 Divide by 3 3 ⋅ 52x−1 = 3
To be able to simplify algebraic 2 2 x−1
expressions of 2 or more terms, x3 = 4 Raise both sides to the inverse power 5 = 1
one must always factorise 2 3 3
(x 3 )2 = (22) 2 ∴ 52x−1 = 50 Remember that 50 = 1 (Note 2)
FIRST
x =±8 ∴ 2x − 1 = 0
1
x=
3. Change 4x to prime 2

Numerator is Diff of 2. 2 ⋅ 3x−1 ⋅ 32x+2 − 4 = 50 Isolate powers

2 Squares (DOTS) 4. 2 x+3 = 2x + 28
2⋅ 33x+1 = 50 + 4 Simplify LHS 2x+3 − 2x = 28 Get powers together
33x+1 = 54 ÷ 2 Divide both sides by 2 (as it has no exponent) 2x ⋅ 23 − 2x = 28
33x+1 = 27 Get bases the same by using prime factors 2x(23 − 1) = 28 Factorise LHS
33x+1 = 33 If bases same, exponents must be same to be = 2 (7) = 28
x
Simplify bracket & divide
∴ 3x + 1 = 3 2 =4
x
Change 4 to prime
2
21024 x= 2x = 22
4. HCF and Law 4 3
22044 ∴ x =2
21024(22 − 1) Law 2 and simplify
bracket
21022
= 21024−1022(4 − 1)
 NUmbeR PatteRns
TERMINOLOGY:
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
Consecutive: numbers or terms following directly after i. Given the sequence 3, 8, 13, … A shop owner wishes to display cans of food in a
each other ii. Determine the next three terms. and T7 . triangular shape as shown in figure. There is one can
iii. Determine the general term. in the top row, three in the second row and so on.
iv. Determine the value of the 45th term. SOLUTION
Common/constant difference: the difference tween two
v. Which term has the value of 403?
consecutive terms.

SOLUTION
i. 18; 23; 28 Write down the first four terms of this pattern.
Terms are indicated by a T and the In what type of sequence are the tins arranged?
ii. d = 8 − 3 = 5 or d = 13 − 8 = 5
position or number of the term in the pattern by a sub- Write down a formula for the term of the sequence.
script, e.g. term 1 is T1 or term 50 is T50 . How many cans are needed for the 15th row?
c = T1 − d
=3−5 In which row will there be 27 cans?
th
General term Tn: also referred to as the n term. =−2
SOLUTION
General term for linear patterns: ∴ Tn = d n + c
Tn = 5n − 2 1; 3; 5; 7

iii. n = 45 Linear sequence

∴ T45 = 5(45) − 2
Linear Patterns:
= 223
Sequences with a constant difference between the terms.
iv. Tn = 403 so need to solve for n
Tn = general term and
d = constant difference Tn = 5n − 2
n = number of the term 5n − 2 = 403
5n = 405
Steps to determine the nth term: ∴ n = 81
Find the constant difference
EXAMPLE EXAMPLE ∴29 cans are needed for the 15th row
Find the c-value
If the pattern “safesafesafesafe…“ Tn 27
continues in this way what would the 2n 1 27
Substitute the c- and d-values to define the nth term. 263rd letter be? ∴ n = 14 ( ∴ 14th row)
because she keeps getting an unexpected
Quadractic Patterns: answer. Perform the calculations and then
SOLUTION
By inspection: Note safe has 4 letters so safesafe has 8
Tn = general term and safesafesafe has 12 etc.
SOLUTION
a = constant difference ÷ 2 ∴ 263 ÷ 4 = 65 remainder 3
n = number of the term Thus 65 safe and three more letters, the
263rd letter is f.
15n = 98
8
15

∴ 96 is not a term in the sequence

since n ∈ ℕ
 Finance - Simple and CompoUnd InteRest
SIMPLE INTEREST COMPOUND INTEREST HIRE PURCHASE LOANS
Interest calculated on only the money initially invested Interest calculated on the initial amount and any sub- Short-term loans to buy goods on credit, normally repaid in equal monthly installments.
or borrowed. sequent interest that is earned or charged. A = P(1 + in)
A = P(1 + in) A = P(1 + i )n EXAMPLE
A = accumulated amount P = original amount Tania wants to buy a new TV which costs R9 350. She can’t afford the full amount now and
r agrees to buy it on the following hire purchase terms:
n = number of years i = interest rate
100
➡12% deposit ➡13% interest p.a. ➡equal monthly installments over 2 years
In financial Maths, unless instructed otherwise, always round off your FINAL answer to 2 decimal places
a) How much is the deposit amount?
EXAMPLE 1 12 % of R9 350 = R1 122
Which investment would be a better option over 6 years? b) How much will Tania repay, including interest?
a) 6% p.a. simple interest b) 5,5% p.a. compound interest
R9 350 − R1 122 = R8 228
A = P (1 + i n) A = P (1 + i )n A = P (1 + i n)
= P (1 + 0,06 × 6) = P (1 + 0,055)6 = 8 228(1 + 0,13 × 2)
= R10 367,28
= 1,36P = 1,38P
c) How much will her monthly repayments be?
∴ Option (b) is better
R10 367,28 ÷ 24 = R431,97 per month
EXAMPLE 2 d) How much would Tania have saved if she could have paid the full amount initially?
John wants to have R10 000 available in 4 years’ time for a holiday. How much does he need to invest now if (R1 122 + R10 367,28) − R9 350 = R2 409,28
he can get an interest rate of 8,3% p.a. compounded annually?
A = P (1 + i )n
INFLATION POPULATION GROWTH
10 000 = P (1 + 0,083)4
The rising cost of goods and services A = P(1 + i )n
10 000 = P (1,375...) DO NOT round off yet!
A = P(1 + i ) n
EXAMPLE
P = R7 269,20
EXAMPLE A herd of cows was made up of
EXAMPLE 3 24 animals in 2014. If the growth
A loaf of bread costs R14. If the average inflation rate
of the herd was approximately
You want to double an investment of R1 200 in five years. What annual interest would yield this return? has been 8%, and assuming it remains constant:
13% p.a., how many cows would
a) Simple interest a) Compound interest a) How much will a loaf of bread cost in 5 years? you have expected in the herd in
A = P (1 + i n) A = P (1 + i ) n
A = P (1 + i )n 2018?
2400 = 1200(1 + i × 5) 2400 = 1200(1 + i )5 = 14(1 + 0,08)5 A = P (1 + i )n
= R20,57 = 24(1 + 0,013)4
2 = 1 + 5i 2 = (1 + i )5
b) How much did a loaf of bread cost 13 years ago? = 39,13
1 = 5i 5 2 =1+i ≈ 39 cows
A = P (1 + i )n
∴ i = 0,2 1 + i = 1,14869... 14 = P (1 + 0,08)13
= 20,00 % p.a. ∴ i = 0,14869... P = R5,15

= 14,87% p.a.
 FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES
Finance
TIMELINES
Timelines can be used to visually represent more complicated situations in Financial Maths
CURRENCY RATE OF EXCHANGE (OF THE RAND)
TYPE 1: MONEY IN AND OUT
Pound (ә) 18,23 Thando invests R2 000 in a fixed deposit. Two years later, he adds R1 000. One year after that, he needs to withdraw R650.
If the interest rate is 10,25% p.a. compounded annually for the entire period, how much money will Thando have after 5 years?
US Dollar ($) 15,42
R2 000 + R1 000 – R650
EXAMPLE

a) A South African lady working in London manages to save Y4

Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y5
R4 000 per month. How many pounds does she save in a
year?
i = 0,1025
R4 000 ÷ R18,23/ә × 12
= ә2 633,02 A = P (1 + i )
n

= 2000(1 + 0,1025)5 + 1000(1 + 0,1025)3 − 650(1 + 0,1025)2

b) If she wanted to buy a book from America, on Amazon, for = R3 807,81
$15, how much would she pay in pounds?
TYPE 2: CHANGE OF INTEREST RATE
$15 × R15,42 /$ Sam deposits R4 300 into a 3 year fixed deposit account. The interest (all compounded annually) is 9,87% p.a. for the first year, and then
= R231,30 10,3% p.a. for the remainder of the period. How much will Sam have at the end of 3 years?

R4 300
R231,30 ÷ R18,23/ә
= ә12,69
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

i = 0,098 i = 0,103

A = P (1 + i )n
= 4300(1 + 0,098)1(1 + 0,103)2 MULTIPLY when the rate changes
= R5 744,10

TYPE 3: COMBINATIONS
Jenny invests R1 500, but two and a half years later, she needs to withdraw half of the initial investment. The interest rate for the first two years
is 11% p.a. compound interest and 9% p.a. compound interest for the other 4 years. How much money will Jenny have after 6 years?

R1 500 – R750

Y0 Y1 Y2 Y2,5 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6

i = 0,011 i = 0,09

A = P (1 + i )n
= 1500(1 + 0,011)2(1 + 0,09)4 − 750(1 + 0,09)3,5
= R1 594,78
 FUИGТıОИѕ АИd GRАP/ѕ
FUNCTION TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - LINEAR FUNCTION
A FUNCTION is a rule by means of which each element 1. LINEAR FUNCTION EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
of the domain (independent variable or input value(s), (Straigh line graph)
Determine the equation of the straight Determine the equation of the straight line passing through A(–
i.e. x) is associated with one and only one element of y = mx +c or y = ax +q line passing through (–1;–1) and 4;3) and B(3;–2).
the range (dependent variable or output value(s), i.e. y)
• m = a = gradient or slope perpendicular to x − 4y = 4.
Functions can be represented in different ways for y = mx +c y =−mx +c SOLUTION:
example: SOLUTION: y2 − y1
y = 2x − 3; y = 2x2 + 1; x y = 4 or 2 or or m=
m >0 m <0 x − 4y = 4 put in standard form x2 − x1
or
f (x) = − 5x + 1; g (x) = x2 − 5 y 1 −2 − 3
y = x−1 m=
4 3 − (−4)
Example 2 is known as function notation and is an easier x x 1
way of representing the y-value. ∴ y = f (x) ∴m = 5
f m =−
y2 − y1 4 7
m =
So we can write y = 3x + 1 as f (x) = 3x + 1 and is read x2 − x1 5
∴=− x+c
as follows; the value of the function f at x is equal to
c = q = y-intercept i.e. (0;c) Graphs are perpendicular, 7
3x + 1, where f (x) is the range and x is the domain. Thus
f (2) will give the output value when 2 is substituted in • Domain: x ∈ ℝ Range: y ∈ ℝ ∴ mf × mg = − 1
for x, i.e. f (2) = 3(2) + 1 = 7 so ordered pair (2; 7). 5
∴ mg = − 4 3=− (−4) + c
FINDING THE EQUATION 7
EXAMPLE:
Remember m can be found in the follow- 1
∴c=
ing ways: Thus y = − 4x + c sub into (–1;–1) 7
g (−1) 1. given two coordinates:
y2 − y1 −1 = − 4(−1) + c
g (x) = 2 m = 5 1
x2 − x1 ∴c =3 ∴y =− x+
7 7
g (3) − g (−2) 2. Function f parallel to function g
mf = mg
∴ y = − 4x + 3
SOLUTION: 3. Function f perpendicular to function g
m f × mg = − 1
x is given, solve for y
g (−1) EXAMPLE:
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLES:
Determine the equation of the straight Determine the equation of the straight Sketch the following graphs on same set of axes showing all
line passing through (–1;4) and(–1;–2). line passing through (–1;3) and(–5;3). intercepts with the axes:
y given so solve for x
a) f (x) = − 2x + 1 using dual-intercept method.
g (x) = 2 SOLUTION: SOLUTION: y-intercept:
3−3 (x = 0 or f (0)) : (0; 1)
m= =0 x-intercept:
−5 − (−2)
1 ( y = 0 or f (x) = 0) f
(3x 1)(x 2) 0 ∴x or x 2 0 = − 2x + 1
3 ∴ y = 3 (horizontal line)
y 1
4 ∴x=
g (3) − g (−2) 2
= (3(3)2 − 5(3)) − (3((−2)2 − 5(−2)) 2 b) y = − 3
x
−4 −2 2 4
y =−3

−2
 FUИGТıОИѕ АИd GRАP/ѕ
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - QUADRATIC FUNCTION (PARABOLA)
2. QUADRATIC FUNCTION FINDING THE EQUATION SKETCHING THE GRAPHS
(PARABOLA)
Steps:
y = a x2 + q, a ≠ 0
1. Given turning point (0, q) 2. Given roots (x-intercepts) and 1. Find Turning point or y-intercept.
and another point use another point use 2. Find x-intercepts and in none use the table method.
• a > 0 or a is +’ve y = a x2 + q. y = a (x − R1)(x − R2)
3. Determine the shape.

EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all inter-
intercepts with the axes and turning cepts with the axes and turning points:
points: f (x) = 2x2 + 2
a < 0 or a is –’ve
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Turning point or y-intercept: Turning point or y-intercept:
(0;2) (0;8)

• q = y-intercept x-intercepts (y=0): x-intercepts (y=0):

• Turning point = (0;q) 2x2 + 2 = 0
• Domain: x ∈ ℝ 2x2 = − 2 has no solution OR
• Range: y ∈ [ p; ∞) minimum if a > 0 ∴ has no x − intercepts (x 2)(x 2) 0
y ∈ (−∞; p] maximum if a < 0
• Symmetry: x = 0 Shape:
a > 0;
16) Shape:
Table of data points (on calculator): a < 0;
1
x –2 –1 0 1 2
2
1 y 10 4 2 4 10

1 y
8
10 y
Domain: x ∈ ℝ
6
4 Range: y ∈ (∞; 8]
Domain: x ∈ ℝ
5 Range: 2 x
y ∈ [2; ∞)
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
−2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
 FUИGТıОИѕ АИd GRАP/ѕ
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - HYPERBOLA
HYPERBOLA SKETCHING THE GRAPHS FINDING THE EQUATION
a Steps: Determine the equation of:
y = + q, a≠0
x 1. Determine the asymptotes ( x = 0 and y = q )
• a = constant and affects the shape 2. Determine the x-intercepts
+a +a 3. Determine the shape
y= +q y= −q
x x 4. Use table method to plot at least 3 other points
a > 0; q > 0 a > 0; q < 0
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
y y Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all inter- a
y= +q
intercepts with the axes and asymptotes: cepts with the axes and asymptotes: x
3 2
y=q y=q h (x) = +1 First sub in asymptote y = 2 in place of q
x x x x a
y = +2
SOLUTION: SOLUTION: x
Asymptotes: Asymptotes: Sub in the coordinate (4; 3)
a
3= +2
As y = 0 is an asymptote there are no 4
−a −a
y= −q y= +q x-axis intercepts. x 12 = a + 8
x x
Shape: ∴a =4
a < 0; q < 0 a < 0; q > 0
4
y y ∴ y = +2
Shape: y
x
x
y=q y=q
x x

Table: Table:

x –3 –1 1 3 x –2 –1 1 2
• q = constant but shifts graph up or down the y-axis.
• Asymptotes: x = 0; y = 0 y 1 3 –3 –1 y 0 –1 3 2
(values that make the function undefined)
• Domain: x ∈ ℝ, x ≠ 0
• Range: y ∈ ℝ, y ≠ q
• Axis of symmetry: y = x + q or y = − x + q
 FUИGТıОИѕ АИd GRАP/ѕ
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS AND THEIR GRAPHS - EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS
EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS SKETCHING THE GRAPHS FINDING THE EQUATION
y = a ⋅ bx + q a ≠ 0 and b > 0, b ≠ 1 Steps: STEPS:
Asymptote: y = q Domain: x ∈ ℝ 1. Determine the asymptote ( y = q) 1. First sub in the asymptote y = q
Range : y ∈ (q; ∞) i f a > 0; y ∈ (−∞; q) i f a < 0 2. Determine the y- and x-intercepts 2. Sub in y-intercept to find a
3. Determine the shape 3. Sub in other point to find b
y = + a ⋅ b x + q, b > 1 y = + a ⋅ bx − q, b > 1
4. Use table method to plot at least 2 other points
y y
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Sketch the following graph showing all Sketch the following graph showing all Determine the equation of:
intercepts with the axes and asymptotes: intercepts with the axes and asymptotes:
f (x) = 3x
x x 1 x

SOLUTION:

SOLUTION:
y = + a ⋅ b + q,0 < b < 1
x
y = +a⋅ bx − q, 0 < b < 1
Note a = 1 thus only need to find b and q
y y f (x) = bx − 1 Sub in (2; 15)
y 2
Shape: 1
x-intercept: 0 =
x
2
x x Increasing function

Table: Shape:

x –1 1 EXAMPLE:
y = − a ⋅ b+x + q, b > 1 y = − a ⋅ b+x − q, b > 1 Determine the equation of:
y 1
y 3
3
x
Table:

x –1 1

y 0 1,5

Sub in (0; 4)
y = − a ⋅ bx + q, 0 < b < 1 y = − a ⋅ bx − q, 0 < b < 1

Sub in (1; 10)

8 2⋅b
Domain: x ∈ ℝ
 FUИGТıОИѕ АИd GRАP/ѕ
GRAPH APPLICATION
DISTANCE NOTATION TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS
A
Steps for determining VERTICAL DISTANCE f (x) > 0 1. Reflection in x-axis: y becomes negative (i.e. all signs
(above the line y = 0) on right hand side of equation change).
1. Determine the vertical distance B

Vertical distance = top graph − (bottom graph) 2. Reflection in y-axis: all x’s become negative
2. Substitute the given x-value to derive your answer 3. Reflection in both axes: both x and y become negative
4. Horizontal Shift: q changes, if up then add to q and if
Steps for determining HORIZONTAL DISTANCE (i.e. where y is positive) down subtract from q.

1. Find the applicable x-values f (x) < 0

A B
(below the line y = 0)
EXAMPLE: SOLUTIONS:
a) y ∈ [−1; ∞)
Sketched are the graphs of f (x) = x2 − 1 and
g (x) = x + 1. b) x = 0
NOTE:
Distance is always positive c) x–intercept ( ∴ y = 0)
Distance on a graph is measured in units (i.e. where y is negative) 0 = x2 = 1
0 = (x − 1)(x + 1)
∴ x = 1 or x = − 1
f (x) ⋅ g (x) ≤ 0
∴ A(1; 0)
d) B is y–intercept ∴ OB = 1 unit
(one graph lies above y = 0 and one
graph lies below y = 0) e) f (x) = g (x) at C
x2 − 1 = x + 1
f (x) ≥ g (x)
top bottom x2 − x − 2 = 0
(i.e. f(x) lies above g(x)) (x − 2)(x + 1) = 0
INTERSECTION OF GRAPHS
f (x) = g (x) QUESTIONS: x = 2 or x = − 1
Steps for determining POINTS OF INTERSECTION (point of intersection) a) the range of f (x) y = 2 + 1 n /a
Equate the two functions ROOTS & PARABOLAS b) equation of the axis of symmetry of f (x) y =3
f (x) = g (x)
Equal, real roots c) the coordinates of A ∴ A(2; 3)
Solve for x (look for the applicable x-value: A or B)
d) the length of OB f) OF on left side of x-axis ∴ x = − 4
Substitute the applicable x-value into any of the
DE = f (−4) − g (−4)
two equations to find ‘y’ e) the coordinates of C
f(x) DE = ((−4)2 − 1) − ((−4) + 1)
f) the length DE if OF is 4 units.
g(x) DE = 15 − (−3)
A Non-real/ No real roots g) for which value(s) of x is
DE = 18 units
B i) f (x) ≥ 0
g) i. x ∈ (−∞; − 1] or [1; ∞)
ii) f (x) ⋅ g (x) < 0 ii. x ∈ (−∞; − 1) or (−1; 1)
INCREASING/DECREASING iii) f (x) decreasing alt. x ∈ (−∞; 1); x ≠ − 1
Real, unequal roots h) Give the equation of h (x) formed if g (x) is reflected iii. x ∈ (−∞; 0)
in the y-axis. h) h (x) = − x + 1
i) Give the equation of k (x) formed if f (x) is trans- i) k (x) = x2 − 1 + 3
lated 3 units up.
k (x) = x2 + 2
 PRОbАbılıТy
TERMINOLOGY Theoretical Probability of an event happening: Complimentary Events:
Outcome: Result of an experiment. S = {sample set} Events A and B are complimentary events if they are mutually
exclusive and exhaustive.
Event: An event is a collection of outcomes that satisfy a certain condition. A = {event A}
An event is denoted with the letter E and the number of outcomes in Exhaustive Events:
the event with n(E). B = {event B}
Events are exhaustive when they cover all elements in the
Dependent events: When the first event (A) affects the other’s outcomes. A ∪ B = {A union B} = in sets A or B
sample set.
E.g. choosing two coloured marbles from a bag, with A ∩ B = {A intersection B} = in sets A and B S
replacement, thus, the first choice doesn’t affect the
outcome of the second choice. Theoretical Probability of an event happening:
A B
Independent event: Events that do not affect each other’s outcomes.
number of possible times event can occur 1 2 5
Cards in a deck: 52 P(E ) = 3 4
Suits in a deck: 4
number of possible outcomes 6

n(E )
Specific card: 4 =
Sample spaces: All possible outcomes of the experiment. E.g. rolling a dice n(S )
S={1;2;3;4;5;6}. Intersection of sets. Mutually Exclusive:
Unbiased: All events are equally likely to happen. E = event S = sample space A and B are mutually exclusive events as they have no elements
in common.
Complimentary event: Those two mutually exclusive events whose sum of
probabilities equal to 1. Relative frequency or Experimental probability: S

PROBABILITY number of times the event occured

P(E ) = A B
Likelihood of an event happening The probability of an event is the ratio be- number of trials done 1 2 5
tween the number of outcomes in the event set and the number of possible 3 4 6
outcomes in the
sample space. Equally Addition Rule (OR/+):
likely
9
I mpossible Unlikely Likely Certain
NOTE:
1 1 3 P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A and B) or
0 1 P(A and B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A or B) n (A ∪ B ) = n (A) + n (B )
4 2 4
n (A ∩ B ) = 0
0 0,25 0,5 0,75 1
P (A ∪ B ) = P (A) + P (B )
0% 25% 50% 75% 100% Probability using a Venn diagram
Inclusive Events:
Event E

Sample
space S
Intersecting events: Union of events:
The ocean turns A coin dropped
into milkshake will land on heads
Compliment of an event A B A B

A
Not A
S S

S A and B A or B
 PRОbАbılıТy
V ∪M (V ∪ M )′ or V′ ∩ M′ EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
V M V M A dice is rolled 100 times. It lands on 2 six- Questions: Questions:
teen times. Calculate the relative frequency Calculate from the Venn diagram for a 120 Gr 12 girls at Girls High where asked about their
and compare this to the theoretical probability. grade 6 group in which the number of participation in the school’s culture activities:
equally likely ways the events 61 girls did drama (D)
1 (Reading(R); Sports(S) and Art(A)) can 29 girls did public speaking (P)
S S
6 occur has been filled in: 48 girls did choir (C)
8 girls did all three
M V frequency of event Gr 6 11 girls did drama and public speaking
Relative frequency = 13 girls did public speaking and choir
V M V M number of trials R S 13 girls did no culture activities
16
100 10 97 Draw a Venn diagram to represent this information.
20
Determine the number of Girls who participate in
S S 5 drama and choir only.
The more an experiment is repeated the
25 8 Determine the probability that a grade 12 pupil
closer the relative frequency and the
V∩M (V ∩ M )′ or V′ ∪ M′ chose at random will:
theoretical probability will be. 3
only do choir.
V M V M 2
EXAMPLE 2 not do public speaking.
Elmari carried out a survey in her town to A participate in at least two of these activities.
establish how many passengers travel in each
vehicle. The following table shows her results: P(A⋂R⋂S)
S S Solutions:
Number of P(R and A and not S)
Number of cars P(A or R) 1.
V′ ∩ M V ∪ M′ passengers
P(S or R and not A)
V M V M 0 7
1 11
Solutions:
2 6 5 1
1. P(A ∩ R ∩ S) = x 5
S S 3 4 170 34
4 2 25 5
P(R and A and not S) = =
M′ What is the probability that a vehicle has 170 34
more than two passengers? 70 7
V M P(A or R) = = (50 x) + 3 + 13 + x + 8 + 5 + (35 x) + 13 = 120
SOLUTION: 170 17
127 x 120
There are 30 vehicles in the survey, so 127
P(S or R and not A) =
n(S)=30. Let A be the event “cars with more 170
S than two passengers”. This means that we ∴ 50 x = 43 and 35 x = 28
only count the vehicles with three and four
passengers. Therefore, n(A)=4+2=6. 3.

n (A)
P (A) = 120 120
n (S )
6
120 120
30 3+7+8+5 23
1 P(at least 2) = = = 0,19
120 120
5
 TRıGОИОMEТRY
BASIC DEFINITIONS BASIC CAST DIAGRAM PYTHAGORAS PROBLEMS RECIPROCALS
Shows the quadrants where each trig ratio is + Steps: 1 r h
= cosecθ or
90⁰ 1. Isolate the trig ratio
2. Determine the quadrant
sin θ (y) (o)
soh 3. Draw a sketch and use Pythagoras
A 4. Answer the question 1 r h
Opposite

S
sin + all + = secθ or
cah cos θ (x) (a)
II I EXAMPLE
180⁰
toa III IV If 3sinθ – 2 = 0 and tanθ < 0, determine 1 x a
C
sin2 θ + cos2 θ without using a calculator and = cotθ or
T
cos +
by using a diagram. tan θ (y) (o)
tan +
θ Step 1:
Adjacent Special Angles
270⁰
These are our basic trig ratios. EXAMPLE
3 r
r =2 (x; y)
In which quadrant does θ lie if tanθ < 0 and cosθ > 0?
EXAMPLE
(0; 2)
Step 2:
C tanθ - cosθ + (1; 3)
tanθ -
cosθ + sinθ + sinθ + 90o ( 2; 2)
60o
tanθ - tanθ - 45 o
( 3; 1)
Quadrant IV
𝜃
A
∴ Qu a dr a n t I I 30 o

In which quadrant does θ lie if sinθ < 0 and cosθ < 0?

EXAMPLE
(2; 0)
Step 3: 0o
cosθ -
sinθ - sinθ - (x;2) EXAMPLE
cosθ - r=3 (3)2 Simplify without the use of a calculator:
Quadrant III y=2
θ tan 60∘ + cot30∘
3 3
y
On the Cartesian Plane
(x;y)
1. Write down two ratios for cos R y
sin θ =
Step 4: sin2 θ + cos2 θ 2 3
cos R = r y 2 2
2
y
tan θ = 3 sin2 45∘ − cos2 30∘
θ 4 5
x x Remember: 2
2
3 2
y
2. Write down two ratios for tan Q 9 9 sin θ =
9
o PR PS and 2 3
Remember: 9
2 2 2
4 4
• x + y = r (Pythagoras) 1
• Angles are measured upwards from the positive (+) x-axis 4
(anti-clockwise) up to the hypotenuse (r).
 TRıGОИОMEТRY
TRIG EQUATIONS SOLVING RIGHT-ANLGED TRIANGLES PROBLEM SOLVING
For 0∘ <θ < 90∘ * Missing Sides * * Missing Angles * Determine the area of quadrilateral ABCD.

EXAMPLES EXAMPLES D
Steps: 1. Calculate x Calculate A 3 units
1. Isolate the trig ratio 3 units (o) A
2. Reference angle (shift on the calculator) x 5 units
(h)
3. Solve for θ (o) 1 units
25º
REMEMBER: (a) (h) (a) 6 units
Only round off at the END
A
h x
EXAMPLES 37º
o 3 C
B
Solve for θ a 1 In △ ABC :
sin 25∘ tan A 3 o 6
* shift 3
tan 37∘ = =
Ref ∠ : 60∘ a BC
6
BC =
3 tan 37∘ Don’t round off early.
2. Calculate y Remember to store
∴ BC = 7,96 units answer in calculator
2. Calculate P
∴ AC2 = AB2 + BC2 (Pythag)
tan(3θ 30∘) 1 0 P
AC2 = (6)2 + (7,96)2 Use the ‘unrounded’
answer from your
5 units AC2 = 99,3977 calculator

(a) (h) ∴ AC = 9,97 units

Area of △ ABC : Area of △ ACD :

h 7
7 cos 50∘ =y 1 1
Area = b ⋅ ⊥ h Area = b ⋅ ⊥ h
(o) 4 units 2 2
1 1
= (BC)(AB) = (AC)(AD)
2 2
1 h 5 1 1
= (7,96)(6) = (9,97)(3)
4 2 2
5 * shift sin 4/5 = 23,89 units2 = 14,95 units2
2 Ref ∠ : 53,13∘

Area of Quad ABCD :

Area = 23,89 + 14,95
= 38,84 units2
 TRıG GRAP/s
IMPORTANT!
When sketching trig graphs, you need to label the
following:
 both axes  x- and y-intercepts Notes for sin x and cos x : Notes for tan x :
 turning points  endpoints (if not on the axes)
❖ Key points (intercepts/turning pts) ❖ Key points every 45°
 asymptotes (tan graph only)
every 90°
❖ Period (1 complete graph): 180°
BASICS ❖ Period (1 complete graph): 360°
❖ No amplitude can be defined
• y = sin x for x ∈ [0∘; 360∘] ❖ Amplitude (halfway between min
❖ Asymptotes at x = 90o + k180o, k ∈ ℤ
and max): 1
y

x
AMPLITUDE CHANGE VERTICAL SHIFT
• y = a . sin x or y = a . cos x or y = a . tan x • y = sin x + q or y = cos x + q or y = tan x + q
(270°; -1)
If a > 1 : stretch If q > 0 : upwards (e.g: y = sin x + 1)
0 < a < 1 : compress If q < 0 : downwards (e.g: y = cos x − 2)
a < 0 : reflection in x-axis
• y = cos x for x ∈ [0∘; 360∘]
EXAMPLES EXAMPLE
y
1. y = 2 sin x
(solid line) (solid line)
y = cos x (dotted line - for comparison)
y = cos x
(dotted line - for comparison) (dotted line - for comparison)
Amplitude = 1
Range: y ∈ [−2; 0]
Amplitude = 2 Amplitude = 3
(180°; -1)
Range: y ∈ [−2; 2] Range: y ∈ [−3; 3]
y

• y = tan x for x ∈ [0∘; 360∘]

y
y (90°; 2)

x
x
180° 360°
0° x
x

(270°; -2)

23
 TRıG GRAP/s
MIXED EXAMPLE Solutions:
360∘

Questions: 3
What is the period of f? 1
State the amplitude of f? y
Give the amplitude of g? (90°; 3)

For x ∈ [0∘; 360∘] sketch f and g on separate sets of axes.

f
Use the graphs to determine the values of x for which:
f (x) > 0 180° 360°
g (x) is increasing 0° x
Explain, in words, the transformation that takes g (x) = cos x − 2
to y = 2 cos x + 2

(270°; -3)
y

x
(0°;-1) (360°;-1)

(180°; -3)

5.
x ∈ (0∘; 180∘)
Remember:
A graph is positive when it
x ∈ (180∘; 360∘) is above the x-axis

Remember:
6. g (x) (1)cos x 2 A graph is increasing when
the gradient is positive
to
y = 2 cos x + 2

double the move 4

amplitude units up
∴ g is stretched by a factor of 2 and translated 4 units up.

24
 EUGlıdEAИ GEОMEТRY
Grade 8 and 9 Revision CONGRUENT TRIANGLES
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Remember there are four reasons for congruency and
Deductive logic in geometry the triangles must be written in order of equal parts. Given PQ = PR and circle centre S. Prove
Working reasoning to conclude next answer
in known as deductive logic. that PS bisects angle QSR .
Examples:
If
and

3.

THEORY TO REMEMBER NOTE:

must be the
A
INCLUDED angle SOLUTION:

1 2
SOLUTION:
B C In ΔPSQ and ΔPSR
PS = PS (common)
B = C1̂ (∠'s opp. = sides)
A + B + C1 = 180∘ (sum ∠'s of Δ)

∴ S1 = Ŝ2 ( ≡ Δ′s) PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS

D EXAMPLE: *For ALL quadrilaterals: sum of interior

F
Given PQ ∥ RS and PS ∥ Q R, prove: angles is 360°
2
1 2 KITE
K
M 3 1
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
EXAMPLE: The longest diagonal bisects the angles.
E G If AD C = x, find with reasons, the size of angles One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector
of the other.
x and y . Show all steps and give all reasons. One pair of opposite angles are congruent.
Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal.
The longest diagonal bisects the angles.
One diagonal is the perpendicular bisector
of the other.
One pair of opposite angles are congruent.
SOLUTION:
a) In ΔPQ R and ΔRSP

P TRAPEZIUM
(common) One pair of opposite sides parallel.

SOLUTION:
D2 = 27∘ (alt . ∠′s DE//CB) (≡ s)
R T D̂ 1 = 52∘ (sum ∠′s of Δ)

y = D1 = 52∘ (corres . ∠′s, DE//CB)

 EUGlıdEAИ GEОMEТRY
PROPERTIES OF QUADRILATERALS (CONT.) MIDPOINT TH EOREM
3. PARALLELOGRAM (parm) EXAMPLE:
KLMN is a parallelogram with KM = KL. Mid-Point Theorem: Converse:
• The opposite sides are parallel by definition. (conv. mid-pt. Th.)
(mid-pt. Th.)
(PA ∥ RM & PM ∥ AR)
The line segment joining the S The line passing through
• The opposite sides are equal. midpoints of two sides of a the midpoint of one side of S
PA = RM & PM = AR) triangle, is parallel to the third a t riangle and parallel to
• The opposite angles are are equal. side and half the length of the another side, bisects the
(PÂ R = PM̂ R & MPA = MR̂A) third side. thir d side. The line is also
Q P
• The diagonals bisect each other. equal to half the length of
(PD = DR & AD = DM) Determine the values of a, b and c. the side it is parallel to.
• One pair of opposite sides parallel and equal. O R O R

4. RECTANGLE (rect) SOLUTION: Therefore if SQ = QO and SP = PR then The refore if SQ = QO and PQ ∥ OR then
• Is a specialised parallelogram so has a = 53∘ (opp ∠′s parm) 1 1
PQ ∥ OR and Q P = OR (mid-pt. Th.) SP = PR and Q P = OR (conv. mid-pt. Th.)
all the parallelogram properties. b = 53∘ (∠′s opp = sides) 2 2
• Diagonals are equal length. MK̂ L = 74∘ (sum ∠′s of Δ)
(RC = ET)
• Interior angles are each 90°. EXAMPLE
In ΔACE, AB = BC, GE = 15 cm
EXAMPLE:
5. RHOMBUS (rhom) and AF = FE = ED.
• Is a specialised parallelogram so has HINTS WHEN ANSWERING
all the parallelogram properties. GEOMETRY QUESTIONS
• Adjacent sides are equal.
(RH = HO = OM = MR) Prove that: • Read the given information and mark
• Diagonals are perpendicular on to the diagram if not
to each other. already done.
(D̂ 1 = 90∘)
• Diagonals bisect the angles. • Never assume anything. If not given
(R̂1 =̂ R̂2; Ĥ1 = Ĥ 2; Ô1 = Ô 2; M̂ 1 = M̂ 2) or marked on diagram is not true
unless proved.
6. SQUARE (squ.)
• Is a specialised parallelogram, rectangle and rhombus so has • As you prove angles equal or calculate
all their properties. angles mark them on to the diagram
Determine the length of CE. and write down statement and reason
EXAMPLE: SOLUTION: there and then.
In ΔACE:
AB = BC and AF = FE (given) • Make sure that by the end of the
question you have used all the given
SOLUTION: 1
∴ BF ∥ CE and BF = CE (mid − pt . Th.) information.
2
• If asked to prove something, it is true.
∴ XMZD a parm . For example: if asked to prove ABCD
In ΔDFB
(diag bisect ea . other) a parallelogram, it is a
FE = ED (given)
parallelogram. If you can’t prove it,
BF ∥ GE (proven)
SOLUTION: you can still use it as a
1
∴ BG = GD and GE = BF (conv . mid − pt . Th.) parallelogram in the next part of the
2 question.
∴ BF = 2GE
∴ MYZD a parm . ∴ BF = 2(15) = 30 cm
(1 pr . opp . sides = & ∥)

CE = 2BF (proven)
 AИAlYТıGAl GEОMEТRY
What is Analytical Geometry?
(Co-ordinate Geometry): Application of straight line functions in conjunction with Euclidean Geometry by using points on a Cartesian Plane.

DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT GRADIENT OF A LINE COLLINEAR POINTS
The distance between two points (x1; y1) and (x2; y2) The midpoint between (x1; y1) and (x2; y2) is given by: The gradient of a straight line between (x1; y1) and Points on the same line, hence, gradients
is given by: x2 + x1 y 2 + y1 (x2; y2) is given by: between the points are equal.
M (x ; y) = ( ; y2 − y1
2 2 ) m =(
d=
x2 − x1) EXAMPLE

EXAMPLES If T (5; 2), U (7; 4) and V (b ; 5) are

EXAMPLES REMEMBER:
collinear, calculate the value of b.
1. Determine the midpoint of P (−1; 4) and Q (4; − 2)
Determine the length of PQ if P (−1; 4) and • Parallel (∥) lines: m 1 = m2
Collinear ∴ mTU = mUV
Q (4; 2)
• Perpendicular (⊥) lines: m1 × m2 = − 1 4 5
2 2
• Horizontal (−) lines [y = c]: m = 0
2 2 9
• Vertical (|) lines [x = c]: m is undefined 1=
3
= ( ; 1)
2

EXAMPLE
2. FEGH is a parallelogram. Calculate the
co-ordinates of G. Given A(2; 3) and B (−3; 1).
Remember:
If A(1; 2), B (−1; 5) and C (x ; 7) and
in a parallelogram
1. Determine the gradient of the line A B
the diagonals
2
bisect each other, ( 2 1
) ( 3) ( )

∴ M is the mid-
point of FG and
EH. 2. Determine the gradient of the line parallel to
AB
2 For ∥ lines:
m 1 = m2
10
Midpnt of EH = (
2 2 )

8)
3. Determine the gradient of the line
Midpnt of FG = ( ;
2 2 ) perpendicular to A B For ⊥ lines:
Flip the fraction and
2 2 change the sign
1
x + 4 = 10 5
and 22 5

∴ G (6; 2
 AИAlYТıGAl GEОMEТRY
EQUATIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES
MIXED EXAMPLE 1

y = mx + c
6 2 4
y
gradient y-intercept 12 2 5
N (11;12) m
11 3 4
EXAMPLE

3. parallel to ST, through point R. 4 5

L (–2;6)
7 5 4
6
7 M (3;2)
∴ L M ⊥ MN
6 x
Sub in R (6; 2)
7
6 MIXED EXAMPLE 2 NOTE:
There are 5 ways to prove a quad is a parm
7 Quadrilateral PQ RS is given 1. both pairs of opposite sides equal

Determine the equation of the line: 2. both pairs of opposite sides parallel
3. one pair of opposite sides equal and parallel
4. perpendicular to ST, through point T.
1. ST 4. diagonals bisect each other
2 5 7 5. both pairs of opposite angles equals

7 6
3. If RQ ∥ SP determine the value of m
6
⊥
7
Sub in S (−4; 2) (or T)
6
7
7
6
8 Sub in T (2;
3 6
7 8 7
6 3 4. Prove that PQ RS is a parallelogram
7
6 47 * You could use methods 1-4 to answer this
2. SR question. Let’s use 4 this time (diags bisect)
7 7
Horizontal line
S (−4; 2) and R (6; 2) have the same y-value. 2. Find the gradient of RQ 2 2 2 2
5. perpendicular to SR, through S.
0 2
⊥ to horizontal line is a vertical line 2 2 2 2)
through (−4; 2)

∴ Diags bisect each other

∴ PQ RS is a parm
 AИAlYТıGAl GEОMEТRY
MIXED EXAMPLE 3

Parallelogram T U V W is given

y
TU = (0 − 21)2 + (6 − 9)2

= 15 2
T (0;6) U (21;9)

x ∴ △ T U W is isosceles

V (x;y)
W (–15;–9) 5. Hence, what type of parm is T U V W? Give a reason.
Rhombus. Parm with adjacent sides equal.

6. Determine the equation of the line perpendicular to U W

1. Determine the gradient of U W and passing through point W
9 9 1
1
2
2. Determine (by inspection) the co-ordinates of V
T→U x : 0 → 21 ∴ x + 21
TU ∥ W V

y :6→9 ∴y 3
∴ W→ V x 21 : 15 21 6

∴ V (6; 6)

3. Calculate the length of T W (in simplest surd form) 7. If U, R (3; k) and W re collinear, find the value of k

= 15 2
3 21 2

−18 2
 SТAТısТıGs
REMINDER
NB: Always arrange data in ascending order.
Discrete data: Data that can be counted, e.g. the number of
people. FREQUENCY TABLE STEM AND LEAF PLOTS BAR GRAPH HISTOGRAM

Mark Tally Frequency Stem Leaf 7

Continuous data: quantitative data that can be measured, 6
e.g. temperature range. 4 || 2 0 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4
5
5 || 2 1 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1
4
Measures of central tendency: a descriptive summary of a
6 |||| 4 2 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8 3
dataset through a single value that reflects the centre of the
data distribution. 7 |||| 5 3 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2 2
1
8 |||| 4 4 0, 4, 8, 9
Measures of dispersion: The dispersion of a data set is the 0
amount of variability seen in that data set. 9 || 2 5 2, 6, 7, 7, 8 0 10 20 30 40
OR 0<x≤10 10<x≤20 20<x≤30 30<x≤40
10 | 1 6 3, 6
Outliers: Any data value that is more than 1,5 IQR to the left
of Q1 or the right of Q3, i.e. MEASURES OF DISPERSION INDICATORS OF POSITION
Outlier < Q1 – (1,5×IQR) or Range Interquartile range Semi-Interquartile range Quartiles
Outlier > Q + (1,5×IQR) range = max value − min value IQR = Q − Q semi − IQR = 1 (Q − Q )
3 3 1
2 3 1 The three quartiles divide the data into
Note: range is greatly influenced Note: spans 50% of the four quarters.
Note: good measure of dispersion
by outliers Q1 = Lower quartile or first quartile
data set for skewed distribution
Q2 = Second quartile or median
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR UNGROUPED DATA Q3 = Upper quartile or third quartile
Mean Mode Median Percentiles
The mean is also known as the average value. A The mode is the value that appears most fre- The median is the middle number in a set of data that has The pth percentile is the value that p% of
disadvantage to the mean as a measure of central quently in a set of data points. been arranged in order of magnitude. The median is less the data is less than.
tendency is that it is highly susceptible to outliers. Bimodal: a data set with 2 modes affected by outliers and skewed data than the mean. Q1= 25th percentile
Trimodal: a data set with 3 modes 1 Q2= 50th percentile
sum of all values Σx position of median = (n + 1)
x¯ = = * If all values have the same frequency, there is 2 Q3= 75th percentile
total number of values n
x¯ = mean Σx = sum of all values NO MODE Where; eg. If the 25th percentile is 12, then 25%
n = number of values n = number of values of the data will be less or equal to 12
If n = odd number, the median is part of the data set.
EXAMPLE: All other percentiles can be
If n = even number, the median will be the average
Create a frequency table for the following ungrouped data: calculated using the formula:
between the two middle numbers.
1, 5, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 1, 4, 2, 4, 4, 5, 1, 4, 2, 4, 2, 2 sum (frequencies × value) p
mean = BOX AND WHISKER PLOT i= (n)
total frequency 100
Frequency 59 A box and whisker plot is a visual representation of the five where;
Streak Number =
Chosen-Tally 20 number summary. i = the position of the pth percentile
= 2,95
1 4
mode : 4 FIVE NUMBER SUMMARY
2 5
median = 1 (n + 1) 1. Minimum value
3 2 2
2. Lower quartile Q1
= 1 (20 + 1)
4 6 2 3. Median
= 10,5 4. Upper quartile Q3
5 3 ∴ the median is 3 5. Maximum value
10 20 30 40 50 60
 SТAТısТıGs
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY FOR GROUPED DATA EXAMPLE: 2. Identify the interval in which each of the following data
Estimated mean The mathematics marks of 200 grade 10 learners at a items lies:
school can be summarised as follows: 2.1. the median;
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval)
mean(x ) = median = 1 (n + 1)
2
total frequency (n) Percentage Number of
obtained candidates = 1 (200 + 1)
2
x¯ = estimated mean = 100,5
n = number of values 10 ≤ x < 20 4
median class 50 ≤ x ≤ 60,
20 ≤ x < 30 10
Modal class interval the 100th value is in this class interval
The modal class interval is the class 30 ≤ x < 40 37
interval that contains the greatest number
of data points. 40 ≤ x < 50 43
2.2. the lower quartile;
Median class interval 50 ≤ x < 60 36 Lower quartile = 25th Percentile :
The median class interval is the interval
60 ≤ x < 70 26 i= 25 (200)
that contains the middle number in a set of 100
data points. 70 ≤ x < 80 24 i = 50
1 80 ≤ x < 90 20 ∴ the 25th percentile is in the 30 ≤ x ≤ 40 class interval
position of median = (n + 1)
2

n = number of values SOLUTION: 2.3. the upper quartile;

If n = odd number, the median is part 1. Calculate the approximate mean mark for Upper quartile = 75th Percentile :
of the data set. the examination.
If n = even number, the median will i= 75 (200)
be the average between the Frequency Midpoint f ×x 100
i = 150
two middle numbers. 20 + 10
4 = 15 15 × 4 = 60 ∴ the 75th percentile is in the 60 ≤ x ≤ 70 class interval
2
GROUPED DATA FREQUENCY TABLES
30 + 20
10 = 25 25 × 10 = 250
Midpoint 2 2.4. the thirteenth percentile;
Class interval Frequency
uper class barrier + lower class barrier ( f × x) 40 + 30 i = 13 (200)
(f ) x= 37 = 35 35 × 37 = 1295 100
2 2
50 + 40 i = 26
0 ≤ x < 10 3 10 + 0 3 × 5 = 15
=5 43 = 45 45 × 43 = 1935 ∴ the 13th percentile is in the 30 ≤ x ≤ 40 class interval
2 2
20 + 10 60 + 50
10 ≤ x < 20 7 = 15 7 × 15 = 105 36 = 55 55 × 36 = 1980
15 2
70 + 60
20 ≤ x < 30 4 30 + 20 4 × 25 = 100 26 = 65 65 × 26 = 1690
= 25 2
2 80 + 70
24 = 75 75 × 24 = 1800
total : 14 220 2
90 + 80
20 = 85 85 × 20 = 1700
Mean: 2
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval) 200 10 710
mean(x ) =
total frequency (n)
sum (frequencies × midpoint of interval)
220 mean(x ) =
= total frequency (n)
14 11 165
=
200
= 15,71 = 55,825
 SТAТısТıGs
EXAMPLE: EXAMPLE:
Examine the following box and whisker diagrams and answer the questions that follow: The following graph indicates the number of iPads sold per week.
Class A 12
Maximum value
10
Class B

Frequency
8
90 96 100 6
30 66 72 80 84 Minimum value
4
1. Name the value from the five number summary that is the same for both classes.
2
2. For each class, explain if the data is skewed or symmetrical.
1 2 3 4 5 6
SOLUTION: 1. In which week were the sales the highest?
1. The median for both classes are the same. 2. The store has a competition and the winner will be the person who bought their iPad in the middle of the sales over
2. Class A: skewed to the left, the data is more dispersed to the left of the median. the 6 weeks. In which week did the winner buy their iPad?
Class B: skewed to the right, the data is more dispersed to the right of the median. 3. That is the mean sales per week over the 6 weeks?

EXAMPLE:
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
The following stem and leaf diagram
represents the scores of 40 people Weeks Frequency 1. mode = 2
mode = 35
who wrote an exam.
2.
The total of the scores is: 1544 sum of all value 1 5
mean = position of median = 1 (n + 1)
nr of values 2
1544 2 12 = (39 + 1)
1
=
Stem Leaf 40 2
= 38,6 3 8 = 20
1 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9
1 4 8 ∴ the winner bought their iPad in the 3rd week
2 0, 2, 4, 4, 6, 7, 7 position of median = (n + 1)
2
5 4 3.
= 1 (40 + 1) sum of all value
3 4, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 9, 9 2 mean =
= 20,5 nr of values
6 2
39
4 1, 2, 2, 3, 7, 8 =
6
∴ the median is 5 Total 39
= 6,5
5 0, 3, 3, 4, 5, 7
While measures of central tendency are used to estimate "normal" values of a dataset,
6 3, 4, 5, 6, 6
measures of dispersion are important for describing the spread of the data, or its
variation around a central value.
Calculate the mean, mode and median
Range
for the information provided.
• Defined as the difference between the largest and smallest sample values.
• Depends only on extreme values and provides no information about how the
remaining data is distributed, this means it is highly susceptible to outliers.

Interquartile Range (IQR)

• Calculated by taking the difference between the upper and lower
quartiles (the 25th percentile subtracted from the 75th percentile).
• A good indicator of the spread in the center region of the data.
• More resistant to extreme values than the range.