’2 “

Hf /
7"
E X PLA N A TI ON or TH E TAB LES .

C OMM ON L OGA R IT H MS .

F ORM OF A L OGA R I TH K .

Tns m us e u m :of n umber i s the exponent of that power to whi ch a nother num
a

her the base mus t be raised to give the number first name d
, ,
.

The base comm only use d in computation i s 10 and as most numbers a re i ncom ,

me a sura ble powers of 1 0 a common logarithm in general consis ts of a n inte ger

, , ,
.

the characteristic a nd an endless decimal the ma ntissa

, ,
.

I f a number be resolved into two factors of which one is an integer power of 10 ,

and the other li es between 1 a nd 1 0 then the integer exponent of 1 0 is the charac ,

teri s ti c and the loga rithm of the other factor i s the mantissa
,
The chara cte ristic is .

positive if the n umber be larger than unity a nd nega tive i f it be smaller the ma n ,

tissa is always positi ve A negative characteristic is indica te d by the sign a bove it

. .

a nd log 777 0
.
fi g 7770 1 0 X
,

"
07 7 7 z:1 0 X . and log 077 7 .

The logarithms of all numbers expresse d by the same figures in the sa me order
have different chara cte ristics but the same mantissa for since all such n umbers ma y
be got one f rom another by multiplying or dividing by so me integer power of 10 ,

their logarithms differ by intege rs .

I n parti cular :if the decimal point stand a fter the first figure of a numbe r ,

counting from the left the characteri stic is 0 if a fte r two figures it i s 1 if a fter
, ,

three figures it is 2 a nd so on So i f the decimal point stand be fore the first sig
, , .
,

ni fica nt fig ure the characteri sti c i s 1

,
if one z
ero foll ow the decima l point it is 2 ,
.

E g log
. .
,
log log 003 64 9 : .

TA B LE S or Loe a mm u s .

The logarithm s of any se t of conse cutive num bers arranged i n a form convenient ,

for use constitute a ta ble of logarithm s Such a ta ble to the base 10 need give
, . .
, ,

only the mantissas the characte ristics are evident .

‘
I n thi s book there are three tables of common logarithm s Table I pp 12 13 , .
, ,

gives the logar ithm s of a ll three figure numbers correct to four decimal pla ces -
.

Table I I I pp 203 7 gi ves the logari thm s of a ll four figure numbers correct to six
, .
-

,
-

decimal places Table I X pp 1 14 13 3 gives the logarithm s of all prime n umbers

.
, .
-

be low 20000 correct to ten decimal pla ces .

All th ese tables are arra nged upon the sa me general plan that of double entry the , ,

las t figure of a n umber sta nding at the top of the page above the loga rithm a nd the , ,

other figures at the extreme left and on a li ne with the logari thm .

The explanations that follow apply particularly to Ta ble I I I but with slight ,

cha nges they may serve a ls o for T ables I and I X

, .

A
T B LE I II .

I n Ta ble III the first thre e figures of a number sta nd a t the left of the page a nd
, ,

the fourt h figure at the top the mantissa o f the loga rithm i s f ound on a line with .

the first three figures of the number and under the fourth fi gure , .
 E XP L A NA T I O N OF THE TA B LES .

The mantissas though endless d ecimals are ca rrie d to six places only the sixth
, ,

figure being that which i s nea rest to the true value i s in error by less than hal f a
, ,

unit Of these six fi gures the last four are always printed in full but the first two
.
,

appear in the first column only and at intervals of te n or when they change I f a
, , .

change occur in the middle of a line warning is gi ven by stars and then the first , ,

t wo figure s are rea d fro m the line below .

E g on page 3 2 the mantissas of a ll numbe rs fro m 7 000 to 7 079 be gin with 8 4

. .
,

o f numbe rs f rom 7 0 8 0 to 724 4 with 8 5 a nd the change to 8 6 takes pl a ce in the

,

logarithm of 7 24 5 .

The four figur e

numbers found in the table are tabular numbers a nd their loga
-

r i t hm s are tabular logarith m s The di ff erences of consecutive tab ular loga rithm s
. ,

the tabular di fferen ce s are printed in the column of di fferences with multiples of their
,

tenth parts below them .

TO TA KE OUT TH E L OG A R I TH M OF A N UM B E R .

For a four figure numbe r Take out the ta bular mantissa that l ies in l ine with the
-
.

first three figures of the number and u nder the fourth figure the characteristic i s
the exponent of that intege r power of 10 which lies next below the numbe r .

Eg
. log
.
,
log

For a number of less than four figu res Make the numbe r a four figure number .
-

by annexing zeros and follow the rule above .

E g
. log
.
,
l og 7 2 = l 8 5 73 3 2 log 7 02 .
,

log log log 000702 Z 8 4 6 3 3 7 .

-
. .

For a number of more than four figures Take out t he ta bular manti ssa of the first .

four fi gures subtract th is mantissa from the next greater tabular mantissa m ultiply
, ,

the di fference so foun d by the remaini ng figures as a decimal and add the product , , ,

as a correction to the mantissa of the fi rst four figures

,
.

E g to take out log

. .
,

The characte ristic i s 3 and the mantissa of log 8 5 13 is 9 3 008 3

,
. .

The tab ular difference i s 00005 1 and the prod uct of 00005 1 by 64 i s 00003 3
.
,
. . . .

The corrected logarithm is

The work may take this form

. 64 33

The labor o f multiplying is shorte ned by finding the tabular difference in the col
u mu of di fferences and adding mentally that part o f thi s di fference which lie s op po

p o s i te the fi fth figure o f the number a tenth o f that wh i c h lie,

s opposite the si x t h

figure a hundredth of that which lies opposi te the se venth figure and so on
, ,
.

E g in the example above under 5 1 a nd opposi te 6 i s 3 1 opposite 4 i s 20 whose

. .
, , ,

te n th part i s 2 and the sum i s 3 3

,
.

So to take out log 0013 8 6 13 7

,
.

man log l 3 8 6 . ta b di f = 3 13
. 3 13 x 1 3 7 = 4 3 . .
,
.
,

a nd the logarithm sought i s

This process of finding logarithms of numbe rs o f more than four figures is i n te r

la t i o n by prop rtional par ts it re s ts upo n t hi s property o f logarit hm s :t ha t t he
p o o ;
diff erences of logarithms are very nearly proportio nal to t he di ff ere nce s o f t he i r
numbers when those di ff erences are small .
 EX PLA N A TI ON OF TH E TA B LE S .

TO T KE A OUT A N UM B E R FRO! I TS LOGA RI THH .

For a mantissa found exactly in the ta ble Join the figur e at the top that lies above .

the given mantissa to the three fi gures upon the same line at the ex treme left in the
four figure number thus found so place the decimal point that the number shall be
-

the product of some number t hat lies between 1 a nd 10 by a power of 10 whose ex

ponent is the characte ristic of the logarithm .

E g to take out log

. .
, [log is read antilogarithm
“ i
.

The m a nti ssa 5 8 3 65 2 lies in line with 3 8 3 a nd under 4 and since the characte r
.

ist ic i s 3 ther e are four i n tege r figu res and the number is 3 8 3 4
, ,
.

SO ,
log - l
log "
. 003 8 3 4 .

To take out log i 78 0029 ”

.

The mantissa 78 0029 li es in line with 6 02 and under 6 and si nce the characte ristic
.
,

is 1 the number sought is 6 026

,
. .

So log , log

For a manti ssa not found ex actly in the table Take out the four figure antilogs .
-

ri thm of the tabul ar mantissa next less than the given mantissa a nd to it oin the
j ,

quotient of the difi ere nce of these two mantissas by the tabular di fi erence .

E g to ta ke out log “
,
. .

The next less ta bul ar mantissa is 5 8 3 65 2 whose four figure antilogarithm is 3 8 3 4 .

,
-

5 8 3 700 5 8 3 76 5 48 nea rly ,

5 8 3 65 2 48 5 8 3 65 2 1 13

a ndthe number sought is nearly .

To ta ke out log “

The next less b lar ma ntissa

ta u i s 78 0029,
. whose four figure antilogarithm
-
is 6 026,
7 8 008 9 78 01 01 6 0 72 nea rly ,

29 60 29 72

and the numbe r sought is 60268 3 nearly . .

To take out log "

The next less tabular mantissa is 4 7 1 14 5 whose four figure antiloga rithm
. .
, i s 29 5 9,
4 7 1 19 7 4 7 129 2 52 :14 7 nearly ,

45 52 14 5 14 7

and the number so ught is 29 5 9 3 5 0 n ea rly .

The labor of dividing is shorte ned by finding the ta bular difi e re nce in the column
of di ff erences and using the m ultiples of i ts tenth pa rt for the several products in the
,

course of the di vi sion Thus sho rtened the whole work may in most cases be done
.
,

mentally and only the complete a ntilogarithm is then written down

, .

E g in dividi ng 4 8 by 1 13 the table of di fi e re nces shows tha t 4 5 i s 4 te nths of

. .
, ,

1 13 a nd that the remainder 3 i s nearly 3 hundre dths of 1 13

, , , .

O
P SS I B LE ER RORS .

The possible error of any logarithm as printe d i n this table is hal f a m illionth and , , ,

the possible error of any ta bular differe nce is a millionth but the probable error is
m uch less I f several logarithm s be a dded or i f a loga rithm be multiplied by the
.
,

exponent of a high power the resulting logarithm may be in error by more than a
,
 EX PLA NA TI O N OF THE TAB LES .

millionth I n such a case the fifth figure of the an tilogarithm the firs t got by di
.
,

vision is generally trust w orthy the six th figure is often i n doubt a nd the seventh
, , ,

figure is rarely to be used The possible erro r in the result is nearly te n times greate r
.

if the logari thm be near the end of the ta ble than i f ne ar the begi nning f or then
the ta bular d ifference the di visor is much smaller and an error either in it or in the
, , ,

di vidend has grea ter e fi ect I f grea te r a ccuracy be desired larger tables must be used
.
, .

L AB OR SA V I N G DE V I C ES -

I f the numbe r whose logarithm is so ught lie nearer the la rger of two ta b ular num
bers the correction may be a pphed by subtracti on to the lar ger ta bula r mantissa ; and
, , ,

so i f a given logarithm lie n e arer the la rger of two t abular m a ntissa s the correction
, ,

may be applied by subtraction to the large r tabula r n umber

, ,
.

To avoid straining the eyes the logarithms a re grouped in blocks of fivé and instea d , ,

of tracin g the lines of figu res across the page and down the column s the computer ,

may guide him self by correspondences of position in the blocks .

To divi de a logarithm whose characteristi c 18 negative :Write down a s first quo ,

tient fig ure the nu mber of times the divisor i s contained m t ha t negative multiple of
,

itself which 18 equal to or nex t large r t han the negati ve characte ris tic carry the
, , ,

positive rem a inder to the ma ntissa and divide for the mantissa of the quotient .

To avoid negative characteris tics :Modify the loga ri thms by ad di ng 10 to such

chara cteristics U se the sums di ff erences or m ultiples of the modifi e d logarithm s
.
, ,

where the subject matter is such tha t the genera l ma gnitude of the resul ts cannot be
-

To divide a m odifi ed logarithm A dd such a multiple of 1 0 a s will make the sum

exceed the true logarithm by 1 0 times the divis or di vide and the quotient is the ,

true logarithm m odified , .

The arithmetical complement of a logarithm is the ex cess of 1 0over the given log
a ri thm ; it i s the modified logarithm o f the reciprocal of the number The a ri thm e .

tica l complement of a ta bular logarithm may be rea d directly from the table subtract ,

i ng the first fig ures of the logarithm f rom 9 and the las t from 10 .

CON ST A N TS .
— W E IGH TS A ND M E A S U R E S .

A
T B LE Iv .

Table I V gives the prin cipa l cons tan ts of mathemati cs and of na ture, with the log
a ri thms of such of them a s are in commo n u se I f the cha ra cteristic of a logari thm .

be negative the m odified logarithm i s used I n addition to the constants o f mathe .

matics certain formulm are sho wn by which these consta nts may be determined
,
.

I n chemis try P rofessor C lar ke 1s the auth ority

,
.

In physics Professom E verett La ndolt and B iirnstei n a re the pri ncipal authorities
, , .

When there have been several determinations o f a con stant either the range has been ,

gi ven where space permitted or that one of them ha s be en chose n which see m ed
, ,

most reliable H ere the meter is taken as

. inches .

In the conversion tables for Weights and Measures the m eter has been ta ken a s ,
”

inch es with a very sm all possible error on the authori ty of Professor Rogers
, ,

and of Professor Mendenhall the superintendent of the U nite d S tates Coa st and
,

Geo detic S urvey Thi s value i s also the legal value of the meter in the U nited
.

Sta tes The kilogram by the dete rmin a tions of the International Burea u of Weights
.
,

a nd Mea s ures i s 15 4 3 23 5 6 3 9 grain s

,
.
 EX PLA NA TI O N OF THE TAB LES .

A D D ITI ON -
S U BT RAC TI ON L OGA R ITH MS .

A
T B LE V .

A ddition subtraction loga rithm s (Gaussiana) a re of use in finding the logarithm of

-

the sum or differen ce of two n umbers directly from their logarithms T hey are .

know n as A loga rithms B logarithm s and C logarithms The ta ble is di vided in to

-

,
-

,
-
.

three pa rts :pp 4 2 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 8 .

-

,
-

,
-
.

The formula a t the botto m of any pa ge show how to use the logar ithms on t hat
pa ge :for addition a t the left for subtra ction a t the right
, ,
.

A ll cases of addition ca n be solved by the use of pa rt 1 and pa rt 2 nee d be use d ,

only for subtraction pa rt 3 is for subtra ction only .

This ta ble is arranged on the same general pla n as T able III the A logarithms in -

pa rts 1 2 take the place of numbers in that ta ble and the B loga rithms that of loga
, ,
-

r i thms ; the B logarithm s in pa rt 3 take t he place of numbers a n d the C l o a rithm s

g
- -

tha t of loga ri th ms
I n pa rts 1 2 A B are so related that log B : 1 + log A
, , ,
” - ‘
.

G i v nN log a log a GRE A TE R TH AN log 6 To F I ND log

,
log 6, AND ,

Fr om log 6 subtract log a and add 10 en te r the table with this sum a s A, take
out B as a loga rithm is found from i ts number ; to B add log a
, .

Or , from log a subtract log 6 a nd if the remainder be less tha n , . 2, enter the table
wi th this remai nder a s A ta ke out B and add log 6 , , .

The work may ta ke this form

A [ pa rt l A [pa rt 2

B B
log (a + 6) log (a + 6)

GI VE N log a ,
log 6, AN D log a GRE A TE R TR A N log 6 ,
To r 1ND log (a
From log a ubtract log 6 then
s ,

( )
a I f the rem a inder be less than 4 enter the table with this rema inder .
, as B and
and ta ke out A as a number is found from i ts loga rithm to A a dd log 6
, .

B [ pa rt l B [part 2

A A
log
( a —
6) log (a b) —

( )
6 I f the remainder be more tha n 4 enter the table with thi s remainder as B

and ta ke ou t C as a logarithm is found from i ts n umber to C add log 6

, .

B 04 5 0700 B [part 3

0 0
lo g( a -
b) log (a —
6)