01. What is a client Centered approach?

Explain
this as a strategic issue for the WSS policies of
Bangladesh. || Discuss the strategic issues to be
considered for the success of WSS projects in
Bangladesh. Explain how this can be achieved
Years 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20
Lecture Lecture 1
Mark 15, 15, 15, 17, 20, 15, 25, 15
A client centered approach is where the person is placed at the center of the service and treated as focused group for achieving
and reflecting their aspirations, as well as needs in the development policies

WSS:
Improving health is a prerequisite for raising income. Safe water and sanitation are necessary for good health. However,
experience has shown that the supply-side approach to providing proper Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) facilities, especially
in rural areas, has failed.
Agencies that focus solely on technical installations may achieve their distribution goals without increasing the use of these
facilities. When users have little say in obtaining services, there can be a mismatch between what they want and what planners
provide. As a result, there can be a waste of resources when facilities fail to be accepted by users.
In rural Bangladesh, tube-well water is highly in demand for drinking purposes and is almost universally available through private
and public pump sets. However, only 16% of people use it for their full range of water needs. Sanitary latrines, which are privately
owned, are less widely available, although the recent growth in demand is encouraging. Facilities that meet the needs of users will
be valued and are more likely to be used.
A Client-Centered Approach promotes greater attention among implementing agencies to provide what clients want, rather than
what the agency decides. A strong incentive to adopt this approach is created when clients are given the opportunity, in some
cases promoted by access to credit, to pay for the services they desire. When clients choose the services according to what they
want and for which they are prepared to pay, they have better incentives to use and maintain the facilities they purchase. Shifting
from being a "provider" of service to a "facilitator" for clients is a must. It will work as an eye-opener to decision-makers in
accelerating "the client-centric approach" to solve the above-mentioned strategic issues.
02. Describe the development scenarios in the
WSS sectors in the rural areas of Bangladesh.
How can the success be achieved?
Years 16-17
Lecture Lecture 1
Mark 15
In rural Bangladesh, tube-well water is in high demand for drinking purposes and is almost universally available through private
and public pump sets. However, only 16% of people use it for their full range of water needs. Sanitary latrines, which are privately
owned rather than publicly, are less widely available, although the recent growth in demand is encouraging. Facilities that meet
the needs of users will be valued and are more likely to be used.
Development programs in Bangladesh are carried out within the general policy framework of the five-year development plans.
The policies and strategies for Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) sector development are discussed in this situation analysis in
terms of the Fourth Five-Year Plan (4-FYP).
The 4-FYP emphasizes several shifts:
i. Shifting from being "providers" of service to "facilitators" for clients
ii. Focusing on human resources development within programs
iii. Promoting the inclusion of women in the main development streams
iv. Mobilizing local resources
v. Encouraging and supporting the growing contribution of the private sector to development efforts
vi. Restructuring and reorienting administrative organizations to make these possible
The above factors and information are eye-opening for future planners and decision-makers. They will help in planning and
implementing technical projects related to Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS).
03. Explain the following terms with
explanations in the context of a WSS project in
Bangladesh: (i) Clientele groups, (ii) Clientele
need, (iii) Clientele demand, (iv) Absorptive
Capacity
Years 15-16 17-18 19-20
Lecture Lecture 1
Mark 15, 15, 20

Clientele Group
Identification of population expected to be served by WSS facilities
Identification of key population where participation is key in achievement of the project objective such as Land Holders,
Workers, Business owners etc.
Preparation of a socio-economic profile of the users through survey containing these following information
Population, sub groups
Gender differentiation
Households and size
Single and female headed households
Location and type of housing
People’s occupation
Level of income and sources
Level of education and access to education
Access to health services
Water users group
leaders and spokesmen
access and utilization of WSS services
payments for services in any
socio-cultural traditions

Clientele need
This is what client needs from an expert viewpoint. To find this we need to
Identification of existing sources of WSS
Spring, stream, deep well, river, tube-well, pond etc.
Availability, distribution facilities, distance, seasonal quality etc.
Assess the Level of Service desired
Private house connection, public hydrant, communal bath, connection to the mosque, market, school etc.
Assess the needs of improvement of the initial services
Wastewater drainage
Public latrines

Clientele Demand
This is what clients are demanding in reality. This may be different from they actually need. To find this we need to
Assess the demand from the users in terms of
Expenditure and efforts
 Quantity and quality
problems experienced in obtaining access to facilities
Comparison between services and cost
Assess the ability and willingness of the users in terms of
Investing own capital
Labor
Undertaking responsibility for operating and maintenance

Absorptive Capacity
What the client can afford in reality. To find this we need to
Assess the present status of individuals/group initiatives
Assess the extent of knowledge and influence of
social
religious
custom and tradition
Acceptance of the recommended hygiene practice
Need for further training and education
Capacity of operating and maintenance
Assess the appropriateness of technologies in terms of ability of the users in operating and maintenance

In the context of a Water and Sanitation (WSS) project in Bangladesh, here's a breakdown of the terms:

(i) Clientele Groups:

These are the different categories of people who will benefit from the WSS project.
In Bangladesh, this might include:
Landowners: They may have decision-making power over where facilities are placed.
Workers: They might be the ones using public taps or sanitation facilities.
Business Owners: They could need water connections for their businesses like restaurants or shops.
Households: Understanding the number of people per household helps plan resource allocation.
(ii) Clientele Need:

This refers to what the community requires from a technical standpoint to improve their water and sanitation
situation.
Needs Assessment involves:
Identifying existing water sources (tube wells, ponds etc.) and their limitations (distance, seasonal
variations).
Assessing the desired level of service (private connections, public standpipes).
Evaluating the need for sanitation facilities (wastewater drainage, public latrines).
(iii) Clientele Demand:

This focuses on what the community actually wants and is willing to pay for, which might differ from their
needs.
Demand Assessment involves:
Understanding how much users are willing to spend on water access and sanitation improvements.
Knowing the specific water quality and quantity issues they face.
Gauging their ability and willingness to contribute labor for construction or maintenance.
(iv) Absorptive Capacity:

This refers to the community's ability to financially sustain and manage the WSS project after its
implementation.
Capacity Assessment involves:
Evaluating existing initiatives within the community related to water and sanitation.
Understanding cultural and religious beliefs that might influence hygiene practices and acceptance of new
technologies.
Assessing the community's knowledge and skills to operate and maintain the WSS facilities.
Ensuring the chosen technologies are appropriate for the community's ability to handle maintenance.
By considering all these factors, a WSS project in Bangladesh can be designed to address the community's
needs and preferences, while also ensuring its long-term success.
04. Define "Participation". What is the
significance of people's participation in WSS
projects?
Years 14-15 15-16 17-18
Lecture Lecture 2
Mark 15, 20, 18
Participation is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control with the focus group over development
initiatives, decisions and resources which affect them. It is a voluntary process by which people, including disadvantaged (in
income, gender education) influence and control the decisions that affect them.
Principle underlying participation are
Raise the voice of Local people
Giving preference to their choices among different alternatives
Significance of people’s participation are discussed below in WSS projects:
1. People's participation in decision-making and local ownership of water supply infrastructure, such as tube-wells, pipes, and
tanks, results in an effective and sustainable development process
2. People's participation has played a central role in the shift of institutional strategies from supply-driven to demand-
driven approaches, which respond to the felt needs and aspirations of users, especially the poor
3. Projects become effective through community participation, however quantitative evidence of the efficiency of
participation in determining project effectiveness, relative to other factors, has been mixing
4. Due to effective participation in the project's facilities, the need and desire of the affected participants have matched
with that of the decision-makers over the project
05. Briefly describe the different levels of
community participation with the example of
arsenic mitigation program for the rural areas
of Bangladesh.
Years 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 19-20
Lecture Lecture 2
Mark 20, 20, 20, 18, 10, 15
Participation is a multidimensional and dynamic process that takes on varying forms and changes throughout the project cycle
and over time, depending on the interests and needs involved.
Various Levels of participation are:

1. Information Sharing
Project designers and managers may share information with clients to facilitate collective or individual action. The information
flow is one-way, from agencies to communities. Although it reflects a low level of intensity, information sharing can positively
affect project outcomes by enlarging clients’ understanding of specific issues (for example, by explaining hygienic practices or
how groundwater is polluted). Information sharing may also be one-way in the other direction, in the form of baseline or
feasibility studies wherein information (but not necessarily opinion) is gathered from beneficiaries. Many such studies tap local
knowledge but do not consult the local clients.

2. Consultation
When project designers and managers not only inform clients but also seek their opinions on key issues, a two-way flow of
information develops. This two-way flow presents some opportunities for clients to give feedback to project designers or
managers, who can then use the information about preferences, desires, and tastes to develop designs and policies that achieve a
better fit between agency programs and community demand.
Examples of consultation include methods that tap indigenous knowledge and organizational forms, such as socio-economic
surveys, beneficiary assessments, and willingness-to-pay studies (For example: For Arsenic mitigation of their tube-well, whether
they want to pay for mitigation measures such as filter, tablet, etc.)

3. Decision Making
Information sharing and consultation generally do not lead to increased local capacity or empowerment of local people and
institutions, although they can lead to more effective programs. Client involvement in decision making, however, either
exclusively or jointly with the external agency, is a much more intense level of participation, which often promotes capacity
building. Decision-making may be about policy objective, project design, implementation, or maintenance, and different actors
may be involved at different stages of the project. Thus, the decision to participate in a project may be made by community, and
the choice of technology may be made jointly, after the costs and benefits of the various technological options have been
explained by the agency and understood by the community.
For Example: Choice of technology for Arsenic mitigation among filter, kit, tablet and many others to decide which suitable option
will be selected

4. Initiating Action
Initiating action, within parameters defined by agencies, represents a high level of participation that surpasses involvement in the
decision-making process. Self-initiated actions are a clear sign of empowerment. Once client is empowered, they are more likely
to be proactive, and to take initiative, and to display confidence for undertaking other actions to solve problems beyond those
defined by the project. This level of participation is qualitatively different for that achieved when clients merely carry out assigned
tasks.
06. Briefly discuss the methodologies in
practice to ensure community participation.
Years 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20
Lecture Lecture 2
Mark 15, 15, 20, 20, 17, 20, 20
Some of the most popular and practiced techniques are given below:
1. Case Study
a. A qualitative research method
b. Provides a detailed analysis of a single ‘case’
c. Tries to present a ‘whole story’ of a particular event or situation
2. Key informants
a. Individuals who are knowledgeable about particular domains of culture
b. Vary in type and level of knowledge
c. Example: Caretaker of a tube-well might be well informed about water collection
3. Focus group discussion
a. Interviewing a group of individuals (around 6-10)
b. Not previously known to each other
c. Share a common characteristics of socio-economy
d. Allows for new issues to be raised
e. Example: Discussion with ‘female tube-well caretakers about water use
4. Group Interview
a. are similar to Focus group discussion
b. But participants are known to each other
c. Example: A group of school students
5. Semi-structured interview
a. provide interviewer a checklist of questions
b. Allow respondents express themselves in their own terms
c. Records the response in open forms rather than in pre-coded format
d. Allows respondents to spontaneously raise issues and questions
6. Observation
a. Involves watching and recording particular behaviors in specific places
b. Instruments are designed to allow observers to record what they see
c. Example: Water collection at the tube-well for wet periods
7. Participatory Rural Appraisal/Community Mapping
a. Yield information about an area and its population
b. Involves asking a group of respondents to draw a map using locally available resources such as mud floor, beans,
seeds, or whatever is appropriate and easy to manipulate
c. Constructed map can be a focal point for much discussion about the place and its community
07. Explain why socio-economic aspects of
development projects are of great concern?
Years 13-14 17-18
Lecture Lecture 3
Mark 20, 10
All development projects cause social and economic changes. Some of these changes represent the explicit or implicit objectives
of the project, while others are unexpected or indirect changes. The socio-economic impact of a new development is the total
amount of social and economic changes that the development causes for the host population and participants.

Why it is of great concern:

Different parties involved in development projects tend to have their own perspective on the benefits and costs of changes.
Therefore, it is important to reach an agreement on an assessment that considers the interests and perspectives of all parties
involved. This type of assessment can provide a more balanced and objective understanding of the benefits and costs of changes.
The rationale for assessing socio-economic impact is three-fold:
i. It is possible to mitigate or anticipate socio-economic impacts to minimize damage and disturbance, and take necessary
steps to prepare for unavoidable changes.
ii. Although changes may have ambiguous outcomes, they typically involve benefits for some and costs for others. Therefore,
it is essential to consider the distribution of these effects in planning and implementing new developments.
iii. The evaluation of impacts requires taking into account the diverse interests and values of the affected parties. Only then can
the assessment process contribute to effective decision-making and planning.
08. How does one identify and evaluate socio
economic impacts of development projects?
Years 16-17
Lecture Lecture 3
Mark 20
The framework for identifying and predicting socio-economic impacts is closely related to environmental impact assessment. It
involves projecting the nature of the proposed development onto the existing socio-economic environment to predict the
changes that will result, compared to what would have happened without the development. Alternative projects or designs are
also considered to compare their impacts.
Identifying specific variables that will change and measuring them presents more complex challenges than for biophysical
impacts. Techniques for predicting changes are often converted into numerical or monetary scales, but this cannot always be
done reliably. Developments commonly cause both objective changes that can be directly observed and subjective changes that
manifest as attitudes, sentiments, or psychological reactions.
Evaluating socio-economic impacts poses even more complex methodological and political problems than evaluating biophysical
impacts. Placing a value on predicted changes can be a judgmental or political process that acknowledges the existence of
uncertainty, conflicting values of different parties, and competition for resources among different interests.
09. What are the major difficulties in
conducting socio-economic assessments In
developing countries? Explain with examples
Years 13-14 14-15 15-16 17-18 19-20
Lecture Lecture 3
Mark 20, 20, 15, 18, 15

The major difficulties in conducting socio-economic assessments are discussed below:

1. Firstly, socio-economic assessment requires extensive data that are often not readily available and must be collected
specifically for this purpose. This can be an expensive, difficult, and time-consuming process, particularly in the case of
subjective or cultural data that require special fieldwork.
2. Secondly, there is often acute political sensitivity surrounding new developments, particularly regarding the nature and
distribution of socio-economic changes. In countries where the political process does not encourage greater participation or
constructive opposition to government authority, socio-economic assessment can be challenging.
3. In developing countries, the socio-economic environment can change rapidly. Rapid economic development, consumption
of natural resources, and urbanization often produce a constant flow of inevitable socio-economic impacts.
On the other hand, some development projects in developing countries are so large and involve such fundamental changes
in resource use, economic production, and human settlement that the expected changes are significant. Such scenarios
demand an approach to impact assessment that is formally integrated with project planning and implementation so that
impacts can be effectively mitigated and managed.
10. What are the consequences of socio-
economic changes associated with new
development?
Years 13-14 16-17
Lecture Lecture 3
Mark 20, 10

Consequences:
Firstly, a development project involves physical displacement, which includes:
Acquisition of land
Movement of physical materials
Interruption or alteration of physical processes and movement of populations
Secondly, the construction, implementation and operation of a development project requires
A range of input: materials and labor
A range of output: production or waste
Inputs can be treated upstream and output downstream to determine multiplier and linkage effects within the economy
Thirdly, the direct economic effects of a development can cause indirect socioeconomic effects that lead to other forms of
changes. For example, payment for inputs might create inflationary pressure that displaces some economic activity and widens
income distribution

Behavioral Changes:
Accommodating a new development in the local economy may induce various behavioral changes, such as:
1. Wage earners being prevented from helping on the family farm during harvest time.
2. Wider employment opportunities that can loosen up traditional family organizations.
3. Community organization and social structure being likely to be affected by different economic opportunities, employment
patterns, or population movement.
4. Direct economic changes that can easily result in the redistribution of political resources and influence to benefit some
groups.
5. Health effects of environmental change obviously having economic, psychological, and community responses.
11. What can socio economic assessment
accomplish in the context of water supply for
rural areas of Bangladesh? Explain.
Years 16-17
Lecture Lecture 3
Mark 15
As a analytical procedure, socioeconomic assessment of WSS in rural areas of Bangladesh offers
i. a systematic investigation of what types of social and economic change a development in water supply will cause
ii. how severe the changes will be
iii. who will be affected by these changes
iv. thus planners can compare the impacts of various water supply options such as rainwater harvesting, tube-well, pump
based supply, pipe water supply etc. by magnitude and distribution
As a planning tool, socioeconomic assessment:
i. presents systematic comparable data on different water supply options, making it possible to develop a means of
calculating the significance of the predicted impacts and their distribution
ii. decision makers can select a preferred water supply option according to defined criteria of significance and value
iii. can also act as a guide to implementation and management
As an element in public debate or discussion making, socio economic assessment
i. Can help to resolve conflict about the expected outcome of a water supply development
ii. Enable interested parties to play a part in defining and analyzing the most desirable allocation of resources
The key questions underlying what function socio-economic assessment accomplish are
i. Who is performing assessment?
ii. On whose behalf?
iii. from whose point of view?
iv. is it a legal requirement?
As as effective vehicle, socioeconomic assessment can encourage the proposal as compatible with their aspirations, values and
socio economic organization
12. What are the advantages and features of
Social Impacts Assessment (SIA) process?
Years 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20
Lecture Lecture 4
Mark 20, 20, 15, 18, 20, 14
The advantages and features of social impact assessment are given below:
1. SIA is a systematic effort to identify, analyze, and evaluate social impacts of a proposed project or policy change on
individuals and social groups within a community or on an entire community in advance of the decision-making process.
This information derived from the SIA can influence decisions.
2. SIA is a means for developing alternatives to the proposed course of action and determining the full range of consequences
for each alternative.
3. SIA is a process to mitigate or alleviate the social impacts likely to occur if that action is desired by the impacted
community.
4. SIA increases knowledge on the part of the project proponent and the impacted community.
5. SIA raises consciousness and the level of understanding of the community and puts residents in a better position to
understand the broader implications of the proposed action on them.
13. List the Social Impact Assessment (SIA)
variables to be addressed in impact study
Years 15-16
Lecture Lecture 4
Mark 8
1. Population Impacts:
Population change
Relocation of individuals and families
Influx and outflux of temporary workers
Presence of seasonal residents
2. Individual and Family level impacts:
Alteration in family structure
Disruption in social networks
Dissimilarity in religious practices
Disruption in daily living and movement patterns
Change in leisure opportunities
3. Conflict between local residents
Presence of an outside agency
Introduction of new social classes
Change in commercial focus of the community
Presence of weekend residents
4. Community institutional Arrangements
Formation of attitude towards the project
Interest group activity
Presence of planning and zoning activity
Change in occupation opportunity
5. Community Infrastructure needs
Change in community infrastructure
Land acquisition and disposal
14. List the major socio-economic issues in
water quality management planning
Years 13-14 14-15 18-19
Lecture Lecture 4
Mark 17, 15, 14
15. What are the direct and indirect impacts
associated with a wastewater treatment plant?
Explain.
Years 15-16
Lecture Lecture 4
Mark 7
16. List four replicable urban development
projects and three rural development projects
in Bangladesh
Years 13-14
Lecture Lecture 5
Mark 7

Replicable Urban Projects

1. Dhaka Urban Infrastructure Improvement Project (DUIIP)
2. Slum Improvement Project
3. Secondary Towns Infrastructure Development Project
4. Mirpur Dhaka Bastuhara Project
5. World Bank supported Urban Low Income Housing Project in Chittagong
6. Shakti Foundation for Disadvantaged Women

Replicable Rural Projects

1. Adarsha Gram
2. Durable House Building by Proshikkha Manabik Unnayan Kendra
3. Grameen Bank’s Rural Housing Program
4. Rehabilitation and Development Organization for the Landless Program