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Module 7
Module 7
Introduction
This module discusses how our moral character is developed. This was further explained using
three approaches such as virtuous, dispositions, and circular relations of acts and character. This
module teaches students to be virtuous, to have relatively stable, fixed and reliable dispositions
of action, and to practice moderation. Lastly, it teaches students to know one’s intention and to
know the effect of action on their character and to be morally responsible of their deeds.
One way to explain character development is through the virtue ethics approach. Virtue
ethics represents the concept that individual’s actions are based upon inner moral virtue where
Aristotle was the leading figure of it (philonotes.com). Virtue is a central concept in his
Nicomachean Ethics wherein there are two distinct of human excellences, (1) excellences of
thoughts and (2) excellences of character (De Guzman et al., 2017). Now, in virtue ethics, one
does not ask the question, “what morally ought we to do?”; rather, virtue ethics posits that the
basic function of morality is the moral character of persons (Beauchamp, 2001). In relation to
this, Beauchamp suggests that virtue should not be thought of as a moral requirement, because
this confuses with a principle or rule. Rather, virtue is a character trait that is socially valued
(philonotes.com).
But how can a person be virtuous? It is important to note that a virtuous behavior for
Aristotle means practicing moderation, that is, avoiding both excess and deficiency (Temporal,
Notes, 2016. See also the chapter on Aristotle’s virtue ethics). Aristotle calls this the doctrine of
the mean. This “doctrine of the mean” is a principle that suggests that a moral behavior is one
that is in the middle of two extremes. For example, between gain and disadvantage is justice,
and between shameless and touchiness is modesty (Temporal). Indeed, moral virtue can be
defined simply as the just mean (philonotes.com).
Moral character traits are not just dispositions to engage in certain outward behaviors;
they can also be dispositions to have certain emotions or affections. For example, justice is the
disposition to treat others as they deserve to be treated, while courageousness is the disposition
to feel the appropriate amount of fear called for by a situation. Additionally, as mentioned
above with regard to dispositions in general, an individual can have a particular moral character
trait and not currently be manifesting trait-relevant behavior or affect. An individual may be
generous in her giving to charity, even if she is not engaged presently in any charitable action
(Timpe, 2002). It is important to consider that moral character is not something that is imposed
from the outside, but something that springs from the will of the moral agent. Hence, a moral
character develops as he/she grows into maturity. We may view moral character as a disposition
or tendency to act or think in a specific way for which a person can be held morally responsible
(philonotes.com).