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Kuz Ram Fragmentation Model
Kuz Ram Fragmentation Model
Rock properties, explosive properties, and design variables are combined using five
underlying equations in this modern version of the Kuz-Ram fragmentation model.
Breakage theory (Kuznetsov, 1973): The amount of breakage that occurs with a known
amount of explosive energy can be estimated using Kuznetsov's equation.
Size distribution theory (Rosin & Rammler, 1933): The particle size distribution of the broken
rock can be determined from the average size if the mode of breakage is known.
Blast design correlation (Cunningham) A correlation exists between the many different blast
configurations and the mode of breakage.
Rock type correlation (Lilly): The properties of a rock will modify the amount of breakage that
will occur.
Kuznetsov Equation
The original equation, developed by Kuznetsov, was modified by Cunningham for ANFO
based explosives.
Where:
Where:
Y Percentage of material less than the size X (%)
X size of material (m)
Xc characteristic size (m)
n = uniformity
Characteristic Size
The characteristic size is calculated from the average size for use in the Rosin-Rammler
equation.
Xc = Xav / ( 0.693 )
Where:
Uniformity
0.5 0.1
Where:
n uniformity exponent
B burden (m)
D hole diameter (mm)
S spacing (m)
Z standard deviation of drilling error (m)
Lb bottom charge length (m)
Lt top charge length (m)
H bench height (m)
P blast pattern factor
Tidman Equation
Where:
Blastability Index
The Blastability Index (or 'Rock Factor') is calculated from an equation originally developed
by Lilly. It is used to modify the average fragmentation based on the rock type and blast
direction.
A = 0.06 (RMD + JF + RDI + HF)
Where:
A = blastability index
RMD = rock mass description JF= joint factor
RDI = rock density index, RDI = 25( rr- 2) HF = hardness factor
RMD =10 + 10 Xi
JF = JFs + JFo
JFs = 10 spacing < 0.1
20 0.1 < spacing < oversize
50 oversize < spacing
JFo = 10 dip < 10
20 dr < 30
30 60< dr
40 30< dr < 60
dr = | JDD - FFDD |
UCS/5
Where:
Powder Factor
K = Qe /(B)(S)(H)
Where
K =powder factor (kg / cubic m) B= burden (m)
S =spacing (m)
H =bench height (m) Qe = charge weight (kg)
Charge Weight
Qe = 1000 r² L e
Where:
Qe = charge weight (kg) r = hole radius (m)
L = charge length (m)
e = explosive specific gravity