Electrical Installation

Chapter 2:

Capacitor Bank, Transformer and

Back up Gen Set Sizing
General Discussion
❖ Power Factor is measured as the cosine of the angle
between the volage and current waves.

❖ On a dc system the power factor is 1.00 and the current and

voltage are in phase

❖ Most power distribution systems contain a certain amount

of inductance, which causes a lower power factor
General Discussion cont.

Power factor = cos a

General Discussion cont.

❖ The typical level of correction that is requested is 0.85, 0.90, or 0.95. The
0.95 is very high but it is requested more recently.

❖ Capacitor will be used to perform this task

Capacitor Bank

❖ Capacitor bank is the combination of capacitors which can generate reactive

power to electric power system.

❖ It’s mainly used to increase the value of power factor.

Capacitor Bank cont.
❖ Diagram of power for capacitor bank
Capacitor Bank
❖ We can calculate the power of capacitor bank by:

𝑄𝐶 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑃. (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜑 ′ )

Where:
𝑄𝐿 : Reactive power before compensate
𝑄𝑛𝑒𝑡 : Reactive power after compensated
Example
❖ For a 480Y/277V double ended unit substation with 4000A busses operating
an uncorrected 0.7 power factor, what size of capacitor will be needed for
correction to 0.85, 0.90 and 0.95 power factor?
Connection of capacitor
❖ There are two type for capacitor connection
▪ Delta connection
▪ Y connection

Which one is the best connection?

Introduction
❖ A transformer is a device that changes ac electric power at one voltage level
to ac electric power at another voltage level through action magnetic field.
Transformer rating
❖ When an installation is to be supplied directly from a MV, MV/L transformer
is needed and the maximum apparent-power loading of the installation has
been determined, a suitable rating for the transformer can be decided, taking
into account the following considerations
▪ The possibility of improving the power factor of the installation
▪ Anticipated extensions to the installation
▪ Installation constraints (e.g. temperature)
▪ Standard transformer ratings
Transformer rating
❖ Standard apparent power for MV/LV transformer
Transformer rating
Characteristic parameters of a transformer
❖ Electrical characteristics
▪ Rated power(Pn or Sn)
▪ Frequency
▪ Rated primary and secondary voltage level
▪ Rated isolation level
▪ Off-circuit tap-selector switch (up to ± 2.5% and ± 5% level about the rated
highest voltage winding)
▪ Winding configurations
Characteristic parameters of a transformer
❖ Characteristics related to the technology and utilization of the
transformer
▪ Choice of technology: Liquid (mineral oil) or Solid (epoxy resin and air)
▪ For indoor or outdoor installation
▪ Altitude (<= 1,000 m is standard)
▪ Temperature (IEC 60076-2)
• Maximum ambiant air: 40 °C
• Daily maximum average ambient air: 30 °C
• Annual maximum average ambient air: 20 °C
Impact of wrong sizing
❖ Over-sizing a transformer
▪ Excessive investment and
▪ Unnecessarily high no-load losses

❖ Under-sizing
▪ A reduced efficiency when fully loaded
▪ On long-term overload, serious consequences for:
• resulting in failure of insulation and loss of the transformer
• overheating of the transformer causes protective relays to trip the
controlling circuit-breaker
Number of Transformer
❖ Surface of building or site
❖ Total power of the installed loads
❖ Power Interruption Sensitivity
❖ Disturbance Sensitivity
❖ Installation Scalability
Size Transformer
We can calculate by:
S
STr =
or K OL N
STr =ke S
N : Number of Transformer
S : Total Apparent Power
STr : Apparent Power of Transformer
KOL : Overload Capability Factor
Ke : Extension Factor
Generator Sizing
❖ The importance of maintaining a continuous supply raises the question of the
use of standby-power plant.
❖ Main characteristics to consider for the implementation of a LV back-up
generator:
▪ Site activity
▪ Total power of the installed loads
▪ Sensitive load to Power interruption
▪ Availability of the public distribution network