Learner’s Activity Sheet

Physical Science (Quarter II – Week 10)

Name: _____________________________________ Grade and Section: ________________

Teacher: ___________________________________ Date: ______________________________
School: __________________________________________________________________________

Dear Learner,
Good day!
In this week, you will learn the concepts of Aristotle, Galileo, and Newton
on Motion.
Specifically, you will learn the following:

1. Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of

vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.
(S11/12 PS-IVc-46)
2. Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform
acceleration and that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal
motion. (S11/12 PS-IVc-47)
3. Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or
Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to
sustain horizontal motion (S11/12 PS-IVd-51)

In this lesson, you will recognize the value of work done by the scientific
community.
Your Teacher

The Aristotelian and Galilean Conceptions of Vertical,

Horizontal, and Projectile Motions and
Understanding Newton’s First Law of Motion

Activity 1 “Tell me, what you knew about it?”

Instructions: To get started, you have to choose the terms or names of

persons related to motion from the WORD POOL below. List down at least 5
words/names on the table and write what you know about it. (10 Points)

Heliocentric cannonball Aristotle Kepler

feather hammer Galileo Copernicus
geocentric Ptolemy speed leaning tower of Pisa
distance inertia acceleration velocity
Object vacuum free fall acceleration
Bodies energy role view

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Infer gravity air resistance ideas

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 Term What I Know About It
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Activity 2
Mini Lab: Aristotle or Galileo?

Instructions Test the following activities below. Take note that in every
activity, both objects should be dropped at the same time and at the same
height. (In choosing the height, be sure that you are safe). Answer the
question that follow. Write your answers on the space provided. (20 Points)
1. Drop a book and a flat sheet of paper.
2. Drop a book and a sheet of paper crumpled to a ball.
3. Drop a book with a small flat sheet of paper on top of it.

Guide Questions
1. In all three cases, which object reaches the ground first?
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2. In activity 1, what causes the flat sheet of paper to move sideways?
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3. In activities 2 and 3, why did the objects fall at the same rate regardless
of their masses?
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4. Whose view is more acceptable? Why?
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Activity 3
Let’s Learn!
I. Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and
Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
Vertical motion is referred to as natural
motion. In a natural motion, the object will move
and will return to its natural state based on the
object's material or composition - earth, water, air,
and fire.

 For example, Aristotle believed that because

a ball fell when thrown upward, its element
was earth.
 Smoke goes up the air because it seeks its
natural place in the atmosphere.
 Aristotelian concept of natural motion is
largely vertical motion which is falling or
rising.

2. Horizontal Motion
An object moving in a violent motion
requires push or pull to maintain
horizontal motion. Motion continues
only so long as there is an applied
force to an object. When the force is
removed, motion stops.
 The example at the left shows
piled boxes of food donations.
The boxes
will remain on the floor unless a push
or a pull force is applied.
 Violent motion is imposed motion caused by pushing or pulling.
 Aristotle classified any motion that required a force as a "violent
motion". (He did not mean violent in the sense that it is marked by the
use of harmful or destructive physical force.)

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3. Projectile Motion
Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to
the ground until it is the object's time to fall back into the ground. An
impetus will be kept by the object until such time that the initial force is
forgotten, and the object returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall
to the ground.
He viewed projectile motion as natural and violent motion. He said
that heavy objects fall faster than light ones.

 A notorious problem for the

Aristotelian view was why arrows
shot from a bow continued to fly
through the air after they had left the
bow and the string was no longer
applying force to them.
Aristotle's Explanation:
 Initial motive force transfers to the
medium initially surrounding the
object a "power" to act as a motive
force.
 Medium then forces object into new
region, which is then imparted with the "power" to act.

II. Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and

Projectile Motion
1. Vertical Motion
In the absence of a resistance,
objects would fall not depending on
their weight, but in the time of fall. Also,
if the object encountered a resistive
force from a fluid equal or greater than
its weight, it will slow down and reaches
a uniform motion until it reaches the
bottom and stops.
For example, without any
resistance, a 1-kg object will be as fast
as a 10-kg object when falling because
they fall with the same amount of time,
given that they are released from the
same height.
Also, a stone dropped in the ocean will sooner or later travel at
constant speed.
2. Horizontal Motion
An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and
an external force is not necessary to maintain the motion. If the Earth’s
surface is very flat and extended infinitely, objects that are pushed will not

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be impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to move. This kind of motion,
however, is not evident in nature.

For example, if a ball is pushed on an infinitely flat plane, the ball will
continue to roll if unimpeded.

3. Projectile Motion
Galileo performed experiments on uniformly accelerated motion using
an inclined plane, and used the same apparatus to study projectile motion.
Galileo was credited for quantifying the “rate of fall” by measurement
of distance and time and plotting it graphically. He was able to slow down
the “fall” using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did
resulting to significantly different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”.
 He correctly measured motion in two independent directions
(horizontal
and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms
of downward acceleration.
 He used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of
projectile
motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed
horizontally) and content vertical acceleration.
 By varying the ball's horizontal velocity and vertical drop, Galileo was
able to determine that the path of a projectile is parabolic.
 He believed that a projectile is a combination of uniform motion in the
horizontal direction and uniformly accelerated motion in the vertical
direction. If it is not
impeded, it will continue
to move even without an
applied force.
 For example, when
you shoot a ball in a
basketball ring, the
ball does
not need a force to
keep it moving.

III. Galileo's Experimentation to prove his Ideas about motion

Experiment I
 Galileo dropped two different weights of cannon ball to the Leaning
Tower of Pisa and they fell at the same time but could not measure

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 the distance travelled therefore he proceeded to another
experimentation.

Experiment II
 Galileo used the inclined ramp in order to measure the acceleration of
an object. He used a rolling ball to measure the changes. He measured
that objects accelerates at the same time regardless of their size and
mass.

 Speed is the distance traveled by an object divided by the time taken

to travel the distance

 A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same
value after every second

III. Understanding Newton’s First Law of Motion

Isaac Newton was born the same year Galileo died. Newton’s law of
inertia is based on Galileo’s idea of inertia. He expanded Galileo’s work and
came up with his Three Laws of Motion.
Newton’s first law of motion states that…
 An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by
an unbalanced force.

Mass and Inertia

An object’s inertia depends on its mass. Mass is the amount of matter
or substance that makes up an object. It is measured in units called
kilogram. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object
with a lesser mass will also have a lesser inertia.

Exploring Inertia
Inertia has three types:
 Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless something or
somebody moves it.
Example: a plate on the table
 Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the same speed until a
force act on it.
Example: a rolling ball
 Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in the same direction
unless a force act on it.
Example: a moving car turning right
Forces
What causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest? A force
causes an object to move, to stop or remain at rest.
 Force is defined as a push or a pull.
 Newton (N) is the unit of force
 One Newton is the amount of force required to give a 1-kg mass an
acceleration of 1 m/s/s. Thus, the following unit equivalency can be
stated as:

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 1 Newton = 1 kg • m/s²

1. Friction
A rolling marble on the floor that suddenly stops when it reached a
rough surface does not stop because of the absence of a force, it stops
because of the presence of a force called friction.
 Friction is a force that opposes motion between any surfaces that are
touching.
 Friction occurs because no surface is perfectly smooth.
 Rough surfaces have more friction than smooth surfaces.
 Heavier objects also have more friction because they are pressed
harder with greater force than lighter objects.
 Friction produces heat because it causes the molecules on rubbing
surfaces to move faster and have more energy.

Newton’s first law of motion has always stated that:

An object at rest stays at rest and an object in motion stays in motion
with the same speed and in the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.

2. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces

A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero.
Let’s consider the free body diagram of a flower vase on the table. There are
two forces acting on the flower vase. The force of the table pushing the
flower vase upward also called the normal force and the gravitational force
pushing the flower vase downward.
Since the two forces are equal and in opposite directions, they
balanced each other. The net force is zero, it means the flower vase is at its
equilibrium. There is no unbalanced force acting on it thus it remains at
rest.
An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than
zero. Unbalanced forces cause acceleration. Only unbalanced force can
change the motion and direction of an object.

Activity 4 Modified True or False

Instructions: Read each statement carefully. Write True if the statement is

correct and if FALSE, change the italicized word or group of words to make
the statement correct. Write your answers on the space provided (30 Points).
_______________1. Aristotle claimed that violent motion is an imposed motion.
_______________2. In natural motion, an object will move and will eventually
return to its natural state depending on the composition that the object is
made of.
_______________3. According to Galileo, heavy objects will fall faster than
light ones.

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 _______________4. Aristotle said that to keep the object moving in horizontal
motion, a constant amount of force is needed.
_______________5. Objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at
the same time regardless of their masses and air resistance.
_______________6. A stationary object resists movement only because of
gravity.
_______________7. The tendency of an object to resist a change in motion
depends on its mass.
_______________8. If the net force acting on an object is zero, its inertia is also
zero.
_______________9. When you are moving at a high rate of speed, inertia
makes it to stop.
_______________10. Newton’s first law of motion applies to objects that are
already moving and
at rest.
_______________11. The acceleration due to gravity of earth surface is
9.8m/s².
_______________12. Galileo concluded that the path taken by a projectile is
parabolic.
_______________13. Aristotle believed that objects fall at a speed which is
proportional to their weight.
_______________14. Galileo used an inclined plane to perform his experiments
both on uniformly accelerated motion and to study projectile motion.
_______________15. Rolling ball is an example of vertical motion.

References:
1. K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies
2. Physical Science Quarter 2, Module 4, 5, & 6 (Adapted from Region IV-
A CALABARZON Region)

CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that my child has successfully done all the
activities included in the in this Learning Activity Sheet.

_________________________________________ ____________________
Name and Signature of the Parent Date