Introducing the SGR-ReSI: A Next Generation

Spaceborne GNSS Receiver for Navigation and

Remote-Sensing
Reynolt de Vos van Steenwijk, Martin Unwin Philip Jales
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd, Surrey Space Centre, the University of Surrey,
Guildford, UK Guildford, UK

Abstract— This paper presents the latest development in SSTL’s
successful SGR range of Space GNSS Receivers. The SGR-ReSI
(Remote Sensing Instrument) is a highly versatile and uniquely
capable GNSS receiver that has been designed with the low-cost,
microsatellite market in mind. Based on COTS parts, the SGR-
ReSI builds on the expertise SSTL and SSC have developed in
the field of GNSS signals, navigation and remote sensing from
Low Earth Orbit.
We look at some of the key features of the SGR-ReSI and the
results of testing of the prototype hardware that has been
developed. Additionally, we will present some of the novel
algorithms and techniques for data processing and remote
sensing that are currently in development. Finally, we will look at
the plans for exploitation of the new instrument and the
preparations for an early flight opportunity on a technology
demonstration satellite mission funded by the UK’s Technology
Strategy Board known as TechDemoSat.
Keywords - SGR-ReSI; GNSS-R; Reflectometry; GPS; FPGA;
DDM; Delay Doppler Map
I. INTRODUCTION
SSTL’s successful SGR (Space GNSS Receiver) range of
GPS L1 receivers, based on commercial-off the shelf (COTS)
components, has been flown on well over 30 missions in Low
Earth Orbit to date. The low cost approach to space pioneered
by SSTL has enabled affordable and fast access to space. This
has provided several key opportunities for the GNSS team at
SSTL to be involved in a number of novel applications of
GNSS receivers in space since the first SGR was flown on
TMSat in 1998, including GPS attitude determination, GPS at
GEO, and GPS scintillation monitoring.
One such experiment was flown on the small satellite UK-
DMC, launched in 2003. It carried a pioneering experiment
based on a modified SGR-10 L1 C/A receiver able to collect
samples containing reflected GNSS signals from the ocean
surface. The data generated demonstrated the feasibility of
GNSS Reflectometry (GNSS-R) as a remote sensing technique,
with special application to ocean roughness sensing.
SSTL is developing a follow-on instrument that is intended
to take the state of the art beyond that achieved with the UK-
DMC experiment. Based on a wholly new correlator
architecture implemented in an FPGA, the SGR-ReSI (SGR-
Remote Sensing Instrument) is designed to be a multi-
frequency, multi-constellation GNSS receiver with additional
data processing capabilities and on board data storage. By
permitting the collection of higher quality sampled data and
near continuous on-board processed data, the SGR-ReSI aims
to further develop the GNSS-R application while forming the
basis for a highly capable and flexible instrument for a range of
spaceborne GNSS applications.
In developing the SGR-ReSI, SSTL is working with
partners from The National Oceanography Centre, the
University of Bath, Surrey Space Centre and Polar Imaging
Limited, under sponsorship of the UK Centre for Earth
Observation Instrumentation, with the intention of developing a
flexible instrument that can not only log sampled data for post-
processing on the ground, but provide on-board processing and
compression to support GNSS reflectometry over the ocean
and other GNSS remote sensing and navigation applications.
II. INSTRUMENT CONCEPT
Building on SSTL's small satellite expertise and using state
of the art technology, the SGR-ReSI aims to provide a highly
capable yet relatively compact and affordable way of studying
the Earth from orbit. The core technology can also be reused
for a new family of navigation-grade receivers that will
ultimately replace SSTL’s heritage SGR receivers which
include, amongst others, the SGR-20, SGR-10, SGR-07 &
SGR-GEO.
Figure 1. SGR-ReSI prototype with 8 Front-Ends
At its heart, the SGR-ReSI is a highly versatile GNSS
navigation receiver. The receiver core is a 24-channel L1
receiver with support for up to 4 antennas. The SSTL

978-1-4244-8739-4/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
developed GNSS correlators are implemented alongside a
LEON3 softcore processor in an Actel ProASIC3 FPGA. The
Actel ProASIC3 is a non-volatile Flash-based FPGA that
consumes little power, providing a low-power, compact
solution for the basic orbit determination and timing functions
required typically required of platform GNSS receivers.
With the addition of reprogrammable, multiple frequency
front-ends, reconfigurable DSP capabilities, a small data
recorder and specialised antennas, the SGR-ReSI will support
enhanced mission applications, enabling scientific and remote
sensing applications.
III. REMOTE SENSING APPLICATIONS
A. GNSS Radio Occultation
The use of GNSS signals for remote sensing applications is
not a new idea. A number of orbiting missions have made use
of GNSS Radio Occultation (GNSS-RO), i.e. using GNSS
signals for the recovery of tropospheric temperature, pressure
and humidity, (for example COSMIC/Formosat and the GRAS
instrument on Eumetsat [1][2]) as well as Total Electron
Content and scintillation in the ionosphere. This science case is
therefore well-developed, although further research into
targeted areas is possible, and the exploitation using new
GNSS signals requires more work
With the implementation of dual frequency capability in the
SGR-ReSI, measurements of the refractive index of the
atmosphere from the bending of the GNSS signals becomes
possible using GNSS-RO. Meteorological institutes assimilate
this data to extract information on humidity in the lower
atmosphere. New GNSS satellites and signals will allow a
higher measurement density to improve weather forecasting.
Ionosphere knowledge has always been important for
GPS/GNSS and military communications, but is becoming
increasingly important for Earth Observation, for example, JPL
Global Ionospheric Model is used for correcting altimetry
measurements, but there is a shortage of ionospheric
measurements and incomplete knowledge about effects such as
scintillation.
However this requires a significantly large antenna for
both the reflected and the direct signal [4].
• GNSS-R for scatterometry uses the non-coherently
integrated reflected power to recover geophysical
information about the dielectric and roughness
properties of the surface. This application has
comparatively less demanding requirements which
make it suitable for implementation on a small satellite
platform. The applications of this technique include
measurement of ocean, ice and land surface properties.
This is the approach that was used on the UK-DMC
GPS-Reflectometry experiment in 2003 [5][6], which
provided proof of concept that the basic technique was
viable, and this approach is the technique targeted by
the SGR-ReSI. A significant benefit of this approach is
the relatively small size and low power and cost of the
instrument and antenna.
C. UK-DMC GPS-Reflectometry Proof of Concept
The potential for GNSS Reflectometry was demonstrated
on the UK-DMC mission by SSTL and the University of
Surrey with support from the BNSC NEWTON programme in
2003 [3]. A 12 dBi nadir downward pointing antenna had a 3
dB field of view of approximately 20 degrees by 80 degrees,
permitting collection of, typically, three reflected signals
simultaneously. The primary mode of operation on the first
experiment was the collection of sampled IF data into a data-
recorder, typically 20 seconds, and downloading for post
processing on the ground. The raw data was processed on the
ground into delay Doppler maps using software receiver
techniques to allow analysis of signal returns off ocean, land
and ice (see examples in Figure 2. ).

B. GNSS Reflectometry
Less mature is the exploitation of GNSS signals reflected
off the Earth’s surface. GNSS-R is a relatively new application
and this technique seeks to derive information about the Earth
by looking at GNSS signals that have been reflected off the
Earth's surface and subsequently received by a satellite in low
Earth orbit. (GNSS-R). Two approaches can be taken:
• GNSS-R for ocean altimetry, e.g. for ocean height
measurement, requires recovery of dual frequency
range measurements off the Earth’s surface and needs
a physically large high gain antenna. To achieve the
height accuracy required for the application of
mesoscale ocean altimetry, the wideband military
signals are needed which are, in general, unknown. An
interferometric approach can be used where the
unknown codes are measured from an upward pointing
Figure 2. Example Delay-Doppler Maps from UK-DMC GPS-R Experiment
antenna then correlated with the reflected signal. a) Ocean reflection, b) sea ice / water reflection

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 A substantial ongoing effort into the modelling of signal
returns has been undertaken based on data from the first UK-
DMC experiment with the intention to assess inversion of sea
state parameters [5][6] and the retrieval of directional
roughness information [7][8][9]. Although severely band-
limited, the collection of reflected Galileo signals (from
GIOVE-A) was also demonstrated. Moreover, the collection of
signals over mixed sea and ice indicates the potential of GNSS
Reflectometry for ice edge mapping. [10] The UK-DMC
experiment demonstrated the feasibility for many remote
sensing applications but not enough space-based data is
available to date to allow robust assessment of the geophysical
retrieval accuracy of GNSS-R.
D. Science and Operational Needs
One of the headline applications of GNSS-R is the potential
GNSS-based sensor, as it could be hosted on multiple satellites
and be operated, perhaps as a secondary payload, on a low-cost
constellation.
IV. SGR-RESI ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
The prioritised requirements were developed based on
experience from the UK-DMC experiment and inputs from
science partners in the study to help steer the functional design
of the instrument. SSTL has long experience in developing
GNSS receivers for spacecraft for navigation using commercial
technology, and so the technology push from this approach also
helped in the design of the architecture of the SGR-ReSI.
Figure 3. shows the block diagram of the SGR-ReSI hardware.
Dual Freq Antennas
LNAs

for remote sensing of ocean roughness, with a corresponding

RF F/E RF F/E RF F/E RF F/E
relationship to directional windspeed measurements. L1 L1 L1/L2 L1/L2

Accuracy requirements are wind speed to better than 2 m/s,

Program
however GNSS Reflectometry arguably does not measure wind SRAM
GNSS Receiver
Core Reprogrammable
speed directly, unless the sea is well developed. Instead, the (1MB TMR) interlink
Co-processor
measurements taken by GNSS reflectometry are more closely Flash FPGA SRAM DSP FPGA
Soft core Processor
related to directional mean square slope (dmss) - a parameter and GNSS Correlators TCXO
FLASH
increasingly used in wave modelling. Higher sampling and (16MB)
longer time-series of dmss are valuable for understanding
ocean/atmosphere exchange of heat and gases, especially CO2: 1GB mass
Interfaces: Power Supply
Operational measurements of dmss are useful for weather RS422 / LVDS /
memory
CAN
forecasting, dangerous sea states and storm surge predictions. LVDS
(Hi rate Data)
Dmss measurements also have a supporting role for other 16-40V
operational missions & measurements that require ocean
roughness.
Figure 3. SGR-ReSI configuration
The spatial and temporal characteristics of the ocean vary
considerably depending on latitude; a study [11] found the The most significant advances over the modified SGR-10
mean duration and length of stationarity at the Equatorial that was used on the UK-DMC experiment are the addition of
Atlantic was 7 hours duration and 189 km square and in the L2C capability, higher sampling rate to accommodate wider
North Sea was 3 hours 63 km length. One satellite cannot meet bandwidths, larger data storage and on-board signal processing
these requirements, so ultimately a constellation of satellites is capability.
required. To allow for a wide range of possible applications, the
The major gap in the science of ocean reflectometry is the SGR-ReSI features up to 8 separate RF inputs, enabling
lack of data. UK-DMC only generated about 40 useable data support for up to 4 dual frequency antennas. Two varieties of
collection sets. These showed the potential for remote sensing, RF front-ends have been incorporated in the design, one of
but cannot be used to develop any statistically significant which is L1 optimised (MAX2769) while the other is re-
empirical refinement of the models. It is therefore essential configurable to any of the GNSS bands (MAX2112) with up to
that a priority is placed on more extensive data collection in 8-bit I&Q sampling. The RF front-ends are housed on
orbit. One year of instrument operation would permit much daughter boards with a reasonably generic interface scheme,
data to be gathered – this may be achieved on a demonstration allowing the adaptation of new front-ends without requirement
satellite. However, the move towards an operational data of a motherboard redesign, and other front-ends are also being
source would require a longer duration, suggesting a three year considered for the future.
plus mission lifetime. The DSP capability is provided by a second FPGA which is
Whilst Oceanography is the primary beneficiary of the controlled and configured from the ProASIC3. This is a Xilinx
measurements, numerous other applications have also been Virtex 4 FPGA which is SRAM based, allowing the upload of
identified for GNSS-R such as in the remote sensing of land, new co-processing algorithms even once the SGR is in orbit. It
atmosphere and the cryosphere; although these applications are enables special processing algorithms for reflected or occulted
currently less well developed. Again, further data from a signals used allowing the equivalent of thousands of correlators
spaceborne instrument with flexible processing is needed. to map the distorted signals. To allow the storage of both
sampled and processed data, a bank of DDR2 memory with a
Much of the potential is linked to the higher density of capacity of 1 GByte is used.
measurements afforded by such a low size, power & cost

Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 The instrument supports multiple interfaces (CAN, RS422,
Spacewire, USB) so it could be accommodated by a variety of
different satellite missions. The unit is around 1 kg in mass,
consumes less than 10 watts, and fits within half of an SSTL
standard satellite micro-tray (approx 300x 160 x 30 mm).
A. COTS & Radiation
To maintain low cost and flexible approach, SSTL has
often used Commercial, Off-The-Shelf (COTS) parts in its
spacecraft design and this is true in the case of the SGR-ReSI
development too. The COTS approach has advantages and
disadvantages: A larger choice of technology is readily
available at commercial lead times and costs, with professional
development tools. If components are selected from higher
volume production lines, there is an increased assurance of the
component reliability. Conversely, COTS components carry
the risk of susceptibility to orbital radiation effects and are
subject to manufacturing process and die change without
warning.
Measures are taken to mitigate the risk of radiation effects,
including a latch-up switch, and memory protection through
triple modular redundancy. Testing for radiation induced
single-event effects (SEE) including upsets and latch-up is not
simple, so wherever possible, SSTL uses parts that have in-
orbit heritage or parts that have been characterised under
radiation with documented results that can been used to help
select components.
The cumulative effect of radiation damage on semi-
conductor parts, known as Total-Ionising Dose (TID), is easier
to test for. Part of the radiation mitigation strategy for the
COTS front-end ICs used for the SGR-ReSI radiation included
testing to evaluate TID performance. Test boards were
manufactured for both the candidate front-end solutions and
tested using a Co-60 source at the National Physical
Laboratory (NPL) in London.
The dose rate was set at 470rad/hr up to a TID of 6krad(Si)
after which the dose rate was increased to 3krad/hr up to a TID
of >20krad(Si) at which point testing was concluded. The
results of functional testing showed that neither of the front-end
implementations had suffered any degradation in performance
as a result of the TID to which they had been exposed.
Figure 4. Figure 1 SGR-ReSI RF Front-end test boards under test at the
National Physical Laboratory
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
V. OPERATIONAL MODES
Two baseline GNSS-R collection modes are being targeted
for operations.
A. Raw Data Collection
The first mode is the sampling of direct and reflected
signals directly at Intermediate Frequency, similar to the mode
of operation on UK-DMC experiment. The SGR-ReSI,
however, can store up to 1GB of data in its on-board DDR2
memory allowing significantly more data to be collected with
each operation of the instrument. This raw data collection
mode also now supports either single or dual frequency (L1
and L2C) collections, greatly enhancing the scope for
experimentation in orbit and new scientific applications. Data
collected in the mass memory is subsequently down-linked for
post-processing on the ground.
The volume of data that is generated in this mode is fairly
large but allows for the development of models and processing
algorithms that can subsequently be tried out in orbit using the
Virtex 4 co-processor. The limited on board storage available
and the capacity of the downlink thus limit this mode of
operation to data collections of no more than a few minutes in
duration.
B. On-board near real-time DDM generation
The second mode of operation, and one that demonstrates
the versatility and potential of the SGR-ReSI for in orbit
experimentation, is the on-board processing of the data into
Delay-Doppler Maps (DDM).
Real-time delay Doppler maps can be processed onboard
however the computational complexity of this is very
significant as the processing time using individual correlator
channels goes with the number of pixels (Ndelay . NDoppler). There
are various techniques used by navigation GNSS receivers for
reducing the computational complexity of signal acquisition
[12][13]. These typically use fast Fourier transforms for
parallel computation of a range of delays or Doppler. The size
of the delay and Doppler search space in terrestrial navigation
receiver acquisition is considerably different to the spaceborne
remote sensing DDM, so the techniques need to be tuned to the
remote sensing application.
The size of the signal space for remote sensing DDM
generation is determined by the geometry of the receiver and
transmitter, and the size of the scattering area on the surface.
The example case we consider is for the UK-DMC satellite,
which is in low-earth orbit at approximately 700km. At this
altitude, there is a Doppler spread of around 14 kHz and a
spread of signal path delays of around 20 μs , or 20 GPS C/A
code chips [14]. The number of pixels required is determined
by size of the signal’s ambiguity function, a function of
coherent integration time and signal bandwidth.
 A single correlation pixel in the Delay Doppler map is
formed by integrating the incoming signal, s(t ) , multiplied by a
replica PRN code c(t − t ' ) and carrier sin( 2πf ' t ) over a coherent
time period Tcoh
Tcoh
∫0
s(t )c(t − t ' ) sin(2πf ' t )dt (1)
Where t ' and f ' are the trial delay and Doppler frequency
respectively for a given pixel in the DDM. The chosen
technique calculates a number of Doppler pixels in a parallel
operation, Figure 5. Then this structure is replicated for each of
the signal delays to be computed.
Figure 5. Example delay-Doppler map showing the pixels computed in
parallel with real-time processing technique
The basis of the processing technique is that the incoming
signal is multiplied by the replica spreading code to select a
particular signal delay. Then it is down-converted by
multiplying by the carrier frequency at the specular reflection
point (Figure 6. ). The remaining signal has residual carrier
spread of approximately 14kHz of distortion introduced by the
reflection area. The spread of signal power across Doppler
Figure 7. Implementation of real-time DDM processing
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
frequencies can then be measured by a spectrum estimation
technique such as a Fourier transform.
The signal input to the spectrum estimation has a residual
Doppler in the range of a few kHz, but is sampled at the few
MHz intermediate sampling frequency. The computation
complexity of the spectrum estimation can be reduced by
firstly decimating the signal before Fourier transform. This
adds some artefacts towards the edges of the bands, however
careful filter selection reduces the aliases to meet the required
accuracy of the signal power estimation.
Figure 6. Signal processing architecture for real-time DDM computation.
The overview of the processing structure is shown in Figure
7. The DDM is accumulated incoherently in order to increase
the processing gain and then is written to the DDR2 mass
storage for subsequent downlink to the ground station.
The specification of the DDM processor currently
implemented has 52 Doppler by 128 delay pixels, although the
resolution can be configured for the application. The default
expected operational usage covers a 13 kHz span, with 250 Hz
pixel spacing and 16μs delay span with 0.25μs spacing.

Figure 8. Delay Doppler Map (100ms integration) produced in real time
within SGR-ReSI. Plot shows direct and multipath signals generated with
Spirent simulator
Figure 8. shows an example Delay Doppler Map generated
by the SGR-ReSI. The signal was generated using a Spirent
simulator with a controllable delay multipath reflection, both
shown on the image - unlike DDMs derived from orbital data,
there is no Doppler spread in this DDM.
Due to the flexibility of the instrument, other data
collection and reflectometry processing schemes can be
supported, one of which is discussed in [16], even once the
instrument is in orbit. This opens up the possibility for further
experimentation and refinement of the processing algorithms
used on the spacecraft based on the data acquired from orbit.
There is the potential to optimise algorithms for collecting ice
reflections, or, further down the line, for soil moisture
applications.
A final point to note is that as the SGR-ReSI combines raw
data logger and co-processor, an additional advantage is that
data collected from orbit can be ‘played-back’ from mass
memory using a receiver on the ground to test and validate
processing algorithms using representative data before
uploading to an in-orbit SGR-ReSI.
VI. FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES
Surrey Satellite Technology Ltd is in a unique position to
offer frequent opportunities for flight experimentation at a low
cost and on a rapid schedule. The first GNSS Reflectometry
experiment made use of UK-DMC satellite, and SSTL has a
number of future DMC and other satellites expected in the next
few years. A UK satellite programme called TechDemoSat
[17] has recently kicked off that will demonstrate various new
spaceborne technologies and the SGR-ReSI is a candidate
technology to be incorporated in the mission. The
TechDemoSat design and manufacture phase has commenced
targeting a launch in 2012.
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Furthermore, two ESA-funded studies have investigated the
possibility of flying the SGR-ReSI as a payload on future
demonstration and operational satellites. SSTL’s reputation in
spaceborne GPS also introduces some commercial avenues that
may turn into opportunities, for example, SSTL has supplied
GPS receivers for three different LEO satellite constellations
and possibilities for SGR-ReSI may arise on future
constellations.
VII. FURTHER WORK
Under the continued sponsorship of the UK CEOI, SSTL
and her partners are continuing to work on the development of
the hardware and software for the SGR-ReSI. The basic
functionality of the instrument including DDM generation,
data-logging, L1 & L2C tracking have been successfully
implemented, with on-going development work to fine tune the
performance and prepare the first flight instrument for flight on
TechDemoSat.
Aside from the remote sensing capability, the GNSS core of
the SGR-ReSI will eventually be employed to supersede
SSTL’s current single frequency GPS receiver product line.
Enhanced capabilities will be possible, such as faster
acquisition, and the tracking of Galileo signals. The core of the
receiver is contained within one low power FPGA, permitting
the configuration of a small receiver, retaining the lower cost
associated with COTS-based parts, while significantly
advancing the capabilities of the technology on offer.
Figure 9. A replacement for the SGR-10 Space GPS Receiver will make use
of SGR-ReSI core
VIII. CONCLUSION
The approach adopted for the SGR-ReSI leads to a highly
flexible GNSS receiver core that can be configured for remote
sensing oceans and atmosphere as required, and gives
flexibility for experimentation with novel signal processing
techniques that may prove to be necessary with some weak or
fading signals. The dual frequency capability also enables the
receiver to be configured as a source of ionospheric-free GNSS
measurements for precise orbit determination, vital for
altimetry and other remote sensing satellites. The receiver uses
COTS parts associated with terrestrial GNSS receivers, and
will therefore yield a small, low power product at an affordable
cost. A flight opportunity on the TechDemoSat has been
identified, but the design has flexibility permitting readily
deployment on multiple satellites as opportunities arise, to give
unprecedented measurement density around the globe.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the excellent ongoing integral
work performed by staff at SSTL, including Paul Blunt, Stuart
Duncan, Gary Martin. Also our partners at Surrey Space
Centre: Steven Gao, Bidhan Bandari, Moazam Mahmood,
Chris Ashton and Alex Dyer; at NOC: Christine
Gommenginger, Maria Paolo Clarizia; at Bath: Cathryn
Mitchell, Julian Rose; and at Polar imaging Ltd: Kim
Partington. The project was sponsored by the UK NERC and
TSB via the Centre of Earth Observation Instrumentation.
REFERENCES
[1] Anthes, R.A. et al, “The COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 Mission: Early
Results.”, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 89, 313-333
[2] Axel von Engeln et al, “GRAS Radio Occultation Measurements
onboard METOP”, Proceedings of the EUMETSAT Meteorological
Satellite Conference, Darmstadt, Germany, Sept 2008
[3] Unwin M., Gleason S, Brennan M, “The Space GPS Reflectometry
Experiment on the UK Disaster Monitoring Constellation Satellite”,
Proc. ION GPS 2003, Portland, Oregon, Sept 2003.
[4] M. Martin-Neira, “A Passive Reflectometry and Interferometry System
(PARIS): Application to Ocean Altimetry”, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The
Netherlands., ESA Journal 1993, Vol 17.
[5] Gleason S, Hodgart S, Sun Y, Gommenginger C, Mackin S, Adjrad M
& Unwin M, “Detection and Processing Bistatically Reflected GPS
Signals from Low Earth Orbit for the Purposes of Ocean Remove
Sensing”, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., Vol 43, No. 6, pp.1229-
1241, June 2005.
[6] Gleason S, “Remote Sensing of Ocean, Ice and Land Surfaces Using
Bistatically Scattered GNSS Signals from Low Earth Orbit”, PhD
Thesis, University of Surrey, December 2006.
Authorized licensed use limited to: National Cheng Kung Univ.. Downloaded on November 20,2020 at 13:04:13 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[7] Clarizia, M. P., Gommenginger , C., Gleason, S., Srokosz, M., Galdi, C.,
and Di Bisceglie, M.: “Analysisof GNSS-R Delay-Doppler Maps From
The UK-DMC Satellite Over The Ocean”, Geophysical Research
Letters, doi:10.1029/2008GL036292, 2009.
[8] Clarizia, M. P., Di Bisceglie, M., Galdi, C., Gommenginger , C. P., and
Srokosz, M. A.: “Simulations of GNSS-R Returns for Delay-Doppler
Analysis_ of the Ocean Surface”. 2009 IEEE International Geoscience
and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS) "Earth Observation -
Origins to Applications", 12-17 July 2009, Cape Town, South Africa,
2009.
[9] Cardellach and A. Rius, A new technique to sense non-gaussian features
of the sea surface from L-band bi-static GNSS reflections”, Remote
Sensing of Environment, vol. 112 Issue 6, pp. 2927-2937, 2008
[10] Jales P, et al, “First spaceborne demonstration of Galileo signals for
GNSS reflectometry”, ION GNSS 2008, Savannah GA Sept 2008.
[11] “Synergetic Aspects and Auxiliary Data Concepts for Sea Surface
Salinity Measurements from Space”, ESA Study, AO/1-4505/03/NL/CB,
presented Aquarius/SAC-D/SMOS-HYDROS Workshop, April 2004,
Miami, FA.
[12] D Akopian, “Fast FFT based GPS satellite acquisition methods”, IEE
Proc-Radar Sonar Navig., Vol 152, No. 4, August 2005
[13] W. De Wilde, J.M. Sleewaegen, A. Simsky, C. Vandewiele, E. Peeters,
J. Grauwen, F. Boon, "New Fast Signal Acquisition Unit for
GPS/Galileo Receivers", ENC GNSS 2006, Manchester (UK), May
2006
[14] G. A. Hajj, C Zuffada, "Theoretical description of a bistatic system for
ocean altimetry using the GPS signal", Radio Science, Vol 38, No. 5,
p1089, 2003
[15] Gommenginger, C., Clarizia, M. P., and Unwin, M.: Towards long-term
sustainable observations of ocean wind and waves with GNSS signals of
opportunity. OceanObs'09 "Ocean information for society: sustaining the
benefits, realizing the potential", 21-25 September 2009, Venice, Italy,
2009.
[16] GNSS-Reflectometry: Techniques for Scatterometric Remote Sensing,
ION GNSS 2010, Portland Oregon Sept 2010.
[17] Penson J, “TechDemoSat – A UK Technology Mission”, CEOI Annual
Conference April 2010, Warwick University.