nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v

evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 1

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 2
nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v
evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ

Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix

m¤úvw`Z

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 3

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ
m¤úv`bv : Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix
cÖKvkKvj
Kwe cÖKvkbx cÖ_g ms¯‹iY : Agi GKz‡k MÖš’‡gjv 2021

cÖKvkK
Kwe cÖKvkbx
85 KbKW© G‡¤úvwiqvg †eBR‡g›U
253-254 Gwjd¨v›U †ivW KuvUveb XvKv 1205

m¤úv`bv-¯^Z¡
Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix

cÖ”Q`
me¨mvPx nvRiv

eY©web¨vm
†gveviK †nv‡mb

gy`ªY
Kwe †cÖm
85 KbKW© G‡¤úvwiqvg gv‡K©U KuvUveb XvKv 1205

fvi‡Z cwi‡ekK
Awfhvb cvewjkvm©
10/2 G igvbv_ gRyg`vi wֻU KjKvZv

g~j¨: 200 UvKv

Haridaser Guptakatha: Bangali Samajer Chalchitra. Edited by Dr. Abul Ahsan
Choudhury. Published by Kobi Prokashani 85 Concord Emporium Market
Kantabon Dhaka 1205 First Kobi Prokashani Edition: March 2021
Cell: +88-01717217335 +88-01641863570 Phone: 02-9668736
Price: 200 Taka Rs: 200 US 10 $
E-mail: kobiprokashani@gmail.com Website: kobibd.com

ISBN: 978-984-95196-5-2
N‡i e‡m Kwe cÖKvkbxÕi †h †Kv‡bv eB wKb‡Z wfwRU Kiæb
www.kanamachhi.com
A_ev †dv‡b AW©vi Kiæb 01641-863571
www.rokomari.com/kobipublisher
A_ev †dv‡b AW©vi Kiæb 01519-521971 nUjvBb 16297

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 4

 m ¤úv ` †K i D r m M©
Avgv‡`i †Qv‡Uv-kni Kzwóqvi
Pvi `k‡Ki ms¯‹…wZPP©vi wcÖq gyL
gyw³hy‡×i Kv‡j
¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi‡K›`ª †_‡K cÖPvwiZ
Rjøv‡`i `ievi-Gi mªóv
bvU¨Kvi Kj¨vY wgÎ ¯§i‡Y

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 5

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 6
 wb †e ` b
Kv‡ji wePvi e‡ov KwVb, KL‡bv Zv wbg©gI e‡U| Rxe‡bi cÖvq-
me‡ÿ‡ÎB GK_v Kg‡ewk cÖ‡hvR¨| GLv‡b Avgv‡`i we‡ePbv g~jZ
mvi¯^Z-†Kw›`ªK|
mgKvj huvi mgv`i K‡i, DËiKvj nq‡Zv Zuv‡K g‡b ivLvi
MiR †eva K‡i bv| Avevi KL‡bv Dj‡UvUvI NU‡Z †`Lv hvq,
mgKv‡ji J`vmx‡b¨i ÿwZc~i‡Yi R‡b¨ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z nq
DËiKv‡ji AbyK‚j mgqZK| wewPÎ GB wePvi! Gi msMZ, A`„k¨
ev A‡eva¨ KviY AbymÜvb Ki‡Z †M‡j µgvMZ †c‡ikvbB n‡Z
nq| evsjv mvwn‡Z¨i GB g›`fvM¨ we¯§iYxq‡`iB GKRb fzebP›`ª
gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1842-1916)| mvwnZ¨fze‡bi GB AbywPZ wePv‡ii `Ð
m¤ú‡K© ÿzä I nZvk n‡q †mKv‡ji mvwnZ¨ I msev`-mvgwqKcÎ-
RM‡Zi GK wewkó e¨w³Z¡ cuvPKwo e‡›`¨vcva¨vq e‡jwQ‡jb :
ÔbvUz‡K ivgbvivq‡Yi mgq nB‡Z †h fzebP‡›`ªi cÖwZfv GKUvbv
M½v‡mªv‡Zi g‡Zv mgvbfv‡e lvU ermiKvj ev½vjv mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î
ewnqv wMqv‡Q, †mB fzebevey `‡ji GKRb wQj bv ewjqv AvR
we¯§„wZmvM‡i WzwejÕ (bvqK, 20 fv`ª 1323)|

`yB
Dwbk kZ‡Ki evsjvi mgvR-ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© †KŠZ‚nj I mwÜrmvi
GKch©v‡q eû-Kvw•ÿZ fzebP‡›`ªi eB nv‡Z Av‡m| Zvi Av‡M Zuvi
Rxe‡bi bvbv Kg©K…wZi myjyK-mÜvb cvB| fzebP‡›`ªi m‡½ gxi
gkviid †nv‡m‡bi wbweo m¤úK© I Zuvi MÖ‡š’i cwigvR©‡bi Lei
†R‡b Zuvi cÖwZ AvMÖn Av‡iv ev‡o|
fzebP‡›`ªi nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v c‡o †jLK wn‡m‡e Zuvi cÖwZ wKQz
aviYv Rb¥vq Ges Zuvi mgvRg‡bi cwiPq-jv‡fi my‡hvMI N‡U| ejv
n‡q‡Q, G-eB Bs‡iwR GKwU eB‡qi ZiRgv| wKš‘ eBwU c‡o
KL‡bv g‡b nqwb GwU Abyev‡`i dmjÑ n‡Z cv‡i GwU ¯^vaxb-
Abyev` ¯’vb-Kvj-cv‡Îi cwieZ©b-mvab K‡i, ev †jLK nq‡Zv

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 7

Kw_Z Bs‡iwR eB c‡o AbycÖvwYZ n‡q GB Kvwnwb cwi‡ekb K‡i
_vK‡eb| hvB-B †nvK bv †Kb, †jLK wn‡m‡e Zv fzebP‡›`ªi
mvd‡j¨i cwiPqB †`q| Zuvi ˆbcy‡Y¨i Av‡iv `ywU cwiPq wb‡`©k Kiv
hvqÑ M`¨ixwZ I mgvRwPÎ| AvMv‡Mvov K_¨-fvlvfw½ AbymiY
K‡i‡Qb, evbvb-ixwZ‡ZI wKQz ¯^vZš¿¨ ev ˆewPΨ Av‡Q| fvlvixwZ
m¤ú‡K© MÖ‡š’i m~Pbv‡ZB †jLK nwi`v‡mi gyL w`‡q ewj‡q wb‡q‡Qb :
ÔRxebKvwnbx¸wj cÖYvjxc~eŸ©K eY©bv Kwi‡Z nB‡j GZ‡Ï‡ki cÖPwjZ
K‡_vcK_‡bi mnR fvlvB e¨envi Kiv fvj; †Kb bv, †mB fvlvq
Mí”Q‡j wjwLqv w`‡j Avcvgi mvaviY mK‡jiB ü`qMÖvwnYx nq|
GB AvL¨vwqKv‡Z †mB fvlvB Avwg Aej¤^b Kwie|Õ

wZb
bKkvag©x GB DcvL¨v‡b AeÿwqZ mgvR I Zvi m‡½ m¤ú„³ gvby‡li
wKQz Qwe dz‡U D‡V‡QÑ mgq-e¨w³-A‡ji Avjv`v-Avjv`v
ˆewk‡ó¨i cwiPqI A¯úó bq| ewne©‡½ ågYiZ Ae¯’vq 1857-Gi
wmcvwn we‡`ªv‡ni m‡½I g~jZ kÖæwZm~‡Î nwi`v‡mi wKQz cwiPq nqÑ
AwR©Z nq mvgvb¨ AwfÁZvI| we‡`ªv‡ni cÖwZ Zuvi †Kv‡bv SzuwKnxb
†gŠb-mg_©bI wQj bv, Z‡e †Kv¤úvwb evnv`yi ev Bsj‡Ûk^ixi cÖwZ
APjv-fw³-mnvbyf‚wZi Afve nqwb|
nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vq fzebP‡›`ªi wb‡Ri †h-Qvqv Av‡Q, Zuvi gb-
g‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q, Zv nq‡Zv fvev hvq| Dwbk kZ‡Ki
KjKvZvi †ek¨v-evBwR-†bkv-e¨wfPvi-AwgZvPvi-mv‡nemvRvi cwiPq
`yj©f bq| AvaywbK wkÿv, ms¯‹vicwš’ mfv-mwgwZ I eªvþmgvR
m¤ú‡K© Zuvi †Øl I weiƒcZv ¸ß _v‡Kwb| Ônwi`vmÕ Ii‡d cÖ”Qbœ-
fzebP›`ª iÿYkxj g‡bvfv‡ei gvbyl wQ‡jbÑ ag©xq wePv‡i wQ‡jb
AcwieZ©bxq Av`‡k© wek^vmx †Nvi-mbvZbcwš’| cÖMwZwe‡ivax ïay bb,
wZwb Kvjwe‡ivaxI wQ‡jbÑ ZvB †MŠi‡ei m‡½ D”PviY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib : Ôe½‡`‡k evj¨weev‡ni we‡ivax Avwg bBÑ †m-Kvi‡YB ...
begel©xqv AgjKzgvix‡K [Kb¨v] Avwg †hvM¨cv‡Î mgc©Y †Kv‡jøgÕ|
we`¨vjq-¯’vcb, ¯¿xwkÿv, mgvR-ms¯‹vi, eªvþmgvR-cÖwZôv ev
RbwnZKvix †Kv‡bv Kv‡R Zuvi wKQzgvÎ AvMÖn †bBÑ Gme Kv‡R ev
¯^vaxb e¨emv‡q hviv D‡`¨vMx wZwb Zv‡`i mgv‡jvPbvq gyLiÑ wZwb
Drmvnx †`evjq-wbg©v‡Y Ges evOvwj wn›`yi †gø”QvPv‡iB ÔcweÎ
Avh©¨a¤§©Ñ Avh©¨mgvRÕ-Gi ÿq I AebwZÑ GB Zuvi wek^vm| ZvB
wZwb gnvgyw³i A‡š^l‡Y wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib : Ôe½‡`‡k Avgvi gZ

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 8

†jv‡Ki Avi kvwšÍ bvB, gyw³‡ÿÎ we‡k^k^i‡ÿ‡Î cÖ¯’vb †Kv‡i
cigv_©wPšÍvq KvjniY KivB Avgvi c‡ÿ †kÖqtÕ|
G-†_‡K †ek †evSv hvq, Dwbk kZ‡Ki bvbv ms¯‹vi-Av‡›`vjb,
D`vi mgvR`„wó, BnRvMwZKZv nwi`vm ev Zvi mªóv‡K cÖvwYZ-
Av‡jvwoZ-DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| G-†MŠi‡ei K_v bq e‡U, Z‡e
mZ¨ K_vÑ GB mZ¨-¯^xKv‡i fzebP›`ª KzwÉZ wQ‡jb bv|

Pvi
MÖšf
’ z³ GB †jLvwU cÖ_‡g XvKvi ˆ`wbK cÖ_g Av‡jvi 2010-Gi
C`msL¨vq Qvcv nq, cwÎKvi m¤úv`K gwZDi ingvb I C`msL¨v-
m¤úv`K Kwe mv¾v` kwi‡di †mŠR‡b¨| †mB mg‡q †jLvwU cvV‡Ki
g‡bv‡hvM jvf K‡i Ges †KD †KD eB wn‡m‡e cÖKv‡ki civgk©
†`b| Gi cÖvq GK hyM c‡i Kwe cÖKvkbxi mvwnZ¨gb¯‹ ¯^Z¡vwaKvix
mRj Avn‡g‡`i D‡`¨v‡M Zv djcÖm~ nq| MÖš’-cÖKv‡k AvšÍwiK
mnvqZvi R‡b¨ ¯§iY Kwi Kwe-cÖvewÜK wcqvm gwR`, cÖ”Q`wkíx
me¨mvPx nvRiv, Kg©mnKvix †gvt dviæK †nv‡mb I Av‡iv Kv‡iv-
Kv‡iv bvg|
cy‡iv‡bvKv‡ji GKwU `y®úÖvc¨ MÖ‡š’ Dwbk kZ‡Ki evOvwj
mgv‡Ri N‡i-evB‡ii †h-wewPÎ Qwe cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, Zvi m‡½
cvVK‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q †`Iqvi my‡hvM †c‡q we‡kl Z…wß I
Avb›`‡eva KiwQ|

gRgcyi Aveyj Avnmvb †PŠayix

Kzwóqv, evsjv‡`k
(00-88)-01711-954718

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 9

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 10
 m~ wP c Î

f‚wgKv 13
nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v 25

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 11

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 12
 f‚ wg Kv
evOvwji ¸ßK_vi AšÍ †bB| cwZZ-cwZZvi ¸ßK_v, wci-†gvn‡šÍi
¸ßK_v, fvmyi-fv`ªea~i ¸ßK_v, RvgvB-kvïwoi ¸ßK_v, bdi-
gvjwK‡bi ¸ßK_v, evey-wewei ¸ßK_vÑ G-me †K”Qv meB †h evbv‡bv Zv
bq| KL‡bv KL‡bv wb‡Ri AwfÁZvÑ ev¯Íe NUbvi m‡½ D`vi Kíbvi
wg‡k‡j M‡o I‡V GB Kvwnwb| Avevi KL‡bv ev †Kv‡bv mgKvjxb NUbvi
K_vI D‡V Av‡m AvL¨vwqKv ev bKkvag©x iPbvq| M‡íi GBme KuvPvgvj
wb‡q Kvwnwb-wbg©v‡Yi Kviev‡ii wKQy Lwjdv-gwmRxex Dwbk kZ‡K †ek
igigv e¨emv †du‡`wQ‡jb| Gu‡`i †KD †KD wQ‡jb digv‡qwk †jLKÑ
Avevi `y-PviRb RvZ-†jLKI GB Kv‡R nvZ cvwK‡qwQ‡jb| Avw`i‡mi
GBme †K”Qv-Kvwnwbi Rb¥¯’v‡bi bvg ÔeUZjvÕ| SuvKv-gy‡Ui `j Ôcvm Kiv
gvMÕ, Ô†ek¨vinm¨Õ, ÔKgwjbxi gayPvKÕ, Ô†QvU eDi †ev¤^vPvKÕ, ÔigYxiÄbÕ,
ÔmwPÎ iwZkv¯¿Õ, Ôkvïwo-RvgvBÕ, Ô¸‡Yi k¦ïiÕ, Ôiv‡Z Dcyo w`‡b wPr; †QvU
eDi G wK ixZÕ Ges Gim‡½ ¸ßK_vi †K”Qvi †KZve gv_vq Zz‡j wdwi
K‡i †eov‡ZvÑ iwmKR‡biv KL‡bv Gi K`i Ki‡Z †fv‡jbwb|

`yB
†mKv‡j eUZjvq Rvbv-ARvbv A‡bK evRvwi-†jL‡Ki Avwef©ve n‡qwQj|
†KD †KD bvgI wK‡bwQ‡jb †ek| Gu‡`i eB‡qi wewµ-evÆv †h g›` wQj
bv, Zv †ek †evSv hvq ms¯‹i‡Yi wn‡m‡e| IB †h e‡jwQ, `y-GKRb
†gavex †jLKI wf‡owQ‡jb eUZjvi †jL‡Ki `‡jÑ Gu‡`iB GKRb
fyebP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq (1842-1916)Ñ Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ (1310/1904)
ZuviB †jLv eB|
fyebP›`ª R‡b¥wQ‡jb PweŸk ciMYvi `wÿY eviæBcy‡ii Kv‡Q kvmb
MÖv‡g, †mKv‡ji †iIqvR Abymv‡i gv‡qi ev‡ci evwo‡Z| g~jZ Afv‡ei
Kvi‡YB ¯‹z‡ji MwÐ †cwi‡q K‡j‡R covi my‡hvM Zuvi nqwb| ZvB Rxeb-
RxweKvi cÖ‡qvR‡b mvgvb¨ wKQyw`b ¯‹zj-gv÷vwi Avi M„nwkÿKZvi KvR
K‡ib| Gici Zuvi Rxeb †K‡U‡Q mvwnZ¨PP©v Avi mvsevw`KZvq| wZwb
Ôcwi`k©KÕ, Ô†mvgcÖKvkÕ I Ômsev` cÖfvKiÕ cwÎKvi mn-m¤úv`K wQ‡jb|

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 13

G-Qvov Ôwe`~lKÕ, Ôc~Y©kkxÕ, ÔemygZxÕ I ÔRb¥f~wgÕ cwÎKv m¤úv`bvi
`vwqZ¡I cvjb K‡ib| Zuv‡K me¨mvPx †jLK wn‡m‡e Abvqv‡m wPwýZ Kiv
P‡j| Rvbv hvq : ÔwZwb Kve¨, Mí-Dcb¨vm, mvgvwRK bK&kv, cÖnmb,
BwZnvm, Rxebx, ågY-KvwnbxÑ GK K_vq evsjv-mvwn‡Z¨i mKj wefv‡MB
wKQy bv wKQy wjwLqv‡QbÕ (ÔmvwnZ¨-mvaK-PwiZgvjvÕ, 8g LÐ, eª‡R›`ªbv_
e‡›`¨vcva¨vq, KjKvZv, 1358)| Zuvi Kve¨-KweZvi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Ôgay-
wejvcÕ (1873), ÔAvwg igYxÕ (1881), ÔZzwg †K?Õ (1887)| mvgvwRK-
cvwievwiK Dcb¨vm ev Ôbeb¨vmÕI wj‡L‡Qb : ÔZzwg wK Avgvi?Õ (1873-
79), Ôinm¨-gyKziÕ (1877-78), Ô†QvU eDÕ (1885), ÔAvgvi gwnlxÕ
(1887), ÔKzÄevjvÕ (1890), ÔKgjKzgvix I ivRv mbœ¨vmxÕ (1891),
Ôcviæj ev †mB wK Zzwg?Õ (1893), ÔAwMœKzgvixÕ (1894), ÔAvb›`-jnixÕ
(1894), ÔAvwgbv evBÕ (1902), Ôevey-†PviÕ (1906), Ômsmvi-mvMiÕ
(1912), Ô†cÖ‡gi evRviÕ (1912), ÔwejvZx f~ZÕ (1915), Ô†RjLvbvÕ
(1919)| we‡`wk Kvwnwb Aej¤^‡b wZwb †ek K‡qKwU Dcb¨vm I
†Mv‡q›`v-AvL¨vb iPbv K‡ib : ÔgvwK©b cywjm KwgkbviÕ (1896), Ô¸ßPiÕ
(1898), ÔVvKzievoxi `ßiÕ (1900), ÔP›`ªgyLxÕ (1902), ÔmšÍß mqZvbÕ
(1903-04), ÔjÐbinm¨Õ (1912-14), ÔivYx BDwRbxi ˆeVKÕ (1924)|
`x‡b›`ªKzgvi ivq‡K †Mv‡q›`v-Kvwnwb Abyev‡` fyebP‡›`ªi †hvM¨ DËim~wi
ejv hvq| fyebP‡›`ªi Av`‡k© `x‡b›`ªKygviI we‡`wk †Mv‡q›`v-Kvwnwb
evsjvq Abyev‡` nvZ †`b Ges h‡_ó RbwcÖqZv AR©b K‡ib| hvB †nvK,
Abyev‡` fyebP‡›`ªi fv‡jv nvZ wQj| †evaKwi fyebP›`ªB cÖ_g evsjvq
m¨vi †Rvbv_b myBd&U-Gi weL¨vZ ÔMvwjfvm© Uªvfjm&Õ-Gi Abyev` K‡ib
ÔiRZKzgvixÕ (1902) bvg w`‡q| eBwU c‡ii eQi Avevi Pvi L‡Ð ÔAvgvi
Ac~eŸ© ågYÕ bv‡g cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| Zuvi iwPZ K‡qKLvbv cÖnm‡bi bvgI
cvIqv hvq : Ôgv G‡q‡Pb!!!Õ (1873), ÔcuvP cvM‡ji NiÕ (1880),
ÔVvKzi‡cvÕ (1886)| i½-e¨½ iPbv‡ZI Zuvi gwZ wQj, Ôgnv‡`‡ei gv`yjxÕ
Zvi `„óvšÍ| fyebP‡›`ªi wfbœ ai‡bi wKQy M`¨iPbvi mÜvbI cvIqv hvq|
ivgK…ò cignsm‡`‡ei Rxebx wj‡L‡Qb (ÔivgK…ò-PwiZvg„ZÕ, 1901)|
e„nr K‡je‡i Ôwmcvnx-we‡`ªvn ev wgDwUbxÕ-i BwZnvm wj‡L‡Qb (1907)|
Zuvi Ô¯^‡`kwejvmÕ m›`f© cÖKvk cvq 1893-G| bvgKiY †_‡K Abygvb nq
eBwU‡Z ¯^‡`k m¤ú‡K© nq‡Zv bvbv K_v Av‡QÑ Avevi cvkvcvwk k‡Li
¯^‡`‡kv×viKvix‡`i cÖwZ wKQy cÖ”Qbœ e¨½I _vK‡Z cv‡i| bKkv-iPbv‡ZI
fyebP‡›`ªi AvMÖ‡ni KgwZ wQj bv| wZwb KvjxcÖmbœ wms‡ni D`vi AvbyK~j¨
jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| DobPÐx fyebP›`ª‡K KvjxcÖmbœ wKQyKv‡ji R‡b¨ Avkªq
I RxweKvi e¨e¯’v K‡i w`‡qwQ‡jb| Ôû‡Zvg cu¨vPvi bK&kvÕi 1g LÐ

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 14

cÖKv‡ki †gvUvgywU `yB eQi ci fyebP›`ª Ôû‡Zv‡gÕi Abymi‡Y ÔmgvR KzwPÎÕ
bv‡g GKwU bKkv iPbv K‡ib Ges Zv ÔAb‡iej û‡ZvgÕ‡KB DrmM©
K‡ib| Rvbv hvq, Ôû‡ZvgÕiƒcx KvjxcÖmbœ wb‡RI ÔmgvR KzwP‡ÎÕi cÖksmv
K‡iwQ‡jb| Av‡iv bKkv wj‡LwQ‡jb fyebP›`ª, †hgbÑ ÔhvÎv-wejvmÕ
(Ôe‡½i hvÎvi Avm‡ii b·vÕ, 1887), Ôa¤§©ivRÕ (1901), Ôe½inm¨Õ
(1904) cÖf„wZ| G-Qvov Zuvi eB‡qi weÁwß †_‡K Av‡iv cÖvq KzwowU
eB‡qi mÜvb cvIqv hvq|

wZb
Gev‡i Ô¸ßK_vÕi cÖm‡½ Avwm| evRvi-KvUwZ‡Z Ô¸ßK_vÕ bv‡gi GKUv †ek
AvKl©Y wQj| ZvB Ô¸ßK_vÕ bvg w`‡q fyebP›`ª †ek K‡qKwU eB
wj‡LwQ‡jb, †hgbÑ ÔGB GK b~Zb! Avgvi ¸ßK_v!!Õ (1870-73),
Ôinm¨-gyKzi Avðh©¨ ¸ßK_v!!Õ (1877-78), ÔwejvZx ¸ßK_vÕ (1888-
89), Ôew¼geveyi ¸ßK_vÕ (1890), ÔAvi GK b~Zb! nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v!!
AwZ Avðh©¨!!!Õ (1904), ÔivRv Avw`Z¨bvivq‡Yi ¸ßK_vÕ| GLv‡b e‡j
ivwL, c‡i wfb-†jL‡Ki Ônwi`vmxi ¸ßK_vÕ bv‡gI eB †ewi‡qwQj|
fyebP‡›`ªi K…wZ m¤ú‡K© AvR‡Ki evOvwj cvV‡Ki cÖvq wKQyB Rvbv
†bB| Ôû‡Zvg cu¨vPvi bK&kvÕi cÖK…Z †jLK †K Ggb weZK© GKmg‡q
D‡VwQj, ZLb †KD †KD ivq w`‡qwQ‡jb fyebP‡›`ªi c‡ÿ| myKzgvi †mb
bvbv Kvi‡Y m‡›`n K‡i‡Qb, Ôû‡Zvg cu¨vPvi bK&kvÕi iPwqZv fyebP›`ªB|
Aek¨ Zuvi GB gZ mgw_©Z nqwb| Avevi cÖvq-AKvjg„Z gaym~`‡bi
ÔgvqvKvbbÕ bvU‡Ki Am¤ú~Y© †kl-A¼wU †jLvi `vq fyebP‡›`ªi Ic‡iB
e‡Z©wQj| wcÖq cvVK, Av‡iv g‡b Kwi‡q w`B, GB fyebP›`ªB gxi gkviid
†nv‡m‡bi (1847-1911) ÔemšÍKzgvix bvUKÕ I Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕi cvÐywjwc
ÔDËgiƒ‡c ms‡kvab Kwiqv weï× e½fvlvq mymw¾Z K‡ibÕ (ÔmvwnZ¨-
mvaK-PwiZgvjvÕ, 8g LÐ)| fyebP‡›`ªi eB‡qi weÁvcb (1887) †_‡K
Rvbv hvq, wZwb GK UvKv g~‡j¨i ÔgnigÕ bv‡g GKwU eB wj‡LwQ‡jb|
Abygvb Ki‡Z evav †bB †h, nq‡Zv Ôwelv`-wmÜzÕi †cÖiYv‡ZB wZwb GB
eBwU wj‡LwQ‡jb| Avevi †MŠix b`xi DrcwËi wKse`wšÍ `yÕRbB cwi‡ekb
K‡i‡QbÑ Av‡M gkviid, c‡i fzebP›`ª| eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq evsjv
mvwn‡Z¨ fyebP‡›`ªi Ae`vb cÖm‡½ †h-gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb Zv GLv‡b ¯§iY
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i : ÔEbwesk kZvãxi †klv‡×© †h KqRb fMxi_... [Abyev`-
Abymi‡Yi] cÖevn e½‡`‡k Avbqb KwiqvwQ‡jb, fyebP›`ª Zuvnv‡`i AMÖYx
I cÖavb| Zuvnvi AK¬všÍ †jLbx evOvjx‡K A‡bK ˆe‡`wkK Mí GKvšÍ †`kx
iƒc w`qv ïbvBqvwQj| ew¼gP›`ª cÖf„wZi cÖKvk¨ mvwnZ¨-mvabvi Avgiv

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 15

Lei ivwL; wKš‘ ¸ßK_v I inm¨-M‡íi wecyj †Mvcb aviv Avgv‡`i
A‡MvP‡i iwnqv wMqv‡Q| hvnv GKKv‡j Avgv‡`i AשwkwÿZ mgvR‡K I
AšÍtcyi‡K gvZvBqvwQj, Kv‡ji cÖPÐ AvNv‡Z Zvnv AvR wejyßcÖvq| wKš‘
G¸wji mvnv‡h¨ Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv †h cyó nBqv‡Q Zvnv A¯^xKvi Kwi‡j
Avgv‡`i cÖZ¨evq nB‡e| ZvB K…ZÁwP‡Ë Avgiv gaym~`b-KvjxcÖmbœ
wms‡ni DËi-mvaK in‡m¨vcb¨v‡mi ivRv fyebP›`ª‡K ¯§iY KwijvgÕ
(ÔmvwnZ¨-mvaK-PwiZgvjvÕ, 8g LÐ)|

Pvi
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ fyebP‡›`ªi mvov-RvMv‡bv DcvL¨vb| Zuvi ÔVvKzievoxi
`߇iÕi (1g LÐ, 1900) f~wgKvq wZwb D‡jøL K‡iwQ‡jb : ÔwÎskr ermi
c~‡eŸ© Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi Rb¥| †mB in‡m¨vcb¨vmLvwb Avgvi †jLbx-
jwZKvi cÖ_g dzjÑ cÖ_g dj|Õ wKš‘ Zuvi cy¯ÍK-cÖKv‡ki weei‡Y †`Lv
hvq, Gi cuvP eQi Av‡M (1865) cÖKvwkZ ÔmgvR KzwPÎÕB Zuvi cÖ_g eB|
G-†_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq, Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ Av‡M †jLv n‡jI nq‡Zv
†Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y c‡i cÖKvk cvq| Avi †mB cÖ_g cÖKvkKv‡j ÔGB GK
b~Zb! Avgvi ¸ßK_v!! AwZ Avðh©¨!!!Õ bv‡g eBwU cÖKvwkZ nq|
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ bv‡g eB †ei nq Av‡iv A‡bK c‡i, 1904 mv‡j|
GLv‡bI MÖš’bv‡gi Av‡M D‡jøL Kiv n‡qwQjÑ ÔAvi GK bZzb!Õ Avi †k‡l
ÔAwZ Avðh©¨!!!ÕÑ GB K_vwU| Z‡e ÔAvgvi ¸ßK_vÕi MÖš’-cwiPq cÖm‡½
eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi m~‡Î Rvbv hvq : 870 c„ôvi eBwU iwPZ nq
Ô†ibì‡mi Joseph WilmotGi Qvqvej¤^‡b| Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi ...
†Mvovi ceŸ© I Avw`iƒc 1870 m‡bi wW‡m¤^‡i msL¨vbyµ‡g 8 c„ôv Kwiqv
cÖPvwiZ nB‡Z Avi¤¢ nBqv 1873 m‡bi emšÍKv‡j mgvß nqÕ (ÔmvwnZ¨-
mvaK-PwiZgvjvÕ, 8g LÐ)| 34 eQi c‡i (dvêyb 1310/1904) GB
eBwUB ÔAvi GK b~Zb! nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v!! AwZ Avðh©¨!!!Õ bv‡g
Ôbeb¨vmÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q cÖKvwkZ nq, ZLb Aek¨ MÖ‡š’i K‡jei
†b‡g Av‡m 644 c„ôvq| Pvi L‡Ð m¤úbœ GB eB m¤ú‡K© ejv nq : Ôb~Zb
wjwLZÑ AvaywbK e‡½i mgvRwPÎÕ| †jLK Zuvi f~wgKvq D‡jøL K‡ib :
ÔBnvi Av‡`¨vcvšÍ b~Zb Aj¼v‡i mw¾Z; mg¯ÍB b~Zb, meŸ©vs‡kB b~Zb,
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡cB b~ZbÕ|

cuvP
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi cÖK…Z †jLK †K Zv wb‡q wKQy weZK© Av‡Q|
eª‡R›`ªbv_ e‡›`¨vcva¨vq ÔmvwnZ¨-mvaK-PwiZgvjvÕq fyebP‡›`ªi eB‡qi

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 16

ZvwjKvq Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi cÖ_g I DËiKv‡ji †jLK wn‡m‡e
fyebP‡›`ªi bvgB D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ iPwqZv wn‡m‡e KjKvZvi
†kvfvevRv‡ii ivRKzgvi D‡c›`ªK…ò †`‡ei bvgI G‡m hvq| GB eB‡qi
cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki f~wgKvq cÖKvkK †kvfvevRv‡ii bexbK…ò emy e‡jwQ‡jb :
ÔKwjKvZv †kvfvevRv‡ii ivRKzj-wK‡kvi ¯^RvZxq Kve¨mvwn‡Z¨i AKcU
AK…wÎg wgÎ, kªxj kªxhy³ Kzgvi D‡c›`ªK…ò †`e evnv`yi GZr DcvL¨v‡bi
¯’~j MÖwš’, ¯’~j g¤§©, ¯’~j e„ËvšÍ Ges ¯’~j ¯’~j mg¯Í AvL¨vbKvÐ AvL¨vb K‡ib|
Zuvnvi Dc‡`‡k, Zuvnvi mvnv‡h¨ Ges Zuvnvi Drmv‡n DrmvwnZ n‡q,
Zuvnvi AK…wÎg cig wgÎ msev` cÖfvKi c‡Îi mn-m¤úv`K kªxhy³ evey
fyebP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq gnvkq Dchy³ Aj¼vivw` †hv‡M D³ ivRKzgvi
evnv`y‡ii bv‡g (Avi GB AvL¨v‡bi A½xf~Z hv wKQy _vKv m¤¢e, D³
ivRKzgvi evnv`y‡ii mnv‡q, Drmv‡n, Aa¨emv‡q, D‡ËRbvq Avi
g‡bvwb‡e‡k) GB AvL¨vbwU iPbv K‡ib|Õ LvwbKUv DwKwj-fvlvq cÖKvkK
g‡nv`q Zuvi e³e¨ †ck Ki‡jI Gi †jLK †h fyebP›`ª Zv A¯^xKvi Ki‡Z
cv‡ibwb| mvwnZ¨vbyivMx D‡c›`ªK…ò †`e wbqwgZ mvwnZ¨PP©v Ki‡Zb, Ggb
Lei Rvbv bv †M‡jI Zuvi bv‡g GKwU Dcb¨vm ÔiZœwMwiÑ Avkv cÖZxÿvÕ
(wZb LÐ, 1288-90) cÖKvwkZ n‡qwQj| Avi †mKv‡j ivRv-ivRov,
Rwg`vi-weËev‡biv A‡_©i wewbg‡q †jLK‡`i w`‡q cvwievwiK BwZnvm,
c~e©cyiæl ev wb‡Ri Rxebx wjwL‡qI cÖKvk Ki‡Zb| civ‡bœ civkª‡q cvwjZ
Afvex fyebP›`ªI nq‡Zv †mBiKg f~wgKvB cvjb K‡iwQ‡jb| bB‡j
BswiwR-Rvbv fyebP›`ª †ibìm&-Gi eB c‡o wb‡R eyS‡Z bv †c‡i
D‡c›`ªK…‡òi mnvqZv †b‡eb , Zv wek¦vm Kiv KwVb| c‡i 1906 mv‡j
ÔGB GK b~Zb! Avgvi ¸ßK_v!!! AwZ Avðh©¨!!!Õ eBwU D‡c›`ªK…ò
†`‡ei bv‡g cÖKvwkZ nq| Aek¨ Gi `yB eQi Av‡M fyebP‡›`ªi ÔAvi GK
b~Zb! nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v!! AwZ Avðh©¨!!!Õ eBwU m¤ú~Y© bZzb K‡je‡i
cÖKvk jvf K‡i| ÔGB GK b~Zb! Avgvi ¸ßK_v!!Õ eB‡qi cÖ_g cÖKv‡ki
f~wgKvq cÖKvkK e‡jwQ‡jb, fyebP›`ª D‡c›`ªK…‡òi Ôbv‡gÕ ÔGB AvL¨vbwU
iPbv K‡ibÕ| wKš‘ Øv`k ms¯‹i‡Y (1906) cÖKvkK g‡nv`q D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb : Ô... kªxD‡c›`ªK…ò †`eevnv`yi GZr Dcb¨v‡mi GKgvÎ cÖ‡YZv,Ñ
wZwbB GB in‡m¨vcb¨vmwU weiPb K‡ib...|Õ cÖKvk‡Ki GKB cÖm‡½ `yB
ai‡bi Dw³‡Z weåvwšÍi Rb¥ †`q| G-wb‡q fyebP›`ª I D‡c›`ªK…‡òi g‡a¨
m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ nq| wKfv‡e GB weev‡`i wbimb nq Zv Rvbv hvq bv|
Z‡e c‡iI fyebP›`ªB †h Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi †jLK Zv cÖwZwôZ nq|
Ô`yBR‡b wg‡jB GB Ôin‡m¨vcb¨vmÕ-wU wj‡LwQ‡jb, GKv fyebP›`ª †j‡LbwbÕ
(ÔevOvwji ag©, mgvR I ms¯‹…wZÕ, KjKvZv, 2002)Ñ igvKvšÍ PµeZ©xi

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 17

GB aviYv MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, †Kbbv fyebP›`ª ev D‡c›`ªK…ò Kv‡iv e³‡e¨B
GB K_vi mg_©b †g‡j bv| fyebP›`ª Zuvi ÔVvKzievoxi `ßiÕ (1g LÐ,
1900) eB‡qi f~wgKvq ¯úóB D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb : ÔwÎskr ermi c~‡eŸ©
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕi Rb¥| †mB in‡m¨vcb¨vmLvwb Avgvi †jLbx-jwZKvi
cÖ_g dzjÑ cÖ_g dj|Õ
GB †jLK-weZK© wb‡q ivgK…ò fÆvPvh© Z_¨wbô Av‡jvPbvi †fZi
w`‡q GKwU wm×v‡šÍ Avmvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb (ÔmvwnZ¨-cwilr-cwÎKvÕ, 109
el© 1-2 msL¨v : 1409)| ivgK…ò hyw³-ZK© w`‡q ej‡Z I †evSv‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb D‡c›`ªK…ò †`eB ÔGB GK b~Zb! Avgvi ¸ßK_v!! AwZ
Avðh©¨!!!Õ eBwUi †jLK| D‡c›`ªK…ò‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z wM‡q wZwb
fyebP›`ª‡K Lv‡Uv K‡i‡Qb Ges wKQy AevwÃZ gšÍe¨ Ki‡ZI Qv‡obwb|
Ggb Kx fyebP‡›`ªi mvwnZ¨K…wZ wKsev mgKvjxb L¨vwZ‡KI LvwiR Ki‡Z
†P‡q‡Qb| D‡c›`ªK…‡òi cÖwZ Zuvi cÿcvZ Ges fyebP›`ª m¤ú‡K©
Zvw”Q‡j¨i g‡bvfve cÖ”Qbœ _v‡Kwb| Z‡e Ônwi`v‡mÕi RbK wn‡m‡e myKzgvi
†mb wKsev kªxcvš’-i (ÔeUZjvÕ, KjKvZv, 1997) ¯^xK…wZ fyebP›`ªB jvf
K‡i‡Qb| GB wel‡q ¯^Zš¿ cwim‡i Av‡jvPbvi B‡”Q iB‡jv| Z‡e G-K_v
wVK †h, cvVK G-`yÕR‡bi KvD‡KB g‡b iv‡Lbwb, Z‡e mvwn‡Z¨i
BwZnv‡mi cvZvq D‡c›`ªK…ò bb, fyebP›`ªB ¯’vb †c‡q‡Qb| ïay ¯§iY
Ki‡Z ewj, fyebP‡›`ªi g„Zz¨i ci mvwnwZ¨K-mvsevw`K cuvPKwo
e‡›`¨vcva¨v‡qi Av‡eMx fvlvi K_v¸‡jv : ÔGKUv K_v mvwnZ¨-cwil`&,
mvwnZ¨mfv cÖf„wZ †gvoj‡`i wRÁvmv Kwie, fyebP›`ª gy‡Lvcva¨vq
gwiqv‡Qb, †Zvgv‡`i †m Lei Av‡Q wK? Avjv‡ji mgq nB‡Z whwb
ev½vjvi M`¨c`¨ †jLK, gvB‡K‡ji mnPi, huvnvi wjwLZ cy¯ÍKivwki
msL¨v Kiv hvq bv, huvnvi cvVKM‡YiI msL¨v nq bvÑ †mB mij, †mvRv,
†`kx ev½vjv M‡`¨i †jLK fyebP‡›`ªi gZb Abyev`K ev½vjvq Avi wQj
bvÑ †eva nq Avi nB‡e bv| Avi ... Zzwg fyebP‡›`ªi gbxlv †ewPqv GZ
A_© cvBqvQ, Zzwg †mB eyovi gi‡Y wK Kwi‡j? wK Kwi‡e? bvUz‡K
ivgbvivq‡Yi mgq nB‡Z †h fyebP‡›`ªi cÖwZfv GKUvbv M½v‡mªv‡Zi gZ
mgvbfv‡e lvU ermiKvj ev½vjv mvwnZ¨‡ÿ‡Î ewnqv wMqv‡Q, †mB
fyebevey `‡ji GKRb wQj bv ewjqv AvR we¯§„wZmvM‡i WywejÕ (ÔbvqKÕ,
20 fv`ª 1323)|

Qq
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ Pvi L‡Ð wef³| Aa¨vq GLv‡b ÔKíÕ bv‡g wb‡`©wkZ|
cÖ_g L‡Ð Dwbk, wØZxq L‡Ð bq, Z…Zxq K‡Ð ev‡iv Ges PZz_© L‡Ð GKwU

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 18

ÔKíÕ ev Aa¨vq I †mBm‡½ Dcmsnvi ms‡hvwRZ n‡q‡Q| Ônwi`v‡mi
¸ßK_vÕ jÐb-eUZjvi RbwcÖq †jLK RR© DBwjqg g¨vKAv_©vi †ibìm&-
Gi Joseph Wilmot-Gi ÔQvqvej¤^‡bÕ iwPZ ejv nq| †ibìm& Avgv‡`i
eUZjvi †jLK‡`i Kv‡Q LyeB wcÖq wQ‡jb| †ibìm&-Gi eB‡qi m‡½
Avgv‡`i cwiPq †bB, ZvB Zzjbv Kivi my‡hvM †bB, †m-Kvi‡Y ejv
gyk&wKj Abyev` ev FY-MÖn‡Yi aibUv †Kgb wQj| Z‡e Ônwi`v‡mi
¸ßK_vÕ co‡j Kvwnwb-Drm Rvbv bv _vK‡j GwU †Kv‡bv we‡`wk eB‡qi
Abyev` ev fvevbyev` ev Qvqvbyev`Ñ G K_v Av‡`Š g‡b nq bv| nq‡Zv
Kvwnwbi KvVv‡gvMZ †Kv‡bv aviYv †jLK GB Bs‡iwR eB †_‡K
wb‡qwQ‡jb| mvgvb¨ e¨wZµg ev‡` GB Kvwnwbi ¯’vb-Kvj-cvÎ †h wbi¼zk
e½‡`kxq Zv‡Z †Kv‡bvB mskq †bB| GLv‡b Bs‡iR †jL‡Ki eB‡qi
D‡jøL nq‡Zv cvV‡Ki AvMÖn Dm‡K †`Iqvi †KŠkj gvÎÑ cvVK‡K AvK…ó
Kivi m~² dw›`| Z‡e Ô¸ßK_vÕi ¸‡Yi w`K wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e,
mgv‡Ri Qwe Kvwnwb-cwi‡ek‡bi duv‡K duv‡K †ewi‡q G‡m‡Q Avi
AvMv‡Mvov PjwZ M‡`¨ Vvmeybywb Kvwnwb cvVK‡K a‡i iv‡LÑ Zuvi
†KŠZ~nj‡K wekªvg †`q bv|
†KD †KD Ônwi`vmÕ bvgwU †h evOvwj mgv‡R Zvw”Q‡j¨i m‡½ D”PvwiZ
nq †m-K_v ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q‡Qb, †mBw`K we‡ePbv Ki‡jÑ Ônwi`vmÕ
bv‡gi †hgb †Kv‡bv †MŠie ev gwngv †bB, †Zgwb Zvi KvwnwbiI| K_vwU
†h A‡hŠw³K bq Zvi mg_©‡b cÖPwjZ GKwU †Qv‡Uvg‡Zv cÖePbZzj¨ Qovi
D‡jøL h‡_ó| GLv‡b nwi`vm n‡q hvq Ônwi`vm cvjÕ, Avi Zvi Av‡Mi
cO&w³‡Z e¨eüZ AšÍ¨wg‡ji kãwU †Kej Zvw”Qj¨m~PK bq, D”PviY-
A‡hvM¨I e‡U| Z‡e Avgv‡`i GB Kvwnwbi nwi`vm Zvi AwfÁZv-
Dcjwä-`k©‡bi †fZi w`‡q RMr I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© †h aviYv AR©‡bi
my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q Zv‡K Zz”Q ev g~j¨nxb g‡b Kivi †Kv‡bv KviY †bB| †mB
wbwi‡L Zvi weeiY ZvB n‡q D‡V‡Q ÔAvaywbK e‡½i mgvRwPÎÕ|

mvZ
Ônwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_vÕ †mKv‡ji mvov-RvMv‡bv eB| fyebP›`ª, bv D‡c›`ªK…òÑ
GB †jLK-weZK© eBwUi cÖPv‡i mnvqZv K‡iwQjÑ Ggb aviYv nq‡Zv
AmsMZ bq| †jLK eBwU‡K Ôbeb¨vmÕ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Dcb¨v‡mi
DcKiY wKQy _vK‡jI cy‡ivcywi G‡K Dcb¨vm wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv hvq bv|
ågYwPÎ, bKkv, AvZ¥K_v I Dcb¨v‡mi wgkª iƒ‡ci msKi-m„wó Ônwi`v‡mi
¸ßK_vÕ| bvgKi‡Y Ô¸ßK_vÕ kãwU hy³ n‡jI G‡Z Ggb †Kv‡bv NUbv ev
weeiY †bB hv‡Z bvgKi‡Yi mv_©KZv ev h_v_©Zv wbiƒcY Kiv P‡j| G-I

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 19

cvVK‡K cÖjyä Kivi GKUv †KŠkj gvÎ| G-eB‡qi ¸iæZ¡ I ˆewkó¨ hw`
wKQy †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e Zv mgvRwPÎ, Dwbk kZ‡Ki Ab¨Zg e„nr Dcb¨vm
Ges Abe`¨ K_¨-evsjvq †jLv eB wn‡m‡e|
GK fvM¨-weow¤^Z wbivm³ D`vmxb gvbyl nwi`vm‡K †K›`ª K‡iB
†gv‡Ui Dci GB DcvL¨v‡bi Kvwnwb AvewZ©Z| nwi`v‡mi wee„wZ‡Z Kvwnwb
GwM‡q P‡j mnR-mijfv‡eBÑ K¡wPr †Kv‡bv bvUKxqZv wKsev †ivgvÂ-
inm¨ Kvwnwb‡K Rwg‡q †Zv‡j| nwi`vm PjwZ-c‡_ hv †`‡L‡Q ZviB
weeiY ¯’vb cvq GLv‡b| ågYKvix nwi`vm †Kej evsjv gyjy‡K bq, evsjvi
evB‡iI bvbv RvqMvq †M‡Q| evsjvi KjKvZv, ea©gvb, exif~g,
gywk©`vev`, XvKv, gvwbKMÄ, wÎcyiv I Av‡iv †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv RvqMvq Avi
†mBm‡½ evsjvi evB‡i Avmv‡gi Kvgiƒc-KvgvL¨v, cvUbv, Kvbcyi,
Gjvnvev`, Kvkx, ¸RivUÑ G-me bvbv RvqMvq Zv‡K †h‡Z n‡q‡Q| Zvi
AbymwÜrmv, Abygvb I ch©‡eÿY-kw³i cÖksmv Ki‡Z nqÑ `yÕ‡PvL †g‡j
†m †`‡L‡Q G-me A‡ji RbRxe‡bi Qwe| ¸Ðv, WvKvZ, Z¯‹i, VM,
fÐ, cÖZviK, †ek¨v, evBwR, KzjUvÑ bvbv wKwm‡gi gvbyl‡K KvQ †_‡K
†`Lvi my‡hvM n‡q‡Q| nwi`vm †`‡L‡Q gyL I gy‡Lv‡ki ¯^iƒcÑ AbvPvi,
e¨wfPvi, AwePvi, AgvbweKZv, kVZv, ZÂKZvi K‡Zv iKg‡di|
gvbePwiÎ †h K‡Zv wewPÎÑ †mB welqwU Rvbvi my‡hvMI wg‡j‡Q Zvi|
nwi`v‡mi KjKvZvi AwfÁZvi mvgvb¨ Bw½Z Av‡M GLv‡b w`‡q
wbB| Dwbk kZ‡K KjKvZv wQj †ek¨v-evBwR-LvbwK-†LgUvi kni|
QÕgvm KjKvZvq _vKvi ci P~ovšÍ AwfÁZv nq nwi`v‡mi| Zvi gy‡LB
†kvbv hvK †mB e„ËvšÍ : Ô... †KvRvMi-c~wY©gvi w`b ˆeKv‡j Avwg GKvKx
wPrcyi †iv‡W †eov‡Z †ewi‡qwQ‡jg| ... MivYnvUv †_‡K Kjy‡Uvjv-iv¯Ív
ch©¨šÍ †ewo‡q †ewo‡q †`L‡jg, `yavwi eviv›`vq eviv›`vq iKgvwi
†g‡qgvbyl| iKgvwi e‡Y©i Kvcociv, iKgvwi avZzi Mnbvciv, iKgvwi
ai‡bi †Luvcveuvav, A‡bK iKg †g‡qgvbyl| †Kn †Kn Uz‡ji Dci †ev‡m
Av‡Q, †Kn †Kn †Pqv‡i †ev‡m‡Q, †Kn †Kn †iwj‡Oi Dci eyK †i‡L
fvbygZx-ai‡bi gyL evwo‡q iv¯Ívi w`‡K Szj‡Q; Kv‡iv ey‡K iO`vi KuvPzjx,
Kv‡iv Kv‡iv gy‡L isgvLv, Kv‡iv †Luvcv bvB, c„ô‡`‡k `xN©‡eYx, †Kn †Kn
G‡jv‡Kkx| Kviv Giv? †jvKgy‡L ï‡bwQ‡jg, KwjKvZv mn‡i †ek¨v
A‡bK; †h mKj cwÐZ mvayfvlvq K_v Kb, Zuviv e‡jb, †ek¨v gv‡b
bMiwejvwmbx eviv½bv; myLwejvmx gwZ”Qbœ hyev`‡ji BnKvj ciKvj fÿY
K‡i| ... wPrcyi †ivW GB mKj duv‡` Av”Qbœ| ... KwjKvZvi
†ek¨vwbev‡mi cÖYvjxUx AwZ RNb¨| M„n‡¯’i evoxi Kv‡Q †ek¨v, †Q‡j‡`i
cvVkvjvi cv‡k †ek¨v, Wv³vi-Kweiv‡Ri Avev‡mi cv‡k †ek¨v, †Kv_vI

nwi`v‡mi ¸ßK_v : evOvwj mgv‡Ri PvjwPÎ 20