1 Chapter: 1 (Introduction)

Chapter 1
Introduction

Load
Static load
Gradually applied load is called static load.

Dynamic load
Suddenly applied load is called dynamic load. These loads are very much time dependent and
these either act for small interval of time or quickly change in magnitude or direction.

Vibration or Oscillation (Time Dependent)

Response: Response is representation used for displacement because displacement is called
primary response. Result of application of any action.

du d 2u
u  displacment , u  velocity  , u  acceleration  2
dt dt

CHAPTER: 1 (INTRODUCTION) ANIL BASNET

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Definition of some important terms and terminology:

Periodic motion:
Repeats after same time. f (t )  f (t  dt ) , y  sin x

Time period:
Time to complete one single cycle.

Cycle:
Amplitude:
Amplitude of vibration is the maximum structural displacement during one complete cycle of
load.

DOF: Degree of freedom

Frequency:
It is the number of loading cycles in a unit time (Usually one second)

1 2
f  (hertz ),    2f (rad / sec)
T T

Damping:
Dissipation of energy, depends upon the material of body (Vibration restriction property).
Damping means the presence of frictional forces in the structure, which transforms the
mechanical energy of system in to other forms of energy such as heat.

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If damping is completely absent in an ideal system, a structure once excited will oscillate
indefinitely with constant amplitude at its natural frequency.

Discrete and Continuous System:

Countable – Discrete and infinite: Continuous system.

Types of vibration:
 Free and forced vibration
 Damped and undamped
 Linear and non linear
 Deterministic and random
 Longitudinal, transverse, torsional.

Transverse
Torsional

Types of Dynamic Loading:

Structural Dynamics:

It is a type of structural analysis which covers the behaviour of structure subjected to dynamic
(action having high acceleration) loading. Dynamic analysis is also related to the inertia forces
developed by a structure when it is excited by means of dynamic loads applied suddenly.
(Explosion, Earthquake etc). Any structure can be subjected to dynamic loading. Dynamic
analysis can be used to find dynamic response (Displacement, velocity and acceleration).

 Wind load
 Earthquake load
 Blast
 Waves etc.
The variation of a dynamic loading with time is called history of loading.

Degree of Freedom:
 For static analysis the stiffness matrix [K] may include 2, 3 and 6 degrees of freedom (DOF)
at each joint. Yet not all these DOF’s will be significant under a dynamic excitation and, in
particular, under an earthquake motion.
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 For horizontal earthquake excitation, only the DOF’s corresponding to horizontal

displacement of the joints will be maintained.
 Reduction of DOF’s by Static Condensation: Assume that no vertical forces or moments
are applied at the joints. We, thus obtained the reduced stiffness matrix.
 For a plane frame it would be further assumed that the axial deformation of the girder is
negligible. This would imply that all joints in a floor have the same horizontal
displacement. A second reduction, corresponding to this kinematic constraint is known as
Kinematic Condensation. It is applied to the reduced stiffness matrix to get the final lateral
stiffness matrix of the frame, would have one DOF per floor.
 Total mass lumped at the ith floor level: mass of the girder and contribution of the slab plus
half of the masses of the coumn and contribution of the walls immediately above and below,
other dead load and perhaps a fraction of the live load.

Simple harmonic motion:

Response of structure to vibration:

CHAPTER: 1 (INTRODUCTION) ANIL BASNET