INSTRUCTIONAL METHODS Components of Lecture

- Introduction
- Body
Instructional Strategy - Conclusion
- Is the overall plan for teaching and
learning experience that involves use of one Advantages
or several methods. - Cost effective
- Targets large groups
Instructional Methods - Useful for cognitive domain
- Techniques or approaches that the teacher learning
uses to bring the learner.
- The way information is thought. Limitations
- Not individualized
● Lecture - Passive learners
● Group Discussion
● One-to-One Instruction
● Demonstration
Group Discussion
● Return Demonstration - An instructional method in which
● Gaming learners are together to exchange
● Simulation information, feelings, and opinions
● Role-playing with each other.
● Role-modeling
● Self-instruction Advantages
- Stimulates sharing of ideas and
Decision about which method to use must emotions
be based on consideration of such major - Active learners
factors as: - Useful for cognitive and affective
● Audience Characteristics domains of learning
● Learning Style
● Educator expertise Limitations
● Objectives of learning - Shy member does not participate
● Potential for achieving learning - Dominant member overwhelms the
outcomes group
● Cost effectiveness - Highly diverse groups may have
● Instructional setting difficulty interacting
● Evolving technology
One to One Instruction
Traditional Methods - An instructional method in which
the teacher delivers personally
designed instruction to a learner.
Lecture
- An instructional method in which the
teacher verbally transmits information
directly to groups of learners.
Advantages
- Active learner
Non-Traditional Methods
- Tailored to individual’s needs and goals
- Useful for all three learning domains Gaming
- An instructional method requiring
Limitations the learner to participate in a
- Can be expensive because it is labor competitive activity with preset rules.
intensive
- Isolates learner Advantages
- Active learner
Demonstration - Perceived as “fun” by many
- An instructional method in which the learners
learner is shown by the teacher how to -Useful for all three domains of
perform a particular skill learning

Advantages
- Previews exact skill for the learner
- Useful for psychomotor domain learning
Limitations
- May be expensive because all learners
need to easily visualize skills. This requires
use of technology or small groups
Return Demonstration
- An instructional method in which the
learner attempts to perform a skill with cues
from the teacher as needed.
Advantages
- Active learner
- Individual guidance
- Useful for psychomotor domain learning
Limitations
- Viewing individual performance is labor
intensive
Limitations
- Too competitive for some learners
Simulation
- A trial-and-error method of
teaching requiring creation of a
hypothetical or artificial experience
to engage the learner in an activity
that reflects real-life conditions
without the risk-taking
consequences of an actual situation
● Written simulation
● Clinical simulation
● Model simulation
● Computer simulation
Advantages
- Active learners
- Practice “reality” in a safe setting
- Useful for cognitive and
psychomotor domains of learning

Limitations
- Labor intensive
- Costs of equipment
Role Playing Limitations
- An instructional method where learners - Learner may procrastinate
participate in an unrehearsed dramatization - Requires literacy
to elicit their feelings.
Factors in Selection of
Advantages Instructional Methods
- Active learner ● What are the predetermined
- Develops “understanding” of others objectives?
- Useful for affective domain learning ● What are the characteristics
of the targeted audience?
Limitations ● What resources are
- Learner can exaggerate or under-develop available?
the role ● What are the teacher’s
strengths and limitations?
Role Modeling
- An instructional method in which the Evaluation of Instructional
teacher “models” or exhibits behaviors that Methods
the learner may imitate or adopt as he or
● Did learners achieve their
she is socialized into a role.
objectives?
● Was the activity accessible to
- Learning from role modeling is called
the targeted learners?
identification and emanates from
● Were available resources
socialization theories.
used efficiently?
● Did the method
Advantages
accommodate the learner’s
- Helps with socialization into role
needs, abilities, and style?
- Useful for affective domain learning
● Was the approach cost
effective?
Limitations
- Requires rapport between teacher and
learner Creative Techniques to
Enhance Verbal
Self Instruction Presentations
- An instructional method to provide ● Enthusiasm
activities that guide the learner in ● Humor
independently achieving the educational ● Risk-taking
objectives. ● Drama
● Problem-solving
Advantages ● Role-modeling
- Self-paced ● Anecdotes
- Cost-effective ● Technology
- Consistent
- Useful for cognitive domain learning
General Principles for All
Teachers
● Give positive reinforcement
● Project acceptance/sensitivity.
● Be organized, give direction.
● Elicit and provide feedback.
● Use questioning.
● Know your audience.
● Use repetition and pacing.
● Summarize key points.

Instructional Settings
● Healthcare setting
● Health-related setting
● Non-healthcare setting