Quick Guide to

CAREER TRAINING
IN TWO YEARS
OR LESS

Laurence Shatkin, Ph.D.

Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less
© 2004 by JIST Publishing, Inc.
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 Why You’re Going
to Love This Book
E very day, thousands of people enter interesting and rewarding careers without
having completed four years of college. If you’re looking at this book, you prob-
ably are thinking about doing the same. Perhaps you will eventually obtain a four-
year degree, but for now you want to spend two years or less in education or training
before entering the work force. That can be a very good strategy for starting a career.
But one consequence of this strategy is that you can no longer postpone the task of
targeting a career goal. Most programs requiring two years or less are very career-
oriented, so choosing a program is essentially the same thing as choosing the career
you intend to enter.
The reason this book is so special is that it lets you choose an educational/training pro-
gram and a career goal simultaneously instead of considering just one or the other. It
links 104 programs to 358 careers. It informs you about what the careers are like and
tells you about what you study in the program. It tells you which careers are com-
monly associated with the program and the amount of education or training that is
usually required for each of these careers.
So the choice is yours: You can sign up for an expensive battery of personality tests
and counseling sessions; you can dig through piles of school catalogs and apprentice-
ship brochures, examining and comparing the requirements for the programs; you
can search through massive databases of career information, taking pains to deter-
mine the skill requirements and the income you can expect; or you can use this book
to obtain self-understanding and get concise and authoritative facts about educa-
tional/training programs that might suit you.
If the choice is not obvious already, turn to Part I and start the exercises. You’ll be
surprised by how quickly you’ll start seeing the connections between who you are
and where you want to go.
 Dedication
Dedicated to Eva Shatkin, whose lifelong love of learning
continues to inspire her family and everyone else who knows her.

Acknowledgments
Several thoughtful and resourceful people helped me bring this book to completion,
and I thank them for their contributions:
Michael Farr set the tone for this and all the publications at JIST by showing that it
is possible to balance theory and real life.
Beverly Murray Scherf helped shape the Quick Guide to College Majors and
Careers, which served as a model for this book.
Lori Cates Hand and Stephanie Koutek kept me on schedule and provided impor-
tant editorial suggestions.
Nancy Decker Shatkin, now in her fourth or fifth career, reminds me to balance
career with the rest of life.
 Contents
Why You’re Going to Love
This Book ................................................. iii
Introduction: How to Use
This Book ................................................... 1
Part I: What Programs
and Careers Might Suit
You?.................................. 13
Your Interests ............................................. 15
Your Skills .................................................. 28
Your Favorite High School Courses ...... 39
Your Work-Related Values ...................... 64
The Hot List ............................................... 73
Part II: Facts About
Training Programs and
Careers ............................ 77
Accounting Technician ............................. 79
Aircraft Mechanic Technology ................ 82
Architectural Technology .......................... 84
Auctioneering ............................................... 86
Automotive Body Repair .......................... 88
Automotive Technology ............................ 90
Avionics Technology ................................. 92
Bartending ................................................... 94
Brewing ......................................................... 96
Broadcasting Technology ........................ 98
Business Management ............................ 100
Cabinetmaking ......................................... 102
Cardiovascular Technology .................. 104
Carpentry .................................................... 106
Casino Gaming Training ....................... 108
Casino Slot Technician Training ........... 110
Chemical Engineering Technology ....... 112
Civil (Engineering) Technology .............. 114
Clinical Lab Technician ........................... 116
Computer Maintenance ........................... 118
Computer Programming ........................ 120
Construction Equipment Operation ..... 122
Construction Inspection .......................... 124
Construction Technology ....................... 126
Corrections ................................................. 128
Cosmetology/Barbering .......................... 130
Court Reporting ........................................ 132
Culinary Arts .............................................. 134
Dental Assisting ........................................ 136
Dental Hygiene .......................................... 138
Dental Laboratory Technology ............ 140
Diesel Technology .................................... 142
Dietetic Technology .................................. 144
Drafting ....................................................... 146
Early Childhood Education ................... 148
Electrical Engineering Technology ....... 150
Electrician Training .................................. 152
Electrocardiograph Technology ........... 154
Electroencephalograph Technology .... 156
Electromechanical Engineering
Technology ............................................. 158
Emergency Medical Services .................. 160
Farm and Ranch Management ............ 162
Fashion Design ......................................... 164
Fashion Merchandising .......................... 166
Fire Science/Firefighting ........................... 168
Flight Attendant Training ....................... 170
Food Service Management ..................... 172
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________
Funeral Services and Mortuary
Science ...................................................... 174
Graphic and Printing Equipment
Operations ............................................... 176
Graphic Design, Commercial Art,
and Illustration ...................................... 178
Health Information Systems
Technology ............................................. 180
Heating, Ventilation, A/C
Technology ............................................. 182
Home Appliance Repair .......................... 184
Home Health Aide Training ................... 186
Hotel/Motel and Restaurant
Management .......................................... 188
Human Services ........................................ 190
Instrumentation Technology ................. 192
Interior Design ........................................... 194
Investigative Services ................................ 196
Law Enforcement ...................................... 198
Library Technology ................................. 200
Machinist Training .................................. 202
Marine Transportation Operations ...... 204
Marketing ................................................... 206
Masonry ..................................................... 208
Massage Therapy ..................................... 210
Mechanical Engineering
Technology .............................................. 212
Medical Assistant Training ..................... 214
Medical Laboratory Technology ........... 216
Medical Transcription .............................. 218
Multimedia Design and
Production ............................................... 220
Network and Telecommunications
Technology ............................................. 222
Nuclear Medicine Technology ............... 224
Nurse Aide/Assistant Training ............... 226
Index ....................................................... 288
vi
Occupational Therapy Assisting .......... 228
Office Technology ..................................... 230
Optical Laboratory Technology ........... 232
Opticianry ................................................... 234
Ornamental Horticulture ......................... 236
Paralegal Services ..................................... 238
Personal Trainer ........................................ 240
Pet Grooming ............................................ 242
Pharmacy Technology ............................ 244
Photography ............................................. 246
Physical Therapist Assisting .................. 248
Pilot Training ............................................. 250
Plumbing and Pipefitting ....................... 252
Practical Nursing (L.P.N. Training) ....... 254
Property Management ............................. 256
Radiologic Technology .......................... 258
Real Estate .................................................. 260
Respiratory Therapy Technology ........ 262
Surgical Technology ................................ 264
Surveying Technology ............................ 266
Taxidermy ................................................... 268
Teacher Aide Training ............................. 270
Tool and Die Maker Training ............... 272
Travel Services Marketing
Operations ............................................... 274
Truck, Bus, and Other Commercial
Vehicle Driving ....................................... 276
Veterinary Technology ............................ 278
Watchmaking and Jewelrymaking ...... 280
Water/Wastewater Treatment
Technology ............................................. 282
Welding Technology ............................... 284
Winemaking .............................................. 286
 Introduction: How
to Use This Book
T his section shows you how to use this book for your specific needs. First, it
explains who will benefit most from reading the book. Then it details
the different elements of Parts I and II. Next, it describes how you can get the most
out of the book depending on your needs. Sections on how to choose a training pro-
gram, how various types of programs differ in their focus, and where the informa-
tion in this book comes from are at the end of the Introduction.

Who Really Needs This Book?

Lots of people need to make decisions about training for careers. Read over the fol-
lowing list to see where you fit in:
● Young people choosing an educational/training program or career who
don’t have a clear idea which program or career might be best for them.
This book can help you look at yourself and see what programs or careers
might be good choices for you. For example, you may be a high school
student trying to decide what to do after graduation. Your choice may
depend partly on your intended career and its possible training programs.
This book can help you narrow your choices by getting you interested in
some specific careers and programs. It can also broaden your choices by
informing you about certain programs and careers that are new to you.
● Young people who are exploring their options: whether to go to college,
go to a trade school, sign up for an apprenticeship, or join the military.
This book may get you excited about certain career paths and help make
the decision easier.
● Young people who have a program in mind but are not yet certain about
it. You can get facts that will help you make up your mind and start plan-
ning. For example, you may be interested in a certain program at your local
community college but may still be unsure about the careers it might lead
to. This book may suggest programs and careers that you haven’t considered
before or it may give you concrete facts to help you evaluate programs that
you already have in mind.
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________

● Midlife career changers. You can find ways to use your accumulated skills
and experience in a new career. For example, perhaps you’re considering
taking night classes and you want to find a program that can help advance
your career. This book gives you dollar figures about careers and useful
information about coursework in programs.
● People who already have a degree and want to (or need to) change careers
while still taking advantage of their educational/training credentials. You
don’t have to let yourself be boxed in by traditional connections between
programs and careers. With the information about skills and work groups
in this book, you may explore non-traditional career pathways that you
have not previously considered.
● People who are making the transition from education/training to a
career. You can see which careers might make good use of what you’ve
learned. For example, perhaps you’ll soon be leaving the Armed Forces,
and you’re wondering how you might use the training you’ve acquired. Be
sure to look at the career suggestions in this book and think about using
the information about skills when you start preparing your resume.
● People who are applying for jobs. You can get ideas for your resume,
cover letter, or job interviews. For example, you can review the Career
Snapshots in the book so that you can use appropriate job-related terms
when you write your cover letter and resume.
● Professionals who help people make decisions about programs and
careers. You can help them clarify their priorities, explore options, and
plan their next steps. For example, maybe you’re a guidance counselor,
academic advisor, or librarian and you need to help other people make
these decisions. You can see from the bulleted items above that this book
can help a broad variety of people.

What’s in This Book?

This book is set up so that you can find information quickly in a variety of ways.
Look at the Table of Contents and you’ll see that the book is divided into two main
parts. Part I asks “What Programs and Careers Might Suit You?” Each section in it
offers an exercise to help you assemble a Hot List of programs to explore in Part II.
Part II offers “Facts About Training Programs and Careers,” and it lists the 104
programs alphabetically.

2
_________________________________________________________________ Introduction

Here are the kinds of information you’ll find for each program in Part II:
● Career Snapshot: A one-paragraph definition of the subject and an expla-
nation of what sorts of careers (and additional education) graduates typi-
cally go into.
● Related Specialties and Careers: This is a list of areas of concentration
that people in this field pursue, both in college or training and later, in
jobs. Depending on your interests, you could go in many different direc-
tions.
● Related Job Titles, Educational/Training Requirements, Projected
Growth, and Earnings: Here you get very specific facts about the jobs that
the program most frequently leads to. You see what kind of education or
training is most commonly required; whether the job openings are grow-
ing, shrinking, or holding steady; and what the average income is. There’s
also a code number for each job (for an explanation of this code, see the
paragraph on the next page about “Other Information Sources”).
● Typical Postsecondary Courses: This is a list of the courses that are often
required for this program. Naturally, each educational or training institu-
tion has its own set of requirements, but this is a general look at what to
expect.
● Suggested High School Courses: If you’re still in high school, this list can
recommend coursework that would be good preparation. If you’re beyond
high school, you can see whether you have an appropriate background. If
your school offers school-to-work programs based on U.S. Department of
Education clusters, you’ll want to see which cluster is identified here.
● Essential Knowledge and Skills: These are the skills that are most impor-
tant for the careers related to this program. Keep in mind that while you
are in a program, it requires a somewhat different set of skills for doing
research, completing projects, and so on.
● Values/Work Environment: Here you can see some of the rewards of
being in the related jobs—such as creativity, achievement, or recognition.
You’ll also see whether the work will have you mainly sitting, standing,
working outdoors, and so on.

3
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________

● Other Information Sources: Here each program is linked to a program in

the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP), a naming scheme used
by the U.S. Department of Education. You can get additional information
about any CIP program on the Web at ftp://ftp.xwalkcenter.org/download/
cip2000/. For each program, you’ll also see one or more GOE Work
Group codes that show a related family of jobs. You can learn more about
these work groups in JIST’s Guide for Occupational Exploration, Third
Edition.
The O*NET occupation names listed under “Related Job Titles, Projected
Growth, and Earnings” can lead you to resources with detailed informa-
tion about each job—for example, JIST’s O*NET Dictionary of Occupa-
tional Titles, Second Edition.

You can use the index to look up occupations and find the related programs in Part
II. See JIST’s Web site for crosswalks between all the programs and their CIP code
numbers and between all the programs and related O*NET occupations
(www.jist.com/excerpt/J9813A.pdf ).

How You Can Benefit from This Book

This isn’t the only book about careers or educational/training programs, but it is spe-
cially designed to knit the two tightly together so you can decide about both at the
same time. You can benefit from these special features:
● Do the quick exercises in Part I to help you zero in on what is most impor-
tant to you in a program and a career. Tables that accompany the exercises
will help you assemble a “Hot List” of programs that may offer what you
want.
● Browse the book for quick and effective information. This is easy because
the description of each program begins with a “Career Snapshot” that
quickly defines the program and explains its relationship to various career
tracks.
● Use the Introduction for suggestions on how to follow the link from a
career to a program and then to a different career.
● Also, use the Introduction to clarify your understanding of the various
educational/training options—for example, what an apprenticeship is and
how a trade school differs from a technical college.

4
_________________________________________________________________ Introduction

● See specific and up-to-date career facts derived from the U.S. Department
of Labor’s databases.
● Easily compare majors and careers with the consistent naming scheme used
for work-related skills, values, and environments (derived from the Depart-
ment of Labor’s databases).

How to Make This Book Work for You

Different people will use this book differently. The following section explains how
you can use this book to serve several different functions, depending on your par-
ticular needs:
● Use it as a complete guide. Starting with Part I, work your way through
the exercises and assemble your Hot List of programs. Then move into Part
II to explore the programs and annotate your Hot List with notes about the
related careers. This method is particularly useful for people who are unde-
cided and like to do things in an orderly way. Or you can merely do one or
two exercises to quickly generate programs to investigate.
● Use it as an evaluation tool. Go directly to Part II to review a program
and its related careers. Take note of the required courses and skills, the
value rewards, and the work environment. Then you may want to do
some or all of the exercises in Part I to see if your choice is a good fit for
your personality. Or create a Hot List for a more thorough evaluation; then
compare your tentative choice to other programs on that list. This method
is particularly useful to those who are decided but not 100-percent com-
mitted to a program.
● Use it as a skill identifier. Use the index to locate a program you have
already taken or one that corresponds to your career. If it is not there, use
the “Your Interests” exercise in Part I to find the appropriate work group for
your career and then go to the programs listed in Part II to find the closest
equivalent(s) to your experience. Jot down the skill requirements for the
program(s). Then use the “Your Skills” exercise to find programs and careers
that use those skills. This method is particularly useful for people who want
to make a career change.
● Use it as a program-career linker. Jump directly to Part II and consult the
“Related Job Titles” tables to see which careers are associated with specific
programs.

5
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________

If you really want to open up your thinking, make a note of the GOE
codes (work groups) listed in the “Other Information Sources” box and
then go to the “Your Interests” exercise in Part I to see what other pro-
grams are associated with that work group. Then see what careers are
linked to those programs. This method is particularly useful for those who
want to see what careers “use” a program that they have already completed
(or will soon complete).
● Use it as a resume stimulus. Go to Part II and look at the program you
have completed (or will soon complete) and make note of the skills listed
for the related careers. If you have these skills, use those terms on your
resume or in cover letters and job interviews. Also, look at the “Related
Specialties and Careers” and “Typical Postsecondary Courses” sections. This
method is most useful for those who are looking for a job.

How Do I Choose Where and How to Get

Education/Training?
The programs that are included in this book are offered to students and/or trainees
in a variety of formats (which are defined in the next section, “How Do the Various
Educational/Training Formats Differ?”). For example, you may study Food Service
Management in a career-oriented program at a trade school, in an associate’s degree
program at a community college, in a certification or diploma program at a techni-
cal college, in the Armed Forces, in an apprenticeship, or through informal on-the-
job training at a work site. Which option you choose may depend on a number of
factors:
● What’s available to you locally. Not all of these options may be easily
accessible to you geographically.
● What’s affordable to you. Some of these options involve tuition costs,
whereas others pay you for work you do as you learn.
● What you qualify for. Some of these educational/training programs—
including the Armed Forces—have minimal requirements that you must
meet before you are admitted.
● Which learning style you prefer. Some people learn better in a classroom
environment, whereas others learn better in a setting where they can get
their hands on the work. Keep in mind that since most of the programs in

6
_________________________________________________________________ Introduction

this book are very career-oriented, most of them involve a good amount of
hands-on work no matter what setting they are taught in.
● What employers prefer. Rightly or wrongly, some employers prefer hiring
people who have been educated or trained in a particular format—even at
a particular institution. Understandably, this should be a major consider-
ation when you choose how to prepare, and a little research before you
choose can have a big payoff later.
● What the occupation requires. In some occupations, it is difficult to find
work unless you are certified or licensed. A professional organization or
licensing agency may set certain requirements for coursework or super-
vised work experience, and therefore you may need to check that any
educational or training program you sign up for gives you good prepara-
tion to meet those requirements.
● Your long-range plans. If you plan to get an academic degree eventually
but want to get some other form of education or training now, you may
want to select a program that grants credit that you can transfer to an
academic program later. Keep in mind that some colleges and universities
grant academic credit for learning that has been acquired in non-academic
settings, but not all do, and you may have to prove your knowledge by
taking an exam or submitting a portfolio of your work for evaluation.

Don’t be discouraged by this long list of considerations. In Part II of this book, the
“Career Snapshot” for each program indicates when employers’ preferences or certi-
fication/licensing are especially important.

How Do the Various Educational/Training

Formats Differ?
You may be somewhat confused about exactly what an apprenticeship is or how a
certification program differs from a diploma program. Here are some of the terms
most commonly used for the formats of educational/training programs:
● Apprenticeship: A structured program in which trainees learn necessary
work skills from fully qualified workers (who are called “journeyworkers”
or “journeymen”—the latter term sometimes is applied to both men and
women). Apprenticeships are often created by unions or large employers.

7
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________

An apprenticeship that is registered with a state or federal agency is more

likely to be recognized by multiple employers than one that is not. Appren-
tices usually must complete a certain amount of classroom learning in
addition to on-the-job learning and may require three or four years of
training before being recognized as journeyworkers. Apprentices earn
while they learn, often being paid a certain fraction of a journeyworker’s
wages that increases over time. Apprentices are not just helpers or observ-
ers; they do a variety of meaningful, challenging tasks so that they will
learn all aspects of the job. Admission to an apprenticeship program may
be competitive and may require meeting certain age and/or physical
requirements.
● Workplace-based training: Training that is offered at a place of work.
(This is sometimes called on-the-job training.) The term covers a wide
variety of formats, from formal apprenticeships to informal arrangements.
Some employers offer formal courses or set aside time for workers to learn
new skills, whereas others expect employees to devise their own methods
of learning. Some training that is called “workplace-based” is done on
company time but actually takes place away from the worksite at a com-
munity college or other training facility, perhaps even in another city. The
truth is that no matter what education or training you have acquired, when
you start a new job you will learn a large percentage of the skills on the job.
This is partly because each workplace is unique and partly because jobs are
constantly evolving, especially with new technology, so there are always new
skills that must be learned.
● Associate degree: An academic degree earned for a program that typi-
cally is the equivalent of two (sometimes three) years of full-time study.
It is most commonly earned at a community college, although some other
kinds of institutions offer it. Career-oriented associate degree programs
usually include supervised work experience at a real worksite. But even if a
degree program is very career-oriented, it includes some “general educa-
tion” requirements in subjects such as public speaking, mathematics,
sciences, social/behavioral studies, or humanities. These subjects help you
become a well-rounded person, and they also will be important if at a later
time you decide to enter a bachelor’s degree program. Keep in mind that
not every institution that calls itself a “college”—or even a “university”—is

8
_________________________________________________________________ Introduction

officially accredited and can give you credits that will be transferable to a
four-year college. If the institution grants a degree, its bulletin should
indicate how the institution is accredited.
● Diploma: Most commonly, an academic award earned for a program
that is less comprehensive than an associate degree program, although it
may include some general education courses and may take as much as two
years to complete. A diploma program usually has curriculum that is
designed to meet entry requirements for an occupation, although it would
be wise to check with local employers to confirm that they value the
diploma. Some diploma programs are targeted at students who have prior
postsecondary course work or even a prior degree.
● Certification: A formal acknowledgement that someone meets the
standards of knowledge and skill that are required by a specific occupa-
tion. The standards for certification are usually set by a professional
organization and may exceed the requirements for licensure (in occupa-
tions for which a license is mandated by law). A certification program is
designed to match the curriculum requirements that the professional
organization has set for coursework and work experience. Graduates of the
program often have to pass a certification exam at the end, but they can
expect to be well prepared for the exam if they have a reasonable record of
achievement in the program.
● Trade school (or career school): An institution, usually privately owned
(hence sometimes called a “proprietary school”), that specializes in
training students for a specific occupation or group of occupations.
Examples are schools that teach truck driving, bartending, cosmetology,
court reporting, winemaking, and taxidermy. Trade schools often offer
both stand-alone courses and diploma programs.
● Community college: A public educational/training institution that
serves a city or county. Usually the highest degree it grants is an associate
degree, but it also offers diploma and certification programs, as well as a
variety of stand-alone courses. Its most important roles usually are to
provide a trained work force for local industry and a low-cost way for local
citizens to complete the first two years of college, but it may also offer
enrichment courses unrelated to work or to degrees.

9
 Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less ______________________________

● Technical college: A public educational/training institution that is

similar to a community college, but it may be affiliated with state rather
than with local government, and it focuses more on career-related
curricula. Its programs (diploma, certification, and associate degree) are
more likely to lead directly to jobs than serve as the first half of a four-year
program completed elsewhere, and it is less likely to offer enrichment
courses. Nevertheless, in some states there is little or no distinction be-
tween community and technical colleges.
● Armed Forces training: Training that is acquired while serving in the
military. People sometimes forget that the Armed Forces are one of our
biggest educational institutions and teach skills that are relevant to many
fields of work: technology, management, health care, and transportation,
to name just a few. Armed Forces training is occasionally more narrowly
focused than equivalent programs taught elsewhere, but often it is ac-
cepted as equivalent to other formats of classroom and on-the-job
training.

Where Does This Information Come From?

The information in this book comes from the best and most current sources avail-
able. The U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) is the nation’s number-one source of in-
formation about careers. For valuable facts about the skills, values, satisfactions, and
working environments of careers, the Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or
Less draws on the DOL’s O*NET database. The information about whether job
openings in a career are growing, shrinking, or holding steady is from the DOL’s Of-
fice of Employment Projections. The information regarding the average earnings in
the careers is from another office of the DOL, Occupational Employment Statistics.
Finally, much of the information about career paths and opportunities is from the
DOL’s best-selling Occupational Outlook Handbook, published by JIST. Taken to-
gether, these facts will give you a good introduction to the wide range of careers
linked to the programs in this book.
Some information can be acquired only from research in actual catalogs and bro-
chures published by colleges and trade schools. This is how the information was ob-
tained for the “Typical Postsecondary Courses” section. Several catalogs were
examined and compared, and commonly required courses were identified. You may
notice some variation in the number of courses listed. Some programs have fairly

10
_________________________________________________________________ Introduction

standard requirements that can be listed in detail; in some cases, a professional asso-
ciation mandates that certain courses be included. For other programs, requirements
are so varied that it is difficult to list more than a handful of typical courses.
The “Suggested High School Courses” are based on a general understanding of what
high school courses are considered prerequisites for the postsecondary courses re-
quired by the program. They are “suggestions” because they are often helpful but not
required for entering the program.
When you read the information in this book about a program or career, keep in
mind that the description covers what is average or typical. For example, one trade
school may offer a program with an unusual emphasis not mentioned here. And if
you start looking at “help-wanted” advertisements, you may learn about jobs that
require a somewhat different mix of skills than the ones listed here. Use this book
as an introduction to the programs and careers. When you’ve found some choices
that interest you, explore them in greater detail. You may be able to find a way to
carve out a niche within a program or career to suit your particular abilities
and interests.

11
 Part I

What Programs
and Careers
Might Suit You?
B efore you can figure out where you’re going, it helps to understand
who you are. This section will help you do that. With the help of
some quick and easy exercises, you’ll take a look at yourself and what mat-
ters most to you. You’ll examine your priorities from several different
angles:
● Your interests
● Your skills
● Your favorite high school courses
● Your work-related values
Each time you draw conclusions about your priorities, you’ll get immedi-
ate feedback in terms of educational and training programs and work
groups (families of careers) that you should consider.
Then, in the section “The Hot List,” you’ll put together the suggestions
from all four factors to create a Hot List of programs that you should
explore in Part II.
As you do the exercises in the following sections, keep in mind that there
are no “right” or “wrong” answers for exercises about career planning. The
most important thing they require is honesty.
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests

Your Interests
Surely you have been in a situation where someone you knew, perhaps even a
close friend, was bored by something you found fascinating. Different people have
different interests. Becoming aware of your interests is an important first step in
career planning.
It is important not to exaggerate the importance of interests. In the past, people have
attempted to base career guidance entirely on interests. Yet most of us are happy
enough with jobs that fail to satisfy every one of our interests because we can com-
pensate by pursuing those extra interests in our spare time as hobbies. Therefore, the
Quick Guide to Career Training in Two Years or Less does not let interests alone deter-
mine your choices. You will have the chance to look at educational/training programs
from three other perspectives: skills, high school courses, and work-related values.
We’re not discussing just any kind of interests here, but work-related interests. Con-
sider the interests described in the Guide for Occupational Exploration, Third Edition
(JIST Works), which expands and updates the work originally done by a govern-
ment task force. Under this interest classification, the world of work is divided into
14 broad areas of interest. The interest areas are further divided into a total of 83
work groups.
The following table lists and defines the 14 interest areas and the 62 work groups
that are closely associated with educational/training programs found in this book.
Read over the table and find the work groups that interest you the most. They may
all be in the same interest area, or they may be from two or even three different
interest areas. Note the programs that are related to the work groups that interest
you. At the end of this section, you can list the three areas of your greatest interest.

15
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

Interest Areas with Job Descriptions and Related Programs

1 Arts, Entert ainment, and Media: An interest in creatively expressing feelings or ideas, in
Entertainment,
communicating news or information, or in performing.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
01.01 Managerial Manage people who work Graphic Design, Commercial Art,
Work in Arts, in the field of arts, and Illustration; Multimedia
Entertainment, and entertainment, and media. Design and Production
Media
01.04 Visual Arts Draw, paint, or sculpt Fashion Design; Graphic Design,
works of art or design Commercial Art, and Illustration;
consumer goods in Interior Design; Multimedia
which visual appeal is Design and Production
important.
01.06 Craft Arts Create visually appealing Graphic Design, Commercial Art,
objects from clay, glass, and Illustration; Taxidermy
fabric, and other materials.
01.07 Graphic Arts Produce printed materials, Graphic and Printing Equipment
specializing in text, in Operations; Graphic Design,
pictures, or in combining Commercial Art, and Illustration
both.
01.08 Media Perform the technical tasks Broadcasting Technology;
that create photographs, Photography
movies and videos, radio
and television broadcasts,
and sound recordings.
01.09 Modeling and Pose before a camera or Cosmetology /Barbering
Personal Appearance a live audience or prepare
makeup or costuming for
models or performers.

16
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests

2 Sc ience, Math, and Eng

Science, ineering: An interest in discovering, collecting, and analyzing
Engineering:
information about the natural world, in applying scientific research findings, in imagining
and manipulating quantitative data, and in applying technology.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
02.05 Laboratory Use special laboratory Photography
Technology techniques and equipment
to perform tests in such
fields as chemistry, biology,
and physics; record
information resulting from
experiments and tests.
02.06 Mathematics Use advanced math, Accounting Technician; Computer
and Computers statistics, and computer Programming
programs to solve problems
and conduct research.
02.08 Engineering Perform a variety of Architectural Technology;
Technology technical tasks in Chemical Engineering
support of engineering. Technology; Civil (Engineering)
Technology; Computer
Programming; Construction
Inspection; Construction
Technology; Drafting; Electrical
Engineering Technology; Mechani-
cal Engineering Technology;
Network and Telecommunications
Technology; Surveying Technology
3 Plants and Animals: An interest in working with plants and animals, usually outdoors.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
03.01 Managerial Operate or manage Farm and Ranch Management;
Work in Plants and farms, ranches, hatcheries, Ornamental Horticulture
Animals nurseries, forests, and
other plant and
animal businesses.
03.02 Animal Care Care for and train Pet Grooming;
and Training animals of many kinds. Veterinary Technology

(continues)

17
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

4 Law, Law Enforcement, and Public Safety: An interest in upholding people’s rights or in
protecting people and property by using authority, inspecting, or monitoring.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
04.01 Managerial Manage fire and Corrections; Investigative Services
Work in Law, police departments.
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety
04.02 Law Provide legal advice and Paralegal Services
representation to clients,
hear and make decisions
on court cases, help
individuals and groups
reach agreements, and
conduct investigations into
legal matters.
04.03 Law Enforce laws and Corrections; Fire Science/Fire-
Enforcement regulations to protect fighting; Investigative Services;
people, animals, Law Enforcement
and property.
04.04 Public Safety Protect the public by Emergency Medical Services; Fire
responding to emergencies Science/Firefighting; Investigative
and by assuring that people Services
are not exposed to unsafe
products or facilities.
5 Me chanic
Mechanic s, Inst
chanics, allers, and Repair
Installers, ers: An interest in applying mechanical and electrical/
Repairers:
electronic principles to practical situations by use of machines or hand tools.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
05.02 Electrical and Repair and install Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Electronic Systems electrical devices and Automotive Technology; Avionics
systems such as motors, Technology; Casino Slot Technician
transformers, appliances, Training; Computer Maintenance;
and power lines and Electrician Training; Home
electronic devices Appliance Repair
and systems such as
radios, computers,
and telephone networks.

18
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
05.03 Mechanical Work Install, service, and repair
various kinds of machinery.
6 Construc tion, Mining, and Drilling: An interest in assembling components of buildings
Construction,
and other structures or in using mechanical devices to drill or excavate.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
06.01 Managerial Directly supervise
Work in Construction, and coordinate activities
Mining, and Drilling of workers who construct
buildings, roads, or other
structures or who drill
or dig for oil and minerals.
06.02 Construction Construct buildings
and other large structures.
06.03 Mining and Operate drilling or
Drilling other excavating and
pumping equipment,
usually in oilfields,
quarries, or mines.
06.04 Hands-on Work Perform a variety of
in Construction, tasks requiring little skill,
Extraction, and such as moving materials,
Maintenance cleaning work areas,
doing routine installations,
operating simple tools, and
helping skilled workers.
Programs
Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Automotive Body Repair;
Automotive Technology;
Casino Slot Technician Training;
Diesel Technology;
Electrician Training;
Heating, Ventilation,
A/C Technology; Home
Appliance Repair;
Instrumentation Technology;
Optical Laboratory Technology;
Watchmaking and Jewelrymaking
Programs
Business Management; Carpentry;
Construction Inspection; Con-
struction Technology; Electrician
Training; Masonry; Plumbing and
Pipefitting; Property Management
Carpentry; Construction
Equipment Operation;
Electrician Training; Masonry;
Plumbing and Pipefitting
Construction Equipment
Operation
Carpentry; Construction
Equipment Operation; Masonry;
Plumbing and Pipefitting
(continues)
19
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)
7 Transport
Transport ation: An interest in operations that move people or materials.
ransportation:
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
07.01 Managerial Manage transportation
Work in services.
Transportation
07.02 Vehicle Monitor and control
Expediting and the movements of
Coordinating vehicles.
07.03 Air Vehicle Pilot airplanes or
Operation helicopters, or train or
supervise pilots.
07.04 Water Vehicle Operate ships,
Operation boats, and barges.
07.05 Truck Driving Drive large trucks,
small trucks, or
delivery vans.
07.06 Rail Vehicle Drive locomotives,
Operation subways, and streetcars.
07.07 Other Services Drive ambulances,
Requiring Driving taxis, buses (city,
intercity, or school),
or other small vehicles,
mostly to take people from
place to place.
07.08 Support Work Provide support for routine
operations at airports,
railroads, and docks.
Programs
Business Management; Truck, Bus,
and Other Commercial Vehicle
Driving
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving
Pilot Training
Construction Equipment
Operation; Marine Transportation
Operations
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving
Emergency Medical Services;
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving

20
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests
8 Industrial Produc
Produc tion: An interest in repetitive, concrete, organized activities most often
oduction:
done in a factory setting.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
08.01 Managerial Manage industrial
Work in Industrial processing and
Production manufacturing plants.
08.02 Production Perform highly
Technology skilled hand and/or
machine work requiring
special techniques,
training, and experience.
08.03 Production Use hands and hand
Work tools with skill to
make or process
materials, products,
and parts.
08.04 Metal and Cut and grind metal and
Plastics Machining plastic parts to desired
Technology shapes and measurements,
usually following
specifications that require
very precise work.
08.05 Woodworking Follow specifications
Technology as they cut, shape, and
finish wood products
such as furniture
and cabinets.
Programs
Business Management
Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Avionics Technology; Cabinet-
making; Dental Laboratory
Technology; Diesel Technology;
Electromechanical Engineering
Technology; Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations; Machinist
Training; Optical Laboratory Tech-
nology; Watchmaking and Jewelry-
making; Welding Technology
Brewing; Cabinetmaking;
Graphic and Printing Equipment
Operations; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and Illustration;
Machinist Training; Welding
Technology; Winemaking
Machinist Training; Tool and
Die Maker Training
Cabinetmaking
(continues)
21
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs

08.06 Systems Operate and maintain Water/Wastewater Treatment
Operation equipment in systems Technology
that generate and
distribute electricity,
provide water and process
wastewater, and pump
oil and gas from oil
fields to storage tanks.
08.07 Hands-on Work: Use hands, Construction Equipment
Loading, Moving, machinery, tools, Operation
Hoisting, and and other equipment
Conveying to package or move
products or materials.
9 Business Det ail: An interest in organized, clearly defined activities requiring accuracy and
Detail:
attention to details, primarily in an office setting.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
09.01 Managerial Supervise and Business Management
Work in Business coordinate certain
Detail high-level business
activities: contracts for
buying or selling goods
and services, office
support services,
facilities planning
and maintenance,
customer service,
administrative support.
09.03 Bookkeeping, Collect, organize, Accounting Technician
Auditing, and compute, and record
Accounting numerical information
used in business and
financial transactions.
09.05 Customer Deal with people in Accounting Technician; Travel
Service person, often Services Marketing Operations
standing behind a
window or in a booth.

22
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests

Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs

09.07 Records Prepare, review, Court Reporting; Graphic and

Processing file, and coordinate Printing Equipment Operations;
recorded Health Information Systems Tech-
information. nology; Medical Transcription

09.09 Clerical Use business Accounting Technician; Computer

Machine Operation machines to record Maintenance; Graphic and
or process data. Printing Equipment Operations;
Graphic Design, Commercial Art,
and Illustration; Office Technology
10 Sales and Marketing: An interest in bringing others to a particular point of view by
personal persuasion, using sales and promotional techniques.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
10.01 Managerial Direct or manage Business Management; Marketing
Work in Sales and various kinds of
Marketing selling and/or advertising
operations—either a
department within a
business or a specialized
business firm that contracts
to provide selling and/or
advertising services.
10.02 Sales Sell products such Auctioneering
Technology as industrial machinery,
data processing equipment,
and pharmaceuticals,
plus services such
as investment counseling,
insurance, and advertising.
10.03 General Sales Sell, demonstrate, Auctioneering; Fashion
and solicit orders Merchandising; Real Estate;
for products and Travel Services Marketing
services of many kinds. Operations

(continues)

23
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

11 Re
Recc reation, Trav
Trav el, and Other P
ravel, ersonal Services: An interest in catering to the
Personal
personal wishes and needs of others so that they may enjoy cleanliness, good food and
drink, comfortable lodging away from home, and enjoyable recreation.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs
11.01 Managerial Manage, through Food Service Management;
Work in Recreation, lower-level personnel, Hotel/Motel and Restaurant
Travel, and Other all or part of the Management
Personal Services activities in restaurants,
hotels, resorts, and other
places where people expect
good personal service.
11.02 Recreational Provide services to Casino Gaming Training; Personal
Services help people enjoy Trainer
their leisure activities.
11.03 Transportation Help visitors, travelers, and Flight Attendant Training; Travel
and Lodging Services customers get acquainted Services Marketing Operations
with and feel at ease in an
unfamiliar setting.
11.04 Barber and Cut and style hair Cosmetology/Barbering
Beauty Services and provide a variety of
other services to improve
people’s appearance
or physical condition.
11.05 Food and Prepare and serve food. Bartending; Culinary Arts
Beverage Services
11.08 Other Personal Provide personal services Culinary Arts; Funeral Services
Services to people who need and Mortuary Science
a lot of attention: young
children, people with
chronic health problems,
people in mourning, or
very busy people.

24
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests
12 Educ ation and So
Education Socc ial Service: An interest in teaching people or improving their social
or spiritual well-being.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
12.01 Managerial Are employed at
Work in Education colleges, school districts,
and Social Service corporations, parks,
and social service agencies.
12.03 Educational Do general and
Services specialized teaching,
vocational training,
and advising
about education,
career planning,
or finances.
Programs
Business Management; Human
Services
Business Management; Cardio-
vascular Technology; Clinical Lab
Technician; Computer Program-
ming; Corrections; Dental Assisting;
Dental Hygiene; Dental Laboratory
Technology; Early Childhood
Education; Electrocardiograph
Technology; Electroencephalograph
Technology; Emergency Medical
Services; Farm and Ranch Manage-
ment; Fashion Design; Graphic
Design, Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Interior Design; Law
Enforcement; Library Technology;
Marketing; Massage Therapy;
Medical Laboratory Technology;
Multimedia Design and Produc-
tion; Nuclear Medicine Technology;
Occupational Therapy Assisting;
Ornamental Horticulture;
Pharmacy Technology; Photogra-
phy; Physical Therapist Assisting;
Radiologic Technology; Respiratory
Therapy Technology; Surgical
Technology; Teacher Aide Training;
Veterinary Technology
(continues)
25
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

13 General Management and Support: An interest in making an organization run

smoothly.
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
13.01 General Are top-level and
Management Work and middle-level administrators
Management of who direct, through
Support lower-level personnel,
all or part of the
activities in business
establishments,
government agencies,
and labor unions.
13.02 Management Plan, manage, analyze,
Support evaluate, and make
decisions about personnel,
purchases, and financial
transactions and records.
14 Medic al and Health Services: An interest in helping people be healthy.
Medical
Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field…
14.02 Medicine and Diagnose and treat
Surgery human diseases,
disorders, and injuries.
14.03 Dentistry Provide health care
for patients’ teeth
and mouth tissues.
14.04 Health Are health professionals
Specialties and technicians who
specialize in certain parts
of the human body.
14.05 Medical Use technology
Technology mostly to detect
signs of disease.
Programs
Business Management; Farm and
Ranch Management; Funeral
Services and Mortuary Science;
Ornamental Horticulture;
Real Estate
Business Management; Construc-
tion Technology; Fashion
Merchandising; Real Estate
Programs
Medical Assistant Training;
Pharmacy Technology; Surgical
Technology
Dental Assisting; Dental Hygiene
Opticianry
Cardiovascular Technology;
Clinical Lab Technician;
Electrocardiograph Technology;
Electroencephalograph Technology;
Medical Assistant Training; Medical
Laboratory Technology; Nuclear
Medicine Technology; Radiologic
Technology

26
_______________________________________________________________ Your Interests

Work Groups (GOE) Workers in This Field… Programs

14.06 Medical Care for, treat, or Massage Therapy; Occupational
Therapy train people to Therapy Assisting; Physical
improve their Therapist Assisting; Radiologic
physical and Technology; Respiratory Therapy
emotional well- Technology
being.
14.07 Patient Care Are concerned with Home Health Aide Training; Nurse
and Assistance the physical needs Aide/Assistant Training; Practical
and welfare of others.
Nursing (L.P.N. Training)
14.08 Health Help people maintain Dietetic Technology
Protection and good health and
Promotion fitness.

27
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

Write down the three work groups in which you have the greatest interest in the
left column of the list that follows. In the right column, put the programs that are
related to the work groups that interest you.

Programs That Relate to My Interests

1. ________________________ _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

2. ________________________ _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

3. ________________________ _______________________

_______________________

_______________________

Your Skills
Different kinds of work demand different skills. Most people want to go into a kind
of work where they will be able to handle the skill requirements. Of course, you
don’t yet have all the skills you will need for your career—that’s why you are plan-
ning to get further training. Nevertheless, based on your experiences in school and at
work, you probably have a good idea of what skills you learn easily and which come
harder.
The following table lists and defines 31 skills that the U.S. Department of Labor
(USDOL) describes in the O*NET database. For each skill in the table, ask yourself,
“What were some things I’ve done where I’ve used this skill at a high level and
enjoyed using it?” If you can think of several good examples, mark the name of the
skill with a plus sign or an underline; otherwise, move on to another skill.

28
_______________________________________________________________ YourYour
___________________________________________________________________ Interests
Skills

Which Skills Are Most Important to You?

Skill Description
Active Learning Working with new material or information to grasp its
implications
Active Listening Listening to what other people are saying and asking questions as
appropriate
Coordination Adjusting actions in relation to others’ actions
Critical Thinking Using logic and analysis to identify the strengths and weaknesses of
different approaches
Equipment Maintenance Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining
when and what kind of maintenance is needed
Equipment Selection Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do
a job
Installation Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet
specifications
Instructing Teaching others how to do something
Judgment and Weighing the relative costs and benefits of a potential action
Decision Making
Learning Strategies Using multiple approaches when learning or teaching new things
Management of Determining how money will be spent to get the work done and
Financial Resources accounting for these expenditures
Management of Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work,
Personnel Resources identifying the best people for the job
Mathematics Using mathematics to solve problems
Monitoring Assessing your performance or that of other individuals or
organizations to make improvements or take corrective action
Operation and Control Controlling operations of equipment or systems
Operation Monitoring Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine
is working properly
Operations Analysis Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design
Persuasion Persuading others to change their minds or behavior
Programming Writing computer programs for various purposes

(continues)

29
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

Skill Description
Quality Control Analysis Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes
to evaluate quality or performance
Reading Comprehension Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related
documents
Repairing Repairing machines or systems, using the needed tools
Science Using scientific methods to solve problems
Service Orientation Actively looking for ways to help people
Social Perceptiveness Being aware of others’ reactions and understanding why they react
the way they do
Speaking Talking to others to effectively convey information
Systems Analysis Determining how a system should work and how changes in
conditions, operations, and the environment will affect
outcomes
Technology Design Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user
needs
Time Management Managing one’s own time and the time of others
Troubleshooting Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do
about them
Writing Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs
of the audience

Now that you’ve looked at all the skills, determine the three skills that you would
most like to use in your career and list them below.

Most Desirable Skills for My Career

1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________

30
_______________________________________________________________ YourYour
___________________________________________________________________ Interests
Skills

The following table relates these 31 skills to educational/training programs and to

the Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) work groups. Find the programs and
work groups that correspond to the three skills that you listed. At the end of this sec-
tion, write the programs and work groups that match your skills.

A skill applies to a program because it is required by the occupations to

Note
which the program is linked. You do not necessarily need this skill in the
program, but it is likely that learning this skill will be part of what you do
in the program.

Relationship of Skills to Programs and Work Groups

Skill Programs
Active Learning Electrical Engineering
Technology;
Network and
Telecommunications
Technology
Active Listening Cosmetology/Barbering;
Dental Assisting;
Dietetic Technology;
Early Childhood Education;
Fashion Merchandising;
Human Services; Interior
Design; Law Enforcement;
Multimedia Design and Pro-
duction; Pet Grooming;
Respiratory Therapy Tech-
nology; Teacher Aide
Training
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Customer Service, 09.05
General Sales, 10.03
Health Specialties, 14.04
Law, 04.02
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Sales Technology, 10.02
Social Services, 12.02
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
General Sales, 10.03
Law, 04.02
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Social Services, 12.02
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
(continues)

31
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

Skill Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Coordination Business Management; Food and Beverage
Culinary Arts; Services, 11.05
Emergency Medical General Management
Services; Farm and Work and Management
Ranch Management; of Support Functions, 13.01
Fashion Design; Food Managerial Work in Arts,
Service Management; Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Hotel/Motel and Managerial Work in
Restaurant Management; Business Detail, 09.01
Interior Design; Managerial Work in
Marine Transportation Construction, Mining,
Operations; Marketing; and Drilling, 06.01
Ornamental Managerial Work in
Horticulture; Education and Social
Personal Trainer; Service, 12.01
Property Management Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement,
and Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in
Sales and Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Public Safety, 04.04
Recreational Services, 11.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Critical Thinking Investigative Services; [No GOE group related
Paralegal Services to the programs in
this book is rated
high on this skill.]

32
_______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
YourYour
Interests
Skills

Skill Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Equipment Aircraft Mechanic Electrical and Electronic
Maintenance Technology; Avionics Systems, 05.02
Technology; Computer Mechanical Work, 05.03
Maintenance; Diesel
Technology
Equipment Selection Masonry; Optical Graphic Arts, 01.07
Laboratory Technology; Metal and Plastics
Photography; Tool Machining Technology, 08.04
and Die Maker Training; Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Watchmaking and
Jewelrymaking
Installation Aircraft Mechanic Construction, 06.02
Technology; Electrical and
Automotive Technology; Electronic Systems, 05.02
Avionics Technology;
Carpentry; Casino Slot
Technician Training;
Electrician Training;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Heating, Ventilation, A/C
Technology; Home
Appliance Repair;
Plumbing and Pipefitting
Instructing Broadcasting Technology; Food and Beverage
Personal Trainer; Pilot Services, 11.05
Training
Judgment and Business Management; General Management
Decision Making Marine Transportation Work and Management
Operations; Marketing of Support Functions, 13.01
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in
Sales and Marketing, 10.01
(continues)

33
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
Skill Programs
Learning Strategies Early Childhood
Education; Personal Trainer;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Teacher Aide Training
Management of [No program is rated
Financial Resources high on this skill.]
Management of Farm and Ranch
Personnel Resources Management; Food Service
Management; Hotel/Motel
and Restaurant Manage-
ment; Ornamental
Horticulture; Property
Management
Mathematics Accounting Technician;
Architectural Technology;
Civil (Engineering) Tech-
nology; Computer Program-
ming; Construction
Technology; Drafting;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Nuclear
Medicine Technology;
Surveying Technology
Monitoring Casino Gaming Training;
Food Service Management
34
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in Education and
Social Service, 12.01
Media Technology, 01.08
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
Health Protection and
Promotion, 14.08
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Education and
Social Service, 12.01
Sales Technology, 10.02
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety, 04.01
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Educational Services,12.03
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Mathematics and
Computers, 02.06
Metal and Plastics Machining
Technology, 08.04
Production Work, 08.03
Vehicle Expediting and
Coordinating, 07.02
[No GOE group related
to the programs in
this book is rated
high on this skill.]
_______________________________________________________________ YourYour
___________________________________________________________________ Interests
Skill Programs
Operation and Brewing; Cabinetmaking;
Control Construction Equipment
Operation; Graphic and
Printing Equipment
Operations; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Machinist
Training; Marine
Transportation Operations;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Pilot Training;
Radiologic Technology; Tool
and Die-Maker Training;
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving;
Water/Wastewater Treatment
Technology; Welding
Technology; Winemaking
Operation Monitoring Construction
Equipment Operation;
Machinist Training;
Pilot Training;
Water/Wastewater
Treatment Technology
Operations Analysis Civil (Engineering)
Technology;
Construction
Technology; Interior
Design
Persuasion [No program is rated
high on this skill.]
Programming Computer Programming
Skills
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Construction, 06.02
Craft Arts, 01.06
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading, Moving,
Hoisting, and Conveying, 08.07
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Other Services Requiring
Driving, 07.07
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Support Work, 07.08
Systems Operation, 08.06
Truck Driving, 07.05
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Hands-on Work: Loading, Moving,
Hoisting, and Conveying, 08.07
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Production Work, 08.03
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Systems Operation, 08.06
[No GOE group related
to the programs in
this book is rated
high on this skill.]
General Sales, 10.03
Mathematics and
Computers, 02.06
(continues)
35
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
Skill Programs
Quality Control Chemical Engineering
Analysis Technology; Construction
Inspection; Dental Laboratory
Technology
Reading Broadcasting Technology;
Comprehension Cardiovascular Technology;
Dental Hygiene; Dental
Laboratory Technology;
Dietetic Technology;
Electrocardiograph Technology;
Health Information Systems
Technology; Library
Technology; Medical Assistant
Training; Nuclear Medicine
Technology; Office Technology;
Opticianry; Paralegal Services;
Pharmacy Technology;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Radiologic Technology; Real
Estate; Respiratory
Therapy Technology;
Surgical Technology;
Veterinary Technology
Repairing Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Automotive Body Repair;
Automotive Technology;
Avionics Technology;
Casino Slot Technician
Training; Chemical
Engineering Technology;
Computer Maintenance;
Diesel Technology; Heating,
36
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Production Technology, 08.02
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Health Protection and
Promotion, 14.08
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in
Arts, Entertainment,
and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Modeling and Personal
Appearance, 01.09
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Visual Arts, 01.04
Mechanical Work, 05.03
_______________________________________________________________ YourYour
___________________________________________________________________ Interests
Skills

Skill Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Ventilation, A/C Technology;
Home Appliance Repair;
Tool and Die Maker Training
Science Clinical Lab Technician; Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Dental Laboratory Engineering Technology, 02.08
Technology; Medical Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Laboratory Technology; Medical Technology, 14.05
Nuclear Medicine Technology;
Water/Wastewater
Treatment Technology
Service Orientation Bartending; Emergency Barber and Beauty Services, 11.04
Medical Services; Fire Science/ Other Personal Services, 11.08
Firefighting; Flight Attendant Other Services Requiring
Training; Home Health Aide Driving, 07.07
Training; Human Services; Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Physical Therapist Assisting; Recreational Services, 11.02
Practical Nursing (L.P.N. Transportation and
Training); Respiratory Therapy Lodging Services, 11.03
Technology; Travel Services
Marketing Operations
Social Corrections; Flight Attendant Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Perceptiveness Training; Funeral Services Other Personal Services, 11.08
and Mortuary Science; Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Human Services; Nurse Aide/ Social Services, 12.02
Assistant Training; Occu-
pational Therapy Assisting
Speaking Construction Inspection; Early General Sales, 10.03
Childhood Education; Fashion
Merchandising; Marketing;
Teacher Aide Training
Systems Analysis [No program is rated Managerial Work in
high on this skill.] Sales and Marketing, 10.01
Sales Technology, 10.02
Technology Design Electrical Engineering Metal and Plastics
Technology; Mechanical Machining Technology, 08.04
Engineering Technology;
Network and Telecommuni-
cations Technology
(continues)

37
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

Skill Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Time Management Property Management Managerial Work in
Construction, Mining,
and Drilling, 06.01
Troubleshooting Automotive Electrical and
Technology; Avionics Electronic Systems, 05.02
Technology; Casino
Slot Technician
Training; Chemical
Engineering
Technology; Computer
Maintenance; Diesel
Technology; Heating,
Ventilation, A/C
Technology; Home
Appliance Repair
Writing Dietetic Technology; Educational Services, 12.03
Paralegal Services Health Protection and
Promotion, 14.08
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Social Sciences, 02.04

Write down the programs and work groups that correspond with the three skills you
listed. If there are many, try to find programs and work groups that are linked to
more than one of your important skills and write down these names.

Programs That Relate to My Skills

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

38
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses

_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________

Your Favorite High School Courses

A good way to predict how well people will like postsecondary courses is to ask
them how much they liked similar high school courses. Also, most people earn their
highest grades in postsecondary courses that are similar to the high school courses in
which they did well. Therefore, it can be useful to take note of and write down the
names of three high school courses that you liked and in which you earned high
grades.

My Best High School Courses

1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________

Next, with those courses in mind, look over the information in the following table
and find related programs and work groups (from the Work Groups, GOE Codes
column). As you review this information, mark the items that most closely match
your best high school courses. At the end of this section, you can make a list of the
best matches.

39
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

Note Many of the lower-level math courses listed in the following table are
commonly required for a large number of programs. For example, if you
did well in math, you should look for a high school course that represents
a high level of math, such as trigonometry or pre-calculus, rather than
algebra or business/applied math.

Relationship of High School Courses to

Postsecondary Programs and Work Groups
High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes
Algebra Architectural Technology; Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Avionics Technology; Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Brewing; Broadcasting Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Technology; Casino Construction, 06.02
Slot Technician Training; Dentistry, 14.03
Chemical Engineering Educational Services, 12.03
Technology; Civil Electrical and Electronic
(Engineering) Technology; Systems, 05.02
Computer Programming; Engineering Technology, 02.08
Construction Inspection; General Management Work
Construction Technology; and Management of Support
Dental Assisting; Dental Functions, 13.01
Hygiene; Dental Laboratory General Sales, 10.03
Technology; Dietetic Graphic Arts, 01.07
Technology; Drafting; Hands-on Work in Construction,
Early Childhood Education; Extraction, and
Electrical Engineering Maintenance, 06.04
Technology; Health Protection and
Electromechanical Promotion, 14.08
Engineering Technology; Health Specialties, 14.04
Emergency Medical Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Services; Farm and Management Support, 13.02
Ranch Management; Managerial Work in Arts,
Fashion Design; Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Fashion Merchandising; Managerial Work in Construction,
Funeral Services and Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Mortuary Science; Managerial Work in
Graphic Design, Plants and Animals, 03.01
Commercial Art, and Managerial Work in Recreation,
Illustration; Travel, and Other Personal
Health Information Systems Services, 11.01

40
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses

High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Technology; Home Appliance Managerial Work in Sales and
Repair; Hotel/Motel and Marketing, 10.01
Restaurant Management; Mathematics and
Instrumentation Technology; Computers, 02.06
Interior Design; Machinist Mechanical Work, 05.03
Training; Marine Media Technology, 01.08
Transportation Operations; Medical Technology, 14.05
Marketing; Mechanical Medical Therapy, 14.06
Engineering Technology; Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Medical Assistant Training; Metal and Plastics
Medical Laboratory Machining Technology, 08.04
Technology; Multimedia Other Personal Services, 11.08
Design and Production; Other Services Requiring
Network and Driving, 07.07
Telecommunications Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Technology; Nuclear Production Technology, 08.02
Medicine Technology; Production Work, 08.03
Nurse Aide/Assistant Public Safety, 04.04
Training; Occupational Records Processing, 09.07
Therapy Assisting; Optical Social Services, 12.02
Laboratory Technology; Visual Arts, 01.04
Opticianry; Pharmacy Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Technology; Photography;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Pilot Training; Plumbing and
Pipefitting; Practical Nursing
(L.P.N. Training);
Property Management;
Radiologic Technology;
Respiratory Therapy
Technology; Surgical
Technology; Surveying
Technology; Teacher
Aide Training; Tool
and Die Maker Training;
Veterinary Technology;
Watchmaking and
Jewelrymaking;
Welding Technology;
Winemaking
(continues)

41
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Applied Accounting Technician;
Communications Architectural Technology;
Automotive Body Repair;
Automotive Technology;
Avionics Technology;
Broadcasting Technology;
Business Management;
Cabinetmaking;
Cardiovascular Technology;
Carpentry; Chemical
Engineering Technology;
Civil (Engineering)
Technology; Clinical Lab
Technician;
Computer Maintenance;
Computer Programming;
Construction
Equipment Operation;
Construction Inspection;
Construction Technology;
Corrections;
Cosmetology/Barbering;
Culinary Arts; Diesel
Technology; Drafting;
Electrical Engineering
Technology; Electrician
Training; Electrocardiograph
Technology; Electro-
encephalograph Technology;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Emergency Medical Services;
Farm and Ranch Manage-
ment; Fashion Design;
Fashion Merchandising;
Fire Science/Firefighting;
Flight Attendant Training;
Food Service Management;
Funeral Services and
42
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Barber and Beauty Services, 11.04
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic Systems,
05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading,
Moving, Hoisting, and
Conveying, 08.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Business
Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in
Construction, Mining,
and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety, 04.01
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Mortuary Science; Heating,
Ventilation, A/C Technology;
Home Appliance Repair;
Home Health Aide Training;
Human Services; Instru-
mentation Technology;
Interior Design; Investigative
Services; Library Technology;
Masonry; Massage Therapy;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Multimedia
Design and Production;
Network and Telecommun-
ications Technology; Office
Technology; Opticianry;
Ornamental Horticulture;
Photography; Plumbing
and Pipefitting; Property
Management; Real Estate;
Surveying Technology; Travel
Services Marketing
Operations; Truck, Bus, and
Other Commercial Vehicle
Driving; Water/Wastewater
Treatment Technology
Art Dental Laboratory Tech-
nology; Fashion Design;
Funeral Services and
Mortuary Science;
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other
Personal Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and Computers,
02.06
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Modeling and Personal
Appearance, 01.09
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Support Work, 07.08
Systems Operation, 08.06
Transportation and Lodging
Services, 11.03
Truck Driving, 07.05
Vehicle Expediting and
Coordinating, 07.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Clerical Machine
Operation, 09.09
Craft Arts, 01.06
Educational Services, 12.03
(continues)
43
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Interior Design;
Multimedia Design and
Production; Photography;
Taxidermy; Watchmaking
and Jewelrymaking
Auto Shop Automotive Body Repair;
Automotive Technology;
Construction Equipment
Operation; Diesel Technology;
Truck, Bus, and Other
Commercial Vehicle Driving
Biology Brewing; Cardiovascular
Technology; Clinical Lab
Technician; Dental Assisting;
Dental Hygiene;
44
Work Groups, GOE Codes
General Management
Work and Management of
Support Functions, 13.01
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Construction, 06.02
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and Maintenance,
06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading,
Moving, Hoisting, and
Conveying, 08.07
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Support Work, 07.08
Truck Driving, 07.05
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Craft Arts, 01.06
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Dental Laboratory
Technology; Dietetic
Technology; Early
Childhood Education;
Electrocardiograph
Technology;
Electroencephalograph
Technology;
Emergency Medical Services;
Farm and Ranch
Management; Food Service
Management; Funeral
Services and Mortuary
Science; Health Information
Systems Technology;
Home Health Aide Training;
Massage Therapy;
Medical Assistant Training;
Medical Laboratory
Technology; Medical
Transcription; Nuclear
Medicine Technology;
Nurse Aide/Assistant
Training; Occupational
Therapy Assisting;
Opticianry; Ornamental
Horticulture; Personal
Trainer; Pet Grooming;
Pharmacy Technology;
Physical Therapist
Assisting; Practical
Nursing (L.P.N. Training);
Radiologic Technology;
Respiratory Therapy
Technology; Surgical
Technology; Taxidermy;
Veterinary Technology;
Water/Wastewater Treatment
Technology; Winemaking
Work Groups, GOE Codes
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
Health Protection and Promotion,
14.08
Health Specialties, 14.04
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Recreational Services, 11.02
Systems Operation, 08.06
(continues)
45
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Business/Applied Accounting Technician;
Math Auctioneering;
Automotive Body Repair;
Automotive Technology;
Bartending;
Broadcasting Technology;
Business Management;
Cabinetmaking;
Cardiovascular Technology;
Carpentry; Casino Gaming
Training; Clinical Lab
Technician; Computer
Maintenance; Construction
Equipment Operation;
Cosmetology/Barbering;
Culinary Arts; Diesel
Technology; Electrician
Training;
Electrocardiograph
Technology;
Electroencephalograph
Technology; Fashion Design;
Fashion Merchandising;
Fire Science/Firefighting;
Food Service Management;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Heating, Ventilation,
A/C Technology;
Human Services;
Investigative Services; Library
Technology; Masonry;
Massage Therapy;
Medical Transcription;
Office Technology;
Ornamental Horticulture;
Paralegal Services;
Personal Trainer;
Pet Grooming;
Plumbing and Pipefitting;
46
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Barber and Beauty Services, 11.04
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Craft Arts, 01.06
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic Systems,
05.02
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and Maintenance,
06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading,
Moving, Hoisting, and
Conveying, 08.07
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in
Construction, Mining, and
Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement,
and Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses

High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Real Estate; Taxidermy; Managerial Work in
Travel Services Marketing Recreation, Travel, and
Operations; Truck, Bus, Other Personal Services, 11.01
and Other Commercial Managerial Work in Sales
Vehicle Driving; Water/ and Marketing, 10.01
Wastewater Treatment Managerial Work in
Technology Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and Computers,
02.06
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Modeling and Personal
Appearance, 01.09
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Records Processing, 09.07
Recreational Services, 11.02
Sales Technology, 10.02
Support Work, 07.08
Systems Operation, 08.06
Transportation and
Lodging Services, 11.03
Truck Driving, 07.05
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Chemistry Brewing; Cardiovascular Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Technology; Chemical Craft Arts, 01.06
Engineering Technology; Dentistry, 14.03
(continues)

47
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Clinical Lab Technician;
Dental Assisting;
Dental Hygiene;
Dental Laboratory
Technology; Dietetic
Technology;
Electrocardiograph
Technology;
Electroencephalograph
Technology;
Emergency Medical Services;
Farm and Ranch
Management;
Fire Science/Firefighting;
Funeral Services and
Mortuary Science;
Health Information Systems
Technology;
Massage Therapy;
Medical Assistant
Training; Medical Laboratory
Technology; Medical
Transcription; Nuclear
Medicine Technology; Nurse
Aide/Assistant Training;
Occupational Therapy
Assisting; Ornamental
Horticulture; Pharmacy
Technology; Photography;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Practical Nursing (L.P.N.
Training); Radiologic
Technology; Respiratory
Therapy Technology; Surgical
Technology; Taxidermy;
Veterinary Technology;
Water/Wastewater
Treatment Technology;
Winemaking
Educational Services, 12.03
Engineering Technology, 02.08
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
Health Protection and Promotion,
14.08
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Systems Operation, 08.06

48
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Computer Science Automotive Technology;
Avionics Technology;
Brewing; Broadcasting
Technology; Business
Management; Casino
Slot Technician Training;
Chemical Engineering
Technology; Civil
(Engineering) Technology;
Clinical Lab Technician;
Computer Maintenance;
Computer Programming;
Drafting; Electrical
Engineering Technology;
Electrocardiograph
Technology;
Electroencephalograph
Technology;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Health
Information Systems
Technology; Hotel/
Motel and Restaurant
Management;
Instrumentation
Technology; Investigative
Services; Library Technology;
Machinist Training;
Marine Transportation
Operations; Marketing;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Medical
Assistant Training;
Multimedia Design
and Production; Network
and Telecommunications
Technology; Photography;
Surveying Technology;
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Clerical Machine Operation,
09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and
Electronic Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Business
Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other
Personal Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales
and Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and
Computers, 02.06
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
(continues)
49
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Tool and Die Maker Production Technology, 08.02
Training; Winemaking Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Social Services, 12.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Distributive Auctioneering; Bartending; Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Education Fashion Design; Craft Arts, 01.06
Fashion Merchandising; Customer Service, 09.05
Food Service Management; Educational Services, 12.03
Opticianry; Pet Grooming; Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
Property Management; General Management Work
Real Estate; Taxidermy; and Management of
Travel Services Marketing Support Functions, 13.01
Operations General Sales, 10.03
Health Specialties, 14.04
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Sales Technology, 10.02
Transportation and Lodging
Services, 11.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Drafting Construction Inspection; Construction, 06.02
Construction Technology; Educational Services, 12.03
Electrician Training; Electrical and Electronic Systems,
Interior Design; 05.02
Plumbing and Pipefitting; Engineering Technology, 02.08
Surveying Technology; Hands-on Work in Construction,
Welding Technology Extraction, and Maintenance,
06.04
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03

50
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Driver Education Construction Equipment
Operation; Emergency
Medical Services; Truck,
Bus, and Other Commercial
Vehicle Driving
Electronics Shop Automotive Technology;
Avionics Technology;
Broadcasting Technology;
Cardiovascular Technology;
Casino Slot Technician
Training; Chemical Engineering
Technology; Computer
Maintenance; Diesel
Technology; Electrical
Engineering Technology;
Electrocardiograph Technology;
Electroencephalograph
Technology; Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Heating, Ventilation, A/C
Technology; Home Appliance
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Construction, 06.02
Educational Services, 12.03
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading,
Moving, Hoisting, and
Conveying, 08.07
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Other Services Requiring
Driving, 07.07
Public Safety, 04.04
Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Support Work, 07.08
Truck Driving, 07.05
Vehicle Expediting
and Coordinating, 07.02
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Production Technology, 08.02
(continues)
51
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Repair; Instrumentation
Technology; Network
and Telecommunications
Technology
English Court Reporting;
Dental Hygiene;
Dietetic Technology;
Early Childhood Education;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Graphic Design, Commercial
Art, and Illustration; Health
Information Systems
Technology; Hotel/Motel
and Restaurant Management;
Interior Design; Law
Enforcement; Marine
Transportation Operations;
Marketing; Medical
Assistant Training; Medical
Laboratory Technology;
Medical Transcription;
Nuclear Medicine Technology;
Nurse Aide/Assistant Training;
Occupational Therapy
Assisting; Paralegal Services;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Practical Nursing (L.P.N.
Training); Radiologic
Technology; Respiratory
Therapy Technology;
Surgical Technology; Teacher
Aide Training; Veterinary
Technology
Foreign Language Culinary Arts; Flight
Attendant Training;
Hotel/Motel and Restaurant
Management; Human
Services; Library Technology;
Marketing; Travel Services
52
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Health Protection
and Promotion, 14.08
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Law, 04.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales
and Marketing, 10.01
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Social Services, 12.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Sales, 10.03
Managerial Work in Education and
Social Service, 12.01
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Marketing Operations
French Winemaking
Geography Marine Transportation
Operations; Travel Services
Marketing Operations;
Winemaking
Geometry Aircraft Mechanic
Technology; Architectural
Technology; Brewing;
Casino Slot Technician
Training; Chemical
Engineering Technology;
Civil (Engineering)
Technology; Construction
Inspection; Construction
Technology; Drafting;
Electrical Engineering
Technology; Electro-
mechanical Engineering
Technology; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Hotel/Motel and
Restaurant Management;
Instrumentation Technology;
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Social Services, 12.02
Transportation and Lodging
Services, 11.03
Educational Services,12.03
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
General Sales, 10.03
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Transportation and Lodging
Services, 11.03
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic Systems,
05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
(continues)
53
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Interior Design; Machinist
Training; Marine Transporta-
tion Operations; Marketing;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Network and
Telecommunications Tech-
nology; Optical Laboratory
Technology; Opticianry;
Photography; Pilot Training;
Surveying Technology;
Tool and Die Maker Training;
Veterinary Technology;
Welding Technology;
Winemaking
History Teacher Aide Training
Home Economics Culinary Arts; Dietetic
Technology; Fashion Design;
Fashion Merchandising;
Food Service Management;
Interior Design
Industrial Arts Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Cabinetmaking; Carpentry;
Carpentry; Casino Slot
Technician Training; Diesel
Technology; Electrician
Training; Graphic and
Printing Equipment
Operations; Home Appliance
Repair; Machinist
Training; Masonry;
Plumbing and Pipefitting;
Tool and Die Maker Training;
54
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Metal and Plastics Machining
Technology, 08.04
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Social Services, 12.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Educational Services, 12.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Sales, 10.03
Health Protection and
Promotion, 14.08
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Visual Arts, 01.04
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Electrical and Electronic Systems,
05.02
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Metal and Plastics
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Watchmaking and Jewelry-
making; Welding Technology
Keyboarding Accounting Technician;
Business Management;
Computer Maintenance;
Computer Programming;
Court Reporting; Emergency
Medical Services; Health
Information Systems
Technology; Library
Technology; Medical
Assistant Training; Medical
Transcription; Office
Technology; Paralegal
Services; Travel Services
Marketing Operations
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Machining Technology, 08.04
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic Systems,
05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in
Sales and Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and Computers,
02.06
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Other Services Requiring
Driving, 07.07
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Transportation and
Lodging Services, 11.03
(continues)
55
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Mechanical Drawing Architectural Technology;
Automotive Body Repair;
Cabinetmaking; Carpentry;
Drafting; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Heating,
Ventilation, A/C
Technology; Machinist
Training; Masonry;
Mechanical Engineering
Technology; Tool and
Die Maker Training;
Welding Technology
Metal Shop Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
Automotive Body Repair;
Diesel Technology; Heating,
Ventilation, A/C Technology;
Machinist Training; Plumbing
and Pipefitting; Tool and
Die Maker Training;
Watchmaking and
Jewelrymaking;
Welding Technology
Office Computer Accounting Technician;
Applications Auctioneering; Bartending;
Business Management;
Computer Programming;
Court Reporting; Dental
Assisting; Farm and Ranch
56
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Educational Services, 12.03
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Construction, 06.02
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Customer Service, 09.05
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Management; Fashion
Design; Fashion
Merchandising; Funeral
Services and Mortuary
Science; Graphic and
Printing Equipment
Operations; Home Appliance
Repair; Human Services;
Interior Design; Library
Technology; Medical
Assistant Training; Medical
Transcription; Office
Technology; Optical
Laboratory Technology;
Opticianry; Ornamental
Horticulture; Paralegal
Services; Pet Grooming;
Pharmacy Technology;
Photography; Pilot Training;
Property Management;
Real Estate; Surveying
Technology; Travel Services
Marketing Operations;
Veterinary Technology
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Plants and
Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and Computers,
02.06
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Sales Technology, 10.02
(continues)
57
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Photography Broadcasting Technology;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Graphic Design, Commercial
Art, and Illustration;
Investigative Services;
Multimedia Design and
Production; Optical
Laboratory Technology;
Photography
Physics/Principles Marine Transportation
of Technology Operations; Aircraft Mechanic
Technology; Architectural
Technology; Avionics
Technology; Broadcasting
Technology; Cabinetmaking;
Cardiovascular Technology;
Carpentry; Casino Slot
Technician Training; Chemical
Engineering Technology; Civil
(Engineering) Technology;
Clinical Lab Technician;
Computer Maintenance;
Construction Equipment
Operation; Construction
Inspection; Construction
Technology; Diesel
Technology; Drafting;
Electrical Engineering
Technology; Electrician
58
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Transportation and
Lodging Services, 11.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and
Public Safety, 04.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Visual Arts, 01.04
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
General Management
Work and Management of
Support Functions, 13.01
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Hands-on Work in Construction,
Extraction, and Maintenance,
06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading, Moving,
Hoisting, and Conveying, 08.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Management Support, 13.02
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Training; Electrocardiograph
Technology; Electro-
encephalograph Technology;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Emergency Medical Services;
Fire Science/Firefighting;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Heating, Ventilation, A/C
Technology; Home Appliance
Repair; Instrumentation
Technology; Machinist
Training; Masonry; Massage
Therapy; Mechanical
Engineering Technology;
Medical Laboratory Tech-
nology; Network and
Telecommunications
Technology; Nuclear Medi-
cine Technology; Optical
Laboratory Technology;
Opticianry; Ornamental
Horticulture; Personal Trainer;
Pharmacy Technology;
Photography; Physical
Therapist Assisting; Pilot
Training; Plumbing and
Pipefitting; Radiologic Tech-
nology; Respiratory Therapy
Technology; Surgical Tech-
nology; Surveying
Technology; Tool and Die
Maker Training; Watch-
making and Jewelrymaking;
Welding Technology
Pre-Calculus Brewing; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Instrumentation
Technology; Surveying
Technology
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Plants and
Animals, 03.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Other Services
Requiring Driving, 07.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Records Processing, 09.07
Recreational Services, 11.02
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Managerial Work
(continues)
59
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Public Speaking Auctioneering; Bartending;
Broadcasting Technology;
Business Management;
Cardiovascular Technology;
Casino Gaming Training;
Corrections; Dental Assisting;
Dental Hygiene; Early
Childhood Education;
Flight Attendant Training;
Funeral Services and Mortuary
Science; Graphic Design,
Commercial Art, and
Illustration; Health Information
Systems Technology;
Hotel/Motel and Restaurant
Management; Interior Design;
Investigative Services; Law
Enforcement; Library
Technology; Massage Therapy;
Medical Assistant Training;
Multimedia Design and
Production; Occupational
Therapy Assisting; Opticianry;
Paralegal Services; Personal
Trainer; Physical Therapist
Assisting; Practical Nursing
(L.P.N. Training); Property
Management; Radiologic
Technology; Real Estate;
Respiratory Therapy
Technology; Teacher Aide
Training; Travel Services
Marketing Operations;
Veterinary Technology
60
Work Groups, GOE Codes
in Arts, Entertainment,
and Media, 01.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Visual Arts, 01.04
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Customer Service, 09.05
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
General Management Work
and Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Law, 04.02
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and
Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement,
and Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Science Hotel/Motel and Restaurant
Management; Marketing;
Teacher Aide Training
Social Science Early Childhood Education;
Emergency Medical Services;
Fashion Design; Fashion
Merchandising; Flight
Attendant Training; Funeral
Services and Mortuary
Science; Home Health Aide
Training; Human Services;
Interior Design; Investigative
Services; Law Enforcement;
Occupational Therapy
Assisting; Paralegal Services;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Property Management;
Real Estate; Teacher Aide
Training; Travel Services
Marketing Operations
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Media Technology, 01.08
Medical Technology, 14.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Recreational Services, 11.02
Sales Technology, 10.02
Social Services, 12.02
Transportation and
Lodging Services, 11.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Educational Services, 12.03
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Social Services, 12.02
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Law, 04.02
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and Public
Safety, 04.01
Medical Therapy, 14.06
(continues)
61
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
High School Course Postsecondary Programs
Spanish Farm and Ranch Management
Trigonometry Avionics Technology; Brewing;
Casino Slot Technician
Training; Chemical
Engineering Technology; Civil
(Engineering) Technology;
Construction Technology;
Drafting; Electrical
Engineering Technology;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Graphic Design, Commercial
Art, and Illustration; Hotel/
Motel and Restaurant
Management; Instrumenta-
tion Technology; Machinist
Training; Marine
Transportation Operations;
Marketing; Mechanical
Engineering Technology;
Network and Telecom-
munications Technology;
Optical Laboratory
Technology; Opticianry;
Photography; Surveying
Technology; Tool and Die
62
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Public Safety, 04.04
Transportation and
Lodging Services, 11.03
Visual Arts, 01.04
Educational Services, 12.03
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
Managerial Work in Plants
and Animals, 03.01
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Educational Services, 12.03
Electrical and Electronic
Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Health Specialties, 14.04
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal
Services, 11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Media Technology, 01.08
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Public Safety, 04.04
_____________________________________________ Your Favorite High School Courses

High School Course Postsecondary Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Maker Training; Winemaking Social Services, 12.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04

Look over the items that you marked in the table. Determine the programs and
work groups that best fit with the high school courses you listed at the beginning of
this section and enter them below. If there are many, try to find programs and work
groups that are linked to more than one of your best high school courses and enter
these names.

Similar Programs and Work Groups

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

63
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

Your Work-Related Values

People rarely talk about values, except occasionally when politicians boast about their
“family values.” Yet values affect every decision we make. A value is something that
we consider desirable to gain or keep. When we choose between two things that we
have the chance to gain or keep, we base our preference on our values. Sometimes it
is obvious that one choice is better aligned with our values than another one. But a
lot of the time we have to make trade-offs, accepting less of one thing that we value
to get something else that we value more.
For example, when choosing what to have for lunch, we make trade-offs between
several values: good taste, good nutrition, reasonable price, convenient location,
something different from what we had yesterday, and perhaps trying to impress our
lunch date. It may be impossible to find one meal that will fit all of these values per-
fectly, but we usually can find a compromise choice that will satisfy our most impor-
tant values. Note that our lunch-related values may change over time, as we might
become more nutrition-conscious or short on lunch money. Most important of all,
consider that there is no one right set of lunch-related values for all people. Some
people enjoy having the same lunch every day, and others don’t care what their lunch
date thinks of their choice. Lunch-related values are a matter of personal preference.
The same applies to work-related values. People have their own unique preferences,
they often need to make trade-offs, and they may find that their values change over
time. But in fact most people don’t consciously know what their work-related values
are. If you ask them what makes one job better than another, they can usually name
only one or two things—such as the salary or the working conditions.
This is where this section can help you: by making you more aware of your work-
related values. In the following chart, look over the names and definitions of 19
work-related values that the U.S. Department of Labor (USDOL) uses to describe
jobs in its O*NET database. (The work-related values in this book are particular to
the listed educational/training programs. The USDOL uses additional values that are
unrelated.) When you compare the importance of two values, ask yourself, “Would I
quit a job that had a lot of Value X if I could get a job with a lot of Value Y?”

64
____________________________________________________ Your Work-Related Values

Work-Related Values
Value Description
Ability Utilization Making use of your individual abilities
Achievement Getting a feeling of accomplishment
Activity Being busy all the time
Authority Giving directions and instructions to others
Autonomy Planning your work with little supervision
Company Policies and Being treated fairly by the company
Practices
Compensation Being paid well in comparison with other workers
Coworkers Having coworkers who are easy to get along with
Creativity Getting chances to try out your own ideas
Good Working Conditions Having good working conditions
Independence Doing your work alone
Moral Values Never being pressured to do things that go against your sense
of right and wrong
Recognition Receiving recognition for the work you do
Responsibility Making decisions on your own
Security Having steady employment
Social Service Having work where you do things to improve other people’s
lives
Social Status Being looked up to by others in your company and your
community
Supervision, Human Relations Having supervisors who back you up with management
Supervision, Technical Having supervisors who train you well

65
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

When you’ve decided which three of these are most important for you to get from
your work, list them here:

Work Values for My Career

1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________

In the following table, start by drawing a large box around each row containing the
work-related values that you listed above as your most important. Now look in the
second and third columns of these rows and circle any programs and work groups
that appear in two or more of your selected rows. At the end of this section, you can
list the names of those programs and work groups, because they correspond well to
your three most important work-related values. If none of them appears more than
once in the selected rows, list some of the programs and work groups that corre-
spond to your number-one value.

The work-related values are related to programs insofar as they charac-

Note
terize the occupations to which the programs are linked. They do not
necessarily reflect the experience of being in the program.

Work-Related Values and Their Relationship to

Postsecondary Programs and Work Groups
Work-Related Values Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes
Ability Utilization— Broadcasting Technology; Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Making use of your Fashion Design; Interior Dentistry, 14.03
individual abilities Design; Medical Laboratory Managerial Work in Education and
Technology; Multimedia Social Service, 12.01
Design and Production; Mathematics and
Nuclear Medicine Computers, 02.06
Technology; Photography; Media Technology, 01.08
Pilot Training Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Visual Arts, 01.04

66
____________________________________________________ Your Work-Related Values
Work-Related Values
Achievement—Getting
a feeling of
accomplishment
Activity—Being busy
all the time
Authority—Giving
directions and instructions
to others
Programs
Emergency Medical Services;
Fashion Design; Fire Science/
Firefighting; Interior Design;
Opticianry; Photography;
Practical Nursing
(L.P.N. Training); Respiratory
Therapy Technology
Construction Technology
Business Management;
Corrections; Farm and Ranch
Management; Food Service
Management; Hotel/Motel
and Restaurant Management;
Marine Transportation
Operations; Ornamental
Horticulture; Personal Trainer;
Property Management
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Dentistry, 14.03
Educational Services, 12.03
Health Specialties, 14.04
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service 12.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement,
and Public Safety, 04.01
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Social Services, 12.02
Visual Arts, 01.04
Managerial Work in Education
and Social Service, 12.01
Educational Services, 12.03
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
Managerial Work in Business
Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement, and Public
Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in Plants and
Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in Recreation,
Travel, and Other Personal Services,
11.01
Managerial Work in Sales and
Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
(continues)
67
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
Work-Related Values Programs
Autonomy—Planning Business Management;
your work with Farm and Ranch
little supervision Management; Fashion
Merchandising; Food
Service Management;
Hotel/Motel and
Restaurant Management;
Marine Transportation
Operations; Multimedia
Design and Production;
Ornamental Horticulture;
Property Management
Company Policies and Paralegal Services; Pilot
Practices—Being Training
treated fairly by
the company
Compensation—Being Computer Programming;
paid well in Marketing; Pilot Training
comparison with
other workers
Coworkers—Having Corrections; Dietetic
coworkers who are Technology; Flight Attendant
easy to get along Training; Pharmacy Tech-
with nology; Practical Nursing
(L.P.N. Training); Respiratory
Therapy Technology; Teacher
Aide Training
68
Work Groups, GOE Codes
General Management
Work and Management
of Support Functions, 13.01
Law, 04.02
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in
Industrial Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Managerial Work in
Sales and Marketing, 10.01
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Mathematics and
Computers, 02.06
Sales Technology, 10.02
Social Services, 12.02
Managerial Work in
Transportation, 07.01
Truck Driving, 07.05
Medical Therapy, 14.06
____________________________________________________ Your Work-Related Values
Work-Related Values Programs
Creativity—Getting Fashion Design;
chances to try out Interior Design;
your own ideas Marketing; Multimedia
Design and Production;
Personal Trainer;
Photography
Good Working Accounting Technician;
Conditions—Having Architectural Technology;
good working Business Management;
conditions Casino Gaming Training;
Drafting; Library Tech-
nology; Marketing; Pharmacy
Technology; Travel
Services Marketing
Operations
Independence—Doing Cabinetmaking;
your work alone Chemical Engineering
Technology; Computer
Programming; Dental
Laboratory Technology;
Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Graphic Design, Commercial
Art, and Illustration; Office
Technology; Optical Labora-
tory Technology; Watch-
making and Jewelrymaking
Moral Values—Never Aircraft Mechanic Technology;
being pressured to Architectural Technology;
do things that go Automotive Body Repair;
against your sense Automotive Technology;
of right and wrong Avionics Technology;
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Visual Arts, 01.04
Bookkeeping, Auditing, and
Accounting, 09.03
Customer Service, 09.05
Educational Services, 12.03
General Management Work and
Management of Support
Functions, 13.01
General Sales, 10.03
Management Support, 13.02
Managerial Work in
Business Detail, 09.01
Managerial Work in
Sales and Marketing, 10.01
Mathematics and Computers,
02.06
Records Processing, 09.07
Clerical Machine
Operation, 09.09
Craft Arts, 01.06
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Truck Driving, 07.05
Animal Care and Training, 03.02
Clerical Machine Operation, 09.09
Construction, 06.02
Craft Arts, 01.06
Electrical and Electronic
(continues)
69
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________
(continued)
Work-Related Values Programs
Bartending; Brewing;
Cabinetmaking; Carpentry;
Casino Slot Technician
Training; Chemical
Engineering Technology;
Civil (Engineering) Tech-
nology; Clinical Lab
Technician; Computer
Maintenance; Computer
Programming; Construction
Equipment Operation;
Culinary Arts; Dental Lab-
oratory Technology; Diesel
Technology; Drafting;
Electrical Engineering
Technology; Electrician
Training; Electromechanical
Engineering Technology;
Graphic and Printing
Equipment Operations;
Graphic Design, Commercial
Art, and Illustration; Health
Information Systems
Technology; Heating,
Ventilation, A/C Technology;
Home Appliance Repair;
Investigative Services; Library
Technology; Machinist
Training; Masonry; Mech-
anical Engineering
Technology; Medical
Assistant Training; Network
and Telecommunications
Technology; Office Tech-
nology; Optical Laboratory
Technology; Pet Grooming;
Plumbing and Pipefitting;
Radiologic Technology;
Surgical Technology;
Surveying Technology; Tool
70
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Systems, 05.02
Engineering Technology, 02.08
Food and Beverage Services, 11.05
Graphic Arts, 01.07
Hands-on Work in
Construction, Extraction, and
Maintenance, 06.04
Hands-on Work: Loading, Moving,
Hoisting, and Conveying, 08.07
Laboratory Technology, 02.05
Mechanical Work, 05.03
Medical Technology, 14.05
Metal and Plastics
Machining Technology, 08.04
Mining and Drilling, 06.03
Modeling and Personal
Appearance, 01.09
Other Personal Services, 11.08
Other Services Requiring Driving,
07.07
Production Technology, 08.02
Production Work, 08.03
Records Processing, 09.07
Recreational Services, 11.02
Support Work, 07.08
Systems Operation, 08.06
Vehicle Expediting and
Coordinating, 07.02
Water Vehicle Operation, 07.04
Woodworking Technology, 08.05
____________________________________________________ Your Work-Related Values
Work-Related Values Programs
and Die Maker Training;
Veterinary Technology;
Water/Wastewater
Treatment Technology;
Welding Technology;
Winemaking
Recognition— [No program is rated
Receiving high on this value.]
recognition for the
work you do
Responsibility— Construction Inspection;
Making decisions on Farm and Ranch Manage-
your own ment; Marine Transportation
Operations; Ornamental
Horticulture; Personal
Trainer; Property Manage-
ment; Real Estate
Security—Having Corrections; Fire
steady employment Science/Firefighting;
Food Service Management;
Funeral Services and
Mortuary Science; Law
Enforcement; Occupational
Therapy Assisting; Physical
Therapist Assisting;
Surgical Technology
Social Service— Bartending; Cardiovascular
Having work where Technology; Cosmetology/
you do things to Barbering; Dental Assisting;
improve other Dental Hygiene; Dietetic
people’s lives Technology; Early Childhood
Education; Electrocardiograph
Technology; Emergency
Medical Services; Flight
Attendant Training; Home
Work Groups, GOE Codes
Air Vehicle Operation, 07.03
Health Specialties, 14.04
Managerial Work in Arts,
Entertainment, and Media, 01.01
Managerial Work in Construction,
Mining, and Drilling, 06.01
Managerial Work in Industrial
Production, 08.01
Managerial Work in Law,
Law Enforcement,
and Public Safety, 04.01
Managerial Work in
Plants and Animals, 03.01
Law, 04.02
Law Enforcement, 04.03
Public Safety, 04.04
Barber and Beauty Services, 11.04
Dentistry, 14.03
Health Protection and Promotion,
14.08
Health Specialties, 14.04
Medical Therapy, 14.06
Medicine and Surgery, 14.02
Patient Care and Assistance, 14.07
Social Services, 12.02
(continues)
71
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

(continued)

Work-Related Values Programs Work Groups, GOE Codes

Health Aide Training; Human Transportation and Lodging
Services; Nurse Aide/Assistant Services, 11.03
Training; Occupational
Therapy Assisting; Opticianry;
Physical Therapist Assisting;
Practical Nursing (L.P.N.
Training); Respiratory
Therapy Technology;
Occupational Therapy
Assisting; Surgical Technology;
Teacher Aide Training
Social Status—Being Fire Science/Firefighting; [No GOE group is
looked up to by Opticianry rated high on this value.]
others in your
company and your
community
Supervision, Human Law Enforcement; Truck, Rail Vehicle Operation, 07.06
Relations—Having Bus, and Other Commercial
supervisors who back Vehicle Driving
you up with
management
Supervision, Flight Attendant Training [No GOE group is rated high
Technical—Having on this value.]
supervisors who
train you well

72
_________________________________________________________________ The Hot List

Write down the names of the programs and work groups that most closely corre-
spond to the three values you listed at the beginning of this section.

Programs That Relate to My Values

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

The Hot List

Now that you’ve done the four exercises in this part of the book, it’s time for you
to assemble a Hot List of programs and careers that deserve active consideration in
Part II.
At the end of each of the four exercises—interests, skills, high school courses, and
work-related values—you made a list of the programs and work groups that were
most strongly suggested by each exercise. Look these over now and decide which of
the following statements best characterizes what you see:

73
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

● Certain programs and work groups appear in all four, or three of the
four, outputs of the exercises. If this is what you find, congratulations!
These programs obviously correspond well to your personality, and you
should write them on your Hot List at the end of this section.
● Certain programs and work groups appear in two outputs of the exer-
cises, but none appear in three or four. This is still a meaningful finding;
these programs probably belong on your Hot List below. If a large number
of programs fit this description, you might ask yourself whether you feel
more confident about one kind of exercise than another. For example, do
you feel you have a clearer notion of your interests and high school courses
than of your skills and values? In that case, you might want to give greater
weight to the programs that are shared by the outputs of the exercises
relating to interests and high school courses.
● There’s no pattern at all—no programs or work groups appear in more
than one output of the exercises. In this case, you need to decide which
exercise you trust the most. Different people have different styles of think-
ing about themselves, and some have a much keener awareness of (for
example) their interests than their values. Or perhaps the terms used in one
exercise seem easier to understand than the terms in the others. Go with the
results of the exercise that you feel most confident about and write those
programs on your Hot List.
● One of the preceding three statements applies to me, but the problem
is that I get a very large number of programs for my Hot List. Here’s
where the work groups can help you. Find the work group that appears
most often in the results of the exercises for skills, high school courses, and
values. Then go back to the interest exercise and see which programs are
linked to that work group. These are strong candidates for your Hot List.

Note No skills or values data is available for the following programs:

● Auctioneering
● Chemical Engineering Technology
● Court Reporting
● Electroencephalograph Technology

74
_________________________________________________________________ The Hot List

● Instrumentation Technology
● Massage Therapy
● Medical Transcription
● Taxidermy
● Veterinary Technology
That means that if any of these was suggested by the exercises for interests
and high school courses (especially if it was suggested by both), it is also a
candidate for your Hot List.

After you have filled in your Hot List below and you start investigating these pro-
grams in Part II, you can also use the Hot List as an informal way of recording your
impressions:
● If a program appeals to you when you read about it, put a star next to the
name on the Hot List. The stars can serve to remind you which programs
are the hottest of the hot!
● One of the important facts you’ll read about the program is what jobs it is
linked to. When you see a job that looks interesting to you, write its name
next to the name of the program on the Hot List. Later, you can use other
resources to investigate these jobs in greater detail.

75
 Part I: What Programs and Careers Might Suit You? _______________________________

My Hot List
_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

76
 Part II

Facts About
Training
Programs
and Careers
I n this section, you can get the facts about 104 postsecondary training
programs and the careers related to them. You may learn new things
about training that you thought you were knowledgeable about. You
may also encounter programs that you have never heard of before or that
you don’t know much about.
The Hot List you created in Part I can help you choose programs to
explore here. But even if you just browse at random, the facts are orga-
nized in a way that makes it easy for you to get an understanding of the
program and related careers.
Here are the kinds of information you’ll find for each training program:
● Program/Training Duration and Location: How long this training
takes and the type of place where you might get the training
● Career Snapshot: What the training program is and what careers
are related to it
● Related Specialties and Careers: Common areas of concentration
● Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements, Projected Growth,
and Earnings: Specific facts about the jobs from the U.S.
Department of Labor
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

● Typical Postsecondary Courses: Courses often required for this

program (varies by institution)
● Some Suggested High School Courses: High school coursework
that is considered good preparation
● Essential Knowledge and Skills: Skills that are most important for
the careers related to this training program
● Values/Work Environment: The rewards of being in the related
jobs; also, the typical work setting and physical demands
● Other Information Sources: Where to look in other reference
materials for additional facts

78
_______________________________________________________ Accounting Technician

Accounting Technician
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Accounting technicians and bookkeepers record the transactions of an organization
and maintain its financial records. Under the supervision of accountants, they pro-
vide information about the fiscal condition and trends of the organization and fig-
ures for tax forms and financial reports. They advise senior accountants and
management, and therefore, they need good communications skills. The job out-
look is considered generally good for those who can work with computers rather
than do only routine tasks.
Related Specialties and Careers
Accounts payable/receivable, auditing, banking, bookkeeping, computerized
accounting systems, payroll.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Billing and Posting Clerks Moderate-term Little or none $25,350
and Machine Operators on-the-job training
(O*NET code 43-3021.00)
Billing, Cost, and Rate Clerks Short-term Little or none $25,350
(O*NET code 43-3021.02) on-the-job training
Billing, Posting, and Short-term Little or none $25,350
Calculating Machine on-the-job training
Operators (O*NET code
43-3021.03)
Bookkeeping, Accounting, Moderate-term Little or none $26,540
and Auditing Clerks on-the-job training
(O*NET code 43-3031.00)
Brokerage Clerks (O*NET Moderate-term Declining $32,470
code 43-4011.00) on-the-job training
(continues)

79
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

(continued)

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Gaming Cage Workers Moderate-term Faster than $21,540
(O*NET code 43-3041.00) on-the-job training average
Payroll and Timekeeping Short-term Little or none $28,250
Clerks (O*NET code on-the-job training
43-3051.00)
Statement Clerks (O*NET Short-term Little or none $25,350
code 43-3021.01) on-the-job training
Statistical Assistants Moderate-term Little or none $28,990
(O*NET code 43-9111.00) on-the-job training
Tax Preparers (O*NET code Moderate-term Average $27,680
13-2082.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business finance; business information processing; business reports and communi-
cation; college algebra; computer spreadsheet; co-op work experience; English
composition; financial accounting; introduction to accounting; introduction to
business; introduction to economics; legal environment of business; managerial
accounting; oral communication; taxation of corporations, partnerships, and
estates; taxation of individuals.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; keyboarding;
office computer applications. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Business
and Administration; Finance and Insurance.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Clerical; economics and accounting; mathematics. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; spend time sitting; good working conditions.

80
_______________________________________________________ Accounting Technician

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 520302 Accounting Technology/Technician and
Bookkeeping
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.06 Mathematics and Computers; 09.03 Bookkeeping, Auditing,
and Accounting; 09.05 Customer Service; 09.09 Clerical Machine Operation

81
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Aircraft Mechanic Technology

Program/Training Duration: A year or more
Location: Vocational classroom and workplace

Career Snapshot
The nation’s fleet of airplanes depends on aircraft mechanics to perform scheduled
maintenance, conduct regular safety inspections, and make repairs as needed. These
mechanics are trained at trade schools approved by the Federal Aviation Adminis-
tration (FAA) and are certified by passing an FAA exam. Some begin their training
in the military, but the work there tends to be too specialized to teach all the neces-
sary skills. Aircraft mechanics often need to take classes throughout their careers to
keep abreast of changing technologies. Airlines generally prefer mechanics who are
certified for both airframe and powerplant work (A&P), although some mechanics
specialize in one or the other. The job outlook looks good, although competition
will be keen for the best-paying jobs with large airlines.
Related Specialties and Careers
Airframe, powerplant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Aircraft Body and Bonded Postsecondary Average $41,990
Structure Repairers vocational training
(O*NET code 49-3011.03)
Aircraft Engine Specialists Postsecondary Average $41,990
(O*NET code 49-3011.02) vocational training
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Postsecondary Average $41,990
Technicians (O*NET code vocational training
49-3011.00)
Aircraft Rigging Assemblers Long-term Average $37,190
(O*NET code 51-2011.03) on-the-job training
Aircraft Structure Assemblers, Long-term Average $37,190
Precision (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2011.01)

82
_________________________________________________ Aircraft Mechanic Technology

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Long-term Average $37,190
Rigging, and Systems on-the-job training
Assemblers (O*NET code
51-2011.00)
Aircraft Systems Assemblers, Long-term Average $37,190
Precision (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2011.02)
Airframe-and-Power-Plant Postsecondary Average $41,990
Mechanics (O*NET code vocational training
49-3011.01)
Avionics Technicians (O*NET Postsecondary Average $41,450
code 49-2091.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Aircraft basic science; aircraft hydraulic, pneumatic, and fuel systems; aircraft mate-
rials and processes; aircraft powerplant inspection; aircraft powerplant mainte-
nance; aircraft powerplant theory; aircraft structural materials; airframe electrical
systems; airframe inspection; airframe maintenance; blueprint reading; propellers;
technical writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Geometry; industrial arts; metal shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of
Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; equipment maintenance; installation;
mechanical devices; repairing. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous
equipment; moral values; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470608 Aircraft Powerplant Technology/Technician; 470607
Airframe Mechanics and Aircraft Maintenance Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 05.03 Mechanical
Work; 08.02 Production Technology

83
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Architectural Technology
Program/Training Duration: One to two years
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Architectural drafters prepare technical drawings and plans that architects use to
present their designs to clients and government agencies and that builders follow
during construction. Employment opportunities are best for those who have been
trained at a community college or vocational school. Some schools offer much bet-
ter preparation than others, so you should be careful when you select where to
study. Skill with computer-aided drafting (CAD) has become essential.
Related Specialties and Careers
Commercial buildings, computer-aided drafting (CAD), residential buildings.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Architectural and Civil Postsecondary Faster than $37,010
Drafters (O*NET code vocational training average
17-3011.00)
Architectural Drafters Associate degree Faster than $37,010
(O*NET code 17-3011.01) average
Civil Drafters (O*NET code Postsecondary Faster than $37,010
17-3011.02) vocational training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Architectural computer graphics; architectural construction documents; architec-
tural design; architectural drafting; architectural graphics; building materials and
systems; building structural analysis; codes, permits, and government regulations;
geometry and trigonometry; history of architecture; introduction to architecture.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; geometry; mechanical drawing; physics/
principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Architecture
and Construction.

84
_____________________________________________________ Architectural Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; mathematics. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time sitting; good
working conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 040901 Architectural Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

85
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Auctioneering
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to a year or more
Location: Vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Many different kinds of goods, from artwork to automobiles, are sold at auctions.
Auctioneers generate interest in the merchandise, partly by describing the item and
partly by using a singsong patter as they take bids. Often they need to appraise the
value of an item before bidding begins. This means that they have to be knowledge-
able about the kind of merchandise and have to develop an effective calling style.
Some of them learn on the job by working for an auction firm, but many complete
a course at a specialized auctioneering school. Licensure is required in many states.
Auctioneering offers opportunities for self-employment. Travel is often required, and
physical stamina may be needed for the work.
Related Specialties and Careers
Antiques and furniture, appraising, auction management, automobiles, estates and
bankruptcies, farm equipment and livestock, real estate.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Sales and Related Workers, No data available Faster than No salary
All Other (O*NET code average data available
41-9099.99)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advertising and managing auctions; auction industry legalities; auctions of antiques
and furniture; auto auctions; bid calling and voice control; business liquidations;
clerking and cashiering; estate and bankruptcy auctions; farm equipment and live-
stock auctions; getting started in auctioneering; real estate auctions.
Suggested High School Courses
Business/applied math; distributive education; office computer applications; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and
Service.

86
_______________________________________________________________ Auctioneering

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 521901 Auctioneering
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 10.02 Sales Technology

87
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Automotive Body Repair

Program/Training Duration: A year or more
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Although cars don’t rust as easily as they once did, they continue to get into acci-
dents and need to have their bodies repaired. Automotive body repairers straighten
bent frames and fenders, smooth out dents, replace glass and parts that are dam-
aged beyond repair, and repaint and refinish the exterior. They also need to make
careful examinations and measurements of damaged vehicles to plan the method of
repair and estimate the costs. In large shops, they may specialize in one aspect of
the business, such as estimating, painting, or realigning unibody structures. As
more sophisticated body materials come on the market, the best job prospects will
be for those with formal training.
Related Specialties and Careers
Estimating, frame realignment, glass, painting, welding.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Automotive Body and Long-term Average $32,490
Related Repairers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 49-3021.00)
Automotive Glass Installers Long-term Average $27,160
and Repairers (O*NET code on-the-job training
49-3022.00)
Painters, Transportation Moderate-term Average $32,330
Equipment (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-9122.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Auto body repair estimating; auto body repair materials; basic welding; body shop
operations; glass and trim repair; painting and refinishing; structural damage and
repair; workplace communications; workplace math.

88
______________________________________________________ Automotive Body Repair

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; auto shop; business/applied math; mechanical drawing;
metal shop. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Mechanical devices; repairing. Values/Work Environment: Moral values; spend time
standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470603 Autobody/Collision and Repair Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work

89
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Automotive Technology
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Cars are staying on the road longer and therefore need more service. They are also
getting more technologically sophisticated each year, with complex computerized
controls and anti-pollution systems. Weekend driveway tinkerers are increasingly
handing over service jobs to trained professionals. For all these reasons, the job out-
look for automotive mechanics and service technicians appears very good, provided
they are willing to get the formal training required to learn and keep up with the
latest technologies.
Related Specialties and Careers
Brakes, engine systems, exhaust systems, front end, transmissions.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Automotive Master Mechanics Postsecondary Average $29,510
(O*NET code 49-3023.01) vocational training
Automotive Service Postsecondary Average $29,510
Technicians and Mechanics vocational training
(O*NET code 49-3023.00)
Automotive Specialty Postsecondary Average $29,510
Technicians (O*NET vocational training
code 49-3023.02)
Electrical and Electronics Postsecondary Average $37,910
Installers and Repairers, vocational training
Transportation Equipment
(O*NET code 49-2093.00)
Electronic Equipment Postsecondary Average $25,250
Installers and Repairers, vocational training
Motor Vehicles (O*NET
code 49-2096.00)

90
______________________________________________________ Automotive Technology

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced engine performance; automotive electrical systems; automotive electron-
ics; automotive heating and air conditioning systems; basic engine diagnosis and
tune-up; brake systems; electronic tune-up and emissions control; fundamentals of
automotive service; physical principles of heating and refrigeration; power train
overhaul and rebuilding; suspension, steering, and alignment; transaxles and drive
systems; workplace communications; workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; auto shop; business/applied math; computer science;
electronics shop. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation, Distribu-
tion, and Logistics.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Computers and electronics; engineering and technology; installation; mechanical
devices; repairing; troubleshooting. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmen-
tally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470604 Automobile/Automotive Mechanics Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 05.03 Mechanical
Work

91
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Avionics Technology
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Each new generation of airplanes contains more electronic equipment than ever
before for communications, flight control, control of internal systems, measure-
ment of weather conditions, and navigation. The Federal Aviation Administration
(FAA) requires periodic checkups of this equipment, and avionics technicians do
the job, working mostly at airports near large cities. Some work at aircraft assembly
plants. Although it is possible to acquire job skills and qualify for the FAA certify-
ing exam through work experience, most avionics technicians complete a course at
an FAA-certified trade school and then take the certifying exam. Training in the
Armed Forces is usually too specialized to provide all the knowledge and skills
required for the exam. FAA certification standards require technicians to take
courses throughout their careers so their skills remain current.
Related Specialties and Careers
Communications systems, instrumentation systems, microprocessors, navigation
systems, radar systems.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Aircraft Rigging Assemblers Long-term Average $37,190
(O*NET code 51-2011.03) on-the-job training
Aircraft Structure Assemblers, Long-term Average $37,190
Precision (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2011.01)
Aircraft Structure, Surfaces, Long-term Average $37,190
Rigging, and Systems on-the-job training
Assemblers (O*NET code
51-2011.00)

92
_________________________________________________________ Avionics Technology

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Aircraft Systems Assemblers, Long-term Average $37,190
Precision (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2011.02)
Avionics Technicians Postsecondary Average $41,450
(O*NET code 49-2091.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Aircraft instrumentation; college algebra; digital systems; direct and alternating cur-
rent; introduction to communications systems; introduction to electronics; intro-
duction to physics; linear circuit analysis; pulse components and circuit applications;
radio-frequency communication.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; electronics shop; physics/
principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Scientific Research/Engineering; Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Computers and electronics; engineering and technology; equipment maintenance;
repairing; troubleshooting. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous condi-
tions; moral values; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470609 Avionics Maintenance Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 08.02 Production
Technology

93
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Bartending
Program/Training Duration: One month or less
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Bartenders prepare mostly standard mixed drinks, and they must know a wide vari-
ety of recipes and be able to prepare drinks quickly, accurately, and neatly. Since
customers come to bars largely for the friendly atmosphere, bartenders also need
good social skills. They usually need to set up and clean up the glasses and equip-
ment used in the bar. They take payments and use the cash register. Sometimes
they also serve food. They may learn their skills by working as a bartender’s helper
or by attending a vocational or specialized bartender’s school. There is frequent
turnover in this occupation, so there are usually many job opportunities, although
competition may be keen for jobs where tips are greatest. About half of bartenders
work full time. Working conditions vary and may include loud music or cigarette
smoke.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bar management, mixology.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Bartenders (O*NET code Short-term Average $14,610
35-3011.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Bar cleaning and sanitation; bar equipment and setup; bar industry legalities; bar
restocking and maintenance; handling money; interviewing techniques; personal
presentation and etiquette; preparation of mixed drinks.
Suggested High School Courses
Business/applied math; distributive education; office computer applications; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Hospitality and Tourism.

94
__________________________________________________________________ Bartending

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; law and government; sales and marketing; service
orientation. Values/Work Environment: Moral values; social service; spend time
standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 120502 Bartending/Bartender
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.05 Food and Beverage Services

95
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Brewing
Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: College/vocational classroom and workplace

Career Snapshot
The boom in microbreweries has created many job openings in brewing, although
it is still a small industry compared to bread baking or soft drink production. Train-
ing courses are available at a few specialized technical schools. Prior coursework
in math, biology, and chemistry is useful, and work experience in a brewery is an
important part of the learning process.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bottling and packaging, distribution, fermentation, malting, quality control, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Food and Tobacco Roasting, Short-term Declining $23,210
Baking, and Drying Machine on-the-job training
Operators and Tenders
(O*NET code 51-3091.00)
Food Batchmakers (O*NET Short-term Little or none $21,690
code 51-3092.00) on-the-job training
Food Cooking Machine Short-term Little or none $21,420
Operators and Tenders on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-3093.00)
Mixing and Blending Machine Moderate-term Little or none $26,860
Setters, Operators, and Tenders on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-9023.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Brewery product packaging; brewery sanitation and cleaning; brewhouse processes;
college algebra; conditioning and filtration; general biology; microbiology; quality
control; raw materials for brewing; yeast management.

96
____________________________________________________________________ Brewing

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; biology; chemistry; computer science; geometry; pre-calculus; trigonom-
etry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/Natural Resources;
Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Operation and control; production and processing. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time making repetitive
motions; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010401 Agricultural and Food Products Processing
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.03 Production Work; 12.03 Educational Services

97
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Broadcasting Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
The broadcast media surround us throughout the day, and a wide range of techni-
cians and specialists are required to make the sights and sounds appealing. Some of
them specialize more in the technical aspects of recording and transmitting sound
and video. Others focus more on the artistic aspects of production, although they
also need to understand the technical factors that contribute to the quality of the
output. Job openings are expected to be highest in small towns and in the cable
industry.
Related Specialties and Careers
Radio operation, radio production, recording engineering, sound mixing, TV and
video production, video operation.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Broadcast Technicians Postsecondary Average $27,750
(O*NET code 27-4012.00) vocational training
Camera Operators, Television, Moderate-term Faster than average $28,980
Video, and Motion Picture on-the-job training
(O*NET code 27-4031.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Broadcast journalism; broadcast law and ethics; broadcast writing; introduction to
broadcasting; introduction to electronics; radio production; television production.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; business/applied math; computer science;
electronics shop; photography; physics/principles of technology; public speaking.
Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Arts, A/V Technology, and
Communication.

98
_____________________________________________________ Broadcasting Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Communications and media; instructing; physics; reading comprehension; tele-
communications. Values/Work Environment: Ability utilization; indoors, environ-
mentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 100202 Radio and Television Broadcasting Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.08 Media Technology

99
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Business Management
Program/Training Duration: At least two years
Location: College classroom
Career Snapshot
Students of business management learn about the basic principles of economics,
the legal and social environment in which business operates, and quantitative
methods for measuring and projecting business activity. The major covers a
number of specialized business functions, including accounting, marketing, human
resources, operations, and finance. Later, you may want to complete a bachelor’s
program (and even a master’s) in one of these specializations. Job opportunities
vary, depending on specialization, and employment is often sensitive to economic
ups and downs.
Related Specialties and Careers
International business, management, marketing, operations.
Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,
Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Administrative Services Work experience Average $49,810
Managers (O*NET code plus degree
11-3011.00)
Chief Executives (O*NET Work experience Average $120,450
code 11-1011.00) plus degree
General and Operations Work experience Average $65,010
Managers (O*NET code plus degree
11-1021.00)
Government Service Executives Work experience Average $120,450
(O*NET code 11-1011.01) plus degree
Management Analysts Work experience Faster than $57,970
(O*NET code 13-1111.00) plus degree average
Managers, All Other (O*NET No data available Little or none No salary
code 11-9199.99) data available
Private Sector Executives Work experience Average $120,450
(O*NET code 11-1011.02) plus degree
Sales Managers (O*NET code Work experience Faster than $71,620
11-2022.00) plus degree average

100
_______________________________________________________ Business Management

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Storage and Distribution Work experience Average $57,240
Managers (O*NET code in a related
11-3071.02) occupation
Transportation Managers Work experience in Average $57,240
(O*NET code 11-3071.01) a related occupation
Transportation, Storage, and Work experience Average $57,240
Distribution Managers in a related
(O*NET code 11-3071.00) occupation

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business finance; business information processing; business math; business reports
and communication; college algebra; computer spreadsheet; co-op work experi-
ence; financial accounting; human resource management; introduction to account-
ing; introduction to business management; introduction to economics; introduction
to marketing; introduction to psychology; legal environment of business; managerial
accounting; operations management; oral communication; organizational behavior;
principles of management and organization; statistics for business and social sciences;
strategic management.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; computer science;
keyboarding; office computer applications; public speaking. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Business and Administration; Government and Public
Administration.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; coordination; judgment and decision making;
mathematics; personnel and human resources. Values/Work Environment: Authority;
autonomy; indoors, environmentally controlled; good working conditions.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 520201 Business Administration and Management, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and
Drilling; 07.01 Managerial Work in Transportation; 08.01 Managerial Work in Industrial Production; 09.01
Managerial Work in Business Detail; 10.01 Managerial Work in Sales and Marketing; 12.01 Managerial Work in
Education and Social Service; 12.03 Educational Services; 13.01 General Management Work and Management of
Support Functions; 13.02 Management Support

101
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Cabinetmaking
Program/Training Duration:One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Woodworkers are employed by manufacturers of cabinets and furniture and by
companies that install and repair cabinets and other wooden components and trim
in residences and businesses. Some are self-employed. They work not only with
wood, but also with finishes, laminates, and various materials used for countertops.
Most learn on the job, which may take two years or more. Some certification pro-
grams are available at community colleges and trade schools. In production, job
opportunities will be best for those who are trained in computer-assisted design and
manufacture (CAD/CAM); in installation, for those who specialize in moldings,
cabinets, stairs, and windows. Jobs in this field are sensitive to the ups and downs
of the economy.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cabinets, detailing, furniture, installation, millwork, shaper operation, windows.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Cabinetmakers and Bench Long-term Average $23,500
Carpenters (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-7011.00)
Model Makers, Wood Long-term Average $24,990
(O*NET code 51-7031.00) on-the-job training
Patternmakers, Wood Long-term Average $28,690
(O*NET code 51-7032.00) on-the-job training
Sawing Machine Operators and Moderate-term Average $21,740
Tenders (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-7041.02)
Sawing Machine Setters and Moderate-term Average $21,740
Set-Up Operators (O*NET on-the-job training
code 51-7041.01)
Sawing Machine Setters, Moderate-term Average $21,740
Operators, and Tenders, Wood on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-7041.00)

102
______________________________________________________________ Cabinetmaking

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Woodworking Machine Moderate-term Little or none $21,600
Operators and Tenders, Except on-the-job training
Sawing (O*NET code
51-7042.02)
Woodworking Machine Setters Moderate-term Little or none $21,600
and Set-Up Operators, Except on-the-job training
Sawing (O*NET code
51-7042.01)
Woodworking Machine Setters, Moderate-term Little or none $21,600
Operators, and Tenders, Except on-the-job training
Sawing (O*NET code
51-7042.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; cabinet and furniture construction; cabinet design and layout;
cabinet finishing and installation; computer-aided design/manufacturing (CAD/
CAM); computers for the vocational trades; door, drawer, and hardware installa-
tion; machining and milling wood; plastic laminates and wood veneers; power
equipment; shop safety; wood joints; wood materials; workplace communications;
workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; industrial arts; mechanical draw-
ing; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Architecture and Construction; Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Building and construction; operation and control. Values/Work Environment:
Exposed to hazardous equipment; independence; indoors, environmentally con-
trolled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 480703 Cabinetmaking and Millwork/Millwright
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.02 Production Technology; 08.03 Production Work;
08.05 Woodworking Technology

103
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Cardiovascular Technology
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Cardiovascular technologists help physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of
patients with disease of the heart or blood vessels. They work in catheterization labs
and in cardiovascular diagnostic labs. Their tests may be invasive (using cardiac
catheterization) or noninvasive (using ultrasound, exercise, and electrocardiographic
testing). Some specialists also help physicians with repair procedures such as coronary
angioplasty, stent implantation, and pacemaker insertion. They also provide extensive
personal care to patients before, during, and after a cardiovascular procedure. The
educational program takes two years, although people with experience in related
allied health care may need only one year. Demand for new workers is expected to
increase as the population ages.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cardiac catheterization lab support, cardiovascular invasive specialist, monitor
(telemetry) technician, pacemaker technician.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Cardiovascular Technologists Associate degree Faster than average $35,010
and Technicians (O*NET code
29-2031.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Cardiovascular anatomy and physiology; cardiovascular clinical practicum; cardio-
vascular pharmacology; computer applications in health care; critical care applica-
tions; echocardiography; English composition; human anatomy and physiology;
introduction to cardiovascular technology; introduction to electrocardiography;
introduction to psychology; invasive cardiology; noninvasive cardiology; performing
electrocardiography; technical mathematics.

104
___________________________________________________ Cardiovascular Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; electronics
shop; physics/principles of technology; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; computers and electronics; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehen-
sion. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510901 Cardiovascular Technology/Technologist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

105
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Carpentry
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Carpenters work not only at building sites, but also to make wooden frames in
various manufacturing and mining sites. More than one-fourth of them are self-
employed. Most learn informally on the job, but apprenticeships and vocational
training programs are also available. The job outlook is expected to be excellent,
especially for those who are not overly specialized and can do a variety of tasks for a
subcontractor. Job openings in this field tend to be sensitive to economic ups and
downs.
Related Specialties and Careers
Brattice building, commercial construction, construction estimating, finish work,
residential construction, rough work.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Boat Builders and Shipwrights Long-term Little or none $33,470
(O*NET code 47-2031.05) on-the-job training
Brattice Builders (O*NET code Moderate-term Little or none $33,470
47-2031.06) on-the-job training
Carpenter Assemblers and Moderate-term Little or none $33,470
Repairers (O*NET code on-the-job training
47-2031.03)
Carpenters (O*NET code Long-term Little or none $33,470
47-2031.00) on-the-job training
Construction Carpenters Long-term Little or none $33,470
(O*NET code 47-2031.01) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— in a related
Construction Trades Workers occupation
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)

106
___________________________________________________________________ Carpentry

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience Average $46,570
of Construction Trades and in a related occupation
Extraction Workers (O*NET
code 47-1011.00)
Helpers—Carpenters (O*NET Short-term Little or none $21,200
code 47-3012.00) on-the-job training
Rough Carpenters (O*NET Moderate-term Little or none $33,470
code 47-2031.02) on-the-job training
Ship Carpenters and Joiners Moderate-term Little or none $33,470
(O*NET code 47-2031.04) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic welding; blueprint reading; carpentry procedures; exterior finish; hand tools;
interior finish; introduction to carpentry; power tools; workplace communications;
workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; industrial arts; mechanical draw-
ing; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Architecture and Construction.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Building and construction; installation. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to haz-
ardous equipment; moral values; outdoors, exposed to weather; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460201 Carpentry/Carpenter
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and
Drilling; 06.02 Construction; 06.04 Hands-on Work in Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance

107
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Casino Gaming Training

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
The gaming industry continues to boom and create jobs for people who deal cards,
run roulette wheels, and run other kinds of casino games. The job often involves
evening and weekend work, and it requires integrity with money and a friendly per-
sonality. Competition for jobs often is intense. Large casinos and specialized casino
trade schools offer training programs that consist mostly of simulations of actual
casino games and settings.
Related Specialties and Careers
Card games, craps, keno, roulette.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Gaming and Sports Book Postsecondary Faster than average $18,240
Writers and Runners (O*NET vocational training
code 39-3012.00)
Gaming Dealers (O*NET code Postsecondary Faster than average $13,680
39-3011.00) vocational training
Gaming Supervisors (O*NET Postsecondary Average $39,240
code 39-1011.00) vocational training
Slot Key Persons (O*NET Short-term Faster than average $22,510
code 39-1012.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Baccarat; blackjack; introduction to casino games; legal environment of casino
operations; poker; roulette.
Suggested High School Courses
Business/applied math; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Hospitality and Tourism.

108
______________________________________________________ Casino Gaming Training

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; mathematics; monitoring. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; good working conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 319999 Parks, Recreation, Leisure, and Fitness Studies, Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.02 Recreational Services

109
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Casino Slot Technician Training

Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: Workplace, perhaps following vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
The rapid growth of the casino industry has created a growing demand for slot
technicians to maintain and repair the ever-popular “one-armed bandits.” Most of
the skills acquired in this job can also be applied to a job repairing coin-operated
vending machines. A good route to preparation is to get general training in elec-
tronics at a technical college or trade school, followed by on-the-job training at a
large casino or slot machine sales and service company.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bench repair, on-site service.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Battery Repairers (O*NET Moderate-term Little or none $31,010
code 49-2092.03) on-the-job training
Electric Home Appliance and Long-term Little or none $31,010
Power Tool Repairers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 49-2092.01)
Electric Motor and Switch Long-term Little or none $31,010
Assemblers and Repairers on-the-job training
(O*NET code 49-2092.02)
Electric Motor, Power Tool, Long-term Little or none $31,010
and Related Repairers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 49-2092.00)
Electrical Parts Reconditioners Moderate-term Little or none $31,010
(O*NET code 49-2092.05) on-the-job training
Hand and Portable Power Tool Moderate-term Little or none $31,010
Repairers (O*NET code on-the-job training
49-2092.06)
Transformer Repairers Long-term Little or none $31,010
(O*NET code 49-2092.04) on-the-job training

110
________________________________________________ Casino Slot Technician Training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Introduction to slots; legal environment of casino operations; money validation; slot
machine electronics; slot machine microprocessor operations; slot machine operation
and troubleshooting; slot mechanical operations.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; computer science; electronics shop; geometry; industrial arts; physics/
principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Computers and electronics; installation; mechanical devices. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470101 Electrical/Electronics Equipment Installation and
Repair, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 05.03 Mechanical
Work

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 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Chemical Engineering Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Many of the products we use every day are created from processed chemicals.
Chemical engineering technicians work in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and petro-
leum industries, helping engineers solve problems in research and industrial process-
ing. A good preparation route is two or three years at a community college or
technical school in a program approved by the Technology Accreditation Commis-
sion of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (TAC/ABET).
Related Specialties and Careers
Process controls, processes, quality control, research, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Electro-Mechanical Technicians Associate degree Average $38,150
(O*NET code 17-3024.00)
Engineering Technicians, Associate degree Faster than average No salary data
Except Drafters, All Other available
(O*NET code 17-3029.99)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Chemical separation processes; general chemistry; general physics; industrial chemical
processes; instrumentation and process control; introduction to chemical engineering
technology; process safety, quality, environmental issues; statistics in process technol-
ogy; technical mathematics; technical writing; undergraduate research project.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; chemistry; computer science; electronics shop;
geometry; physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-
to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing.

112
_____________________________________________ Chemical Engineering Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Engineering and technology; mechanical devices; production and processing; quality
control analysis; repairing; troubleshooting. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to
hazardous equipment; independence; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral
values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 159999 Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

113
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Civil (Engineering) Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Civil engineering technicians help engineers plan and construct highways, bridges,
buildings, earthworks, and other structures. They often specialize in one aspect of
the process, such as surveying, drafting plans, or estimating costs. Formal educa-
tion, especially in the latest computer-based technology, is probably the best prepa-
ration route, and it typically takes two years. Because programs can vary in quality,
it is advisable to look for one approved by the Technology Accreditation Commis-
sion of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (TAC/ABET).
Related Specialties and Careers
Computer-aided drafting and design (CADD), construction, estimating, photo-
grammetry, research, surveying and mapping, transportation.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Civil Engineering Technicians Associate degree Average $37,410
(O*NET code 17-3022.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced surveying; architectural drafting; computer-aided drafting and design
(CADD); construction math and estimating; descriptive geometry; drainage design;
elementary surveying; engineering graphics; highway and transportation engineering;
soil mechanics; strength of materials; technical mathematics; technical writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; geometry; physics/
principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Manufacturing.

114
_________________________________________________ Civil (Engineering) Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Building and construction; design; engineering and technology; mathematics;
operations analysis. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150201 Civil Engineering Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

115
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Clinical Lab Technician

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Medical and clinical laboratory technicians perform laboratory tests on body fluids
and tissue samples, often using automated equipment. They usually have either an
associate degree from a two-year college or a certificate from a hospital or vocational/
technical school. Some get training in the Armed Forces. (A medical laboratory tech-
nologist has a bachelor’s degree.) They may specialize in one procedure or perform
several.
Related Specialties and Careers
Blood banking, histology, phlebotomy.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Medical and Clinical Associate degree Average $28,810
Laboratory Technicians
(O*NET code 29-2012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience as laboratory technician; clinical immunology and serology;
English composition; general chemistry; hematology and coagulation; human
anatomy and physiology; immunohematology; introduction to clinical laboratory
technician; introduction to psychology; introduction to speech communication;
microbiology; parasitology; urinalysis.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; computer
science; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Health Science.

116
_______________________________________________________ Clinical Lab Technician

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; chemistry; medicine and dentistry; science. Values/Work Environment:
Exposed to disease or infections; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE
code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for
details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 511001 Blood Bank Technology Specialist; 511004 Clinical/Medical
Laboratory Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

117
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Computer Maintenance
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than one year
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Computer technicians set up, maintain, upgrade, and repair computers, networks,
and peripheral equipment. Nowadays they are vital to keeping offices and industries
in operation and working productively. Although they usually must understand both
hardware and software, hardware tends to be more reliable and predictable; they are
needed more for software tasks such as managing a network and configuring work-
stations. Employment opportunities will be very good for those skilled with the lat-
est technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
Hardware maintenance, network systems, telecommunications.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Automatic Teller Machine Long-term Average $32,890
Servicers (O*NET code on-the-job training
49-2011.01)
Computer, Automated Teller, Postsecondary Average $32,890
and Office Machine Repairers vocational training
(O*NET code 49-2011.00)
Data Processing Equipment Postsecondary Average $32,890
Repairers (O*NET code vocational training
49-2011.02)
Electrical and Electronics Postsecondary Little or none $38,800
Repairers, Commercial and vocational training
Industrial Equipment
(O*NET code 49-2094.00)
Office Machine and Cash Long-term Average $32,890
Register Servicers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 49-2011.03)

118
______________________________________________________ Computer Maintenance

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business reports and communication; college algebra; computer upgrade and repair
fundamentals; data communications and networking; digital systems; electronic
devices and circuits; English composition; introduction to electric circuits; introduc-
tion to microprocessors; manufacturer-specific network administration; operating
systems; programming in a language (e.g., C, PASCAL, COBOL).
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; computer science; electronics
shop; keyboarding; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Information Technology.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Computers and electronics; equipment maintenance; repairing; troubleshooting.
Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470104 Computer Installation and Repair Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 09.09 Clerical
Machine Operation

119
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Computer Programming
Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Computer programmers write, test, and maintain the complex instructions called
programs that computers use to perform useful functions. Programmers analyze a
data-related problem to devise a logical set of procedures for solving it and then write
code (computer language) to execute that set of procedures. They also write notes or
descriptions of how their programs work, called documentation, so other program-
mers can make sense of the code. The job outlook for programmers is very good,
with best opportunities for college graduates with up-to-date skills.
Related Specialties and Careers
Business programming, database programming, programming for the Internet, sci-
entific programming, security and disaster recovery, systems programming.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Numerical Tool and Process Long-term Average $37,290
Control Programmers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 51-4012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Algorithms and data structures; college algebra; data communications and net-
working; English composition; introduction to computer science; operating sys-
tems; operating systems; oral communication; systems analysis and design.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; keyboarding; office computer
applications. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Computers and electronics; design; mathematics; programming. Values/Work
Environment: Compensation; independence; indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values; spend time sitting.

120
______________________________________________________ Computer Programming

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 110201 Computer Programming/Programmer, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.06 Mathematics and Computers; 02.08 Engineering Technology;
12.03 Educational Services

121
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Construction Equipment Operation

Program/Training Duration:One month to a year
Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Construction (or heavy) equipment operators generally get their training, which
takes a few weeks, after they are hired. The employer either trains them on the job
or sends them to a specialized school where they learn how to operate the equip-
ment efficiently and safely. Some job-seekers prepare ahead by attending a trade
school, but before you sign up for one, be sure the school has a good reputation in
your area. The work is noisy and sometimes strenuous, and it is done in all kinds of
weather, but the employment outlook is expected to be good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Backhoes, bulldozers, compactors, excavators, loaders, motor graders, scrapers.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Construction and Related Moderate-term Faster than No salary
Workers, All Other (O*NET on-the-job training average data available
code 47-4099.99)
Construction Drillers (O*NET Moderate-term Average $32,000
code 47-5021.01) on-the-job training
Continuous Mining Machine Moderate-term Declining $33,640
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
47-5041.00)
Crane and Tower Operators Moderate-term Little or none $34,610
(O*NET code 53-7021.00) on-the-job training
Dragline Operators (O*NET Moderate-term Average $32,000
code 53-7032.02) on-the-job training
Dredge Operators (O*NET Moderate-term Declining $27,590
code 53-7031.00) on-the-job training
Earth Drillers, Except Oil and Moderate-term Average $32,000
Gas (O*NET code on-the-job training
47-5021.00)

122
____________________________________________ Construction Equipment Operation

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Excavating and Loading Moderate-term Average $32,000
Machine and Dragline on-the-job training
Operators (O*NET code
53-7032.00)
Excavating and Loading Moderate-term Average $32,000
Machine Operators (O*NET on-the-job training
code 53-7032.01)
Extraction Workers, All Other No data available Declining No salary
(O*NET code 47-5099.99) data available
Grader, Bulldozer, and Scraper Moderate-term Little or none $34,160
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
47-2073.01)
Highway Maintenance Workers Moderate-term Little or none $27,510
(O*NET code 47-4051.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Backhoes; bulldozers; calculating yardage; construction equipment preventative
maintenance; construction safety; earth moving; excavators; finishing and grading;
fundamentals of construction equipment operation; grade reading; soil analysis.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; auto shop; business/applied math; driver education;
physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Architec-
ture and Construction.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Mechanical devices; operation and control; operation monitoring. Values/Work Envi-
ronment: Exposed to hazardous equipment; moral values; outdoors, exposed to
weather.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 490202 Construction/Heavy Equipment/Earthmoving
Equipment Operation
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.02 Construction; 06.03 Mining and Drilling; 06.03
Mining and Drilling; 06.04 Hands-on Work in Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance; 07.04 Water Vehicle
Operation; 08.07 Hands-on Work: Loading, Moving, Hoisting, and Conveying

123
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Construction Inspection
Program/Training Duration: Several years

Location: Workplace, perhaps college classroom

Career Snapshot
Construction inspectors ensure that buildings and public works are built according
to specifications, meet the relevant codes for safety, and are maintained in accor-
dance with codes. About half work for local governments. Some new hires come
out of a background in a construction trade or supervising construction. Others
prepare by completing coursework or a certification or associate degree program at
a technical or community college. Certification by a professional organization is
helpful and may be required in some locales. On-the-job training is also necessary,
and inspectors need to take classes periodically to keep abreast of changing technol-
ogy and codes. Job opportunities will be best for those with a mix of formal train-
ing and construction-related experience.
Related Specialties and Careers
Building inspection, electrical, elevator, mechanical, plan examination, public
works, residential.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Construction and Building Work experience Average $40,190
Inspectors (O*NET code in a related
47-4011.00) occupation
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— in a related
Construction Trades Workers occupation
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors/ Work experience Average $46,570
Managers of Construction in a related
Trades and Extraction Workers occupation
(O*NET code 47-1011.00)

124
______________________________________________________ Construction Inspection

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Bridge structures inspection; construction inspection documentation; drainage
inspection; electrical inspection; evaluating construction materials; excavation and
embankment inspection; legal responsibilities and agencies; sampling and testing;
structural plan reading.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; drafting; geometry; physics/principles of tech-
nology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Architecture and Construction.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; building and construction; design; quality con-
trol analysis; speaking. Values/Work Environment: Outdoors, exposed to weather;
responsibility; spend time standing; spend time walking and running.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460403 Building/Home/Construction Inspection/Inspector
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology; 06.01 Managerial Work in
Construction, Mining, and Drilling

125
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Construction Technology
Program/Training Duration: Two years or more
Location: College/vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Construction is a very large industry, and job opportunities are expected to be excel-
lent, with ups and downs depending on the state of the economy. Many enter this
field by getting training on the job or through an apprenticeship with the goal of
mastering a skilled trade such as carpentry or plumbing. For those who intend to go
into management, a certificate or associate degree in construction technology is often
a more direct route. A graduate or certificate holder may enter as a field engineer,
estimator, or scheduler and advance to assistant manager.
Related Specialties and Careers
Commercial construction, contract administration, estimating, public works con-
struction, residential construction, scheduling.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Civil Engineering Technicians Associate degree Average $37,410
(O*NET code 17-3022.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; computer fundamentals; computer-aided drafting (CAD); con-
crete pouring and finishing; construction contracts and related law; construction
cost control; construction materials and methods; construction math and estimating;
construction planning and scheduling; construction safety; English composition;
interior finishing; layout and framing; surveying.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; drafting; geometry; physics/principles of
technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Manufacturing.

126
_____________________________________________________ Construction Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; mathematics; operations analysis. Values/Work
Environment: Activity; indoors, environmentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 151001 Construction Engineering Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology; 06.01 Managerial Work in
Construction, Mining, and Drilling; 13.02 Management Support

127
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Corrections
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
America’s jail and prison populations continue to grow, and this creates demand for
officers who oversee the prisoners, maintaining security and order. The employment
outlook is expected to be excellent. However, the job can involve night and weekend
work, unpleasant people, and dangerous situations. Some community colleges offer
training in corrections, but most correctional officers receive training at a correctional
facility, sometimes after formal instruction at a regional academy. A written exam is
often required.
Related Specialties and Careers
Detention, tactical response.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Correctional Officers and Moderate-term Faster than average $32,010
Jailers (O*NET code on-the-job training
33-3012.00)
First-Line Supervisors/ Work experience Faster than average $44,640
Managers of Correctional in a related occupation
Officers (O*NET code
33-1011.00)
First-Line Supervisors/ Work experience Average $59,300
Managers of Police and in a related occupation
Detectives (O*NET code
33-1012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Conflict and crisis management; correction officer safety and weapons training;
criminal law; emergency care; inmate security procedures; introduction to inmate
management; prisoner transportation.

128
__________________________________________________________________ Corrections

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Clus-
ter: Law and Public Safety.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Law and government; public safety and security; social perceptiveness. Values/Work
Environment: Authority; co-workers; indoors, environmentally controlled; security.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 430102 Corrections
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.01 Managerial Work in Law, Law Enforcement, and Public
Safety; 04.03 Law Enforcement; 12.03 Educational Services

129
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Cosmetology/Barbering
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Cosmetologists mainly shampoo, cut, and style hair, but they also give manicures,
pedicures, and scalp and facial treatments, and they sometimes clean and style wigs.
Barbers do all of these tasks except treat skin and nails; they also shave men. These
occupations offer many opportunities for part-time or flexible work, as well as for
self-employment. The prospects for jobs look very good. These workers are licensed,
so most of them are graduates of state-approved programs at a trade or vocational
school.
Related Specialties and Careers
Barbering, facial treatments, hairstyling, makeup, manicure/pedicure.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Barbers (O*NET code Postsecondary Declining $18,500
39-5011.00) vocational training
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Postsecondary Average $18,260
Cosmetologists (O*NET code vocational training
39-5012.00)
Makeup Artists, Theatrical and Postsecondary Average $30,240
Performance (O*NET code vocational training
39-5091.00)
Manicurists and Pedicurists Postsecondary Faster than $16,700
(O*NET code 39-5092.00) vocational training average
Shampooers (O*NET code Short-term Average $13,730
39-5093.00) on-the-job training
Skin Care Specialists (O*NET Short-term Average $22,060
code 39-5094.00) on-the-job training

130
______________________________________________________ Cosmetology/Barbering

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Cosmetology chemistry and safety; cosmetology sanitation and bacteriology; hair
coloring; haircutting and design; nail care; scalp treatments and shampooing; skin
care.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; customer and personal service. Values/Work Environment: Indoors,
environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 120409 Aesthetician/Esthetician and Skin Care Specialist; 120402
Barbering/Barber; 120401 Cosmetology/Cosmetologist, General; 120408 Facial Treatment Specialist/Facialist; 120407 Hair
Styling/Stylist and Hair Design; 120406 Make-Up Artist/Specialist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.09 Modeling and Personal Appearance; 11.04 Barber and Beauty
Services

131
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Court Reporting
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Court reporters transcribe the spoken word in settings such as courtrooms where an
accurate written record must be kept. They use specialized machines to key in a
shorthand representation of what is being spoken, and this record is translated by
computer into spelled-out text (which usually needs some corrections). Training in
these skills requires at least two years, and it is important to study at a school—a
community or technical college, a business institute, or a court reporting school—
that is approved by a reputable accrediting agency. Employment opportunities in
courts may not grow as fast as the number of legal proceedings because of budget
constraints. On the other hand, many jobs are expected to open outside of court-
rooms: Television broadcasters need to create closed captioning, and colleges need
to provide services so hearing-impaired students can follow lectures.
Related Specialties and Careers
Closed captioning, courtroom transcription, medical transcription.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Court Reporters (O*NET code Postsecondary Average $40,410
23-2091.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Court reporting procedures; court reporting technology; current events; English
composition; field experience/internship; introduction to medical terminology;
keyboarding; legal procedures; legal terminology; machine shorthand.
Suggested High School Courses
English; keyboarding; office computer applications. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Law and Public Safety.

132
_____________________________________________________________ Court Reporting

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 220303 Court Reporting/Court Reporter
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 09.07 Records Processing

133
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Culinary Arts
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Chefs and cooks use a variety of tools, ingredients, and techniques to create whole-
some, appealing foods according to recipes. Some specialize in a particular type of
cuisine, such as French or Japanese; some specialize in a particular variety of food,
such as pastries or sushi; many are generalists who can prepare many kinds of meals.
The work can be hot, can be pressured, and (outside of institutional settings) is often
scheduled at times when other people are relaxing. Job opportunities are expected to
be very good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Asian cuisine, breads, Continental cuisine, pastries, regional American cuisine.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Chefs and Head Cooks Postsecondary Little or none $26,800
(O*NET code 35-1011.00) vocational training
Cooks, All Other (O*NET No data available Average No salary
code 35-2019.99) data available
Cooks, Private Household Short-term Declining No salary
(O*NET code 35-2013.00) on-the-job training data available
Cooks, Restaurant (O*NET Long-term Faster than $18,480
code 35-2014.00) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Baking; contemporary American cuisine; co-op work experience; food and beverage
cost control; food service sanitation and safety; garde manger; international cuisine;
introduction to nutrition; introduction to the hospitality industry; stewarding/
inventory management; workplace communications; workplace math.

134
________________________________________________________________ Culinary Arts

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; business/applied math; foreign language; home econom-
ics. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Hospitality and Tourism.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; coordination; customer and personal service.
Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend
time making repetitive motions; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 120503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.05 Food and Beverage Services; 11.08 Other Personal
Services

135
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Dental Assisting
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Dental assistants perform a number of tasks to help dentists. They do not clean teeth
(which is what dental hygienists do), but they may do any or all of the following:
Prepare the patient and the dentist’s tools and equipment, sterilize instruments and
hand them to the dentist, instruct the patient on post-operative care and general oral
hygiene, develop film from dental X rays, make casts of the teeth and mouth from
impressions made by the dentist, bill patients, schedule appointments, or order den-
tal supplies. The job outlook is expected to be good, as older Americans are keeping
their teeth better than previous generations did, and more dentists are handing off
routine tasks to assistants.
Related Specialties and Careers
Chairside assisting, dental laboratory assistant, dental office assistant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Dental Assistants (O*NET Moderate-term Much faster $26,720
code 31-9091.00) on-the-job training than average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Chairside assisting; dental anatomy and physiology; dental materials; dental office
management; oral radiology; preventive dentistry.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; bookkeeping; chemistry; office computer applications; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Active listening; clerical; medicine and dentistry. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

136
_____________________________________________________________ Dental Assisting

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510601 Dental Assisting/Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.03 Dentistry

137
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Dental Hygiene
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Dental hygienists clean teeth and provide other preventive dental care, as well as
teaching patients how to maintain dental health. They use a variety of instruments to
clean teeth and make X rays. This field offers many opportunities for part-time or
flexible work schedules, and it promises to be one of the fastest-growing occupa-
tions. Dentists are tending to hand over more of their cleaning work to hygienists.
The older population also increasingly tends to have retained their teeth, thus
enlarging the pool of patients.
Related Specialties and Careers
Chairside assisting, dental health educator.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Dental Hygienists (O*NET Associate degree Much faster $54,700
code 29-2021.00) than average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical dental hygiene; community dental health; dental hygiene theory; dental
pharmacology and anesthesiology; English composition; general and oral pathol-
ogy; general chemistry; head and neck anatomy; human anatomy and physiology;
introduction to organic chemistry and biochemistry; introduction to psychology;
introduction to sociology; microbiology; nutrition; oral communication; oral
embryology and histology; oral radiology.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; education and training; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension.
Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

138
______________________________________________________________ Dental Hygiene

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510602 Dental Hygiene/Hygienist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.03 Dentistry

139
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Dental Laboratory Technology

Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Dental laboratory technicians create crowns, bridges, dentures, and other dental
prosthetics, working from prescriptions and molds sent to them by dentists. They
fashion wax models to get the right size and shape and then fabricate the actual
crown using a metal core and a ceramic coating. They need very good color sense
to match the patient’s natural teeth. Some specialize in parts of the process or types
of dental prosthetics, while others are generalists. Although job growth is expected
to be modest, the occupation is not well known, so there will be many opportuni-
ties for those who wish to enter this field.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bridges, crowns, finishing, molding.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Dental Laboratory Technicians Long-term Little or none $27,970
(O*NET code 51-9081.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Complete dentures; dental ceramics; dental laboratory internship; dental laboratory
management; dental morphology; dental occlusion; fixed prosthodontics; introduc-
tion to dental prosthodontics; partial denture prosthodontics.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; art; biology; chemistry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Manufac-
turing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Medicine and dentistry; quality control analysis; reading comprehension; science.
Values/Work Environment: Independence; indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values; spend time sitting.

140
________________________________________________ Dental Laboratory Technology

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510603 Dental Laboratory Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.02 Production Technology; 12.03 Educational Services

141
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Diesel Technology
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to a year or more
Location: College/vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Diesel engines power the nation’s trucks and buses, as well as heavy vehicles such
as bulldozers and farm tractors. Technicians who service these engines work for
equipment dealers, trucking companies, and bus fleets. As the technology of diesels is
becoming more complex, with computerized controls and other electronic compo-
nents, employers are increasingly looking for technicians who are graduates of formal
training programs offered by community colleges or by trade and vocational schools.
Some technicians still learn on the job, perhaps after experience with automobile
engines. The standard of achievement is certification by the National Institute for
Automotive Service Excellence (ASE).
Related Specialties and Careers
Bus and truck service, diesel automobile service, diesel boat service, heavy equip-
ment service.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Bus and Truck Mechanics and Postsecondary Average $33,570
Diesel Engine Specialists vocational training
(O*NET code 49-3031.00)
Engine and Other Machine Short-term Little or none $28,100
Assemblers (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2031.00)
Mobile Heavy Equipment Postsecondary Average $35,190
Mechanics, Except Engines vocational training
(O*NET code 49-3042.00)
Rail Car Repairers (O*NET Long-term Declining $38,390
code 49-3043.00) on-the-job training

142
____________________________________________________________ Diesel Technology

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic diesel engines; basic welding; computers for the vocational trades; diesel elec-
tronic controls; English composition; fuel systems; heavy-duty electrical systems;
heavy-duty powertrains; hydraulics; technical mathematics.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; auto shop; business/applied math; electronics shop;
industrial arts; metal shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing; Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Equipment maintenance; mechanical devices; repairing; troubleshooting. Values/
Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous equipment; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470605 Diesel Mechanics Technology/Technician; 470302
Heavy Equipment Maintenance Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work; 08.02 Production Technology

143
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Dietetic Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Dietetic technicians work under the direction of registered dietitians in hospitals,
nursing homes, institutional food services, school nutrition programs, fitness and
wellness organizations, and food products manufacturers. Graduates of approved
two-year programs may take an exam to become registered and thus improve their
job prospects. The outlook for jobs in this field is expected to be about the same
as for dietitians and nutritionists—about average, and best in settings other than
hospitals.
Related Specialties and Careers
Education, health care, research, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Dietetic Technicians (O*NET Moderate-term Faster than $21,790
code 29-2051.00) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience in dietetic technology; college algebra; community nutrition;
diet therapy; dietetic orientation and terminology; English composition; food ser-
vice operational management; food service purchasing; food service sanitation and
safety; general biology; introduction to computer applications; introduction to
food science and technology; introduction to nutrition; volume food preparation
and service.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; home economics. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science.

144
__________________________________________________________ Dietetic Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; biology; customer and personal service; education and training;
reading comprehension; writing. Values/Work Environment: Co-workers; indoors,
environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 513103 Dietetic Technician (DTR)
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.08 Health Protection and Promotion

145
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Drafting
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to two years
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Drafters prepare technical drawings and plans that are followed by manufacturers
and builders as they create all kinds of products and structures. They specify the
dimensions and materials of the object to be produced and what processes will be
used to create it. The pencils and drawing boards of yesteryear are now largely
replaced by computer-aided drafting (CAD) systems, but drafters still need the abil-
ity to visualize objects, plus knowledge of materials and processes that will be used
for these objects. Best job opportunities will be for those who have at least two years
of formal training and a lot of experience with CAD.
Related Specialties and Careers
Aeronautical drafting, civil drafting, computer-aided drafting (CAD), electrical
drafting, electronic drafting, mechanical drafting, process drafting.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Architectural and Civil Drafters Postsecondary Faster than average $37,010
(O*NET code 17-3011.00) vocational training
Architectural Drafters (O*NET Associate degree Faster than average $37,010
code 17-3011.01)
Civil Drafters (O*NET code Postsecondary Faster than average $37,010
17-3011.02) vocational training
Drafters, All Other (O*NET No data available Faster than average No salary data
code 17-3019.99) available
Electrical and Electronics Associate degree Faster than average $40,070
Drafters (O*NET code
17-3012.00)
Electrical Drafters (O*NET Associate degree Faster than average $40,070
code 17-3012.02)

146
____________________________________________________________________ Drafting

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Electronic Drafters (O*NET Postsecondary Faster than average $40,070
code 17-3012.01) vocational training
Mechanical Drafters (O*NET Postsecondary Average $39,620
code 17-3013.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Computer-aided drafting (CAD); co-op work experience; descriptive geometry;
engineering drawing; English composition; general physics; geometric tolerancing;
introduction to computer numerical control; introduction to computer science;
mechanical design; statics and strengths of materials; technical mathematics.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; geometry; mechanical drawing;
physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Architecture and Construction.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; mathematics. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time sitting; good working
conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 151303 Architectural Drafting and Architectural CAD/
CADD; 151302 CAD/CADD Drafting and/or Design Technology/Technician; 151304 Civil Drafting and Civil
Engineering CAD/CADD; 151301 Drafting and Design Technology/Technician, General; 151399 Drafting/
Design Engineering Technologies/Technicians, Other; 151305 Electrical/Electronics Drafting and Electrical/
Electronics CAD/CADD; 151306 Mechanical Drafting and Mechanical Drafting CAD/CADD
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

147
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Early Childhood Education

Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Public school teachers must have a bachelor’s degree, but graduates of associate
degree programs in early childhood education can find work in preschools and child
care centers as teachers and teacher assistants. Some work in Head Start, recreational,
and social service programs. Working in education requires the ability to deal with
students with a range of backgrounds and abilities. The legislative trend is toward
licensing as a requirement, even for teacher aides, although states vary on specific
requirements and private schools may be more flexible. The outlook for jobs is
very good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Day care, early childhood teaching, Head Start teaching, kindergarten teaching,
recreation assisting, teacher assisting.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Teacher Assistants (O*NET Short-term Faster than average $18,070
code 25-9041.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Child development; child health and nutrition; children with exceptional needs;
classroom organization and management; educational observation, planning,
assessment; English composition; expressive arts; infant and toddler programs;
introduction to computer applications; introduction to early childhood education;
introduction to psychology; language arts for children; math and science in early
childhood education; sociology of the family; student teaching; the integrated
curriculum.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; English; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-
to-Work Cluster: Education and Training.

148
____________________________________________________ Early Childhood Education

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; education and training; English language; learning strategies; speak-
ing. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 131210 Early Childhood Education and Teaching; 131501
Teacher Assistant/Aide
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services

149
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Electrical Engineering Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
About half of all engineering technicians work with electric and electronic circuits,
and the greatest job growth will probably be in this specialization. EE technicians
work in research, manufacturing, sales, and maintenance (but not primarily repair—
a different occupation). The better jobs are open to graduates of programs approved
by the Technology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engi-
neering and Technology (TAC/ABET), which usually require two years of study.
Related Specialties and Careers
Communications, instrumentation, manufacturing, microprocessors.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Calibration and Instrumenta- Associate degree Average $42,130
tion Technicians (O*NET code
17-3023.02)
Electrical and Electronic Associate degree Average $42,130
Engineering Technicians
(O*NET code 17-3023.00)
Electrical Engineering Associate degree Average $42,130
Technicians (O*NET code
17-3023.03)
Electronics Engineering Associate degree Average $42,130
Technicians (O*NET code
17-3023.01)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Communication systems; DC/AC theory; digital electronics; electronics; engineer-
ing circuit analysis; English composition; general physics; microcomputer electron-
ics; pre-calculus; solid state circuitry.

150
_____________________________________________ Electrical Engineering Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; applied communications; computer science; electronics shop; geometry;
physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Manufacturing.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active learning; computers and electronics; design; engineering and technology;
technology design. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150399 Electrical and Electronic Engineering Technologies/
Technicians, Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

151
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Electrician Training
Program/Training Duration: One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Electricians install and maintain electrical systems for power, lighting, transporta-
tion, manufacturing, and many other applications. About two-thirds work in con-
struction. Most train in a structured apprenticeship program, though a few learn
informally by working as an electrician’s helper. Licensure is required in most locali-
ties. The job outlook is expected to be excellent, although (especially in construc-
tion) it is sensitive to economic downturns.
Related Specialties and Careers
Construction, estimating, maintenance.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Electricians (O*NET code Long-term Average $40,770
47-2111.00) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— in a related occupation
Construction Trades Workers
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience Average $46,570
of Construction Trades and in a related occupation
Extraction Workers (O*NET
code 47-1011.00)
Helpers—Electricians (O*NET Short-term Average $22,160
code 47-3013.00) on-the-job training
Security and Fire Alarm Postsecondary Faster than $30,490
Systems Installers (O*NET vocational training average
code 49-2098.00)
Signal and Track Switch Postsecondary Average $42,390
Repairers (O*NET code vocational training
49-9097.00)

152
___________________________________________________________ Electrician Training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; construction math and estimating; construction safety; electrical
circuits; electrical theory; electrical wiring; introduction to computer applications;
motors and controls; National Electrical Code.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; drafting; industrial arts; physics/
principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Architecture and
Construction.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Engineering and technology; installation. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to haz-
ardous equipment; moral values; outdoors, exposed to weather; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460302 Electrician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 05.03 Mechanical
Work; 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and Drilling; 06.02 Construction

153
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Electrocardiograph Technology
Program/Training Duration: Several months to one year, often following work
experience
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Electrocardiograph (or EKG) technicians trace electrical impulses transmitted
through the heart. They attach electrodes to various parts of the patient’s body and
obtain a printout to be interpreted by a physician. They learn their skills either in a
one-year certification program or through on-the-job training that may take from
8 to 16 weeks. Often employers prefer to train those who have previous health care
educational and/or experience. Job opportunities are expected to be good as the
population ages. Specialized technicians with advanced training may perform tests
in which the patient wears a Holter monitor (a portable unit that measures for 24
hours) or works out on a treadmill (stress testing). These technicians have a better
job outlook than those with only the basic EKG skills.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cardiac stress testing, Holter monitoring.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Cardiovascular Technologists Associate degree Faster than average $35,010
and Technicians (O*NET code
29-2031.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic electroneurodiagnostic skills; biomedical electronics; human anatomy and
physiology; introduction to electrocardiography; patient preparation; performing
electrocardiography; pharmacology and electrocardiography.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; computer
science; electronics shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-
to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

154
________________________________________________ Electrocardiograph Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; computers and electronics; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehen-
sion. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; social
service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510902 Electrocardiograph Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

155
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Electroencephalograph Technology
Program/Training Duration: One to two years
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Physicians are able to assess the condition of the brain and nervous system with the
help of the electroencephalograph (EEG) machine, which is operated by an
electroneurodiagnostic technologist. Most work in the neurology labs of hospitals,
but some work in offices of neurologists or in a center specializing in sleep disor-
ders. On-the-job training has been the most common entry route in the past, but
employers are increasingly favoring those who have received formal training (one or
two years) in a hospital or community college. Job growth is expected to be slow,
partly because more sophisticated equipment is improving workers’ productivity.
Related Specialties and Careers
Evoked potential testing, polysomnographic testing, resting EEGs.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Health Technologists and No data available Faster than average No salary data
Technicians, All Other available
(O*NET code 29-2099.99)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic electroneurodiagnostic skills; computer applications in health care;
electroneurodiagnostic clinical education; English composition; general biology;
human anatomy and physiology; introduction to psychology; introduction to
speech communication; neuroanatomy and neurophysiology; neurological disor-
ders and neuropathology; normal adult EEG and normal variants; normal neonatal
and pediatric EEG; pharmacology.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; computer
science; electronics shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-
to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

156
____________________________________________ Electroencephalograph Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510903 Electroneurodiagnostic/Electroencephalographic
Technology/Technologist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

157
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Electronic and mechanical devices are combined in many automated manufactur-
ing processes, research instruments, vehicles, and consumer goods, and increasingly
they are controlled by tiny computers. Electromechanical engineering technologists
are needed to help solve problems in the design and manufacture of these devices.
Employers prefer graduates of programs approved by the Technology Accreditation
Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (TAC/
ABET), which typically take two or three years.
Related Specialties and Careers
Digital controls, electronics, fluid power, instrumentation, motors, robotics.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Electromechanical Equipment Short-term Little or none $24,690
Assemblers (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-2023.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Analog devices and circuits; computer applications in manufacturing; computer-
automated manufacturing; computer-aided drafting (CAD); DC/AC theory; digi-
tal electronics; general physics; hydraulics; motors and controls; robotics; technical
mathematics; technical writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; electronics shop; geometry;
physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Manufacturing.

158
_____________________________________ Electromechanical Engineering Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Computers and electronics; installation; mechanical devices; production and pro-
cessing. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous equipment; independence;
indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150403 Electromechanical Technology/Electromechanical
Engineering Technology
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.02 Production Technology

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Emergency Medical Services

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to two years
Location: Vocational classroom and workplace

Career Snapshot
Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) rush to the scene of an accident or sudden
illness, make a quick diagnosis of the patient’s problem, perform first aid, bring the
patient aboard an ambulance (perhaps on a stretcher or gurney), and do what can be
done to stabilize the patient’s condition en route to the hospital. (Often the person
at the wheel of the ambulance is also an EMT. Some EMTs work from helicopters.)
At the hospital, EMTs transport the patient to the emergency room and give impor-
tant information to the ER staff. States require EMTs to be certified, which means
completing a combination of classes and work experience appropriate for the level of
certification. EMT-Paramedics need two years of schooling and experience, and all
EMTs must continue to take courses to remain certified. Job outlook is expected to
be good, especially for those certified at the higher levels.
Related Specialties and Careers
Ambulance aide, first responder, paramedic.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Ambulance Drivers and Moderate-term Faster than average $18,890
Attendants, Except Emergency on-the-job training
Medical Technicians (O*NET
code 53-3011.00)
Emergency Medical Technicians Postsecondary Faster than average $23,170
and Paramedics (O*NET vocational training
code 29-2041.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

College algebra; emergency life support procedures; EMT pharmacology; EMT
procedures for hazardous materials; English composition; human anatomy and
physiology; internship in emergency medical services; introduction to medical ter-
minology; introduction to psychology; management of emergency medical services.

160
__________________________________________________ Emergency Medical Services

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; applied communications; biology; chemistry; driver education; keyboard-
ing; physics/principles of technology; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Coordination; medicine and dentistry; service orientation; therapy and counseling;
transportation. Values/Work Environment: Achievement; exposed to disease or infec-
tions; outdoors, exposed to weather; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510904 Emergency Medical Technology/Technician (EMT
Paramedic)
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.04 Public Safety; 07.07 Other Services Requiring Driving;
12.03 Educational Services

161
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Farm and Ranch Management

Program/Training Duration: At least one year, perhaps several
Location: Workplace or college classroom

Career Snapshot
Farm and ranch managers oversee day-to-day agricultural activities to maximize
productivity. At a large farm or ranch, they may have a very specific assignment,
such as managing livestock breeding, whereas they may be in charge of most as-
pects of the business at a small operation. The hours are long during planting and
harvesting seasons, and those who supervise several farms may divide their time be-
tween the farms, a central office, and traveling among these locations. Formal edu-
cation, combined with experience, is increasingly important. Consolidation of family
farms and increased efficiency of farming methods are expected to reduce the num-
ber of self-employed farmers but increase the need for farm and ranch managers.
Related Specialties and Careers
Animal breeding, aquaculture, crop production, farm labor management, fiber pro-
duction, livestock production, organic farming.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Agricultural Crop Farm Managers Work experience in Little or none $42,170
(O*NET code 11-9011.02) a related occupation
Farm, Ranch, and Other Work experience in Little or none $42,170
Agricultural Managers a related occupation
(O*NET code 11-9011.00)
Farmers and Ranchers Long-term Declining $42,170
(O*NET code 11-9012.00) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors and Associate degree Average $33,330
Manager/Supervisors—
Agricultural Crop Workers
(O*NET code 45-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors and Associate degree Average $33,330
Manager/Supervisors—Animal
Care Workers, Except Livestock
(O*NET code 45-1011.03)
First-Line Supervisors and Associate degree Average $33,330
Manager/Supervisors—Animal
Husbandry Workers (O*NET
code 45-1011.02)

162
________________________________________________ Farm and Ranch Management

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
First-Line Supervisors and Associate degree Average $33,330
Manager/Supervisors—Fishery
Workers (O*NET code
45-1011.06)
First-Line Supervisors and Associate degree Average $33,330
Manager/Supervisors—
Horticultural Workers
(O*NET code 45-1011.04)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience in Average $33,330
of Farming, Fishing, and a related occupation
Forestry Workers (O*NET
code 45-1011.00)
Fish Hatchery Managers Work experience in Little or none $42,170
(O*NET code 11-9011.03) a related occupation
Nursery and Greenhouse Work experience in Little or none $42,170
Managers (O*NET code a related occupation
11-9011.01)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Agricultural marketing; American government; animal breeding; animal science;
college algebra; computers in agriculture; English composition; feeds and feeding;
general biology; introduction to accounting; introduction to agriculture industry;
introduction to economics; introduction to plant science.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; biology; bookkeeping; chemistry; office com-
puter applications; Spanish. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/
Natural Resources.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; biology; coordination; food production; man-
agement of personnel resources. Values/Work Environment: Authority; autonomy;
outdoors, exposed to weather; responsibility; spend time standing.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010104 Farm/Farm and Ranch Management
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 03.01 Managerial Work in Plants and Animals; 12.03
Educational Services; 13.01 General Management Work and Management of Support Functions

163
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Fashion Design
Program/Training Duration: At least two years, usually four
Location: College classroom

Career Snapshot
A program in fashion design may lead to a career as a clothing designer, pattern
maker, sample maker, alterations specialist, or theatrical costumer. Additional
coursework in business can be helpful for advancement in the fashion industry, and
employers actually prefer a bachelor’s degree. Clothing may be manufactured
mostly offshore, but fashion design continues to offer opportunities here in the
U.S. Demand for fashion designers is expected to be good, although the field is
very competitive and somewhat sensitive to economic ups and downs.
Related Specialties and Careers
Design, illustration, patternmaking.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Fashion Designers (O*NET Bachelor’s degree Average $49,530
code 27-1022.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clothing construction; color and design; creative apparel design; fashion illustra-
tion; fashion marketing and merchandising; field experience/internship; flat pattern
design; history of fashion; introduction to marketing; textiles.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; art; business/applied math; distributive
education; home economics; office computer applications; social science. Dept.
of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Coordination; design; fine arts; sales and marketing. Values/Work Environment:
Ability utilization; achievement; creativity; indoors, environmentally controlled.

164
______________________________________________________________ Fashion Design

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 500407 Fashion/Apparel Design
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.04 Visual Arts; 12.03 Educational Services

165
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Fashion Merchandising
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Graduates of fashion merchandising programs often work as sales representatives or
management trainees; with experience and perhaps additional education, they may
become retail buyers, sales managers, store managers, market researchers, or adver-
tising copywriters. Although the fashion industry is expected to be strong, competi-
tion for jobs may be keen. Good communication and analytical skills will be helpful
for getting ahead.
Related Specialties and Careers
Market research, promotion, retail buying, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Sales Representatives, Wholesale Moderate-term Little or none $41,520
and Manufacturing, Except on-the-job training
Technical and Scientific
(O*NET code 41-4012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business math; fashion marketing and merchandising; fashion promotion; financial
accounting; introduction to advertising; introduction to business; introduction to
business management; introduction to economics; introduction to marketing; prin-
ciples of selling; retail merchandising; supervision; textiles; visual merchandising.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; distribu-
tive education; home economics; office computer applications; social science. Dept.
of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; customer and personal service; English language; sales and market-
ing; speaking. Values/Work Environment: Autonomy; indoors, environmentally
controlled.

166
_______________________________________________________ Fashion Merchandising

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 521902 Fashion Merchandising
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 10.03 General Sales; 13.02 Management Support

167
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Fire Science/Firefighting
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Firefighters respond quickly to fires and other emergencies, using appropriate equip-
ment to put out fires, remove hazardous materials, and perform various kinds of
rescue and lifesaving operations. Some specialize in inspecting buildings and making
recommendations for how to prevent fires and reduce the potential for loss of prop-
erty or life. Others specialize in containing and putting out forest fires. Despite the
long hours and dangers of firefighting jobs, competition for job openings is expected
to be keen.
Related Specialties and Careers
Fire safety inspection, fire scene investigation, forest firefighting, hazardous materials,
urban firefighting.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Fire Fighters (O*NET code Long-term Little or none $34,680
33-2011.00) on-the-job training
Fire Inspectors (O*NET code Moderate-term Average $42,870
33-2021.01) on-the-job training
Fire Inspectors and Investigators Moderate-term Average $42,870
(O*NET code 33-2021.00) on-the-job training
Forest Fire Fighters (O*NET Long-term Little or none $34,680
code 33-2011.02) on-the-job training
Forest Fire Inspectors and Moderate-term Average $35,120
Prevention Specialists (O*NET on-the-job training
code 33-2022.00)
Municipal Fire Fighters Long-term Little or none $34,680
(O*NET code 33-2011.01) on-the-job training

168
______________________________________________________ Fire Science/Firefighting

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Construction codes and material rating; fire investigation; fire prevention methods;
firefighting strategy and tactics; hazardous materials; introduction to computer sci-
ence; introduction to fire protection; management of municipal fire protection;
principles of chemistry; workplace communications; workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; chemistry; physics/principles of
technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Law and Public Safety.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Geography; medicine and dentistry; public safety and security; service orientation.
Values/Work Environment: Achievement; outdoors, exposed to weather; security;
social status.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 430203 Fire Science/Firefighting
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.03 Law Enforcement; 04.04 Public Safety

169
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Flight Attendant Training

Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Flight attendants make the experience of airplane travel comfortable and safe for
passengers. They attend to passengers’ needs for food, drink, and other comforts;
make sure that safety procedures are followed; and have the skills to provide first
aid and other assistance in emergencies. Job outlook appears good, especially for
those with some college and experience working with the public.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cabin attendant, purser.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Flight Attendants (O*NET Long-term Average $40,600
code 39-6031.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Airline company policies for flight attendants; airline passenger relations; flight atten-
dant emergency procedures; flight regulations and duties; personal grooming.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; foreign language; public speaking; social science. Dept. of
Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; public safety and security; service orientation; social
perceptiveness. Values/Work Environment: Co-workers; indoors, environmentally
controlled; social service; spend time standing; spend time walking and running;
supervision, technical.

170
_____________________________________________________ Flight Attendant Training

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 490106 Airline Flight Attendant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.03 Transportation and Lodging Services

171
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Food Service Management

Program/Training Duration: Several years

Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Food service managers work at restaurants and cafeterias. They plan menus, oversee
purchasing of food and beverage supplies, and supervise cooks and serving staff.
They maintain financial records and ensure that facilities meet local sanitation
codes. A two-year degree program may provide sufficient credentials for a trainee
job. Work experience in the industry is important and often is part of the academic
program. Job opportunities are expected to be good as people increasingly eat away
from home.
Related Specialties and Careers
Catering, clinical food service, dining room management, food preparation, indus-
trial food service, menu planning, restaurant food service.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Food Service Managers Work experience Average $33,630
(O*NET code 11-9051.00) in a related occupation

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Accounting; business reports and communication; food and beverage cost control;
food and beverage production and management; food and beverage purchasing;
food service operational management; food service sanitation and safety; introduc-
tion to nutrition; menu design and analysis.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; bookkeeping; business/applied math; distribu-
tive education; home economics. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Hospi-
tality and Tourism.

172
____________________________________________________ Food Service Management

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Administration and management; coordination; customer and personal service;
economics and accounting; management of personnel resources; monitoring.
Values/Work Environment: Authority; autonomy; indoors, environmentally con-
trolled; security.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 520905 Restaurant/Food Services Management
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.01 Managerial Work in Recreation, Travel, and Other
Personal Services

173
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Funeral Services and Mortuary Science

Program/Training Duration: Two years or more
Location: College classroom, followed by workplace
Career Snapshot
Funeral directors need especially good people skills for comforting diverse clients in
stressful circumstances. Embalmers, who prepare the body for the funeral, may see
considerably less of the public, but the trend is toward combining the two job
functions. All states except Colorado require funeral directors to be licensed, and all
states require embalmers to be licensed. (In some states, one license covers both.)
Typically those who sit for the licensing exam must have completed two years of
college, at least partially in mortuary science, plus an apprenticeship of at least a
year. Employment opportunities are expected to be good, especially for those who
are willing to relocate.
Related Specialties and Careers
Embalmer, funeral director, grief counselor.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Embalmers (O*NET code Postsecondary Declining $33,030
39-4011.00) vocational training
Funeral Attendants (O*NET Short-term Average $17,630
code 39-4021.00) on-the-job training
Funeral Directors (O*NET Associate degree Little or none $42,020
code 11-9061.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic counseling skills; business information processing; embalming; Federal Trade
Commission funeral regulations; funeral arranging; funeral directing; funeral home
management; funeral merchandising; general chemistry; history of funeral service;
human anatomy; introduction to accounting; introduction to business manage-
ment; legal environment of business; microbiology; pathology; professional ethics;
psychology of grief; restorative art; sociology of funeral service.

174
_________________________________________ Funeral Services and Mortuary Science

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; applied communications; art; biology; bookkeeping; chemistry; office
computer applications; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science; Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; psychology; social perceptiveness. Values/Work Envi-
ronment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; security.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 120301 Funeral Service and Mortuary Science, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.08 Other Personal Services; 13.01 General Management
Work and Management of Support Functions

175
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Graphic and Printing Equipment Operations

Program/Training Duration:One month to more than one year
Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Most printing press operators and prepress technicians learn their skills through
informal on-the-job training, but some learn through apprenticeships or through
programs at technical or community colleges. Training may take from a few months
to several years, depending on the specialization. Since prepress operations are be-
coming increasingly computerized and workers need to keep pace with changing
technology, the best opportunities in that field are expected to be for graduates of
postsecondary programs. Similarly, printing press operators with formal training
probably will have the best job prospects.
Related Specialties and Careers
Dot etching, film stripping, flexography, gravure, letterpress, lithography, screen
printing.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Camera Operators (O*NET Long-term Declining $30,790
code 51-5022.04) on-the-job training
Data Entry Keyers (O*NET Moderate-term Little or none $21,960
code 43-9021.00) on-the-job training
Design Printing Machine Postsecondary Little or none $29,010
Setters and Set-Up Operators vocational training
(O*NET code 51-5023.04)
Dot Etchers (O*NET code Long-term Declining $30,790
51-5022.08) on-the-job training
Electronic Masking System Long-term Declining $30,790
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-5022.09)
Electrotypers and Stereotypers Long-term Declining $30,790
(O*NET code 51-5022.10) on-the-job training
Embossing Machine Set-Up Postsecondary Little or none $29,010
Operators (O*NET code vocational training
51-5023.07)

176
____________________________________ Graphic and Printing Equipment Operations

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Engraver Set-Up Operators Long-term Little or none $29,010
(O*NET code 51-5023.08) on-the-job training
Hand Compositors and Long-term Declining $30,790
Typesetters (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-5022.01)
Job Printers (O*NET code Long-term Little or none $29,220
51-5021.00) on-the-job training
Letterpress Setters and Set-Up Moderate-term Little or none $29,010
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-5023.03)
Marking and Identification Short-term Little or none $29,010
Printing Machine Setters and on-the-job training
Set-Up Operators (O*NET
code 51-5023.05)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business information processing; computer-aided publishing; digital image prepa-
ration; English composition; field experience/internship; introduction to graphic
arts; photo-offset lithography; printing estimating; printing management; printing
production practices; reproduction photography.
Suggested High School Courses
Business/applied math; English; industrial arts; office computer applications; pho-
tography; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Arts, A/V Technology, and Communication.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Operation and control; production and processing. Values/Work Environment:
Independence; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 100308 Computer Typography and Composition Equip-
ment Operator; 100305 Graphic and Printing Equipment Operator, General Production; 100306 Platemaker/
Imager; 100307 Printing Press Operator
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.07 Graphic Arts; 08.02 Production Technology; 08.03
Production Work; 09.07 Records Processing; 09.09 Clerical Machine Operation

177
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Graphic Design, Commercial Art, and Illustration

Program/Training Duration: At least one year, often two or more
Location: College/vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Many consumer goods, such as books, magazines, and Web pages, consist primarily
of graphic elements—illustrations and text. Other goods, such as cereal boxes, use
graphic elements conspicuously. Graphic design teaches how to represent ideas
graphically and give maximum visual appeal to text and pictures. The program
involves considerable studio time, and an important goal is creating a good portfolio
of work. Ability to work with computers is becoming vital in this field. Graduates
with an associate or bachelor’s degree work for publishers and design firms. Some
freelance.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cartooning, illustration, letterform, typography, Web page design.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Art Directors (O*NET code Work experience Faster than average $59,800
27-1011.00) plus degree
Artists and Related Workers, Long-term Average No salary data
All Other (O*NET code on-the-job training available
27-1019.99)
Camera Operators (O*NET Long-term Declining $30,790
code 51-5022.04) on-the-job training
Designers, All Other (O*NET No data available Faster than average No salary data
code 27-1029.99) available
Dot Etchers (O*NET code Long-term Declining $30,790
51-5022.08) on-the-job training
Electronic Masking System Long-term Declining $30,790
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-5022.09)
Electrotypers and Stereotypers Long-term Declining $30,790
(O*NET code 51-5022.10) on-the-job training
Hand Compositors and Long-term Declining $30,790
Typesetters (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-5022.01)

178
________________________________ Graphic Design, Commercial Art, and Illustration

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Painting, Coating, and Short-term Average $20,560
Decorating Workers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 51-9123.00)
Paste-Up Workers (O*NET Long-term Declining $30,790
code 51-5022.02) on-the-job training
Photoengravers (O*NET code Long-term Declining $30,790
51-5022.03) on-the-job training
Photoengraving and Moderate-term Declining $30,790
Lithographing Machine on-the-job training
Operators and Tenders
(O*NET code 51-5022.13)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Art history: Prehistoric to Renaissance; art history: Renaissance to modern; basic
drawing; college algebra; computer applications in graphic design; English composi-
tion; history of graphic design; introduction to graphic design; letterform; oral com-
munication; presentation graphics; senior design project; three-dimensional design;
two-dimensional design; typography; visual communication; visual thinking and
problem solving.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; art; computer science; English; geometry; mechanical drawing; photogra-
phy; pre-calculus; public speaking; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Arts, A/V Technology, and Communication.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Fine arts; operation and control; production and processing. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Independence; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 500402 Commercial and Advertising Art; 500409 Graphic
Design; 500410 Illustration
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.01 Managerial Work in Arts, Entertainment, and Media;
01.04 Visual Arts; 01.07 Graphic Arts; 08.03 Production Work; 09.09 Clerical Machine Operation; 12.03
Educational Services

179
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Health Information Systems Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Health information systems are needed for much more than billing patients or their
HMOs. Many medical discoveries have been made when researchers have examined
large collections of health information. Therefore, health information systems tech-
nicians (sometimes called medical record technicians) must know about the health
care system, about various kinds of diseases and vital statistics, about the latest data-
base technologies, and about how researchers compile data to test hypotheses. This is
one of the fastest-growing occupations. Although most jobs will continue to be in
hospitals, the settings with greatest job growth will be physicians’ offices, nursing
homes, and home health agencies.
Related Specialties and Careers
Data analysis, health information coding, tumor registry.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Medical Records and Health Associate degree Much faster $23,530
Information Technicians than average
(O*NET code 29-2071.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical classification systems; clinical experience in health information; college
algebra; English composition; fundamentals of medical science; human anatomy
and physiology; introduction to health records; introduction to medical terminol-
ogy; introduction to probability; legal aspects of health information; statistics.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; computer science; English; keyboarding; public speak-
ing. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

180
________________________________________ Health Information Systems Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Clerical; computers and electronics; mathematics; reading comprehension. Values/
Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time
sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510707 Health Information/Medical Records Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 09.07 Records Processing

181
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Heating, Ventilation, A/C Technology

Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers make it possible
for us to live and work in conditions with comfortable temperatures and humidity,
even in Phoenix in July or Nome in January. They also install and maintain the
equipment that refrigerates our food and other perishables. The fundamental pro-
cesses that produce heat and refrigeration are not undergoing much change, but the
electronic control systems are changing rapidly. Job opportunities are expected to be
very good for workers with technical school or formal apprenticeship training.
Related Specialties and Careers
Air conditioning mechanic, heating equipment technician, refrigeration mechanic.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Heating and Air Conditioning Long-term Faster than average $34,020
Mechanics (O*NET code on-the-job training
49-9021.01)
Heating, Air Conditioning, Long-term Faster than average $34,020
and Refrigeration Mechanics on-the-job training
and Installers (O*NET code
49-9021.00)
Refrigeration Mechanics Long-term Faster than average $34,020
(O*NET code 49-9021.02) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Air conditioning systems; commercial refrigeration; controls for heating and air
conditioning; domestic refrigeration; duct fabrication; fossil fuel heating; heat load
calculation; heat pumps; hydronics and zoning; physical principles of heating and
refrigeration; workplace communications; workplace math.

182
__________________________________________ Heating, Ventilation, A/C Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; business/applied math; electronics shop; mechanical draw-
ing; metal shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Architecture and Construction.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; installation; mechanical devices; repairing;
troubleshooting. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150501 Heating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
Technology/Technician (ACH/ACR/ACHR/HRAC/HVAC); 470201 Heating, Air Conditioning, Ventilation and
Refrigeration Maintenance Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work

183
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Home Appliance Repair

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to a year or more
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Home appliance repairers (or service technicians) often specialize in electrical, gas,
heating, or refrigeration appliances or in installation or repair. Those servicing small
appliances may work in a shop; others may need to do on-site servicing in the home.
Some technicians learn on the job or in classes offered by a manufacturer or chain
store. For more complex appliances, employers prefer those who have received for-
mal training (perhaps one or two years) in a vocational school or a community or
technical college. Some technicians get certification by passing an exam. Employ-
ment is expected to be steady, with best opportunities in larger shops and for those
who are skilled with electronics.
Related Specialties and Careers
Electrical appliances, gas appliances.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Gas Appliance Repairers Long-term Little or none $29,570
(O*NET code 49-9031.02) on-the-job training
Home Appliance Installers Long-term Little or none $29,570
(O*NET code 49-9031.01) on-the-job training
Home Appliance Repairers Postsecondary Little or none $29,570
(O*NET code 49-9031.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Air conditioning systems; appliance service shop; commercial refrigeration; control
systems; electric motors; heating systems; physical principles of heating and refrig-
eration; principles of electricity; workplace communications.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; electronics shop; industrial arts; office computer
applications; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Manufacturing.

184
______________________________________________________ Home Appliance Repair

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Building and construction; installation; mechanical devices; repairing; trouble-
shooting. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral
values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470106 Appliance Installation and Repair Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.02 Electrical and Electronic Systems; 05.03 Mechanical
Work

185
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Home Health Aide Training

Program/Training Duration: One month or less
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Home health aides care for people who are elderly, disabled, or recovering and are
well enough to live at home but need help with hygiene and basic health-related
procedures. Aides follow the directions of a nurse or doctor and help patients with
activities such as bathing, taking oral medications, performing simple exercises, or
putting on artificial limbs. They also may take the patient’s pulse, temperature, and
respiration rate. The need to keep down health costs and the aging of the population
have created a growing need for home health aides. To work for an employer that
receives Medicare reimbursement, an aide must pass a competency test. Hospitals,
health management companies, community colleges, and technical schools offer a
training program that typically takes only a few weeks.
Related Specialties and Careers
Rehabilitation, senior care.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Home Health Aides (O*NET Short-term Much faster $17,590
code 31-1011.00) on-the-job training than average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic infection control procedures; communications skills; documentation of patient
status and care; emergency procedures; evaluating characteristics of patients; introduc-
tion to nutrition; maintenance of a healthy environment; normal range of motion
and positioning; personal hygiene and grooming; reading and recording vital signs;
safe transfer techniques.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Health Science.

186
___________________________________________________ Home Health Aide Training

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; medicine and dentistry; psychology; service orienta-
tion. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 512602 Home Health Aide/Home Attendant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.07 Patient Care and Assistance

187
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Hotel/Motel and Restaurant Management

Program/Training Duration: Two to several years

Location: College/vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Students of hotel/motel and restaurant management learn many skills required in
any management program—economics, accounting, human resources, finance—
plus the specialized skills needed for the hospitality industry. Some enter the field
with an associate degree, but opportunities are better with a bachelor’s degree. Usu-
ally new hires enter an on-the-job training program, where they learn all aspects of
the business. The outlook for employment is mostly good, especially in restaurants.
Related Specialties and Careers
Hotels/motels, resorts and theme parks, restaurants.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Food Service Managers Work experience Average $33,630
(O*NET code 11-9051.00) in a related occupation
Lodging Managers (O*NET Work experience Little or none $32,860
code 11-9081.00) in a related occupation

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business finance; business writing; calculus for business and social sciences; English
composition; field experience/internship; food and beverage production and man-
agement; food service and lodging operations; hospitality human resource manage-
ment; hospitality technology applications; hotel financial management; introduction
to accounting; introduction to management information systems; introduction to
marketing; introduction to psychology; introduction to the hospitality industry; law
and the hospitality industry; legal environment of business; marketing hospitality
and leisure services; operations management; principles of macroeconomics; prin-
ciples of management and organization; principles of microeconomics; statistics for
business and social sciences; strategic management.

188
______________________________________ Hotel/Motel and Restaurant Management

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; bookkeeping; computer science; English; foreign language; geometry;
public speaking; science; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Hospitality and Tourism.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; coordination; customer and personal service;
management of personnel resources; personnel and human resources. Values/Work
Environment: Authority; autonomy; indoors, environmentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 520904 Hotel/Motel Administration/Management; 520905
Restaurant/Food Services Management
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.01 Managerial Work in Recreation, Travel, and Other
Personal Services; 12.02 Social Services

189
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Human Services
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Social service assistants work in government agencies, health care facilities, group
homes, and other settings. They assist professionals such as social workers, psycholo-
gists, and therapists. Different localities have differing educational requirements for
social service assistants. Some require a bachelor’s degree and some require only a
high school diploma, but an associate degree in human services is often sufficient
preparation to be hired and to be given more than a minimal amount of responsibil-
ity. Volunteer work in the field is often helpful as an adjunct to education. Employ-
ment opportunities are expected to be excellent, especially in rural areas.
Related Specialties and Careers
Case assistant, counseling paraprofessional, gerontology assistant, medical social
service aide.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Social and Human Service Moderate-term Much faster $23,070
Assistants (O*NET code on-the-job training than average
21-1093.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic counseling skills; English composition; field experience/internship; human
growth and development; introduction to human services; introduction to psychol-
ogy; introduction to sociology; introduction to speech communication; personal
and social adjustment.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; foreign language; office com-
puter applications; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Human
Service.

190
_____________________________________________________________ Human Services

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; customer and personal service; education and training; service orien-
tation; social perceptiveness; therapy and counseling. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 440000 Human Services, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.01 Managerial Work in Education and Social Service

191
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Instrumentation Technology
Program/Training Duration: One to two years
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Electronic instruments measure and control many processes and conditions that are
vital to manufacturing, transportation, health care, pollution control, and scientific
research. Instrumentation technologists work in all of these industries to develop,
install, calibrate, test, and repair these instruments. Best opportunities will be for
graduates of two-year programs at community colleges and technical schools. Con-
tinuous training is necessary to stay abreast of new technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
Calibration and repair, design, manufacture, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Precision Instrument and Long-term Little or none No salary data
Equipment Repairers, All Other on-the-job training available
(O*NET code 49-9069.99)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

AC/DC circuit analysis; digital process control systems; electrical automation
theory; electronic devices and circuits; electronic devices in instrumentation; instru-
ment testing, calibration, and repair; pneumatic and mechanical measurements;
technical mathematics; technical writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; electronics shop; geometry;
physics/principles of technology; pre-calculus; trigonometry. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Scientific Research/Engineering; Manufacturing.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

192
__________________________________________________ Instrumentation Technology

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150404 Instrumentation Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work

193
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Interior Design
Program/Training Duration: At least two years, usually four
Location: College classroom

Career Snapshot
Interior designers need a mixture of artistic creativity, mastery of furnishing and
decorating materials, business sense, and knowledge of construction codes and
methods. Most employers of interior designers prefer new hires to have a bachelor’s
degree, but it is possible to enter this career as an assistant designer with an associ-
ate degree. Licensure or registration is necessary in 19 states, and a combination of
education and experience is required to sit for the licensing exam. Competition for
jobs is expected to be keen.
Related Specialties and Careers
Commercial, furnishings, residential.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Interior Designers (O*NET Bachelor’s degree Average $39,580
code 27-1025.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced rendering and presentation; architectural drafting; business procedures
for interior design; college algebra; commercial interior design; computer-aided
drafting (CAD); English composition; introduction to interior design; introduction
to speech communication; lighting and furnishings; residential interior design; tex-
tiles for interior design; three-dimensional design; three-dimensional drawing and
rendering.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; art; drafting; English; geometry; home econom-
ics; office computer applications; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

194
______________________________________________________________ Interior Design

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; administration and management; coordination; design; operations
analysis. Values/Work Environment: Ability utilization; achievement; creativity;
indoors, environmentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 500408 Interior Design
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.04 Visual Arts; 12.03 Educational Services

195
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Investigative Services
Program/Training Duration: One year or more
Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Private investigators have been the subject of many novels, movies, and TV shows.
The reality (odd hours, perhaps tedium or stress) is not as glamorous, but the de-
mand for workers is growing as our society becomes more security-conscious and
involved in lawsuits. Those who want to enter the field can expect a lot of competi-
tion, often from people who are moving from a career in law enforcement, the
military, or insurance. Most states require a license, and some mandate specific
training programs. A degree in law enforcement can be a help, and some specialized
schools offer training programs. Employers may also be looking for skills that appli-
cants have developed in a previous job, such as doing database searches, interpret-
ing financial documents, or operating photographic or electronic surveillance
equipment.
Related Specialties and Careers
Corporate investigation, financial investigation, legal investigation, loss prevention.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Animal Control Workers Moderate-term Average $24,250
(O*NET code 33-9011.00) on-the-job training
Crossing Guards (O*NET Short-term Little or none $17,780
code 33-9091.00) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors/Managers, Work experience Faster than No salary
Protective Service Workers, in a related average data available
All Other (O*NET code occupation
33-1099.99)
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Short-term Faster than No salary
Other Recreational Protective on-the-job training average data available
Service Workers (O*NET code
33-9092.00)

196
_________________________________________________________ Investigative Services

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Parking Enforcement Workers Short-term Average $26,820
(O*NET code 33-3041.00) on-the-job training
Protective Service Workers, All No data available Faster than No salary
Other (O*NET code average data available
33-9099.99)
Transit and Railroad Police Long-term Average $43,110
(O*NET code 33-3052.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Court system; covert techniques; investigative agency office operations; investiga-
tive information sources; investigative report writing methods; overt operation
methods; surveillance methods.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; computer science; photography;
public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Law and
Public Safety.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Critical thinking; public safety and security. Values/Work Environment: Moral values;
outdoors, exposed to weather.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 439999 Security and Protective Services, Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.01 Managerial Work in Law, Law Enforcement, and Public
Safety; 04.03 Law Enforcement

197
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Law Enforcement
Program/Training Duration: Two to five years
Location: College classroom plus police academy or workplace

Career Snapshot
We live in a society that is governed by laws at the municipal, state, and federal lev-
els. These laws are enforced by people who understand the laws themselves; the
workings of the agencies that are empowered to enforce them; and the techniques for
detecting violation of the laws, arresting violators, and processing them through the
court system. Public concern about crime has created many job opportunities in this
field, especially at the local level. A college degree is increasingly being required for
entry to a police academy, but some law enforcement jobs are learned on the job.
Related Specialties and Careers
Police administration, police work, security.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Bailiffs (O*NET code Moderate-term Average $31,390
33-3011.00) on-the-job training
Child Support, Missing Work experience in Average $50,960
Persons, and Unemployment a related occupation
Insurance Fraud Investigators
(O*NET code 33-3021.04)
Criminal Investigators and Work experience in Average $50,960
Special Agents (O*NET code a related occupation
33-3021.03)
Detectives and Criminal Work experience in Average $50,960
Investigators (O*NET code a related occupation
33-3021.00)
Highway Patrol Pilots (O*NET Long-term Faster than $40,970
code 33-3051.02) on-the-job training average
Immigration and Customs Work experience in Average $50,960
Inspectors (O*NET code a related occupation
33-3021.05)

198
____________________________________________________________ Law Enforcement

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Long-term Faster than $40,970
Officers (O*NET code on-the-job training average
33-3051.00)
Police Detectives (O*NET Work experience in Average $50,960
code 33-3021.01) a related occupation
Police Identification and Work experience in Average $50,960
Records Officers (O*NET a related occupation
code 33-3021.02)
Police Patrol Officers (O*NET Long-term Faster than $40,970
code 33-3051.01) on-the-job training average
Private Detectives and Work experience in Faster than $28,380
Investigators (O*NET code a related occupation average
33-9021.00)
Sheriffs and Deputy Sheriffs Long-term Faster than $40,970
(O*NET code 33-3051.03) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Criminal investigation; criminal law; criminal procedures; emergency life support
procedures; ethics, diversity, and conflict; introduction to criminal justice; introduc-
tion to psychology; law enforcement weaponry; police organization and administra-
tion; police-community relations; seminar (reporting on research); technical writing;
traffic control and accident investigation.
Suggested High School Courses
English; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Law and Public Safety.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Active listening; law and government; public safety and security. Values/Work
Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; security; supervision, human
relations.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 430107 Criminal Justice/Police Science
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.03 Law Enforcement; 12.03 Educational Services

199
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Library Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month or less
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Much of the work that is done in libraries—acquiring and organizing materials, help-
ing users find information, checking out materials—is done by technicians. Some
library technicians are trained on the job, but opportunities are probably better for
those with formal training. Since libraries and information services are increasingly
automated, experience working with computers and especially databases is helpful.
Job opportunities are uncertain; libraries strapped for funds may cut back on hiring,
but they may also hire more technicians in place of professionals.
Related Specialties and Careers
Audiovisual services, circulation, reference, special libraries.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Library Assistants, Clerical Short-term Average $18,580
(O*NET code 43-4121.00) on-the-job training
Library Technicians (O*NET Short-term Average $23,790
code 25-4031.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Acquisitions; audiovisual services; circulation services; English composition; field
experience/internship; introduction to libraries; management of libraries and infor-
mation services; public services; reference services and resources; technical services;
technology in the library.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; computer science; foreign
language; keyboarding; office computer applications; public speaking. Dept. of
Education School-to-Work Cluster: Education and Training.

200
__________________________________________________________ Library Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Clerical; customer and personal service; reading comprehension. Values/Work
Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; good working
conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 250301 Library Assistant/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services

201
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Machinist Training
Program/Training Duration: One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace, perhaps vocational classroom
Career Snapshot
Machinists use power equipment to produce metal parts that meet specifications.
Training is obtained through an apprenticeship, vocational school, or technical college.
Prior work experience as a machine setter, tender, or operator is helpful. Computer-
controlled machines help machinists to work more productively, eliminating some
jobs. However, employment opportunities for machinists are expected to be excellent.
Related Specialties and Careers
CNC programming, maintenance, production.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Buffing and Polishing Set-Up Moderate-term Little or none $25,530
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-4033.02)
Combination Machine Tool Moderate-term Average $27,910
Operators and Tenders, Metal on-the-job training
and Plastic (O*NET code
51-4081.02)
Combination Machine Tool Moderate-term Average $27,910
Setters and Set-Up Operators, on-the-job training
Metal and Plastic (O*NET
code 51-4081.01)
Cutting, Punching, and Press Moderate-term Declining $24,080
Machine Setters, Operators, on-the-job training
and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
(O*NET code 51-4031.00)
Drilling and Boring Machine Moderate-term Declining $26,670
Tool Setters, Operators, and on-the-job training
Tenders, Metal and Plastic
(O*NET code 51-4032.00)
Extruding and Drawing Moderate-term Average $25,170
Machine Setters, Operators, on-the-job training
and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
(O*NET code 51-4021.00)
Forging Machine Setters, Moderate-term Little or none $25,880
Operators, and Tenders, Metal on-the-job training
and Plastic (O*NET code
51-4022.00)

202
___________________________________________________________ Machinist Training

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Grinding, Honing, Lapping, Moderate-term Little or none $25,530
and Deburring Machine on-the-job training
Set-Up Operators (O*NET
code 51-4033.01)
Grinding, Lapping, Polishing, Moderate-term Little or none $25,530
and Buffing Machine Tool on-the-job training
Setters, Operators, and
Tenders, (O*NET code
51-4033.00)
Heat Treating Equipment Moderate-term Average $27,540
Setters, Operators, and on-the-job training
Tenders, Metal and Plastic
(O*NET code 51-4191.00)
Heat Treating, Annealing, and Moderate-term Average $27,540
Tempering Machine Operators on-the-job training
and Tenders, Metal and Plastic
(O*NET code 51-4191.02)
Heaters, Metal and Plastic Moderate-term Average $27,540
(O*NET code 51-4191.03) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; drill press operations; introduction to machine tools; lathe
operations; mathematics for machine trades; mill operations; surface grinding
operations.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; computer science; geometry; industrial arts; mechanical drawing; metal shop;
physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Mechanical devices; operation and control; operation monitoring; production and pro-
cessing. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous equipment; indoors, envi-
ronmentally controlled; moral values; spend time standing.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below.
You can use the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and
related occupations (via GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major
career information system. See the Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 480501 Machine Tool Technology/Machinist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.02 Production Technology; 08.03 Production
Work; 08.04 Metal and Plastics Machining Technology

203
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Marine Transportation Operations

Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Jobs in the water transportation industry range from captain to sailor. Ships’ offic-
ers and operators are licensed by the Coast Guard, and candidates for the licensing
exam must have appropriate education or experience at sea. Those who do not get
training and experience in the military may attend a specialized technical school or
maritime college. Some get training at a union-operated school and gain a few
years’ experience as an unlicensed deckhand or engineer. Almost 75 percent of
deep-sea mariners are union members and are hired through hiring halls in major
seaports. Competition for jobs is keen, and although a job may last for many
months, a mariner may be unemployed for weeks or months afterward.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cargo stowage, marine engineering, navigation, piloting.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Captains, Mates, and Pilots of Long-term Little or none $48,680
Water Vessels (O*NET code on-the-job training
53-5021.00)
Mates—Ship, Boat, and Barge Work experience in Little or none $48,680
(O*NET code 53-5021.02) a related occupation
Pilots, Ship (O*NET code Work experience Little or none $48,680
53-5021.03) plus degree
Ship and Boat Captains Long-term Little or none $48,680
(O*NET code 53-5021.01) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic piloting and navigation; celestial navigation; dry cargo stowage; electronic
navigation; English composition; introduction to marine engineering; leadership
and management; liquid cargo stowage; marine mathematics; marine meteorology;

204
_____________________________________________ Marine Transportation Operations

marine safety; maritime law; naval architecture; principles of marine mechanics; ship
handling; ship information systems; vessel maintenance; water survival.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; computer science; English; geography; geometry; physics/principles of
technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation,
Distribution, and Logistics.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Coordination; geography; judgment and decision making; operation and control;
transportation. Values/Work Environment: Authority; autonomy; outdoors, exposed
to weather; responsibility.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 490309 Marine Science/Merchant Marine Officer
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 07.04 Water Vehicle Operation

205
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Marketing
Program/Training Duration: More than two years
Location: College classroom plus work
Career Snapshot
Marketing is the study of how buyers and sellers of goods and services find one
another, how businesses can tailor their offerings to meet demand, and how busi-
nesses can anticipate and influence demand. It uses the findings of economics, psy-
chology, and sociology in a business context. An associate degree may lead to a
position as management trainee, but a bachelor’s degree is the best preparation for a
job in marketing research. Usually some experience in this field is required before a
person can move into a marketing management position. Job outlook varies, with
some industries looking more favorable than others.
Related Specialties and Careers
Marketing management, marketing research.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Advertising and Promotions Work experience Faster than $55,940
Managers (O*NET code plus degree average
11-2011.00)
Marketing Managers (O*NET Work experience Faster than $74,370
code 11-2021.00) plus degree average
Sales Managers (O*NET code Work experience Faster than $71,620
11-2022.00) plus degree average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business finance; business writing; buyer behavior; calculus for business and social
sciences; decision support systems for management; English composition; introduc-
tion to accounting; introduction to management information systems; introduction
to marketing; introduction to psychology; legal environment of business; marketing
research; marketing strategy; operations management; principles of macroeconomics;
principles of management and organization; principles of microeconomics; statistics
for business and social sciences; strategic management.

206
___________________________________________________________________ Marketing

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; bookkeeping; computer science; English; foreign language; geometry; sci-
ence; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale
Sales and Service.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Administration and management; coordination; customer and personal service;
judgment and decision making; sales and marketing; speaking. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Compensation; creativity; indoors, environmentally controlled; spend time
sitting; good working conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 521401 Marketing/Marketing Management, General
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 10.01 Managerial Work in Sales and Marketing;
12.03 Educational Services

207
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Masonry
Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Brickmasons and blockmasons build and repair walls, chimneys, floors, and parti-
tions by using bricks, concrete blocks, and other masonry materials. Stonemasons
do similar work with stone blocks but usually work on nonresidential buildings.
Cement masons and concrete finishers prepare the forms that receive concrete,
pour the concrete into place, and finish its surface. The work is physically demand-
ing and usually done outdoors. Most masons learn on the job, either in formal
apprenticeships or by working as helpers. Some programs are also available at trade
and technical schools and community colleges. Job opportunities are expected to be
excellent.
Related Specialties and Careers
Brick masonry, cement masonry, concrete block masonry, stone masonry.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Brickmasons and Blockmasons Long-term Average $41,590
(O*NET code 47-2021.00) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— in a related
Construction Trades Workers occupation
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors/ Work experience Average $46,570
Managers of Construction in a related
Trades and Extraction Workers occupation
(O*NET code 47-1011.00)
Helpers—Brickmasons, Short-term Average $23,620
Blockmasons, Stonemasons, on-the-job training
and Tile and Marble Setters
(O*NET code 47-3011.00)
Stonemasons (O*NET code Long-term Faster than $32,470
47-2022.00) on-the-job training average

208
____________________________________________________________________ Masonry

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; brick arches; brick masonry; cement masonry; concrete block
masonry; construction math and estimating; construction safety and materials; finish
masonry; fireplace construction; masonry fundamentals; stone masonry; technical
writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; business/applied math; industrial arts; mechanical draw-
ing; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Architecture and Construction.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Building and construction; equipment selection. Values/Work Environment: Moral
values; outdoors, exposed to weather.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460101 Mason/Masonry
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and
Drilling; 06.02 Construction; 06.04 Hands-on Work in Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance

209
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Massage Therapy
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Half the states now regulate massage therapists, and the standard for entry to the
field has become a minimum of 500 hours of training, often followed by a certify-
ing exam. Those considering training may benefit from previous education in
health care, psychology, or business and should take care to find a training program
that is approved by a reputable national accreditation agency. Employment oppor-
tunities are expected to be good because of the general interest in health and well-
being and the increasing acceptance of massage therapy by the public and by health
insurers.
Related Specialties and Careers
Sports massage, therapeutic massage.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Massage Therapists (O*NET Postsecondary Faster than $28,050
code 31-9011.00) vocational training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Human anatomy and physiology; introduction to medical terminology; kinesiol-
ogy; massage techniques; pathology; sports massage; supervised clinical practice.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; physics/
principles of technology; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Health Science.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

210
____________________________________________________________ Massage Therapy

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 513502 Asian Bodywork Therapy; 513501 Massage
Therapy/Therapeutic Massage; 513503 Somatic Bodywork; 513599 Somatic Bodywork and Related Therapeutic
Services, Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.06 Medical Therapy

211
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Mechanical Engineering Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College classroom

Career Snapshot
Mechanical engineering technologists help engineers solve problems in the design,
testing, and manufacture of mechanical devices used in industry, in transportation,
and as consumer goods. They often prepare computerized graphics that represent a
mechanical part or system and control how it is manufactured. Job prospects are
better for graduates of programs (typically lasting two years) approved by the Tech-
nology Accreditation Commission of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (TAC/ABET).
Related Specialties and Careers
Computer-aided design (CAD), design, manufacture, testing.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Mechanical Engineering Associate degree Average $40,910
Technicians (O*NET code
17-3027.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Computer applications in engineering; computer-aided drafting (CAD); descriptive
geometry; engineering circuit analysis; engineering graphics; general physics; machine
design; manufacturing processes; mechanics; mechanics of materials; technical math-
ematics; technical writing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; geometry; mechanical draw-
ing; physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Manufacturing.

212
___________________________________________ Mechanical Engineering Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Design; engineering and technology; mathematics; mechanical devices; operation
and control; technology design. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to hazardous
equipment; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150805 Mechanical Engineering/Mechanical Technology/
Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

213
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Medical Assistant Training

Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Medical assistants perform routine administrative and clinical tasks in the offices of
health practitioners (e.g., doctors, optometrists, chiropractors). They direct patients
to examination rooms, retrieve patients’ medical charts, arrange for laboratory work
and HMO billing, and schedule appointments. Depending on the state where they
work and the procedures of their office, they may take a patient’s blood pressure
and temperature, draw blood, sterilize medical instruments, perform laboratory
tests on specimens, or instruct patients about diet and exercise. Some specialize,
and others are generalists who can perform many of these functions. This is one of
the fastest-growing occupations, and job prospects are expected to be very good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Administrative assistant, generalist, ophthalmic medical assistant, podiatric medical
assistant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Medical Assistants (O*NET Moderate-term Much faster $23,610
code 31-9092.00) on-the-job training than average
Medical Equipment Preparers Short-term Average $22,490
(O*NET code 31-9093.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience in medical assisting; computer applications in the medical
office; human anatomy and physiology; introduction to health records; introduc-
tion to medical assisting; introduction to medical terminology; introduction to
psychology.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; bookkeeping; chemistry; computer science; English; keyboarding;
office computer applications; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Health Science.

214
____________________________________________________ Medical Assistant Training

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Clerical; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension. Values/Work Environment:
Exposed to disease or infections; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510801 Medical/Clinical Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.02 Medicine and Surgery; 14.05 Medical Technology

215
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Medical Laboratory Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
The detection, diagnosis, and prevention of disease depend heavily on various
kinds of medical tests—of blood, urine, tissue samples, etc. Medical (or clinical)
laboratory technicians perform a variety of laboratory tests under the supervision of
a clinical laboratory scientist (also called a medical technologist). Job opportunities
are unclear, because at the same time that the number of medical tests is increasing,
automation is playing a growing role.
Related Specialties and Careers
Histology technician, phlebotomist.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Medical and Clinical Associate degree Average $28,810
Laboratory Technicians
(O*NET code 29-2012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Body fluid analysis; clinical chemistry; clinical experience in medical lab technol-
ogy; clinical microbiology; English composition; general chemistry; hematology
and coagulation; human anatomy and physiology; immunohematology; introduc-
tion to organic chemistry and biochemistry; microbiology.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Edu-
cation School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; chemistry; medicine and dentistry; science. Values/Work Environment: Abil-
ity utilization; exposed to disease or infections; indoors, environmentally controlled.

216
_______________________________________________ Medical Laboratory Technology

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510802 Clinical/Medical Laboratory Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

217
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Medical Transcription
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
As the health care industry moves steadily toward keeping all health records in elec-
tronic form, medical transcriptionists are needed to key in medical information
about patients. The work requires more than just keyboard ability and mastery of
the technology; transcriptionists must understand the medical terminology and be
able to use a variety of reference materials to ensure that records are entered cor-
rectly. Sometimes they have to check with a health care professional when informa-
tion seems contradictory. The work can readily be done at home, but it requires
investment in equipment and reference materials, and prior experience in an office
setting is helpful. Employment opportunities are expected to be best for those who
get an associate degree and/or certification from the American Association for
Medical Transcription.
Related Specialties and Careers
Transcription, transcription business management.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Medical Transcriptionists Associate degree Faster than $26,460
(O*NET code 31-9094.00) average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Disease processes; English grammar and punctuation; field experience/internship;
human anatomy and physiology; introduction to health records; introduction to
medical terminology; medical transcription practice; medicolegal issues, confidenti-
ality, and ethics; pharmacology and laboratory medicine; transcription technology.
Suggested High School Courses
Biology; business/applied math; chemistry; English; keyboarding; office computer
applications. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

218
________________________________________________________ Medical Transcription

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510708 Medical Transcription/Transcriptionist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 09.07 Records Processing

219
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Multimedia Design and Production

Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
So many industries use multimedia technology—from education to advertising to
entertainment—that job opportunities should be good for people with skills in this
field. The work requires a combination of artistic and technical skills, although
workers may lean more toward one of these aspects. Because the technology is con-
stantly evolving, workers need to get regular training in the latest applications to
stay employable.
Related Specialties and Careers
Audio production, broadcast and cable television, corporate communications, edu-
cational media development, multimedia production, presentation support, video
production.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Art Directors (O*NET code Work experience Faster than $59,800
27-1011.00) plus degree average
Cartoonists (O*NET code Long-term Average $32,870
27-1013.03) on-the-job training
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Long-term Average $32,870
Sculptors, and Illustrators on-the-job training
(O*NET code 27-1013.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Art history; audio production; computer graphics; digital photography; English
composition; introduction to multimedia; introduction to visual design; oral com-
munication; video production; Web site design.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; art; computer science; photography; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Arts, A/V Technology, and
Communication.

220
____________________________________________ Multimedia Design and Production

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; communications and media; design; fine arts. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Ability utilization; autonomy; creativity; indoors, environmentally controlled;
spend time sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 500706 Intermedia/Multimedia
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.01 Managerial Work in Arts, Entertainment, and Media;
01.04 Visual Arts; 12.03 Educational Services

221
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Network and Telecommunications Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
The information-based economy demands that computers be networked to each
other, often over long distances. The telephone system now serves computers and
faxes as well as talkative people. These advances in technology have created a grow-
ing demand for technicians who can set up, manage, and troubleshoot computer
networks and systems for voice communications. This field is changing so rapidly
that entry requirements are not yet well defined. Some workers prepare by taking a
one- or two-year program at a trade or technical school. Others prepare in the
Armed Forces. Continuous learning is a must in this field, and employers often pay
for workers to get certified in a particular technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
Call center management, communications technology, Internet solutions consult-
ing, network administration, network analysis and design, sales, system installation/
maintenance.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Calibration and Instrumen- Associate degree Average $42,130
tation Technicians (O*NET
code 17-3023.02)
Electrical and Electronic Associate degree Average $42,130
Engineering Technicians
(O*NET code 17-3023.00)
Electrical Engineering Associate degree Average $42,130
Technicians (O*NET code
17-3023.03)
Electronics Engineering Associate degree Average $42,130
Technicians (O*NET code
17-3023.01)

222
__________________________________ Network and Telecommunications Technology

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced topics in telecommunications; analog and digital telephony; computer
applications in telecommunications; data communications systems; local and wide
networks; programming in a language (e.g., C, PASCAL, COBOL); technical
mathematics; technical writing; telecommunications protocols.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; computer science; electronics shop; geometry;
physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Manufacturing.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active learning; computers and electronics; design; engineering and technology;
technology design. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150305 Telecommunications Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

223
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Nuclear Medicine Technology

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Nuclear medicine technologists use radioactive materials for the diagnosis and
treatment of disease. They administer radioactive compounds to patients and then
use a specialized camera or scanner to record the behavior of the compound in the
body. They need to know safe procedures for storing and handling radioactive ma-
terials. This is a small occupation, so there are not many openings, all the more so
because many hospitals are merging their nuclear medicine department with their
radiography department. Best job prospects will be for those who also have knowl-
edge of radiologic technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
Imaging, radioimmunoassay studies.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Nuclear Medicine Technologists Associate degree Faster than $47,400
(O*NET code 29-2033.00) average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience in nuclear medicine; college algebra; computers in nuclear
medicine; English composition; general chemistry; general physics; health physics
for nuclear medicine; human anatomy and physiology; introduction to nuclear
medicine; non-imaging procedures in nuclear medicine; nuclear medicine imaging;
nuclear medicine instrumentation; oral communication.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Edu-
cation School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

224
_________________________________________________ Nuclear Medicine Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; computers and electronics; mathematics; medicine and dentistry; reading
comprehension; science. Values/Work Environment: Ability utilization; exposed to
disease or infections; exposed to radiation; indoors, environmentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510905 Nuclear Medical Technology/Technologist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology

225
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Nurse Aide/Assistant Training

Program/Training Duration: One month or less
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Nursing aides, also known as nursing assistants, perform routine clinical tasks under
the supervision of medical and nursing staff. They bring patients food, make beds,
help with personal hygiene, answer call bells, help patients out of bed, take their
temperature and pulse rate, report on signs of illness, and escort patients to examina-
tion or operating rooms. Job opportunity is expected to be good, especially in long-
term health care facilities.
Related Specialties and Careers
Geriatric aide, hospital attendant, nursing assistant, psychiatric aide.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Nursing Aides, Orderlies, and Short-term Faster than $19,290
Attendants (O*NET code on-the-job training average
31-1012.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical nursing experience; human growth and development; nursing assistant.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Health Science.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Chemistry; customer and personal service; medicine and dentistry; social percep-
tiveness. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to disease or infections; indoors, envi-
ronmentally controlled; social service; spend time standing.

226
_________________________________________________ Nurse Aide/Assistant Training

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 511614 Nurse/Nursing Assistant/Aide and Patient Care
Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.07 Patient Care and Assistance

227
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Occupational Therapy Assisting

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Occupational therapy helps people with various kinds of disabilities—developmen-
tal, emotional, etc.—overcome them or compensate for them and thus lead more
productive and enjoyable lives. Occupational therapy assistants work under the
supervision of occupational therapists to provide appropriate rehabilitative services
and evaluate the patients’ progress. Cuts in federal coverage of therapeutic services
have limited the growth of occupational therapy for the short run, but the long-run
outlook for jobs is good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Occupational therapist aide, occupational therapist assistant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Occupational Therapist Aides Short-term Much faster $21,570
(O*NET code 31-2012.00) on-the-job training than average
Occupational Therapist Associate degree Much faster $35,840
Assistants (O*NET code than average
31-2011.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Abnormal psychology; analysis of movement; clinical experience in occupational
therapy assisting; English composition; human anatomy and physiology; human
growth and development; introduction to medical terminology; introduction to psy-
chology; occupational therapy for developmental problems; occupational therapy for
physiological diagnoses; occupational therapy for psychosocial diagnoses.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; public speaking; social science. Dept. of
Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

228
_______________________________________________ Occupational Therapy Assisting

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Education and training; medicine and dentistry; social perceptiveness; therapy and
counseling. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; security;
social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510803 Occupational Therapist Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.06 Medical Therapy

229
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Office Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
As business offices have become high-tech, office technology has replaced the old
program called secretarial science. Technology has encouraged professionals to do
more typing and manage their own phone calls, and it has also made secretaries and
administrative assistants more productive. As a result, job growth for secretaries and
administrative assistants has slowed down. Nevertheless, this is such a huge field that
a large number of jobs will open as people retire or change jobs. Workers need to
take classes periodically to stay up to date with the latest technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
Accounting, database management, document production, multimedia presentation.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Data Entry Keyers (O*NET Moderate-term Little or none $21,960
code 43-9021.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business math; business writing; computer fundamentals; computer spreadsheet;
database management systems; document production; general office procedures;
Internet basics; introduction to accounting; keyboarding; office communications;
office technology externship; presentation graphics; word processing.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; keyboarding;
office computer applications. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Business
and Administration.

230
___________________________________________________________ Office Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Clerical; computers and electronics; reading comprehension. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Independence; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time
making repetitive motions; spend time sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 520407 Business/Office Automation/Technology/Data Entry
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 09.09 Clerical Machine Operation

231
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Optical Laboratory Technology

Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Although some optical laboratory technicians work on telescopes and binoculars,
most make prescription eyeglasses and contact lenses. Working in labs and follow-
ing written specifications, they cut, grind, edge, and finish lenses and may mount
them in eyeglass frames. The work is increasingly done by automated equipment,
which means that although the demand for eyeglasses is increasing as the popula-
tion ages, the need for workers is growing only slowly. Almost all workers learn on
the job, moving from simple to more complex tasks over the course of perhaps six
months.
Related Specialties and Careers
Contact lenses, eyeglass lenses, laboratory management, mounting lenses, scientific
instruments.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Ophthalmic Laboratory Moderate-term Little or none $21,350
Technicians (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-9083.00)
Optical Instrument Assemblers Moderate-term Little or none $21,350
(O*NET code 51-9083.02) on-the-job training
Precision Lens Grinders and Moderate-term Little or none $21,350
Polishers (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-9083.01)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Algebra and trigonometry; anatomy and physiology of the eye; business writing;
contact lenses; eyewear lens selection and dispensing; field experience/internship;
frame selection and dispensing; optical business management; optical dispensing;
optical laboratory techniques; optical theory.

232
________________________________________________ Optical Laboratory Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; geometry; office computer applications; photography; physics/principles of
technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Equipment selection; mechanical devices; physics. Values/Work Environment:
Independence; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 511006 Ophthalmic Laboratory Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work; 08.02 Production Technology

233
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Opticianry
Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Dispensing opticians help fit patients with glasses and contact lenses. They place
orders with optical labs and sometimes assemble lenses and frames. They may work
in retail settings or in the offices of optometrists or ophthalmologists. Most are
trained on the job; large employers may offer a structured apprenticeship program.
Some complete formal programs at a community or technical college. Certification
may be helpful for employment. The occupation is expected to grow at about the
average rate, but it does not employ a large work force and is sensitive to economic
downturns.
Related Specialties and Careers
Fitting contact lenses, fitting eyeglasses, lens grinding.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Opticians, Dispensing Long-term Average $26,100
(O*NET code 29-2081.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Anatomy and physiology of the eye; anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the
eye; applied optic principles; college algebra; communications skills; contact lenses;
internship in opticianry; introduction to computer applications; introduction to
health care; introduction to psychology; ophthalmic dispensing; ophthalmic mate-
rials; optical business management; optical theory; opticianry sales and business
management.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; biology; bookkeeping; distributive education;
geometry; office computer applications; physics/principles of technology; public
speaking; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health
Science.

234
__________________________________________________________________ Opticianry

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Administration and management; customer and personal service; reading compre-
hension; sales and marketing. Values/Work Environment: Achievement; indoors,
environmentally controlled; social service; social status; spend time sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 511801 Opticianry/Ophthalmic Dispensing Optician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.04 Health Specialties

235
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Ornamental Horticulture
Program/Training Duration: At least one year, perhaps several

Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Graduates of ornamental horticulture programs are employed by greenhouses and
nurseries, landscaping and horticultural services, amusement parks and golf
courses, and local parks and recreation departments. Workers enjoy many of the
same pleasures as in farming—working with growing things and the soil—but also
need to be cautious about some of the same dangers from power equipment and
toxic chemicals. Employment opportunities are probably best in the Sunbelt, where
there is a longer season for outdoor recreation and the growing of ornamental
plants.
Related Specialties and Careers
Greenhouse management, landscaping, nursery management.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Agricultural Crop Farm Work experience in Little or none $42,170
Managers (O*NET code a related occupation
11-9011.02)
Farm, Ranch, and Other Work experience in Little or none $42,170
Agricultural Managers a related occupation
(O*NET code 11-9011.00)
Farmers and Ranchers Long-term Declining $42,170
(O*NET code 11-9012.00) on-the-job training
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience in Average $32,100
Manager/Supervisors— a related occupation
Landscaping Workers (O*NET
code 37-1012.02)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience in Average $32,100
of Landscaping, Lawn Service, a related occupation
and Groundskeeping Workers
(O*NET code 37-1012.00)

236
______________________________________________________ Ornamental Horticulture

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Lawn Service Managers Work experience in Average $32,100
(O*NET code 37-1012.01) a related occupation
Nursery and Greenhouse Work experience in Little or none $42,170
Managers (O*NET code a related occupation
11-9011.01)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Annual and perennial flowers; botany; computers in agriculture; English composi-
tion; general biology; general entomology; greenhouse management; herbaceous/
exotic plants; horticulture practicum; indoor plants; introduction to horticulture;
introduction to landscape design; introduction to ornamental horticulture; introduc-
tion to soil science; landscape management; pest management; plant pathology; plant
propagation; small business management; technical writing; woody ornamentals.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; bookkeeping; business/applied math; chemistry;
office computer applications; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/Natural Resources.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Administration and management; coordination; food production; management
of personnel resources; personnel and human resources. Values/Work Environment:
Authority; autonomy; outdoors, exposed to weather; responsibility.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010603 Ornamental Horticulture
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 03.01 Managerial Work in Plants and Animals; 12.03
Educational Services; 13.01 General Management Work and Management of Support Functions

237
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Paralegal Services
Program/Training Duration: At least two years
Location: College classroom, followed by workplace
Career Snapshot
Paralegals (or legal assistants) help lawyers with such tasks as interviewing clients
and witnesses, drafting legal documents, and doing legal research. Although some
paralegals get on-the-job training, the trend is toward hiring graduates of two- and
even four-year programs or college graduates from other fields who have completed
a certificate program in paralegal studies. For example, someone with a background
in nursing might work as a paralegal in the field of medical-related litigation. Com-
petition for jobs is expected to be intense.
Related Specialties and Careers
Law office management, legal research.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Legal Support Workers, All No data available Average No salary
Other (O*NET code data available
23-2099.99)
Paralegals and Legal Assistants Associate degree Faster than $36,670
(O*NET code 23-2011.00) average
Title Examiners and Abstractors Long-term Little or none $31,770
(O*NET code 23-2093.02) on-the-job training
Title Examiners, Abstractors, Moderate-term Little or none $31,770
and Searchers (O*NET code on-the-job training
23-2093.00)
Title Searchers (O*NET code Moderate-term Little or none $31,770
23-2093.01) on-the-job training

238
____________________________________________________________ Paralegal Services

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Business law; civil procedure and litigation; computer applications in the law office;
criminal law and procedure; family law; introduction to legal assisting; law office
management; legal assistant internship; legal research and writing; probate practices
and procedures; real estate law; tort law; wills, trusts, and estate administration.
Suggested High School Courses
Business/applied math; English; keyboarding; office computer applications; public
speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Law and Public
Safety.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Clerical; critical thinking; English language; law and government; reading com-
prehension; writing. Values/Work Environment: Company policies and practices;
indoors, environmentally controlled; spend time sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 220302 Legal Assistant/Paralegal
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 04.02 Law

239
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Personal Trainer
Program/Training Duration: A year or more
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Personal trainers work one-on-one with clients, who may be sedentary people who
want to get in shape or very fit people who want to stay in top condition. Probably
most are self-employed. The key to being hired is to have certification from an orga-
nization such as the American College of Sports Medicine, the American Council on
Exercise, or the National Strength and Conditioning Association. Training courses
are offered by some of these organizations and by specialized schools.
Related Specialties and Careers
Rehabilitation, senior fitness.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Fitness Trainers and Aerobics Postsecondary Much faster $23,340
Instructors (O*NET code vocational training than average
39-9031.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Body composition; cardiovascular fitness; fitness assessments; flexibility training;
human anatomy and physiology; nutrition; resistance training.
Suggested High School Courses
Biology; business/applied math; physics/principles of technology; public speaking.
Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Education and Training.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Coordination; customer and personal service; education and training; instructing;
learning strategies; psychology. Values/Work Environment: Authority; creativity; out-
doors, exposed to weather; responsibility; spend time standing.

240
_____________________________________________________________ Personal Trainer

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 319999 Parks, Recreation, Leisure, and Fitness Studies,
Other
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 11.02 Recreational Services

241
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Pet Grooming
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to several months
Location: Vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Americans love pets, and many of the most popular breeds require periodic groom-
ing to keep them clean, comfortable, and good looking. Groomers need an artistic
eye, a great amount of patience, and physical stamina. They should not be allergic
to pets or be squeamish. The workplace is often hot and noisy. Some groomers
learn by working for an established business, often starting out washing pets. Many
get initial training at a specialized trade school and then perfect their skills on the
job. This career offers many opportunities for self-employment or for arrangements
to work as an independent contractor for a pet business. So far there has been very
little governmental movement toward licensure or regulation.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cat grooming, dog grooming, pet care management.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Nonfarm Animal Caretakers Short-term Faster than $16,570
(O*NET code 39-2021.00) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Anatomy of the dog and cat; breed recognition and trims; brushing, combing, and
dematting; clipper and scissoring techniques; customer relations; grooming tools:
use and care; introduction to grooming; pet diseases and parasites; pet first aid; pet
nutrition; pet psychology and handling; shop management.
Suggested High School Courses
Biology; business/applied math; distributive education; office computer applica-
tions. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/Natural Resources.

242
_______________________________________________________________ Pet Grooming

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; biology; building and construction; medicine and dentistry. Values/
Work Environment: Exposed to contaminants; moral values; outdoors, exposed to
weather; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010504 Dog/Pet/Animal Grooming
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 03.02 Animal Care and Training

243
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Pharmacy Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month to a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Pharmacy technicians work mostly in retail and hospital pharmacies, where they
help licensed pharmacists with many tasks associated with filling prescriptions. Most
technicians are trained informally on the job, but some get training in the military, a
hospital, or a technical or community college. Certification is not required but may
improve job prospects. The job outlook is expected to be good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Hospital pharmacy, retail pharmacy.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Pharmacy Aides (O*NET code Moderate-term Average $18,010
31-9095.00) on-the-job training
Pharmacy Technicians Moderate-term Much faster $21,630
(O*NET code 29-2052.00) on-the-job training than average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Dispensing and compounding prescriptions; dosage forms and routes of adminis-
tration; drug information sources; general biology; general chemistry; hospital
clinical pharmacy; introduction to pharmacy technology; pharmaceutical calcula-
tions; pharmacology for pharmacy technicians; prescribers of drugs; retail clinical
pharmacy; sterile products.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; bookkeeping; chemistry; office computer applications; physics/
principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

244
________________________________________________________ Pharmacy Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Clerical; computers and electronics; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension.
Values/Work Environment: Co-workers; indoors, environmentally controlled; good
working conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510805 Pharmacy Technician/Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.02 Medicine and Surgery

245
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Photography
Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Photography is a highly competitive field, and for certain specializations—such as
photojournalism and industrial and scientific photography—at least an associate
degree is needed. Vocational or on-the-job training may suffice for jobs in freelance
or portrait photography. Opportunities for self-employment are particularly good
in this field. The spread of digital photography is expected to slow down job
growth somewhat, partly because it will increase the productivity of photographers
and partly because many users of photographs will be able to find appropriate exist-
ing images in collections rather than hire photographers to create new images.
Related Specialties and Careers
Digital, photojournalism, portrait.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Photographers (O*NET code Long-term Average $23,040
27-4021.00) on-the-job training
Photographers, Scientific Long-term Average $23,040
(O*NET code 27-4021.02) on-the-job training
Professional Photographers Long-term Average $23,040
(O*NET code 27-4021.01) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced black-and-white photography; color photography; digital photography;
intermediate photography; introduction to photography; photographic portraiture.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; art; chemistry; computer science; geometry;
office computer applications; photography; physics/principles of technology; trigo-
nometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Arts, A/V Technology, and
Communication.

246
________________________________________________________________ Photography

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry; communications and media; equipment selection; fine arts. Values/Work
Environment: Ability utilization; achievement; creativity; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 500605 Photography
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.08 Media Technology; 02.05 Laboratory Technology;
12.03 Educational Services

247
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Physical Therapist Assisting

Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Physical therapist assistants perform various tasks under the supervision of a physi-
cal therapist, helping patients overcome or limit disability from disease or injury,
improve mobility, and reduce pain. For example, they may assist patients with exer-
cises; apply heat, cold, or electrical stimulation; or use ultrasound. In the short run,
the growth of physical therapy services has been held back by cuts in federal medi-
cal coverage, but in the long run the job outlook is expected to be very good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Electrical stimulation, exercise therapy, massage, ultrasound.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Physical Therapist Aides Associate degree Much faster $20,300
(O*NET code 31-2022.00) than average
Physical Therapist Assistants Associate degree Much faster $35,280
(O*NET code 31-2021.00) than average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

English composition; fundamentals of medical science; human anatomy and physi-
ology; introduction to medical terminology; introduction to psychology; kinesiol-
ogy; physical therapist assistant practicum; principles of physical therapist assisting;
procedures for physical therapist assistant; therapeutic exercise techniques.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology; public
speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health
Science.

248
___________________________________________________ Physical Therapist Assisting

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Customer and personal service; education and training; learning strategies; reading
comprehension; service orientation; therapy and counseling. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; security; social service; spend time
standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510806 Physical Therapist Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.06 Medical Therapy

249
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Pilot Training
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to a year or more
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
All pilots need to pass an exam to be licensed or certified by the Federal Aviation
Administration. They also must have a certain amount of flight experience; instruc-
tion in an FAA-approved flight school can partially offset this requirement. Tradi-
tionally, most pilots have received their training in the military, but increasingly they
are learning their skills at private flight schools or in pilot training programs offered
by community colleges. A college degree may even be required by some employers,
especially airlines. Competition for jobs is expected to be keen, and demand is sensi-
tive to upswings and downswings in the economy.
Related Specialties and Careers
Airplane pilot, balloon pilot, crop duster, flight instructor, helicopter pilot.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Commercial Pilots (O*NET Postsecondary Faster than $47,420
code 53-2012.00) vocational training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Flight instruction; ground instruction; simulator training.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; geometry; office computer applications; physics/principles of technology.
Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation, Distribution, and
Logistics.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Geography; instructing; operation and control; operation monitoring; physics;
transportation. Values/Work Environment: Ability utilization; company policies and
practices; compensation; exposed to high places; spend time sitting.

250
________________________________________________________________ Pilot Training

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 490102 Airline/Commercial/Professional Pilot and Flight Crew
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 07.03 Air Vehicle Operation

251
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Plumbing and Pipefitting

Program/Training Duration: One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Pipes are used not only in the home, but also in industry, in agriculture, in fire sup-
pression systems, and in many other settings. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters
are needed to install and maintain these systems. Most of these workers learn their
skills through formal apprenticeships. Training in the armed forces or in a certificate
program may sometimes be sufficient or may help meet some of the requirements of
an apprenticeship. Local governments usually require plumbers to pass a licensing
exam. Job opportunities are expected to be excellent because comparatively few
young people are entering this field. The field is also less sensitive to economic cycles
than are most other construction trades.
Related Specialties and Careers
Pipelaying, pipefitting, plumbing, steamfitting.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience in Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— a related occupation
Construction Trades Workers
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience in Average $46,570
of Construction Trades and a related occupation
Extraction Workers (O*NET
code 47-1011.00)
Helpers—Pipelayers, Plumbers, Short-term Average $21,830
Pipefitters, and Steamfitters on-the-job training
(O*NET code 47-3015.00)
Pipe Fitters (O*NET code Long-term Average $38,710
47-2152.01) on-the-job training
Pipelayers (O*NET code Moderate-term Average $28,190
47-2151.00) on-the-job training

252
_____________________________________________________ Plumbing and Pipefitting

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Pipelaying Fitters (O*NET Moderate-term Average $38,710
code 47-2152.03) on-the-job training
Plumbers (O*NET code Long-term Average $38,710
47-2152.02) on-the-job training
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Long-term Average $38,710
Steamfitters (O*NET code on-the-job training
47-2152.00)
Septic Tank Servicers and Moderate-term Average $27,260
Sewer Pipe Cleaners (O*NET on-the-job training
code 47-4071.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic welding; blueprint reading; commercial/industrial plumbing; construction
math and estimating; construction safety; plumbing codes; residential plumbing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; applied communications; business/applied math; drafting; industrial arts;
metal shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Clus-
ter: Architecture and Construction.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Building and construction; installation; mechanical devices. Values/Work Environ-
ment: Moral values; outdoors, exposed to weather; spend time bending or twisting
the body; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460502 Pipefitting/Pipefitter and Sprinkler Fitter; 460503
Plumbing Technology/Plumber
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and
Drilling; 06.02 Construction; 06.04 Hands-on Work in Construction, Extraction, and Maintenance

253
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Practical Nursing (L.P.N. Training)

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Licensed practical nurses take care of patients under the direction of doctors and
registered nurses. (They are called licensed vocational nurses in California and Texas.)
They provide basic bedside care, such as taking vital signs, applying dressings, helping
with personal hygiene, giving massages, reporting signs of illness, and providing
emotional support. State laws vary on whether they can administer prescribed medi-
cines or start intravenous fluids. Job growth will be about average overall, with the
best opportunities in nursing homes and home health care services.
Related Specialties and Careers
Adult care, child care, geriatric care, infant care, nursing home care, private home
care.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Licensed Practical and Licensed Postsecondary Average $30,670
Vocational Nurses (O*NET vocational training
code 29-2061.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Adult health nursing; clinical nursing experience; English composition; human
anatomy and physiology; introduction to medical terminology; introduction to
psychology; medical-surgical nursing; mental health nursing; microbiology; oral
communication; pediatric nursing; reproductive health nursing.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; public speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Health Science.

254
______________________________________________ Practical Nursing (L.P.N. Training)

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; customer and personal service; medicine and dentistry; service orientation.
Values/Work Environment: Achievement; co-workers; indoors, environmentally con-
trolled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 511613 Licensed Practical /Vocational Nurse Training (LPN,
LVN, Cert, Dipl, AAS)
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 14.07 Patient Care and Assistance

255
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Property Management
Program/Training Duration: Several years

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Property and real estate managers oversee commercial and residential properties on
behalf of the owners. Besides collecting rents and paying bills, they deal with issues
of marketing, security, safety, maintenance, and construction. Almost half are self-
employed. A degree in business is useful, and opportunities will be best for those
with a bachelor’s. Nevertheless, it is possible to enter the job as an assistant after
completing a certification program or after working in a related job such as security
guard or real estate agent. The job outlook is generally good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Asset property management, commercial property, real estate asset management,
residential property.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
First-Line Supervisors and Work experience in Average $46,570
Manager/Supervisors— a related occupation
Construction Trades Workers
(O*NET code 47-1011.01)
First-Line Supervisors/Managers Work experience in Average $46,570
of Construction Trades and a related occupation
Extraction Workers (O*NET
code 47-1011.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Economics of property management; introduction to property management; leases;
legal issues in property management; maintaining the premises; managing commer-
cial property; managing residential property; managing safety and environmental
issues; property management reports; real estate marketing; tenant relations.

256
_______________________________________________________ Property Management

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; applied communications; bookkeeping; distributive education; office com-
puter applications; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work
Cluster: Architecture and Construction.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Administration and management; building and construction; coordination; man-
agement of personnel resources; personnel and human resources; time manage-
ment. Values/Work Environment: Authority; autonomy; exposed to hazardous
equipment; outdoors, exposed to weather; responsibility; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 460401 Building/Property Maintenance and Management
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 06.01 Managerial Work in Construction, Mining, and
Drilling

257
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Radiologic Technology
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Radiographers make X-ray images of the human body for use in the diagnosis of
medical problems. They prepare and position patients, apply lead shielding for
protection, position the equipment and set it for the kind of exposure needed, posi-
tion the film to be exposed, and then remove and develop the film after it has been
exposed. Best job opportunities are expected for those who are also trained in
sonography, computerized tomography (CAT), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging),
or nuclear medical technology.
Related Specialties and Careers
CAT technology, MRI technology, radiography.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Radiation Therapists (O*NET Associate degree Faster than $49,050
code 29-1124.00) average
Radiologic Technicians Associate degree Faster than $37,680
(O*NET code 29-2034.02) average
Radiologic Technologists Associate degree Faster than $37,680
(O*NET code 29-2034.01) average
Radiologic Technologists and Associate degree Faster than $37,680
Technicians (O*NET code average
29-2034.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience in radiology; English composition; human anatomy and physiol-
ogy; introduction to medical terminology; introduction to radiology; oral commu-
nication; radiation protection; radiologic imaging; radiologic positioning.

258
_______________________________________________________ Radiologic Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Biology; computers and electronics; medicine and dentistry; operation and control;
reading comprehension. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to radiation; indoors,
environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510907 Medical Radiologic Technology/Science—Radiation
Therapist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.05 Medical Technology;
14.06 Medical Therapy

259
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Real Estate
Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Real estate agents usually face a lot of competition for listings and for buyers, and
many agents drop out of the career after a couple of years. Those who succeed have
a love of selling, a lot of drive, and the willingness to work on evenings and week-
ends. All states require a license, and many require 30 to 90 hours of instruction as
preparation for the licensing exam, which covers the procedures and laws related to
real estate. Courses are offered by community colleges, real estate firms, and night
schools; it is also possible to get an associate degree in real estate.
Related Specialties and Careers
Asset management, commercial property, corporate real estate management, leasing
agency, property management, residential property.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Appraisers and Assessors of Postsecondary Average $38,950
Real Estate (O*NET code vocational training
13-2021.00)
Appraisers, Real Estate Postsecondary Average $38,950
(O*NET code 13-2021.02) vocational training
Assessors (O*NET code Postsecondary Average $38,950
13-2021.01) vocational training
Real Estate Brokers (O*NET Work experience in Average $51,370
code 41-9021.00) a related occupation
Real Estate Sales Agents Postsecondary Little or none $28,570
(O*NET code 41-9022.00) vocational training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Introduction to real estate; real estate and taxation; real estate finance; real estate
law; real estate marketing; real estate ownership; real estate valuation; transferring
real estate.

260
__________________________________________________________________ Real Estate

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; distributive educa-
tion; office computer applications; public speaking; social science. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Retail and Wholesale Sales and Service.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Economics and accounting; mathematics; reading comprehension. Values/Work Envi-
ronment: Responsibility; spend time sitting.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 521501 Real Estate
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 10.03 General Sales; 13.01 General Management Work and
Management of Support Functions; 13.02 Management Support

261
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Respiratory Therapy Technology

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to two years
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Respiratory therapists help people with breathing problems. They evaluate patients’
lung capacity, the inward and outward flow of air, and the efficiency with which the
blood acquires oxygen and sheds carbon dioxide. They use equipment such as oxygen
masks and ventilator tubes. They administer medications as aerosols. Job opportuni-
ties are expected to be good, especially for those with skill at cardiopulmonary and
infant care.
Related Specialties and Careers
Chest physiotherapy, emergency care, stress testing.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Respiratory Therapists Associate degree Faster than $39,370
(O*NET code 29-1126.00) average
Respiratory Therapy Postsecondary Faster than $33,840
Technicians (O*NET code vocational training average
29-2054.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology; cardiopulmonary diagnostics; clinical
experience in respiratory therapy; English composition; fundamentals of medical
science; general chemistry; human anatomy and physiology; introduction to medical
terminology; neonatal and pediatric respiratory procedures; oral communication;
pharmacology for respiratory care; respiratory care procedures.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

262
______________________________________________ Respiratory Therapy Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; biology; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension; service
orientation; therapy and counseling. Values/Work Environment: Achievement;
co-workers; indoors, environmentally controlled; social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510908 Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.06 Medical Therapy

263
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Surgical Technology
Program/Training Duration: A year or more
Location: Vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Surgical technologists are important members of the operating room team. They
learn their skills either in certification programs that take about one year to complete
or in associate degree programs; for either kind of program, look for accreditation by
the Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs. Employers
generally prefer technologists who have passed a national certifying exam. Continu-
ing education or reexamination is required to maintain certification. The job outlook
is expected to be good, because as the population ages and new operating room tech-
nologies are developed, the number of surgical operations will increase.
Related Specialties and Careers
Circulating technologist, surgical specialization.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Surgical Technologists (O*NET Postsecondary Faster than $30,090
code 29-2055.00) vocational training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Clinical experience in surgical technology; English composition; human anatomy
and physiology; microbiology; operating room orientation; patient care; pharma-
cology for surgical technology; surgical asepsis; surgical instruments, supplies, and
equipment; surgical lab procedures; surgical procedures.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Edu-
cation School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.

264
__________________________________________________________ Surgical Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Biology; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension. Values/Work Environment:
Exposed to disease or infections; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values;
security; social service; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510909 Surgical Technology/Technologist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services; 14.02 Medicine and Surgery

265
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Surveying Technology
Program/Training Duration: One to several years

Location: College/vocational classroom, perhaps workplace

Career Snapshot
Surveying is changing rapidly with the advent of technologies such as global posi-
tioning systems (GPS) and geographic information systems (GIS). These trends are
increasingly making the four-year degree the standard entry route for licensed land
surveyors. Therefore, those who want to go into this field with less education usually
work as unlicensed surveying technicians, gathering information under the direction
of a licensed surveyor. In some states, after a certain amount of experience, they may
qualify to take the licensing exam. Job opportunities are expected to be good for
technicians who keep their skills current with the advancing technologies.
Related Specialties and Careers
Geodetic surveying, geographic information, geophysical prospecting surveying, land
surveying, mapping, marine surveying.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Mapping Technicians (O*NET Moderate-term Faster than $28,210
code 17-3031.02) on-the-job training average
Surveying and Mapping Moderate-term Faster than $28,210
Technicians (O*NET code on-the-job training average
17-3031.00)
Surveying Technicians Long-term Faster than $28,210
(O*NET code 17-3031.01) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Advanced survey instrumentation; boundary surveying; college algebra; computer-
aided drafting (CAD); construction and layout surveying; control surveying; drain-
age and geology; elementary surveying; general physics; introduction to computer
programming concepts; pre-calculus; route surveying; survey drafting applications;
technical writing.

266
________________________________________________________ Surveying Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; applied communications; computer science; drafting; geometry; office
computer applications; physics/principles of technology; pre-calculus; trigonom-
etry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Scientific Research/Engineering.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Design; engineering and technology; mathematics. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 151102 Surveying Technology/Surveying
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 02.08 Engineering Technology

267
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Taxidermy
Program/Training Duration: A month to a year
Location: Vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Taxidermy is the art of preparing the skins of animals so they can be displayed in a
lifelike fashion as trophies, museum exhibits, or rugs. Some taxidermists learn on
the job, while others take classes in taxidermy at a vocational school, adult educa-
tion program, or specialized trade school. Most taxidermists are self-employed and
run small businesses in communities where hunting or fishing are popular. Taxider-
mists are licensed in some states, and a federal license is needed to work with feder-
ally protected species.
Related Specialties and Careers
Birds, fish, mammals, museum exhibits.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Craft Artists (O*NET code Associate degree Average No salary
27-1012.00) data available

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Bird taxidermy; fish taxidermy; mammal taxidermy; principles of taxidermy; small
business management.
Suggested High School Courses
Art; biology; business/applied math; chemistry; distributive education. Dept. of Edu-
cation School-to-Work Cluster: Arts, A/V Technology, and Communication.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

No data available. Values/Work Environment: No data available.

268
__________________________________________________________________ Taxidermy

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010508 Taxidermy/Taxidermist
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 01.06 Craft Arts

269
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Teacher Aide Training

Program/Training Duration: One month to two years
Location: Workplace and/or college classroom

Career Snapshot
Teacher aides, also known as paraeducators, assist teachers with instructional tasks.
Sometimes they may help with non-instructional tasks, such as monitoring the caf-
eteria. They may do clerical tasks such as grading tests or may help provide individu-
alized instruction for students. Most teacher aides are trained on the job (perhaps in
an apprenticeship program), but some are graduates of two-year or certificate pro-
grams. The legislative trend is toward requiring teacher aides to pass a licensing exam.
The overall job outlook is expected to be good, especially in fast-growing parts of
the country. Ability to speak a foreign language is very helpful.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bilingual teacher aide, computer lab assistant, special education assistant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Teacher Assistants (O*NET Short-term Faster than $18,070
code 25-9041.00) on-the-job training average

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Child guidance; curriculum planning; educational alternatives for exceptional stu-
dents; educational psychology; field experience/internship; history and philosophy
of education; human growth and development; introduction to psychology; pre-
school administration.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; English; history; public speaking; science; social science. Dept. of Education
School-to-Work Cluster: Education and Training.

270
________________________________________________________ Teacher Aide Training

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Active listening; education and training; English language; learning strategies; speak-
ing. Values/Work Environment: Co-workers; indoors, environmentally controlled;
social service.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 131501 Teacher Assistant/Aide
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 12.03 Educational Services

271
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Tool and Die Maker Training

Program/Training Duration: More than one year

Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Precise metal components are needed in manufacturing processes, such as dies that
stamp out metal parts, molds that shape plastics and other substances, and fixtures
that hold components while they are being drilled or stamped. Tool and die makers
are trained to machine these parts, and they generally learn their skills in formal
apprenticeships, sometimes after working as machinists or in other machine shop
jobs. Although the number of jobs is not expanding, employment opportunities are
expected to be excellent.
Related Specialties and Careers
CNC programming, diemaking, moldmaking, toolmaking.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Tool and Die Makers (O*NET Long-term Little or none $41,620
code 51-4111.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Blueprint reading; CNC programming and planning; cutting tools; die design; jigs
and fixtures; machine technology; materials and metallurgy for machine trades;
mathematics for machine trades; metrology; tool and die theory; tool design.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; computer science; geometry; industrial arts; mechanical drawing; metal
shop; physics/principles of technology; trigonometry. Dept. of Education School-to-
Work Cluster: Manufacturing.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Building and construction; equipment selection; mechanical devices; operation and
control; production and processing; repairing. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to
hazardous equipment; indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

272
__________________________________________________ Tool and Die Maker Training

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 480507 Tool and Die Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.04 Metal and Plastics Machining Technology

273
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Travel Services Marketing Operations

Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Much of the routine work of travel agents—researching schedules and fares, issuing
tickets—is now being done by Internet sites. This is expected to limit the growth of
this occupation, and it also means that the best opportunities will be for workers
who enjoy providing personalized attention or who are good at selling to groups.
Because of increased competition for jobs and the impact of technology, formal aca-
demic training is becoming more important for job entry. Many vocational schools,
night schools, and community colleges offer specialized travel agent training.
Related Specialties and Careers
Airline reservations, corporate travel, cruise line reservations, leisure travel, tour
companies.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Reservation and Transportation Short-term Average $24,090
Ticket Agents (O*NET code on-the-job training
43-4181.02)
Reservation and Transportation Short-term Average $24,090
Ticket Agents and Travel Clerks on-the-job training
(O*NET code 43-4181.00)
Travel Agents (O*NET code Postsecondary Little or none $25,580
41-3041.00) vocational training
Travel Clerks (O*NET code Short-term Average $24,090
43-4181.01) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Air reservations; car rental and hotel accommodations; computer reservation systems;
customer service relations; touristic geography; travel sales and marketing.

274
__________________________________________ Travel Services Marketing Operations

Suggested High School Courses

Applied communications; bookkeeping; business/applied math; distributive educa-
tion; foreign language; geography; keyboarding; office computer applications; public
speaking; social science. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Hospitality and
Tourism.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Customer and personal service; geography; service orientation; transportation.
Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; spend time sitting;
good working conditions.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 521905 Tourism and Travel Services Marketing Operations
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 09.05 Customer Service; 10.03 General Sales; 11.03 Transportation
and Lodging Services

275
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Truck, Bus, and Other Commercial Vehicle Driving

Program/Training Duration: One month to a year or more
Location: Workplace

Career Snapshot
Many truck drivers, especially of smaller trucks, learn on the job or through working
as a driver’s helper. Others get training in the military. Driving tractor-trailers requires
considerably more skill and often is learned through specialized schools; before en-
rolling in such a school, you should make sure that local employers approve of the
curriculum. Bus drivers who work for intercity carriers or local transportation agen-
cies often get a few weeks of training from their employer, partly in the classroom
and partly behind the wheel. Rail vehicle operators are trained in similar programs.
Truck and bus drivers need a commercial driver’s license, must have a clean driving
record, must meet certain physical requirements, and must pass drug testing. The
employment outlook is expected to be good for both truck and bus drivers. Truck
drivers can expect a lot of competition for the more desirable jobs, however, and
opportunities are sensitive to the state of the economy. Bus drivers may experience
seasonal ups and downs. Rail vehicle operators can expect keen competition for a
limited number of jobs.
Related Specialties and Careers
Bus driver, light truck driver, tractor-trailer driver.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Bus Drivers, School (O*NET Short-term Average $21,990
code 53-3022.00) on-the-job training
Bus Drivers, Transit and Moderate-term Average $28,060
Intercity (O*NET code on-the-job training
53-3021.00)
Rail Transportation Workers, No data available Declining No salary
All Other (O*NET code data available
53-4099.99)
Rail Yard Engineers, Dinkey Work experience in Declining $38,110
Operators, and Hostlers a related occupation
(O*NET code 53-4013.00)
Railroad Brake, Signal, and Moderate-term Declining $44,920
Switch Operators (O*NET on-the-job training
code 53-4021.00)

276
_______________________________ Truck, Bus, and Other Commercial Vehicle Driving

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Railroad Conductors and Work experience in Declining $42,840
Yardmasters (O*NET code a related occupation
53-4031.00)
Railroad Yard Workers Work experience in Declining $44,920
(O*NET code 53-4021.02) a related occupation
Subway and Streetcar Moderate-term Declining No salary
Operators (O*NET code on-the-job training data available
53-4041.00)
Taxi Drivers and Chauffeurs Short-term Faster than $17,920
(O*NET code 53-3041.00) on-the-job training average
Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers Moderate-term Average $32,580
(O*NET code 53-3032.02) on-the-job training
Train Crew Members Work experience in Declining $44,920
(O*NET code 53-4021.01) a related occupation
Truck Drivers, Heavy Short-term Average $32,580
(O*NET code 53-3032.01) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Backing and shifting techniques; coupling and uncoupling; defensive driving; pre-
ventive maintenance and servicing; regulations on trucks and buses; trip planning
and map reading; troubleshooting and emergency repairs; vehicle systems.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; auto shop; business/applied math; driver education. Dept.
of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Transportation, Distribution, and Logistics.

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Operation and control; transportation. Values/Work Environment: Outdoors,
exposed to weather; supervision, human relations.
Other Information Sources
Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 490205 Truck and Bus Driver/Commercial Vehicle
Operation
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 07.01 Managerial Work in Transportation; 07.02 Vehicle
Expediting and Coordinating; 07.05 Truck Driving; 07.06 Rail Vehicle Operation; 07.07 Other Services Requiring
Driving; 07.08 Support Work

277
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Veterinary Technology
Program/Training Duration: Two years
Location: College classroom

Career Snapshot
Veterinary technicians do for veterinarians the tasks that nurses, anesthesiologists,
laboratory technicians, and radiographers do for physicians. They get their training
in associate degree programs that include clinical experience. (Four-year degrees in
veterinary technology are also available.) States vary on licensing, registration, and
certification requirements; an exam is often required, as is graduation from an
approved program. Job prospects are expected to be excellent, with many more
openings than qualified applicants.
Related Specialties and Careers
Large animals, small animals, veterinary nurse, veterinary radiographer, veterinary
surgical assistant.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Veterinary Assistants and Short-term Much faster $17,470
Laboratory Animal Caretakers on-the-job training than average
(O*NET code 31-9096.00)
Veterinary Technologists and Associate degree Much faster $22,430
Technicians (O*NET code than average
29-2056.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Animal anatomy and physiology; animal care experience; English composition;
general chemistry; introduction to computer applications; introduction to speech
communication; parasitology; pharmacology for veterinary technicians; veterinary
anesthesiology; veterinary microbiology; veterinary nursing procedures; veterinary
pathology; veterinary radiology.

278
_______________________________________________________ Veterinary Technology

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; biology; chemistry; English; geometry; office computer applications; public
speaking. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Health Science.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Biology; medicine and dentistry; reading comprehension; therapy and counseling.
Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 510808 Veterinary/Animal Health Technology/Technician and
Veterinary Assistant
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 03.02 Animal Care and Training; 12.03 Educational Services

279
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Watchmaking and Jewelrymaking

Program/Training Duration: A few weeks to more than a year
Location: Vocational classroom or workplace

Career Snapshot
Because inexpensive timepieces are easier to replace than repair, watch and clock
repairers work almost exclusively on expensive timepieces, especially antiques and
other timepieces with old-fashioned mechanical innards. Some worn parts cannot
be replaced with off-the-shelf components and must be machined to order. Jewelry
repairers also do fine work with metals, and because both jewelry repair and watch
repair are often done in jewelry stores, there is some overlap between the training for
the two specializations, especially when the training is acquired on the job. Formal
training programs offered by specialized schools tend to focus more exclusively on
either timepieces or jewelry. Employment opportunities are expected to be good be-
cause a large proportion of the workers in this field are approaching retirement age.
Related Specialties and Careers
Clock repair, jewelry fabrication, jewelry repair, watch repair.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Bench Workers, Jewelry Long-term Little or none $27,210
(O*NET code 51-9071.04) on-the-job training
Gem and Diamond Workers Moderate-term Little or none $27,210
(O*NET code 51-9071.06) on-the-job training
Jewelers (O*NET code Postsecondary Little or none $27,210
51-9071.01) vocational training
Jewelers and Precious Stone Long-term Little or none $27,210
and Metal Workers (O*NET on-the-job training
code 51-9071.00)
Model and Mold Makers, Long-term Little or none $27,210
Jewelry (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-9071.03)

280
_____________________________________________ Watchmaking and Jewelrymaking

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Pewter Casters and Finishers Postsecondary Little or none $27,210
(O*NET code 51-9071.05) vocational training
Silversmiths (O*NET code Long-term Little or none $27,210
51-9071.02) on-the-job training
Timing Device Assemblers, Moderate-term Little or none $23,550
Adjusters, and Calibrators on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-2093.00)
Watch Repairers (O*NET Long-term Little or none $25,930
code 49-9064.00) on-the-job training

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Antique and European clock repair; battery watches; chime clock repair; escape-
ments; gem identification; hairsprings; horological lathes; introduction to clock
repair; introduction to watch repair; jewelry appraisal; jewelry casting; jewelry design
and rendering; jewelry repair/fabrication; jewelry techniques; making watch and
clock parts; repair problems; stonesetting.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; art; industrial arts; metal shop; physics/principles of technology. Dept. of
Education School-to-Work Cluster: Manufacturing or Retail and Wholesale Sales and
Service.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Equipment selection; mechanical devices. Values/Work Environment: Independence;
indoors, environmentally controlled.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use the
codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via GOE code).
The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the Introduction for details
on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 470408 Watchmaking and Jewelrymaking
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 05.03 Mechanical Work; 08.02 Production Technology

281
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Water/Wastewater Treatment Technology

Program/Training Duration: One to two years
Location: Workplace or college/vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Water/wastewater treatment plant operators work for municipalities or for large
commercial or industrial facilities that maintain their own supplies of water and
treat their own wastewater output. As the technology of pollution control gets
more complex, employers are looking increasingly for graduates of one-year certifi-
cate programs or two-year associate degree programs. Certification is often required
by law, and job applicants may also need to take a civil service exam. Job opportu-
nities are expected to be good. This field is one of the few in which a person with-
out a four-year degree can work each day to help the natural environment.
Related Specialties and Careers
Wastewater treatment plant operations, water distribution operations, water treat-
ment plant operations.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Water and Liquid Waste Long-term Average $32,560
Treatment Plant and System on-the-job training
Operators (O*NET code
51-8031.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Environmental regulations; wastewater collection systems; wastewater treatment
plant operations; water distribution systems; water hydraulics; water treatment
plant operations; workplace communications; workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Applied communications; biology; business/applied math; chemistry. Dept. of Educa-
tion School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/Natural Resources.

282
______________________________________ Water/Wastewater Treatment Technology

Essential Knowledge and Skills

Chemistry; mechanical devices; operation and control; operation monitoring; pro-
duction and processing; science. Values/Work Environment: Exposed to contami-
nants; moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 150506 Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
Management and Recycling Technology/Technician
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.06 Systems Operation

283
 Part II: Facts About Training Programs and Careers _______________________________

Welding Technology
Program/Training Duration: One month to more than a year
Location: Workplace or vocational classroom

Career Snapshot
Welders may be trained on the job, in the military, or in formal training programs
at vocational-technical schools, community and technical colleges, and specialized
welding schools. Some welders get certification for their ability to perform specific
welding tasks according to industry standards. Although robot welders are replac-
ing certain low-skill jobs, technology is creating many job opportunities for welders
with up-to-date skills, so the overall outlook is very good.
Related Specialties and Careers
Arc welding, brazing, flamecutting, MIG/TIG welding, underwater welding.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Brazers (O*NET code Short-term Average $28,490
51-4121.05) on-the-job training
Solderers (O*NET code Short-term Average $28,490
51-4121.04) on-the-job training
Soldering and Brazing Machine Short-term Average $28,220
Operators and Tenders on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-4122.04)
Soldering and Brazing Machine Moderate-term Average $28,220
Setters and Set-Up Operators on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-4122.03)
Welder-Fitters (O*NET code Long-term Average $28,490
51-4121.03) on-the-job training
Welders and Cutters Long-term Average $28,490
(O*NET code 51-4121.02) on-the-job training
Welders, Cutters, Solderers, Long-term Average $28,490
and Brazers (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-4121.00)

284
_________________________________________________________ Welding Technology

Educational Projected Average

Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Welders, Production Short-term Average $28,490
(O*NET code 51-4121.01) on-the-job training
Welding Machine Operators Moderate-term Average $28,220
and Tenders (O*NET code on-the-job training
51-4122.02)
Welding Machine Setters and Postsecondary Average $28,220
Set-Up Operators (O*NET vocational training
code 51-4122.01)
Welding, Soldering, and Moderate-term Average $28,220
Brazing Machine Setters, on-the-job training
Operators, and Tenders
(O*NET code 51-4122.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

Basic arc welding; blueprint reading; flux core arc welding; gas metal arc welding;
gas tungsten arc welding; layout and fabrication techniques; metallurgy fundamen-
tals; pipe welding; shop safety; workplace communications; workplace math.
Suggested High School Courses
Algebra; drafting; geometry; industrial arts; mechanical drawing; metal shop;
physics/principles of technology. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster:
Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Building and construction; mechanical devices; operation and control; production
and processing. Values/Work Environment: Indoors, environmentally controlled;
moral values.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 480508 Welding Technology/Welder
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.02 Production Technology; 08.03 Production Work

285
 Winemaking
Program/Training Duration: At least one year

Location: College/vocational classroom and workplace

Career Snapshot
Wine production is increasing and spreading to new places. People who oversee
winemaking usually get specialized training at a university in California or at a
wine school in Europe or Australia. It is helpful for them to have prior coursework
in chemistry, biology, and business. After they complete their formal schooling,
they usually acquire additional skills by working as an assistant, sometimes in a for-
eign wine region.
Related Specialties and Careers
Cellar management, cooperage, distribution, fermentation, import/export, quality
control, sales.

Related Job Titles, Educational Requirements,

Projected Growth, and Earnings
Educational Projected Average
Job Title Requirements Growth Earnings
Food and Tobacco Roasting, Short-term Declining $23,210
Baking, and Drying Machine on-the-job training
Operators and Tenders
(O*NET code 51-3091.00)
Food Batchmakers (O*NET Short-term Little or none $21,690
code 51-3092.00) on-the-job training
Food Cooking Machine Short-term Little or none $21,420
Operators and Tenders on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-3093.00)
Mixing and Blending Machine Moderate-term Little or none $26,860
Setters, Operators, and Tenders on-the-job training
(O*NET code 51-9023.00)

Typical Postsecondary Courses

College algebra; general chemistry; introduction to computer science; introduction
to viticulture; sensory evaluation of wine; wine analysis; wine chemistry; wine micro-
biology; wine production; winery operations; wines of the world.
________________________________________________________________ Winemaking

Suggested High School Courses

Algebra; biology; chemistry; computer science; French; geography; geometry; trigo-
nometry. Dept. of Education School-to-Work Cluster: Agriculture/Natural Resources;
Manufacturing.
Essential Knowledge and Skills
Operation and control; production and processing. Values/Work Environment:
Indoors, environmentally controlled; moral values; spend time making repetitive
motions; spend time standing.

Other Information Sources

Many career and education information sources use the standard cross-referencing systems noted below. You can use
the codes to obtain substantial additional information on the program (via CIP code) and related occupations (via
GOE code). The O*NET codes on the opposite page refer to another major career information system. See the
Introduction for details on obtaining additional information.
Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) code(s): 010401 Agricultural and Food Products Processing
Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) code(s): 08.03 Production Work; 12.03 Educational Services

High School Courses
Index
algebra, 39–41, 84, 93, 97–98,
111–114, 120, 125–126, 136,
138, 140, 144, 147–148, 151,
158, 161, 163–164, 166, 175,
178, 180, 184, 189, 203, 205,
207, 212, 214, 216, 220,
223–224, 226, 228, 233–234,
244, 246, 248, 250, 253–254,
257, 259, 262, 264, 267, 270,
272, 279, 281, 285, 287
applied communications, 42–43, 80,
84, 89, 91, 93, 98, 101, 105, 107,
112, 114, 116, 119–120, 123,
125–126, 129, 131, 135, 143,
147, 151, 153–154, 156, 158,
161, 163–164, 166, 169–170,
172, 175, 183–184, 186, 200,
209–210, 212, 220, 223, 230,
234, 237, 246, 253, 257, 261,
267, 275, 277, 282
art, 43–44, 140, 164, 175, 178, 246,
268, 281
auto shop, 44, 89, 91, 123, 143, 277
biology, 44–45, 97, 105, 116, 136,
138, 140, 144, 148, 154, 156,
161, 172, 175, 180, 186, 210,
214, 216, 218, 224, 226, 228,
234, 237, 240, 242, 244, 248,
254, 259, 262, 264, 268, 279,
282, 287
bookkeeping, 80, 101, 136, 166,
172, 175, 189, 207, 214, 230,
234, 237, 244, 257, 261, 275
business and administration, 80
business/applied math, 46–47, 80,
86, 89, 91, 94, 98, 101, 105,
107–108, 116, 119, 123, 131,
135, 143, 153–154, 156, 164,
166, 169, 172, 177, 183, 200,
209–210, 218, 230, 237,
239–240, 242, 253, 261, 268,
275, 277, 282
chemistry, 47–48, 97, 105, 112,
116, 136, 138, 140, 144, 154,
156, 161, 169, 175, 180, 210,
214, 216, 218, 224, 226, 228,
237, 244, 246, 248, 254, 259,
262, 264, 268, 279, 282, 287
Index
computer science, 49–50, 91, 93,
97–98, 101, 111–114, 116,
119–120, 147, 151, 154, 156,
158, 178, 180, 189, 200, 203,
205, 207, 212, 214, 220, 223,
267, 272, 287
department of education school-to-
work cluster
A/V technology, 98, 177, 220,
246, 268
agriculture/natural resources, 97,
163, 237, 242, 282, 287
architecture and construction,
147, 183, 253, 257
arts, 98, 177, 220, 246, 268
communications, 98, 177, 220,
246, 268
business and administration, 101,
230
education and training, 148, 200,
240, 270
government and public adminis-
tration, 101
health science, 105, 116, 136,
138, 144, 154, 156, 161, 175,
180, 186, 210, 214, 216, 218,
226, 234, 244, 248, 254, 259,
262, 264, 279
hospitality and tourism, 94, 108,
135, 172, 189, 275
law and public safety, 129, 132,
169, 239
manufacturing, 89, 97, 111–114,
120, 126, 140, 143, 151, 158,
184, 212, 223, 233, 272, 281,
285, 287
retail and wholesale sales and
service, 86, 131, 164, 166, 175
scientific research/engineering, 93,
267
transportation, distribution, and
logistics, 83, 91, 93, 143, 170,
205, 250, 277
distributive education, 50, 86, 94,
164, 166, 172, 234, 242, 257,
261, 268, 275
drafting, 50–51, 125–126, 153,
253, 267, 285
driver education, 51, 123, 161, 277
electronics shop, 51, 91, 93, 98,
105, 111–112, 119, 143, 151,
154, 156, 158, 183–184, 223
English, 52, 132, 138, 144, 148,
177–178, 180, 189, 205, 207,
214, 216, 218, 224, 226, 228,
239, 248, 254, 257, 262, 264,
270, 279
finance insurance, 80
foreign language, 52–53, 135, 170,
189, 200, 207, 275
geography, 53, 275, 287
geometry, 53, 83–84, 97, 111–114,
125–126, 147, 151, 158, 178,
189, 203, 205, 207, 212, 223,
233–234, 267, 272, 285, 287
history, 54, 270
home economics, 54, 135, 144, 164,
166, 172
industrial arts, 54–55, 83, 107, 111,
143, 153, 177, 184, 203, 209,
253, 272, 281, 285
information technology, 119
keyboarding, 55, 80, 101, 119–120,
132, 161, 180, 200, 214, 218,
230, 239, 275
mechanical drawing, 56, 84, 89,
107, 147, 178, 183, 203, 209,
212, 272, 285
metal shop, 56, 83, 89, 143, 183,
203, 253, 272, 281, 285
office computer applications, 56–58,
80, 86, 94, 101, 120, 132, 136,
164, 166, 175, 177, 184, 200,
214, 218, 230, 233–234, 237,
239, 242, 244, 246, 250, 257,
261, 267, 275
photography, 58, 98, 177–178, 233,
246
physics/principles of technology,
58–59, 83–84, 93, 98, 105,
107, 111–114, 116, 119, 123,
125–126, 143, 147, 151,
153–156, 158, 161, 169, 177,
183–184, 203, 205, 209–210,
212, 216, 223–224, 233–234,
237, 240, 244, 246, 248, 250,
253, 259, 262, 264, 267, 272,
281, 285
_______________________________________________________________________ Index
pre-calculus, 59–60, 97, 178, 267
public speaking, 60–61, 86, 94, 98,
101, 105, 108, 129, 136, 138,
148, 170, 175, 178, 180, 189,
200, 210, 214, 228, 234,
239–240, 248, 254, 257, 259,
261–262, 270, 275, 279
science, 61, 189, 207
social science, 61–62, 148, 161,
164, 166, 170, 175, 186, 228,
239, 248, 257, 261, 270, 275
Spanish, 62, 163
trigonometry, 62–63, 93, 97,
111–114, 126, 147, 151, 158,
178, 189, 203, 205, 207, 212,
223, 233–234, 246, 267, 272, 287
Interest Areas Index
arts, entertainment, and media, 16
business detail, 22–23
construction, mining, and
drilling, 19
education and social service, 25
general management and
support, 26
industrial production, 21–22
law, law enforcement, and public
safety, 18
mechanics, installers, and repairers,
18–19
medical and health services, 26–27
plants and animals, 17
recreation, travel, and other personal
services, 24
sales and marketing, 23
science, math, and engineering, 17
transportation, 20
Job Titles Index
A brattice builders, 106
administrative services managers,
100
advertising and promotions
managers, 206
agricultural crop farm managers,
162, 236
aircraft body and bonded structure
repairers, 82
aircraft engine specialists, 82
aircraft mechanics and service
technicians, 82
aircraft rigging assemblers, 82–83,
92–93
airframe-and-power-plant
mechanics, 83
ambulance drivers and attendants,
except emergency medical
technicians, 160
animal control workers, 196
appraisers and assessors of
real estate, 260
architectural and civil drafters, 84,
146
architectural drafters, 84, 146
art directors, 178, 220
artists and related workers, 178
automatic teller machine servicers,
118
automotive body and related
repairers, 88
automotive glass installers and
repairers, 88
automotive master mechanics, 90
automotive service technicians and
mechanics, 90
automotive specialty technicians, 90
avionics technicians, 83, 93
B cooks, 134
bailiffs, 198
barbers, 130
bartenders, 94
battery repairers, 110
bench workers, jewelry, 280
billing and posting clerks and
machine operators, 79–80
boat builders and shipwrights, 106
brazers, 284
brickmasons and blockmasons, 208
broadcast technicians, 98
buffing and polishing setup
operators, 202
bus and truck mechanics and diesel
engine specialists, 142
bus drivers, 276
C
cabinetmakers and bench
carpenters, 102
calibration and instrumentation
technicians, 150, 222
camera operators, television, video,
and motion picture, 98, 176, 178
captains, mates, and pilots of water
vessels, 203
cardiovascular technologists and
technicians, 104, 154
carpenters, 106
cartoonists, 220
chefs and head cooks, 134
chief executives, 100
child support, missing persons, and
unemployment insurance fraud
investigators, 198
civil drafters, 84
civil engineering technicians, 114,
126
combination machine operators/
setters, metal and plastic, 202
computer, automated teller, and
office machine repairers, 118
construction workers, 106, 122, 124
continuous mining machine
operators, 122
correctional officers and jailers, 128
court reporters, 132
craft artists, 268
crane and tower operators, 122
criminal investigators and special
agents, 198
crossing guards, 196
D
data entry keyers, 176, 230
data processing equipment repairers,
118
dental assistants, 136
dental hygienists, 138
dental laboratory technicians, 140
289
 Quick Guide to College Majors and Careers _____________________________________
design printing machine setters and
set-up operators, 176
designers, 178
detectives and criminal investigators,
198
dietetic technicians, 144
dot etchers, 176, 178
dragline operators, 122
dredge operators, 122
drilling and boring machine tool
setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic, 202
E fine artists, including painters,
earth drillers, except oil and gas, 122
electric home appliance and power
tool repairers, 110
electric motor repairers, 110
electrical and electronic engineering
technicians, 150, 222
electrical and electronics installers
and repairers, 90, 118
electrical engineering technicians,
150, 222
electrical parts reconditioners, 110
electricians, 152
electromechanical equipment
assemblers, 158
electromechanical technicians, 112
electronic drafters, 147
electronic equipment installers and
repairers, motor vehicles, 90
electronic masking system operators,
176, 178
electronics engineering technicians,
150
electrotypers and stereotypers, 176,
178
embalmers, 174
embossing machine set-up
operators, 176
emergency medical technicians and
paramedics, 160
engine and other machine
assemblers, 142
engineering technicians, except
drafters, 112
290
engraver set-up operators, 177
excavating and loading machine and
dragline operators, 123
extraction workers, 123
extruding and drawing machine
setters, operators, and tenders,
metal and plastic, 202
F grader, bulldozer, and scraper
farm, ranch, and other agricultural
managers, 162, 236
farmers and ranchers, 236
fashion designers, 164
sculptors, and illustrators, 220
fire fighters/fire inspectors, 168
first-line supervisors and managers/
supervisors
agricultural crop workers, 162
animal care workers, except
livestock, 162
animal husbandry workers, 162
construction trades workers,
106–107, 124, 152, 208, 252,
256
correctional officers, 128
farming, fishing, and forestry
workers, 163
horticultural workers, 163
landscaping workers, 236
pipelayers, plumbers, pipefitters,
and steamfitters, 252
protective service workers, 196
fish hatchery managers, 163
fitness trainers and aerobics
instructors, 240
flight attendants, 170
food and tobacco roasting, baking,
and drying machine operators and
tenders, 96, 286
food batchmakers, 96, 286
food cooking machine operators and
tenders, 96, 286
food service managers, 172, 188
forging machine setters, operators,
and tenders, metal and plastic, 202
funeral attendants/directors, 174
G
gaming workers, 80, 108
gas appliance repairers, 184
gem and diamond workers, 280
general and operations managers,
100
government service executives, 100
operators, 123
grinding, honing, lapping, and
deburr machine set-up operators,
203
grinding, lapping, polishing, and
buffing machine tool setters,
operators, and tenders, 203
H–I
hairdressers, hairstylists, and
cosmetologists, 130
hand and portable power tool
repairers, 110
hand compositors and typesetters,
177–178
health technologists and technicians,
156
heat treating equipment setters,
operators, and tenders, metal and
plastic, 203
heat treating, annealing, and
tempering machine operators and
tenders, metal and plastic, 203
heating and air conditioning
mechanics, 182
helpers
brickmasons, blockmasons,
stonemasons, and tile and
marble setters, 208
carpenters, 107
electricians, 152
highway maintenance workers, 123
highway patrol pilots, 198
home appliance installers/repairers,
184
home health aides, 186
immigration and customs
inspectors, 198
interior designers, 194
_______________________________________________________________________ Index
J–L
jewelers/precious stone workers, 280
job printers, 177
legal support workers, 238
letterpress setters and set-up
operators, 177
library assistants/technicians, 200
licensed practical and licensed
vocational nurses, 254
lifeguards, ski patrol, and other
recreational protective service
workers, 196
lodging managers, 188
M
makeup artists, theatrical and
performance, 130
management analysts, 100
managers, 100
manicurists and pedicurists, 130
mapping technicians, 266
marketing managers, 206
marking and identification printing
machine setters and set-up
operators, 177
massage therapists, 210
mates—ship, boat, and barge, 204
mechanical drafters, 147
mechanical engineering technicians,
212
medical and clinical laboratory
technicians, 116, 216
medical assistants, 214
medical equipment preparers, 214
medical records and health
information technicians, 180
medical transcriptionists, 218
mixing and blending machine
setters, operators, and tenders, 96,
286
mobile heavy equipment mechanics,
except engines, 142
model makers, 102, 280
N–O
nonfarm animal caretakers, 242
nuclear medicine technologists, 224
numerical tool and process control
programmers, 120
nursery and greenhouse managers,
163
nursing aides, orderlies, and
attendants, 226
occupational therapist aides/
assistants, 228
office machine and cash register
servicers, 118
ophthalmic laboratory technicians,
232
optical instrument assemblers, 232
opticians, dispensing, 234
P agents, 274
painters, transportation equipment,
88
painting, coating, and decorating
workers, 179
paralegals and legal assistants, 238
parking enforcement workers, 197
paste-up workers, 179
patternmakers, wood, 102
payroll and timekeeping clerks, 80
pewter casters and finishers, 281
pharmacy aides/technicians, 244
photoengravers/photoengraving and
lithographic machine operators
and tenders, 179
photographers, 246
physical therapist aides/assistants,
248
pilots, 204, 250
pipefitters/pipelayers, 252–253
plumbers, 253
police officers, 199
precision instrument and equipment
repairers, 192
precision lens grinders and polishers,
232
private detectives and investigators,
199
private sector executives, 100
protective service workers, 197
R
radiation therapists, 258
radiologic technicians/technologists,
258
rail car repairers, 142
rail yard engineers, dinkey operators,
and hostlers, 276
railroad brake, signal, and switch
operators, 276
railroad conductors and yardmasters,
277
real estate brokers/sales agents, 260
refrigeration mechanics, 182
reservation and transportation ticket
respiratory therapy technicians, 262
rough carpenters, 107
S
sales and related workers, 86
sales managers, 100, 206
sales representatives, wholesale and
manufacturing, except technical
and scientific, 166
sawing machine operators and
tenders, 102
sawing machine setters and set-up
operators, 102
sawing machine setters, operators,
and tenders, wood, 102
security and fire alarm systems
installers, 152
septic tank servicers and sewer pipe
cleaners, 253
shampooers, 130
sheriffs and deputy sheriffs, 199
ship and boat captains, 204
ship carpenters and joiners, 107
signal and track switch repairers,
152
silversmiths, 281
skin care specialists, 130
slot key persons, 108
social and human service assistants,
190
solderers, 284
statement clerks, 80
291
 Quick Guide to College Majors and Careers _____________________________________
statistical assistants, 80
stonemasons, 208
storage and destruction managers,
101
subway and streetcar operators, 277
surgical technologists, 264
surveying and mapping technicians,
266
T avionics technology, 18, 21, 33, 36,
tax preparers, 80
taxi drivers and chauffeurs, 277
teacher assistants, 148, 270
title examiners, abstractors, and
searchers, 238
timing device assemblers, adjusters,
and calibrators, 281
tool and die makers, 272
tractor-trailer truck drivers, 277
train crew members, 277
transformer repairers, 110
transit and railroad police, 197
transportation managers, 101
transportation, storage, and
distribution managers, 101
travel agents/clerks, 274
truck drivers, 277
V–Z
veterinary assistants/technologists/
technicians, 278
watch repairers, 281
water and liquid waste treatment
plant and system operators, 282
welders, 284–285
woodworking machine operators
and tenders, except sawing, 103
Programs Index
A
accounting technician, 17, 22–23,
34, 42, 46, 55–56, 69, 79–81
aircraft mechanic technology,
18–19, 21, 33, 36, 53–54, 56, 58,
69, 82–83
292
architectural technology, 17, 34, 40,
42, 53, 56, 58, 69, 84–85
auctioneering, 23, 46, 50, 56, 60,
86–87
automotive body repair, 19, 36, 42,
44, 46, 56, 69, 88–89
automotive technology, 18–19, 33,
36, 38, 42, 44, 46, 49, 51, 69,
90–91
38, 40, 42, 49, 51, 58, 62, 69,
92–93
B 67–68, 71, 128–129
bartending, 24, 37, 46, 50, 56, 60,
70–71, 94–95
brewing, 21, 35, 40, 44, 47, 49, 53,
59, 62, 70, 96–97
broadcasting technology, 16, 33, 36,
40, 42, 46, 49, 51, 58, 60, 66,
98–99
business management, 19–23,
25–26, 32–33, 42, 46, 49, 55–56,
60, 67–69, 100–101
C
cabinetmaking, 21, 35, 42, 46, 54,
56, 58, 69–70, 102–103
cardiovascular technology, 25–26,
36, 42, 44, 46–47, 51, 58, 60, 71,
104–105
carpentry, 19, 33, 42, 46, 54, 56,
58, 70, 106–107
casino gaming training, 24, 34, 46,
60, 69
casino slot technician training,
18–19, 33, 36, 38, 40, 49, 51,
53–54, 58, 62, 69–70, 108–111
chemical engineering technology,
17, 36, 38, 40, 42, 47, 49, 51, 53,
58, 62, 69–70, 112–113
civil (engineering) technology, 17,
34–35, 40, 42, 49, 53, 58, 62, 70,
114–115
clinical lab technician, 25–26, 37,
42, 44, 46, 48–49, 58, 70,
116–117
computer maintenance, 18, 23, 33,
36, 38, 42, 46, 49, 51, 55, 58, 70,
118–119
computer programming, 17, 25,
34–35, 40, 42, 49, 55–56, 68–70,
120–121
construction equipment operation,
19–20, 22, 35, 42, 44, 46, 51, 58,
70, 122–123
construction inspection, 17, 19,
36–37, 40, 42, 50, 53, 58, 71,
124–125
construction technology, 17, 19, 26,
34–35, 40, 42, 50, 53, 58, 62, 67,
126–127
corrections, 18, 25, 37, 42, 60,
cosmetology/barbering, 16, 24, 31,
42, 46, 71, 130–131
court reporting, 23, 52, 55–56,
132–133
culinary arts, 24, 32, 42, 46, 52, 54,
70, 134–135
D
dental assisting, 25–26, 31, 40, 44,
48, 56, 60, 71, 136–137
dental hygiene, 21, 25–26, 36–37,
40, 44, 48, 52, 60, 69–71, 138–
141
dental laboratory technology, 21,
25, 36–37, 40, 43, 45, 48, 70
diesel technology, 19, 21, 33, 36,
38, 42, 44, 46, 51, 54, 56, 58, 70,
142–143
dietetic technology, 27, 31, 36, 38,
40, 45, 48, 52, 54, 68, 71,
144–145
drafting, 17, 34, 40, 42, 49, 53, 56,
58, 62, 69–70, 146–147
E
early childhood education, 25, 31,
34, 37, 40, 45, 52, 60–61, 71,
148–149
electrical engineering technology,
17, 31, 37, 40, 42, 49, 51, 53, 58,
62, 70, 150–151
electrician training, 18–19, 33, 42,
46, 50, 54, 58–59, 70, 152–153
electrocardiograph technology,
25–26, 36, 42, 45–46, 48–49, 51,
59, 71, 154–155
_______________________________________________________________________ Index
electroencephalograph technology,
25–26, 42, 45–46, 48–49, 51, 59,
156–157
electromechanical engineering
technology, 21, 33, 40, 42, 49, 51,
53, 59, 62, 69–70, 158–159
emergency medical services, 18, 20,
25, 32, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48, 51, 55,
59, 61, 67, 71, 160–161
F 43, 49, 52–53, 59, 62, 192–193
farm and ranch management, 17,
25–26, 32, 34, 40, 42, 45, 48,
56–57, 62, 67–68, 71, 162–163
fashion design, 16, 25, 32, 40,
42–43, 46, 50, 54, 57, 61, 66–69,
164–165
fashion merchandising, 23, 26, 31,
37, 40, 42, 46, 50, 54, 57, 61, 68,
166–167
fire science/firefighting, 18, 37, 42,
46, 48, 59, 67, 71–72, 168–169
flight attendant training, 24, 37, 42,
52, 60–61, 68, 71–72, 170–171
food service management, 24, 32,
34, 42, 45–46, 50, 54, 67–68, 71,
172–173
funeral services and mortuary
science, 24, 26, 37, 40, 42–43, 45,
48, 57, 60–61, 71, 174–175
G–H
graphic and printing equipment
operations, 16, 21, 23, 35, 46, 52,
54, 57–59, 69–70, 176–177
graphic design, commercial art, and
illustration, 16, 21, 23, 25, 35, 40,
44, 49, 52–53, 56, 58–60, 62,
69–70, 178–179
health information systems
technology, 23, 36, 40–41, 45,
48–49, 52, 55, 60, 70, 180–181
heating, ventilation, A/C technol-
ogy, 19, 33, 36–38, 43, 46, 51, 56,
59, 70, 182–183
home appliance repair, 18–19, 33,
36–38, 41, 43, 51–52, 54, 57, 59,
70, 184–185
home health aide training, 27, 37, N–O
43, 45, 61, 71–72, 186–187 network and telecommunications
hotel/motel and restaurant technology, 17, 31, 37, 41, 43, 49,
management, 24, 32, 34, 41, 49, 52, 54, 59, 62, 70, 222–223
52–53, 60–62, 67–68, 188–189 nuclear medicine technology,
human services, 25, 31, 37, 43, 46, 25–26, 34, 36–37, 41, 45, 48, 52,
52, 57, 61, 72, 190–191 59, 66, 224–225
nurse aide/assistant training, 27, 37,
I–L
41, 45, 48, 52, 72, 226–227
instrumentation technology, 19, 41,
occupational therapy assisting, 25,
27, 37, 41, 45, 48, 52, 60–61,
interior design, 16, 25, 31–32, 35,
71–72, 228–229
41, 43–44, 50, 52, 54, 57, 60–61,
66–69, 194–195 office technology, 23, 36, 43, 46,
55, 57, 69–70, 230–231
investigative services, 18, 32, 43, 46,
49, 58, 60–61, 70, 196–197 optical laboratory technology, 19,
21, 33, 41, 54, 57–59, 62, 69–70,
law enforcement, 18, 25, 31, 52,
232–233
60–61, 71–72, 198–199
opticianry, 26, 36, 41, 43, 45, 50,
library technology, 25, 36, 43,
54, 57, 59–60, 62, 67, 72,
46, 49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 69–70,
234–235
200–201
ornamental horticulture, 17, 25–26,
M 32, 34, 43, 45–46, 48, 57, 59,
machinist training, 21, 35, 41, 49, 67–68, 71, 236–237
54, 56, 59, 62, 70, 202–203
P–Q
marine transportation operations,
paralegal services, 18, 32, 36, 38, 46,
20, 32–33, 35, 41, 49, 52–54, 58,
52, 55, 57, 60–61, 68, 238–239
62, 67–68, 71, 204–205
personal trainer, 24, 32–34, 45–46,
marketing, 23, 25, 32–33, 37, 41,
59–60, 67, 69, 71, 240–241
49, 52, 54, 61–62, 68–69,
206–207 pet grooming, 17, 31, 45–46, 50,
57, 70, 242–243
masonry, 19, 33, 43, 46, 54, 56, 59,
70, 208–209 pharmacy technology, 25–26, 36,
41, 45, 48, 57, 59, 68–69,
massage therapy, 25, 27, 43, 45–46,
244–245
48, 59–60, 210–211
photography, 16–17, 25, 33, 41,
mechanical engineering technology,
43–44, 48–49, 54, 57–59, 62,
17, 34–35, 37, 41, 43, 49, 54, 56,
66–67, 69, 246–247
59, 62, 70, 212–213
physical therapist assisting, 25, 27,
medical assistant training, 26, 36,
34, 36–37, 41, 45, 48, 52, 59–61,
41, 45, 48–49, 52, 55, 57, 60, 70,
71–72, 248–249
214–215
pilot training, 20, 33, 35, 41, 54,
medical laboratory technology,
57, 59, 66, 68, 250–251
25–26, 37, 41, 45, 48, 52, 59, 66,
216–217 plumbing and pipefitting, 19, 33,
41, 43, 46, 50, 54, 56, 59, 70,
medical transcription, 23, 45–46,
252–253
48, 52, 55, 57, 218–219
practical nursing (L.P.N. training),
multimedia design and production,
27, 37, 41, 45, 48, 52, 60, 67–68,
16, 25, 31, 41, 43–44, 49, 58, 60,
72, 254–255
66, 68–69, 220–221
293
 Quick Guide to College Majors and Careers _____________________________________
property management, 19, 32, 34,
38, 41, 43, 50, 57, 60–61, 67–68,
71, 256–257
R 104
radiologic technology, 25–27,
35–36, 41, 45, 48, 52, 59–60, 70,
258–259
real estate, 23, 26, 36, 43, 47, 50,
57, 60–61, 71, 260–261
respiratory therapy technology, 25,
27, 31, 36–37, 41, 45, 48, 52,
59–60, 67–68, 72, 262–263
S–U
surgical technology, 25–26, 36, 41,
45, 48, 52, 59, 70–72, 264–265
surveying technology, 17, 34, 41,
43, 49–50, 54, 57, 59, 62, 70,
266–267
taxidermy, 16, 44–45, 47–48, 50,
268–269
teacher aide training, 25, 31, 34,
37, 41, 52, 54, 60–61, 68, 72,
270–271
tool and die maker training, 21, 33,
35–37, 41, 50, 54, 56, 59, 62–63,
70–71, 272–273
travel services marketing operations,
22–24, 37, 43, 47, 50, 52–53, 55,
57, 60–61, 69, 274–275
truck, bus, and other commercial
vehicle driving, 20, 35, 43–44, 47,
51, 72, 276–277
V–Z
veterinary technology, 17, 25, 36,
41, 45, 48, 52, 54, 57, 60, 71,
278–279
watchmaking and jewelrymaking,
19, 21, 33, 41, 44, 55–56, 59, 69,
280–281
water/wastewater treatment
technology, 22, 35, 37, 43, 45,
47–48, 71, 282–283
welding technology, 21, 35, 41, 50,
54–56, 59, 71, 284–285
winemaking, 21, 35, 41, 45, 48, 50,
53–54, 63, 71, 286–287
294
Related Specialties and
Careers Index
A cardiac stress testing, 154
accounting, 79–80, 230
accounts payable/receivable, 79–80
administrative, 214
adult care, 254
aeronautical drafting, 146
air conditioning mechanics, 182
airframe, 82
ambulance, 160
animal breeding, 162
antiques and furniture, 86
appliances, 184
appraising, 86
aquaculture, 162
auction management, 86
audio production, 220
audiovisual services, 200
auditing, 79–80
automobiles, 86
B computer lab technology, 270
backhoes, 122
banking, 79–80
bar management, 94
barbering, 130
bench repair, 110
bilingual teaching, 270
blood banking, 116
bookkeeping, 79–80
bottling and packaging, 96
brakes, 90
brattice building, 106
broadcast and cable television, 220
brokerages, 79
building inspection, 124
bulldozers, 122
bus and truck service, 142, 276
business programming, 120
C detention, 128
cabin attendance, 170
calibration and repair, 192
call center management, 222
card games, 108
cardiac catheterization lab support,
cargo stowage, 204
carpentry, 102
cartooning, 178
CAT technology, 258
catering, 172
chairside assisting, 136, 138
chest physiotherapy, 262
child care, 254
circulating technology, 264
civil drafting, 146
clinical food service, 172
closed captioning, 132
CNC programming, 202, 272
commercial buildings, 84, 194, 258
commercial construction, 106, 126
communications, 150
communications systems, 92, 222
compactors, 122
computer-aided drafting and design
(CADD), 84, 114, 146, 212
construction, 106, 114, 152
contract administration, 126
corporate communications, 220
corporate investigation, 196
counseling, 190
courtroom transcription, 132
craps, 108
crop production, 162, 250
culinary services, 134
D
data analysis, 180
database programming, 120, 230
day care, 148
dental technology, 136, 138, 140
design 164, 192, 212
diesel automobile service, 142
diesel boat service, 142
_______________________________________________________________________ Index
digital controls, 158
dining room management, 172
distribution, 96, 286
document production, 230
dot etching, 176
drafting, 84, 114, 146, 212
E
education, 144, 148
educational media development,
220
electrical, 124, 184
electronics, 158
elevator, 124
emergency care, 262
engine systems, 90
estates and bankruptcies, 86
estimating, 88, 114, 126, 152
evoked potential testing, 156
excavators, 122
exhaust systems, 90
eyeglass lenses, 232, 234
F jewelrymaking, 280
facial treatments, 130
farm equipment and livestock, 86
farm labor management, 162
fermentation, 96, 286
fiber production, 162
film stripping, 176
financial investigation, 196
finish work, 106, 140
firefighting, 168
first response, 160
flexography, 176
flight instruction, 250
fluid power, 158
food preparation, 172
frame realignment, 88
front end, 90
funeral services, 174
furniture, 102, 194
G–H
gas appliances, 184
geriatrics/gerontology, 190, 226,
254
glass, 88
greenhouse management, 236
hairstyling, 130
hardware maintenance, 118
hazardous materials, 168
health care, 144
health information coding, 180
heating equipment technology, 182
heavy equipment service, 142
histology, 116, 216
hospital services, 226
hotels and motels, 188
I–K
illustration, 164, 178
imaging, 224
import/export, 286
industrial food service, 172
infant care, 254
instrumentation, 92, 150, 158
international business, 100
Internet solutions consulting, 222
journalism, 246
keno, 108
L
laboratory management, 232
landscaping, 236
legal services, 196, 238
lens grinding, 234
letterform, 178
letterpress, 176
library services, 200
lithography, 176
livestock production, 162
loss prevention, 196
M
maintenance, 152, 202
makeup, 130
management, 100, 218
manicure/pedicure, 130
manufacturing, 150, 192, 212
marine engineering, 204
market research, 166, 206
marketing, 100, 206
masonry, 208
massage, 210, 248
mechanical, 124
mechanical drafting, 146
medical social services, 190
medical transcription, 132
menu planning, 172
microprocessing, 92, 150
millwork, 102
mixology, 94
molding, 140
monitor (telemetry) technology, 104
motors, 158
MRI technology, 258
multimedia, 220, 230
museum work, 268
N–O
navigation systems, 92, 204
network systems, 118, 222
nursery management, 236
nursing services, 226
occupational therapy, 228
on-site service, 110
operations, 100
ophthalmic medical services, 214
organic farming, 162
P
pacemaker technology, 104
painting, 88
paramedical services, 160
patternmaking, 164
payroll, 79–80
pet grooming, 242
pharmacy, 244
phlebotomy, 116, 216
photogrammetry, 114
photography, 246
physical therapy, 248
piloting, 204, 250
pipefitting, 252
plan examination, 124
plumbing, 252
295
 Quick Guide to College Majors and Careers _____________________________________
podiatric medical services, 214
police work, 198
polysomnographic testing, 156
presentation support, 220
private home care, 254
process controls, 112
process drafting, 146
processes, 112
production, 202
programming for the Internet, 120
promotion, 166
property management, 256, 258
psychiatric services, 226
public works, 124, 126
Q–R
quality control, 96, 112, 286
radar systems, 92
radio, 98
radiography, 258
radioimmunoassay studies, 224
real estate, 86, 256, 260
recording engineering, 98
recreation assisting, 148
refrigeration, 182
rehabilitation, 186, 240
research, 112, 114, 144
reservations, 274
residential, 84, 106, 124, 126, 194,
258
resorts and theme parks, 188
restaurants, 172, 188
resting EEGs, 156
retail buying, 164
robotics, 158
rough work, 106
roulette, 108
S welding, 88, 284
sales, 96, 112, 144, 166, 192, 222,
286
scheduling, 126
scientific instruments, 232
scientific programming, 120
screen printing, 176
296
security and disaster recovery, 120, active listening, 29, 31, 131, 136,
198 145, 149, 166, 199, 243, 263
senior care, 186, 240 administration and management,
social work, 190 101, 125, 135, 163, 173, 189,
sound mixing, 98 195, 207, 235, 237, 257
special education, 270 biology, 105, 117, 138, 145, 155,
163, 216, 225, 243, 255, 259,
special libraries, 200 263, 265
sports massage, 210 building and construction, 107,
steamfitting, 252 115, 125, 185, 209, 243, 253,
stress testing, 262 257, 272
surgical specialization, 264 chemistry, 117, 216, 226, 247
surveying and mapping, 114, 266 clerical, 80, 136, 201, 215, 231,
systems programming, 120, 222 239, 245
communications and media, 99,
T–U 221, 247
tactical response, 128
computers and electronics, 91, 93,
taxidermy, 268 105, 111, 119, 151, 155, 159,
teaching, 144, 148, 270 181, 223, 225, 231, 245, 259
telecommunications, 118 coordination, 29, 32, 101, 135, 161,
television, 98 163–164, 173, 189, 195, 205,
testing, 212 207, 237, 240, 257
therapeutic massage, 208, 248 critical thinking, 29, 32, 197, 239
tool and die making, 272 customer and personal service, 95,
131, 135, 145, 166, 170, 173,
tour companies, 274
175, 187, 189, 191, 201, 207,
transcription, 218 226, 235, 240, 249, 255, 275
transmissions, 90 design, 83, 85, 115, 120, 125, 127,
transportation, 114 147, 151, 183, 213, 221, 223, 267
travel, 274 economics, 80, 173, 261
truck driving, 276 education and training, 138, 145,
tumor registry, 180 149, 191, 229, 240, 249, 271
typography, 178 engineering and technology, 83, 85,
91, 93, 113, 115, 127, 147, 151,
V–Z 153, 183, 213, 223, 267
veterinary services, 278 English language, 149, 166, 239,
video, 98, 220 271
wastewater treatment, 282 equipment maintenance, 29, 33, 83,
watchmaking, 280 93, 119, 143, 209, 233, 247, 272
Web page design, 178 fine arts, 179, 221, 247
food production, 163, 237
winemaking, 286 geography, 169, 205, 250, 275
installation, 29, 33, 83, 91, 107,
111, 153, 159, 183–184, 253
Skills Index
instructing, 29, 33, 99, 240, 250
accounting, 80, 173, 261 judgment and decision making, 29,
active learning, 29, 31, 151, 191, 33, 101, 205, 207
195, 221, 223, 271
_______________________________________________________________________ Index
law and government, 95, 129, 199,
239
learning strategies, 29, 34, 149, 240,
249, 271
management of financial resources,
29, 34
management of personnel resources,
29, 34, 163, 173, 189, 237, 257
mathematics, 29, 34, 80, 85, 101,
115, 120, 127, 147, 213, 225,
261, 267
mechanical devices, 83, 89, 91, 111,
113, 123, 143, 159, 183, 185,
203, 213, 233, 253, 272
medicine and dentistry, 105, 117,
136, 138, 140, 155, 161, 169,
187, 215–216, 225–226, 229,
243, 245, 255, 259, 263, 265
monitoring, 29, 34, 173
operation and control, 29, 35, 97,
123, 177, 179, 203, 205, 213,
250, 259, 272, 277
operation monitoring, 29, 35, 123,
203, 250
operations analysis, 29, 35, 115,
127, 195
personnel and human resources,
101, 189, 237, 257
persuasion, 29, 35
physics, 99, 233, 250
production and processing, 97, 113,
159, 177, 179, 203, 272
programming, 29, 35, 120
psychology, 175, 187, 240
public safety and security, 129,
169–170, 197, 199
quality control analysis, 30, 36, 113,
125, 140
reading comprehension, 30, 36, 99,
105, 138, 140, 145, 155, 181,
201, 215, 225, 231, 235, 239,
245, 249, 259, 261, 263, 265
repairing, 30, 36, 83, 89, 91, 93,
113, 119, 143, 183, 185, 272
sales and marketing, 95, 164, 166,
207, 235
science, 30, 37, 117, 140, 216, 225
service orientation, 30, 37, 95, 161,
169–170, 187, 191, 249, 255,
263, 275
social perceptiveness, 30, 37, 129,
170, 175, 191, 226, 229
speaking, 30, 37, 125, 149, 166,
207, 217
systems analysis, 30, 37
technology design, 30, 37, 151, 213,
223
telecommunications, 99
therapy and counseling, 161, 191,
229, 249, 263
time management, 30, 38, 257
transportation, 161, 205, 250, 275
troubleshooting, 30, 38, 91, 93,
113, 119, 143, 183, 185
writing, 30, 38, 239
Work Groups Index
air vehicle operation, 20, 35, 39–40,
53, 56, 58, 66–67, 71, 251
animal care and training, 17, 31,
36–37, 39–40, 44, 46–47, 50,
52–53, 56, 60, 69, 243
barber and beauty services, 24, 37,
42, 46, 71, 131
bookkeeping, auditing, and
accounting, 22, 36, 42, 46,
55–56, 69, 81
clerical machine operation, 23, 36,
39–40, 42–43, 46, 49, 51–56,
58–60, 62, 69, 81, 119, 177, 179,
231
construction, 19, 33, 35, 39–40, 42,
44, 46, 50–51, 54, 56, 58, 69,
107, 123, 153
craft arts, 16, 35, 43–44, 46–47, 50,
69, 269
customer service, 22, 31, 42, 46, 50,
52–53, 55–56, 60–61, 69, 81,
249, 275
dentistry, 26, 36, 39–40, 44, 47, 52,
57, 60, 66–67, 137, 139
educational services, 25, 34, 36,
38–40, 42–44, 46, 48–62, 67, 69,
97, 101, 105, 117, 121, 129, 137,
139, 141, 149, 155, 157, 161,
165, 179, 195, 199, 201, 217,
225, 229, 245, 271
electrical and electronic systems, 18,
33, 38–40, 42, 44, 46, 49–51,
53–58, 62, 69–70, 83, 91, 93,
111, 119, 153, 185
engineering technology, 17, 34, 37,
39–40, 42, 48–51, 53, 55–59, 62,
70, 85, 113, 115, 121, 125, 127,
147, 151
food and beverage services, 24,
32–34, 42, 46, 50, 52, 54, 57, 60,
70, 95, 135
general management work and
management of support functions,
26, 32–34, 39–40, 42, 44–46,
48–50, 55, 57–58, 60–62, 67–69,
101, 163, 175, 237, 261
general sales, 23, 31, 35, 37, 39–40,
42, 46, 50, 52–55, 57, 60–61, 69,
167, 261
graphic arts, 16, 33, 39–40, 44, 46,
49, 52–54, 56–60, 62, 69–70,
177, 179
hands-on work in construction,
extraction, and maintenance, 19,
35, 39–40, 42, 44, 46, 50–51, 54,
56, 58, 70, 107, 209
hands-on work: loading, moving,
hoisting, and conveying, 22, 35,
42, 44, 46, 51, 58, 70
health protection and promotion,
27, 34, 36, 38–40, 45, 48, 52, 54,
71, 145
health specialties, 26, 31, 36, 39–40,
42, 45, 50, 53, 57–58, 60, 62, 67,
71, 235
laboratory technology, 17, 36–37,
39–40, 42, 44, 48–49, 53, 57–58,
62, 70, 247
law, 18, 31, 33, 36, 46, 52, 55, 57,
60–61, 68, 71, 239
law enforcement, 18, 31, 35, 42, 46,
48–49, 52, 58, 60–61, 169, 199
machining technology, 55, 203
management support, 26, 33–34,
36, 39–40, 42, 46, 49–50, 53–55,
57–58, 60–62, 69, 101, 127, 167
297
 Quick Guide to College Majors and Careers _____________________________________
managerial work in arts, entertain-
ment, and media, 16, 32, 36,
39–40, 42, 44, 49, 52–53, 56,
58–60, 62, 67–68, 71, 179, 221
managerial work in business detail,
22, 31–32, 36, 42, 46, 55, 57, 60,
67–69, 101
managerial work in construction,
mining, and drilling, 19, 32, 34,
38–40, 42, 46, 49–50, 53–57,
59–62, 67–68, 71, 101, 107, 125,
127, 153, 209, 253, 257
managerial work in education and
social service, 25, 32–34, 42, 46,
49, 52, 55, 60–61, 66–67, 101,
191
managerial work in industrial
production, 21, 32–34, 42, 49,
55, 57, 60, 67–68, 71, 101
managerial work in law, law
enforcement, and public safety, 18,
32–34, 42, 46, 49, 58, 60–61, 67,
71, 129, 197
managerial work in plants and
animals, 17, 32, 43, 45–46, 48,
57, 59, 62, 67–68, 163, 237
managerial work in recreation,
travel, and other personal services,
24, 32, 39–40, 43, 45, 47, 49–50,
52–54, 60–62, 67, 173, 189
managerial work in sales and
marketing, 23, 32–33, 37, 41, 43,
47, 49, 52–55, 57, 60–62, 67–69,
101, 207
managerial work in transportation,
20, 32, 43–44, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57,
61, 67–68, 101
mathematics and computers, 17,
34–35, 41, 43, 47, 49, 55, 57, 66,
68–69, 81, 121
mechanical drafting and mechanical
engineering, 147, 213
mechanical work, 19, 33, 36, 41,
43–44, 47, 49–51, 54, 56–60, 62,
70, 83, 89, 91, 111, 143, 153,
183, 193, 233
media, 16, 34, 36, 38, 41, 43–44,
47–49, 51, 54, 57–59, 61–62, 66,
99, 247
298
medical technology, 26, 36–37, 41, support work, 20, 35, 43–44, 47,
43, 45, 47–49, 51–52, 55, 57, 59, 51, 70
61, 70, 105, 117, 155, 157, 217, systems operation, 22, 35, 43, 45,
219, 225, 259 47–48, 70
medical therapy, 27, 36, 38, 41, 43, transportation and lodging services,
45, 47–48, 52, 59, 61, 67–68, 71, 24, 37, 43, 47, 50, 53, 55, 58,
211, 215, 249 61–62, 72, 171
medicine and surgery, 26, 36–37, truck driving, 20, 35, 43–44, 47,
41, 45, 48–49, 52, 55, 57, 59, 61, 51, 68–69, 277
66–67, 71, 215, 245, 265 vehicle expediting and coordinating,
metal and plastics machining 20, 31, 34–35, 43–44, 47, 51, 70,
technology, 21, 33–34, 37, 41, 49, 277
54, 56, 59, 62, 70, 203, 273 visual arts, 16, 31–32, 36, 41,
mining and drilling, 19, 35, 43–44, 43–44, 47, 50–52, 54, 56, 58,
47, 51, 59, 70, 123 60–62, 64, 66–67, 69, 165, 177,
modeling and personal appearance, 195
16, 36, 43, 47, 70, 131 water vehicle operation, 20, 32,
other personal services, 24, 34, 37, 34–35, 41, 43–44, 47, 50–59, 64,
41, 43–45, 47–48, 53–54, 57, 70, 205
61–62, 70, 135, 175 woodworking technology, 21, 33,
other services requiring driving, 20, 43, 47, 55–56, 59, 70
35, 37, 41, 43–45, 47–48, 51, 55,
work and management of support
59, 62, 70, 161 functions, 32, 46
parks, recreation, leisure, and fitness
studies, other, 109, 241
patient care and assistance, 27, 37,
41, 43, 45, 48, 52, 61–62, 71,
187, 227, 255
plants and animals, 39–40
production technology, 21, 36, 41,
43–45, 47–48, 50–59, 62, 70, 83,
93, 141, 143, 159, 177, 203, 233
production work, 21, 34–35, 41,
43–45, 47–48, 50–62, 70, 97,
177, 179, 203
public safety, 18, 32, 36, 41, 43, 45,
47–48, 50–51, 53–55, 59–60, 62,
71, 161, 169
rail vehicle operation, 20, 35,
43–44, 47, 51, 72
records processing, 23, 36, 41, 45,
47–48, 50, 52, 55, 57–61, 69–70,
133, 177, 181, 219
recreational services, 24, 32, 37, 45,
47, 59, 61, 70, 109, 241
sales technology, 23, 31, 34, 37, 47,
50, 57, 61, 68, 87
social services, 31, 37, 41, 50,
52–54, 61, 64, 67–68, 71