ee sareltive Link. Design. re Communication (UPTU) station can be given as, 65D the earth st (Gps) - (TFL 4 that all the qual satel me effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) by [EIRP]y = Pura] + the subscript U indicates uplink and square { ] brackets Indic essed in decibels (4B). inside te square bracket are xP" [EIRP] is the effective isotropic radiated power in decibels. [TFLp is transmit feeder loss: | [Gps] is gain of earth station antenna. [Pjpa) is power at the output of high power 55.1 Losses in Uplink : ven effective isotropic radiated power * transmitted on uplink, it COME across losses before reach to the satellite,. Those Josses are ‘called as the ‘Transmission Loss [TPL]. «The different losses are * 1, Antenna misalignment loss [AML] 2, Polarization loss (PLlu a i 4, _ Free space loss in UI tink [FSL]y ‘The transmission path loss [TPL]u is equal to the addition of all these losses- [TPLJy = ESL] + [AML]y + [PL]y + (AAlo at Satellite : 55.2 Carrier Power Let [Py} be the power received by the satellite receiver. I [Py] = FEERPlo~ [TPL]y + [Gear] - [RFL]y received by satellite receiver in dBW. isotropically radiated power. [TPL}y is transmission path loss given by Equation (5.5.2). {Gyalis isotropic power gain of the satelite anizite- {RFL} ys receive feeder loss at satelite. In ae transmission we used phase ‘modulation for analog signals. The amplitude ‘Modulation. Rast poe fe a mt ei te pes oN 3 = Py Bead tities amplifier. many Path +-(5-5.2) can be expressed as, 5.5.3) modulation for digital signals and frequency of carrier signals is constant irrespective of- | NS. ent ORR Satellite Communication (UPTU) 5-20 Satellite Link Design 5.5.3 Noise Power : ‘The noise power at the satellite receiver is Palo = Oe Tear B where k is Boltzmann's constant. is bandwidth of noise, at satellite receiver input B (5.5.4) Tsar is equivalent noise — = [P,) =k Tsar BI 5.5.4 Carrier to Noise Ratio : “The carrier to noise ratio for uplink is given 25, [g (5.5.5) [kl - [poe y In decibel representation Equation (5.5. 5) becomes [S] = eee taBl ‘Substituting the value of | [P,] from Equation (6.5.3) 5 ]- [BURPIy= [TPLIy + (Gsr]- IRFLlo~ PKI ~ Psa = BI the carrier to noise ratio in uplink. (6.5.6) Equation oi 5.6) gives Generally F G tio is one of the impor [Gayc} and [Tear] in Equation (55.4) can be expressed by a ratio. Ge eS rato pr eataied For the term [Gar] [Tsae] We can substitute] zy], - This sp ratio for sa Hence, Equation (5.5.6) becomes, [S] = tnmte rreui—tRL + fg 5.5.5 Carrier to Noise Power Density Ratio : tant figure of merit of a satelite system. wa(5.5.7) -{K|- 1B] ‘The noise power is given as, P, = k Te Lat the noise spectral density be N,. It is expressed as, , ba B N= pe N, = k Tsar "e5M) ——~_ —Communication (UPTU) 5-21 ‘seated Lick De satellite Link Design c J, Theratiox” becomes, yy f = [Pul- IN.) = [Pul tk Tsar] ‘Substituting [P,] from Equation (5.5.3) we get, c fr, = (EIRPJy ~ [TPL ]y + (Ggqr] ~ [RFL]y ~ [R]~ [Tsar] (Gac)-FTexd=[S], c fe = [EIRP], ~ [TPL], ~ (RFL]y +f ee i (5.5.8) k = 135x107 kin dB = 10 log k = 10 log (1.38 x 10”) k = -228.6dB : fel- [EIRP] - (TPL]y - [RFL]y +[$],-- 2 6) ie] = [EIRP), - [TPL]y - [RFLJy -(]. + 228.6 --(5.5.9) 5.5.6 < Ratio in Terms of Flux Density : lo + The travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) in a satelite transponder exhibits power output saturation, The flux density required at the receiving antenna to produce saturation of TWTA is called as the saturation flux density. stant parameter in the link design. The flux density at a distance ‘R’ from It is an impor the transmitting source is given as, EIRP ¢ = “GR (5.5.10) EIRP is power radiated by earth station expressing Equation (5.5.10) in decibels we get, 1 [0] = [EIRP] + 10 logo 5 (5.5.11) nena = (8Communication (UPTU) Satellite Link Desig, 7 Input Backoff : ¢ — When the travelling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) operates on multiple number of carriers, intermodulation distortion is generated. This distortion can be minimized jy operating TWTA in its linear position ofthe transfer characteristics. ‘© This shifting of the operating point is called as input backoff. © Fig, 5.5.2 shows back-off Pout Single carrierinput Multiple carior input Fig. 5.5.2 = The back-offis specified with reference to the saturation level of the single carrier. eg.: (BIRPly = (EIRPs|y + [BO] © (55.17) [EIRP,] is saturation level of EIRP of TWTA amplifier. (BO) is input back-off in dBW. [EIRP], is new EIRP after back off. j Equation (5.5.17) indicates that input back off is providing by reducing the EIRP of the ‘TWT amplifier. Hence, the carrier to noise and carrier to noise density ratios are given as, E) = cere, (BON,-(TPLIL-IRFLI, +]$] yp) ..6518 ; BD []- cemra.-mon-rouns[F] teeny, +2086 650 IfEIRP is at saturation level, then Equation (5.5.15) will become, (ERPS) = (9+ (TPL +A 4, = Saturation evel lux density ‘After input back-off the equation becomes, mR] = +Communication (UPTU) nite Satellite Link Design Equation (5.5.16) becomes, ix] e Ido 14-04 - (recy, +[] +2286 (5.5.20) 55.8 The Back-off at Earth Station HPA: ‘The earth station high power amplifier HPA will have to i | i supply for the radiated power plus the transmit feeder loss denoted by [TFL]. This loss is equal to the sum of losses taking place in the waveguide, filter and coupler between the HPA output and the transmit antenna. * [Paral = [EIRP] - [Ge3} + (TEL]y (5.5.21) The (EIRP] is that given by Equation (5.5.17) and includes any input backoff which is required at the satellite, But sometimes the earth station itself may have to transmit multiple carriers. So we have to include the backoff in the output of carth station itself. This backoff is denoted by [BO]so,. + [Preasdd = (Piwal + (Olina 5.5.22) where [Pypau] = Power output of earth station HPA for saturation. Note that with increase in the level of backoff, the HPA operates mor transfer characteristics. 5.5.9 Steps to be Followed for Uplink Power Budget : Steps to be followed for the uplink power budget : [Step 1; Write the expression for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) in the uplink.] Step2. : Then write the expression forthe total oss taking place in the uplink. Step3. : Write the expression for power received by the satellite receiver as subtraction of EIRP and losses. Step 4 : Express the received power inthe form of carrier to noise ratio {C/N}. [Step $ : Calculate the carrier to noise density ratio (C/N.]. Step 1; Effective isotropic radiated power in uplink = “The effective isotropic radiated power in the uplink can be expressed as : [EIRP]y = [Preal- {TFL} + [Ges] ~ wa(5,5.23) Where [Pypa] = Power at the output of “High Power Amplifier” [TFL] = Transmitter feeder loss [Ges] = Gain of the earth station antenna _ illJ: Communication (UPTU) ‘: Satellite Link Design sep 2: Losses in the uplink : AS shown in Fig. 5.5.1, the transmitted uplink signal undergoes various losses wile travelling from the earth station to satellite ‘They are : * Antenna mismatch loss [AML]y + Polarization loss [PL}y * Atmospheric absorption oss (AATy © Freespace loss in the uplink [FSL]y. The total transmission path loss {TPL}, is equal to the addition of all these losses, 2. UIPL]y = [AML]y + [PL]y + [Aly + FFSL]y + G5.24) Step3: Power received by the satelite receiver : Let the power received by the-satellite receiver be denoted by [Py]. This power is given by, [Pp] = (ELRP]y - [TPL]y + [Gsyq] - [RFLIp +11(5.5.25) where [G,,) = Gain of the satellite antenna (RFL]y = Receiver feeder loss. ‘The power received by the satellite antenna [Py] is expressed in dBW. Step4: ‘Toexpress he reccived power in the format {C/Njy = (EIRPly~(TPL}y— (TPL, (RFLIy + Fl, =(K}-1B) 15526 : StepS: Carrier to noise power density ratio (C/N,] : Cc [xl = (EIRP}y ~ (TPL}y ~ (RFLp + 6 / Tey + 228.6 ossan 5.6 Satell Downlink . ‘The satelite downlink deals with the power generation on the sa it | gal laaoad J i “down ft Various power = iy ‘associated with the signal travelling ‘down’ from the satellite to thete Communication (UPTU) ‘satelite 5.27 Satellite Link Design Fig, 5.6.1 shows a figure to understand the satellite downlink, Satelit : Fodor loss Gain of satolite antenna G Freespace loss in downlink « Almospheric Tanita ‘ es Polarization loss in downlink in downlink {G/T] of earth station Antenr misalignment loss in downlink Receiver Fig, 5.6.1 : Satellite downlink + The TWT amplifier at the satellite emits the power. The EIRP on downlink is given as, EIRP = P,G, {EIRP} = [PJ +(G) P, = Power transmitted by satellite amplifier G, = Gain of the satelite antenna ‘There may be some feeder losses. Let the transmit feeder loss be [TFL]p. Then, (EIRP), = (PJ-[TFL]p +[G) «+5.6.1) 5.6.1 Losses in Downlink : ‘When the effective isotropic radiated power is transmitted on downlink, it comes across many losses before reaching to the satellite. These losses are called as transmission path losses. ‘These losses are similar to the losses discussed in uplink in Section 5.5.1. They are given as, [TPL]p = [FSL]p +[AML]p + [PL]p + [AA]y 5.6.2 Carrier Power at the Earth Station : The received power at the earth station is given by (P] = [EIRP] +(G,]-[L,] [P is the power received at the earth station.Communication (UPTU) 5-28 Satellite Link Design (EIRP) is an effective isotropic radiated power without losses. {G,]is gain of the earth station receiver. IL] = [FSL) ic. free space loss ‘The equation considers only path loss i.e. free space loss. In addition to the path losses there are other losses. . [P] = [EIRP]y +(G,]-(TPLIp 664) | ‘The path loss is included in [TPL] If the receiver feeder losses are [RFL]p then, (P,] = [EIRP], - [TPL] +(G,]-[RFL], ...5.6.5) ‘The carrier power is given as, c Pr) (5.6.6) 5.6.3 Noise Power: The noise power is given as, P, =kT.B (5.6.2) Boltzmann constant =, System noise temperature of the earth station. B = Noise bandwidth ‘When expressed in decibels eeoeee0n0828 e (P,) = (kT, B] Thus, [lo = (Np =(kT,B] (5.6.8) 5.6.4 Carrier to Noise Power (C/N) : > ‘The carrier to noise ratio for downlink is, ) Cc P, int = FL =PJ-Pl : Ig “tL = Pl-tT, 8) Substituting [P,] from Equation (5.6.5) we get, ¢€ [rl (EIRP (TPLp + [6,1 (RFLIp— (k]~ [1,)— 8) od sud 6 : (G)-([7] = ia istteg Tatio for earth station receiver.ynication (UPTU) site Comme (UPTU) 529 Satelite Link Design el ‘ (Sl, = TEIRPIy— (PL — Ret +| $4] - pe - 1 ees 565 Carrier to Noise Power Density Ratio (C/N,) : The noise is given as, P, = kT,B ‘The noise spectral density is given as, P, _kT,B eae Now oR N, = kT, tatio becomes, fee = (C]-INJ=(PJ-kT Substituting [P,] from Equation (5.6.5) we get, ies =: [EIRP]p ~ [TPL]p + (Gi) - (RFLIp ~ OK) ~ (1) Gy, Substituting for (GJ-(T.] = [F 3, a [fg = @HRPb-tTPLo-(RFLIo+ (F]-m Boltzmann’ constant k = 128x10™ “+ kin dB = 10 logs (1.28 x 10") k = -228.6dB G, of], = ermete— rete rn, +[S] +2286 (5610) 5.6.6 z Ratio in Terms of Flux Density : < ratio can be expressed in terms of downlink also. Itis given as, A . tho +A2-tReub +[] izis (5.6.11)a - Satelite Communication (UPTLy Satellite Link Desi _ 5.8.7 Output Bac! . er the input back-off is employed, a corresponding output back-off must be Allowed ae tsk Of is required forthe operation of Tir * Fie 5.6.2 shows the relationship between input and output back-off ulbut dm Saturation point extrapolated ‘on linear characteristic Saturation point Single carriar Multiple carrior Back off perating point Input dm Fig. 5.6.2; Relation between input and output back-off for the TWT amplifier used in a satelite * ue to the non linear characteristics ofthe TWT amplifier the input back-off and the Suut back-off are not the same, Hence, above the saturation the linear characters, ‘are extrapolated, And back-ofis taken 5 dB below the extrapolated linear characteristic * The relationship between the output and input back-ofF is given as, [B0,)+54B = [BO] {B0,] = [BO|-5 4B If [EIRPs]p is the EIRP at saturation, then [EIRP], = [EIRP], ~ (BO,] Hence, the carrier to noise density ratio of Equation (5.610) becomes, c fee [EIRPs}p ~ [BO,] - [TPL], ~ [RFL], +[R]eze (5.6.12) Considering output back-off, the expression becomes, o ~My * tA (B04-1r01),+[&] 42256 (5613) 5.7__ Effects due to Rain: . Raia fet the signal on both he uplink a wells the dovatin . Let us see the effects of ran on uplink and downlink,wnication (UPTU) comm ite Ss: Satellite Link Design get of rin on downlin On downlink, noise is introduc Scaring of signal energy 4 OY Yao factors tke atemation by absorption, +The effective nose temperature due to rains given as Twn = 7.(1- ca) 61) Where T,,.. = Effective noise temperature of the rain, | ‘T, = Apparent absorber temperature, It ranges between 270" to 290° K. A = Rain attenuation caused by absorption. ‘The rain temperature to the system noise temperature (T,) to get overall noise temperature. Tay = Trt Tao (5.7.2), aC ‘The downlink 7 power ratio is related to clear sky by, | oe - Spar} wn(S.7.3) Effect of rain on uplink : + Uplink is not much affected due to rain. This is because the satellite antenna is pointed towards hot earth. Hence, there is no considerable increase in the noise temperature due to rain attenuation, a ‘The uplink carrier power is to be held within the close limits to overcome the rain fades. k ie + Rain attenuation on the uplink path to the satellite reduces the power at the satellite Cc receiver input and thus reduces (8), in direct proportion to the attenuation on the slant path, + Ifa satellite transponder operates in the linear mode then the output power will also be reduced by the same amount, It will cause the & s), to fall by an amount equal to the attenuation on the uplink. . arth te ($), am (9, are reduced by A dB then the value of (also reduced by AGB. Thus, fora linear transponder, ee 6) i ie