TONG HOP CAU HOI VI SINH VAT HSG THPT Cau i: 1, Cho thanh phn méi trudng [ gdm: HzO, NaCl, CaCl, MgSO,, (NH4)>SOs, KH:PO,. Hay xae dinh kiéu dinh dung cua cde ching vi khuin (A, B, C) tir bang dtr ligu sau: Moi truong Dieu kign Ching vi khuin nudi cdiy nudi cay A B c Te mui cide ae |B HD| n tae khong c6 Khuan khong cb khuiin sang lac lac laieens Khong e6 oh] Rhéing e5 Khulna khong ob Khun sing hae lac 1+ syc CO> chiéu sang ied okie aad co Ruan | 6 khudn ge : 2. Ba Sng nghigm X, Y va Z lan lugt chia vi khuan Escherichia coli (Gram Am), Baclillus subtilis (Gram duong) va Mycoplasma mycoides (khong co thinh té bao) voi cing mat d6 (10° té bao/mL) trong dung dich dang truong. BO sung lizozim vao ca ba éng nghiém, i 6 37°C trong | gid. Tiép tuc bd sung thuc Khuan thé gay de die higu cho timg loai vi khuan vio éng X, Y, Z va ti 6 37°C trong 1 gid. Sau d6, té bao vi khudn duge li tim va ria lai nhiéu Lin rdi duge cay trai trén dia petri chita mai trudng thach phi hhgp cho sinh trucng, phat trién vi phyc hdi thanh té bao ciia ca ba logi vi khuan (dia X, Y va Z), 1 637°C trong 24 gid. Hay cho biét kha nding moc cia vi khuan va sy hinh thanh vét tan trén mOi dia petri. DAP AN: Y Noi dung 1 | Xée dinh kiéu dinh dwong: = Chiing A: tgo khuadn lac trong méi truding cin chat hitu eo va khdng e6 anh sing + kiéu dinh dudng la héa di dudng. ~ Ching B: tao khuan Igc trong méi trang ein CO; va khong c6 inh sing > su dinh durimg 1a hoa ty durdng. ~ Ching C: tgo khuan Tac trong méi truing ein CO, vi can anh sing — kiéu dink dudng li quang tw dudng, (Dring 1 ¥ dat 0,25d; ding 2 ¥ dat 0,5d; cting 3 ¥\ méi dat 1,0d) 2 | Dia X: + Vikhuin Escherichia coli (G-) > khdng bi tic dng cia lizozim>khuan lac hinh thanh + Bé sung thye khuan thé dic higu >xam nhdp va nhan lén trong té bao vi khudn > xuat hign vét tan, Dia Y: + Vi khuin Baclitl subtilis (G°) > bi tae dong cia lizozim > phé think > dat trong digu kign phi hop > phyc héi thanh > hinh thanh khuan lac. + B6 sung thyc khuan thé dic his vio té bio vi khudn > khong xuit truée khi phyc hdi thanh > thye khuan thé khong xm nhap ign vet tan, Dia Z: + Vi khuin Mycoplasma mycoides (khong thanh) > khdng bj tic dng ciia lizozim >khuan Ige hinh thanh, + Bé sung thy khuan thé dac higu >xam nhap va nhin lén trong té bao vi khudn >xudt tan, (Diing 1 ¥ dat 0,25d; diing 2 ¥ dat 0,5d; diing 3 y§ méi dat 1,0d)Cau 2: Dé nghién ci qui trinh img dung thu sinh khéi vi sinh vat déi véi timg loai sin phim khéc nhau, ngudi ta nudi ciy hai loli vi khuan Streptomyces rimosus (thu khang 4 1 Oe Co > aa ietreovin) va 246 8 to 2 4 16 8 THiNgan(gio > 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 THONG Sia tring Sau phimn tng visto thin san pian & EF Sink Propionibacterium shermanii (thu. vitamin B12) Hinh 8.1 Hinh 8.2 vao timg méi trudng véi diéu kign dinh dudng thich hop & 30°C. Dudng cong sinh trudng cia timg loai vi Khuan va sy bién di vé ham Iuong sin phim duge thé hign 6 Hinh 8.1 va Hinh 8.2. 1. Xéc dinh dé thi biéu sur sinh trong eta mdi loai vi khuan. Giai thich, 2. Dé thu duge sinh khéi ti da cin phai nudi cdy mBi loai trong diéu kign nio? Giai thich. 3. Vi khudn trong tyr nhién sinh ra céc san phim trao déi chit chi 6 mite 46 cin thiét. G mét sé ching d6t bién, ngudi ta thu duge san phim trao déi cht 6 mite cao hon do sai héng trong co ché digu hda, Nhiing ching nay duge coi la nhimg ching c6 nang suat cao va duge ding trong sin xuat céng nghiép. Céc chung vi khuan nay c6 thé mang dét bién nao? pAP Al ¥ Noi dung 1 ~ Hinh 8.1 — tuong tmg vai vi khuan Propionibacterium shermanii. - Vi vitamin B12 1a chat can thiét cho qué trinh sinh truéng cua vi khuan (cofactor cla nhiéu loai enzim téng hyp ADN va chuyén hod axit amin), chu yéu durge tao ra trong giai dogn vi khudn dang sinh truomg va phat trién manh, Do vay lurgng vitamin B12 ting manh 6 pha luy thira va it thay di nhiéu & pha cén bing, diy la de diém cita dé thi Hinh 8.1. ~ Hinh 8.2 - tong tng véi vi khuan Streptomyces rimosus. - Tetracylin 1a san phim khéng can thiét cho sy sinh truéng ciia vi khuiin (im tre ché hoat déng cia vi khwin khée va gia ting kha ning canh tranh), thuréng duge tao ra sau khi pha sinh trang da két thie, Do vay Itrong tetracylin thug khong thay doi trong cdc pha sinh truéng va bit dau ting manh & pha can bang, day la dac diém cua dé thi Hinh 8.2. ~ Streptomyces rimosus tao ra Khang sinh tetracylin Ta sin phim tgo ra chai yéu & pha cdn bing (sin phim trao déi chat bac 2). Trong nudi cdy lién tuc khéng cé pha cin bing do dé cin nudi cy Streptomyces rimosus bing phuong phaip nudi cdy khong lién tue dé thu durgc lung san phim déi da. - Propionibacterium shermanii tao ra vitamin B12 la sin phim gin lién véi su sinh trudng, do 46 muén thu sinh khdi t6i da tir vi khudn cn nudi cay trong diéu kign nudi cay lién tye (khéng e6 pha can bang, pha luy thira kéo dai lién tuc). Cie ching vi Khuan c6 thé mang d6t bien: ~ Mat kha nding tre ché nguge bang diéu hoa di lip thé cia enzyme (enzyme van cé kha nding xite tac). - Mat kha ning diéu hoa biéu hign gen tong hyp enzyme (luén tao ra enzyme ngay ca khi khong cain it). (Thi sink co thé néu y khée diing va hop ty van cho diém toi da).CAu 3: Virus Z giy hoi ching viém dudng ho hap & nguti, BE kiém tra gi thuySt cho ring sv lay | pongrétio [BEY Tc arty Sati nhiém cua virus Z xay ra thong qua su bam dae higu a sung virus | sung virus Khong cb | Khong c6 vao thu thé X, ngudi ta tién hanh thi nghiém trén | Hela goc (nguii) mét sé dong té bao cé hode khong biéu hién thu thé ze chuyén gene] _+ aus te ah nay, sau dé theo doi sy xdm nhép cua virus. Su cé [Cay huong + ‘Xanh Ive | Vang __| mit cua thy thé X va vo ngoai cua virus duge phat [Low = Khong ¢6 | Khong c6 san Tas A ok *, Ga = Khong co_| Khong co hign Kin lot qua khdng thé gin huynh quang Ive va page = Xen tye Xeni pe do. Két qua thi ghiém duge thé hién 6 bang bén. 1. Virus lay nhigm duge vao nhig dong té bio nao? Giai thich 2. Két qua thu due cé tng hé gia thuyét X 1a thy thé cia virus khéng? Giai thich, 3. Biét rang virus ¢6 vat chat di truyén la RNA (+) va phién ma tong hop mRNA tir khudn RNA hé gene cua ching. Trinh bay giai doan sinh ting hap cita virus sau khi xdm nhap vao té bio. 4. Gan day, thuéc rememdesivir (c6 ban chat twong ty nucleotide nhung khéng cé dau 3°-OH) dang duge phat trién va thir nghiém trong diéu tri virus Z cing nhur nhiéu loai virus RNA khdc. a. Hay giai thich co ché tac dong cia thui b. Dic diém nao 6 cac virus RNA lam thudc cé higu qua cao? Dic diém dé dem lai wu thé nao cho virus khéng? Giai thich. Noi dung T | Virus lay nhiém duge vio tf bio hela chuyén gene, doi va chy huong. Vi cae té bao nay cho két qua huynh quang vang sau khi bé sung virus 1a két qua pha trén cia xanh li cay va d6. (Dong 1é bao hela géc, lon ga va chudt sau khi lay nhiém khong cé tin higu huynh quang dé chieng 16 virus khong lay nhiém duoc vao cae déng té bio nay), 2 | Cé. Vi virus khéng thé lay nhiém vao té bao khéng biéu hién X nhung cé thé xim nhap vao hau hét cdc té bao biéu hign X. 3 | - Virus true tigp sir dung RNA (+) lim khudn va nguyén ligu cua t€ bao chit dé dich ma cde thanh phan cua virus nhu vo capsid, gai glycoprotein. - Virus sir dung enzyme RNA polymerase phy thugc RNA cua virus dé tong hop RNA (-) tir RNA (4), edie RNA (-) duge sit dung dé fam khuén téng hop RNA (+) la bd gene méi cita virus. 4a Vi cé ban chit trong tur nucleotide trén remedesivir cé thé dé dang gin vio chudi polynucleotide trong qua trinh tong hop RNA dan dén ngimg tong hop RNA (do khéng thé bd sung thém nucleotide méi vi thiéu dau 3°-OH) — Ue ché tai ban bé gene cia virus. (HS chi cain néu ire ché qué trinh tong hop RNA hé gene virus la dug diém). b. = Dic diém chung cita cdc virus RNA (bao gém ca virus Z) nay li enzyme RNA polymerase phu thuge RNA virus khdng ¢6 hoat tinh stta sai - Dc diém nay cfing dem lai Igi thé cho virus vi tan sd dét bién cao + Dé dang tién héa thanh cae ching méi khang thuée hoe v6 higu hoa vaccine cd,. pt ba oe — tS + ee jo eo > Cau 4: DO thi Hinh 10.1 m6 ta su thay déi mies = ‘nels j-— lee mite khang thé cia ngudi bj nhiém SARS- 4 een sét cw CoV-2. 3 4 Ngudi ta cin et vao sy 06 mat cita céc khang sok thé d8 lam cdc test nhanh nim kiém tra Lg ws ngudi nghi bi nhiém SARS-CoV-2. lout 1. Tai sao cfc test nhanh dya trén khang thé thuong c6 9 chinh xc khéng cao? tf Séneiy sai sé ny su ti im bieu hign trigu chimg 2. C6 4 ngudi nghi bi nhiém SARS-CoV-2, ho duge liy mau va test nhanh két qua nhu Hinh 10.2: cov.17 — cowp-7 cov, comms st test vest 1st c= cS ca ca 6 c= 6 c= i seacat the, pute. adi ames. ce A rs aid ni Néu chi cn ctr vio khang thé, thi kha ning cao nhat ngudi nao khong bj nhi&m SARS-CoV-2, gui nao duong tinh voi SARS-CoV-2? -_ -_ ic) ® oy ay o Hinh 10.2 DAP AN: ¥ Noi dung 1 | - Vi lay mau test vao théi diem bénh thudng cho ket qua 4m tinh. (Dua vao so do tir ngiy -14 den ngay -7). ~ Néu lay miu tring vao thoi diém tir ngay 14 tre di thi lugng khang thé giam nén kha ning cho két qua khong chinh xéc. = Cé thé cho két qua duong tinh gia vi nguéi duge liy mau bj nhiém virus khic. 2 | = () am tinh vi khong c6 khang thé IgM va IgG. (II) durong tinh véi IgG vi da c6 khang thé IgG, c6 thé dé nham lan v6i ngudi di khoi bénh, ~ (III) durong tinh véi IgM vi da c khang thé IgM, ¢6 thé nhm Lin v6i ede virus kh. - (IV) duong tinh voi IgG va IgM vi di cé 2 khang thé IgG va IgM — ngudi 4 1a c6 kha nang mic cao nhat vi c6é ca IgG va IgM. Cfiu $: C6 4 ching vi khuan ki khi duoc phan lap tir dat (ki higu lan lugt li A, B, C, D) duge phan tich 48 tim hiéu vai tro ciia ching trong chu trinh nito. Mdi ching durge nudi trong 4 méi trudmg nude thit ¢6 bé sung cdc chat khac nhau: (1) Peptone (cdc pélipeptit ngin), (2) Améniac, (3) Nitrat va (4) Nitrit. Sau 7 ngiy nudi, cae miu vi khudn duge phan tich héa sinh va két qua thu duge nur sau: Cae ching vi Khun STT | — M@itrusng dinh dudng zx : = 7 ‘Nude thit e6 peptone + pHt | +, pHt = = 2 NutGe thit ¢6 améniac - =| #NOr | =3 Nude thit 6 nitrat +, Gas + - - Nutée thit 6 nitrit - - -__[-RNOs + Cho biét: +: Vi khuin MOC NOs : C6 nitrat -: Vi khuiin KHONG moc pH+: pH méi truimg ting NOs": Cé nitrit Gas : C6 chit khi - Xa dinh kiéu dinh dudng ciia mdi ching vi khuan trén? Giai thich, = Ching A moc trén méi truéng nude thit c6 peptone lim ting pH méi trudng va moc trén moi trudng nude thit c6 nitrat sinh ra khi, vay khi sinh ra li No, pH ting do giém NO} va cde vi khudn nay ld cde vi khudn phan nitrat, bién ddi NO ; thinh Nz, dinh dudng theo kiéu héa di dong. ~ Ching B sir dung ngudn cacbon li cite peptone va lim ting pH mdi trudng, moe trén mdi trudng gidu nitrat vy -> cde vi khuan nay 1a céc vi khudn amén héa san sinh ra NH; (ting pH) tit ede peptone ching 6 kigu dinh dudng 1a ida dj dudng. - Ching C chi moe trén méi trudng nude thit 6 améniae sinh NO}, vay vi khudn nay 1a vi khudn nitrit hoa, bién déi NHs thinh Ni ~ Chung D chi moc trén mdi truémg nude thit e6 nitrit sinh NO} , vay vi khuan nay 1a vi khuan nitrat hoa, 1 sinh nding Iugng va dinh dutng theo kiéu héa te diedng. bién déi NO; thanh NO; dé sinh nang lugng va dinh dudng theo kiéu hda tr dirdng. Cfu 6: Trong méi trudng tiéu chun & pH = 7,0, nhigt d6 35°C va ki khi hodn todn, c6 hai mé nudi vi khudn trong d6 mt mé nudi cdy e6 chira hai hop chit hitu eo gidu ning hrgng (moi trudmg A) vi mé con lai chtra mét Logi hgp chat hitu cor dng nhat (mdi truéng B), ngudi ta nudi cay riéng hai loai vi khuan Lactobacillus bulgaricus va Streptocuccus votrovorus (mat 46 ban dau 1a 3,2.10° té bao/mL) thanh hai mé © hai méi truémg khac nhau. Dé thi biéu dién su sinh trrdng va su bién déi néng d6 cac chit trong méi truing nudi cay cia 2 loai vi khudn trén duge biéu dign & hinh dudi. ’ é lugng if bio i i 3. Axit lactic 3. 6 lugng t8 bio 3 oF gH i 3 3 3 S BET pital i Eesrernrereeeseisiereisieceieinsn 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Thdi gian (gia) 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 Thai gian (gia) Hink 7.1 Lactobacillus bulgaricus Hinh 7.2 Streptocuccus votrovorus a) Giai thich duéng cong sinh truéng ctia hai loai vi khudin va xc dinh mdi loai vi khuan dugc nudi cay & mdi truing nao, b) Dya vio sin phim chuyén hod, hay xc dinh Lactobacillus bulgaricus va Streptocuccus votrovorus la vi khuan gi? Giai thich co sé 18 bao hoc dé gidi thich su khae bigt trong qué trinh chuyén hod dudng glucdzo ciia hai logi vi khuan noi trén. ©) Lactobacillus bulgaricus ta vi khuan durge sit dung phé bién trong céng nghigp thue phim, de bigt Li san xuit sita chua, Néu 2 dic diém ctia loai vi khuan nay phii hop véi tmg dung ké trén.- Lactobacillus bulgaricus: Buing cong sinh truéng kép gim 2 pha lag va 2 pha log, xay ra trong diéu kign mdi trudng c6 hn hop 2 loai hgp chat cacbon khic nhau. - Streptocuccus votrovorus: Duing cong sinh truéng thém, cé thém mét doan cong nhé sau pha suy vong VK sng sét va tiép tuc sinh truéng nho cc chat dinh dudng duge giai phéng do 6 giai doan nay mot s ra tir qua trinh ty phan - Do vay méi trudng A (chita hai logi hop chit hitu co gidu nang hrong) tuong img voi mdi trudng nudi dy Lactobacillus bulgaricus va méi trugng B tuong img véi méi truong nudi cAy Streptocuccus votrovorus. b) Dua vo dé thi ta thay: ~ Lactobacillus bulgaricus trong sudt qua trinh sinh trudng chi tgo ra axit lactic (him lugng ethanol khong thay doi con lugng axit lactic ting manh), day la vi khuan lén men lactic dong hin, - Streptocuccus votrovorus trong qua trinh sinh truéng ngoai tgo ra axit lactic cdn tao ra ca ethanol (him lugng axit lactic nhé hon 50% so vi lugng axit lactic ma Lactobacillus bulgaricus tgo ra), day 1a vi khuan lén men lactic di hinh - Giai thich: 6 vi khuan lén men lactic dj hinh chiing dung phn theo con dudng pentézo photphat (binh thudng li con dung EMP), tir duéng pentozo photphat Iai sinh ra san phim bao gdm 1 APG (andehit photphoglixeric) va 1 phan tir axetyl photphat. APG sé duge chuyén hoa thanh axit lactic con axetyl photphat duge khir thinh ethanol théng qua mét s6 hop chat trung gian (Thi sinh chi cdn néu durdng phan theo con duéng pentozo va sdin pham sinh ra ngodi APG niu binh thudng con cé san phdm phu la diege diém) c) Thi sinh néu durgc 2 dic diém: - Lactobacillus bulgaricus la vi khuan lactic déng hinh do vay dim bao duge thye phim khdng chtta cae san phim chuyén hoa khac (c6 thé gay dc cho nguvi) ma chi cé axit lactic (tét cho tiéu hoa,...) - Lactobacillus bulgaricus la vi khuan Gram duong nhung khéng sinh ndi bao tr > khéng gay doc cho ngudi CAu 7: Hoa Li mét sinh vién 19 tudi dai hoc sdng trong ky tue x4. Vao thing Giéng, c6 cé trigu chimg dau hong, nhite dau, sdt nhe, én lanh va ho. Sau khi bi sét, ho ngiy cing ting va dau nhite trong nhiéu ngay, Hoa nghi ngé rang c6 bj bénh cim. C6 di dén trung tam y té tai trudng dai hoc ctia minh, Bac s¥ noi voi Hoa ring trigu chimg cita c6 c6 thé 1a do mét loat cdc bénh nhu cum, viém phé quan, viém phdi hodc bénh lao. Ong tién hanh chup X — quang va thy mét chat nhay cé trong phi trai, két qua cho thay dau higu cua bénh viém phdi, Sau khi chan doan Hoa bi viém phdi, bac s¥ cho c6 diéu tri voi amoxicillin, mét khang sinh thugc nhém B- lactam gidng penicillin, Hon mdt tuan sau d6, mac dit tuan theo day du chi din, Hoa van cam thay yéu va kh6ng hoan toin khoe manh, Theo tim hiéu, Hoa biét rng c6 nhiéu logi vi khuain, ndim va virus c6 thé gay viém phéi. a. Vi sao bac s¥ chi dinh diéu tri amoxicillin cho Hoa? b.Theo ban, vige Hoa sir dung amoxicillin trong diéu tri nhung khong higu qua thi bac sf sé c6 két Luan gi vé tic nhan gay bénh nay? c. Néu biét chic chin tée nhan gay bénh Li mét logi vi khuan, can kim gi dé vige diéu tr} c6 két qua. DAP. a. - Nhém khang sinh f- lactam 1a cdc chat ite ché sy tong hyp thanh peptidoglican cua vi khuan do dé tre ché su sinh trong cia vi khuan > vi khuan dé bj cée yéu t6 bén ngoai tan céng hon. b, Cé mhidu gia thuyét dit ra vé ching gay bénh nay: + Chung gay bénh la cdc virus, do virus c6 vé ngoai Li capsit nén khéng chiu tic dng ciia amoxicillin én me ofv hénh+ Ching gay bénh la nam, do thanh té bao ciia nam khéng phai peptidoglican do dé khéng chiu tac déng cua amoxicillin nén tiép tue gay bénh, + Chung gay bénh li cde vi khudin nhém mycoplasma khéng cé thanh té bao nén khong chiu téc déng cua amoxicillin nén tiép tue gay bénh + Ching gay bénh a céc vi khudn thong thudng, tuy nhién ching cé kha nang khing khang sinh loai B- lactam: ¢6 plasmid qua dinh enzim phan cat khang sinh loai B- lactam, thay déi cau hinh vj tri ign két cua khang sinh ho B- lactam, c6 cae kénh trén mang té bao bom khang sinh f- lactam ra ngoai. c. Khi biét bénh 1a do mét ching vi khudn gay nén, ta c6 thé tri bing cde cach: - Sir dung phéi hop nhiéu loai khang sinh véi nhiéu tic dung nhu phan cat thinh té bao, ite ché sy ting hgp thanh té bao, tre ché su tng hgp protein cia vi khuan. Cau 8: 1. Ngudi ta cho VK Clostrium tetani vao 4 dng nghiém, trong mdi éng nghiém cé cdc thanh phan sau: Ong 1: Cae chat v6 eo. Ong 2: Cac chit v6 co + glucozo Ong 3: Cac chat v6 co + glucozo + riboflavin (Vitamine B12) Ong 4: Cac chit v6 co + glucozo + riboflavin + acid lipoic Ong 5: Cac chit v6 co + glucozo + riboflavin + acid lipoic + NaClO Trong diéu kign nhiét 46 thich hgp, sau mot thoi gian thay dng 4 tré nén duc, cn dng 1, 2, 3, 5 van trong sudt a. Méi truéng trong cac éng nghiém trén 1a loai mai trudng gi? b. VK Glostrium tetani thudc loai VK gi? c. Vai trd cua riboflavin, acid lipoic va NaClO déi voi VK Clostrium tetani ? 2. Nudi vi khuan E.coli trong mdi trudng c6 co chit li glucoze cho dén khi 6 pha log, dem cay ching sang cdc méi trudng sau: MGi truimg 1: ¢6 co chit glucozo Méi trudng 3: c6 co chat glucozo va mantoza ‘Cac mi trung déu trong hé théng kin. Dudng cong sinh truéng ciia vi khuan E.coli gm nhiing pha nao trong tig mi truéng trén? Giai thich? a. - Ong 1: MT tong hop t6i thiéu - Ong 2,3,4,5: MT tang hop b. Vi khuan khuyét dudng c. - Riboflavin, acid lipoic: 14 nhan té sinh tng - NaClO la chat digt khudn b. - Dudng cong sinh truéng cua vi khuin trong méi trudng 1 gém 3 pha: pha log (pha ly thira), pha can bang, pha suy vong. Pha tiém phat khéng 6 vi mdi trudng ci va méi déu 6 co chat la glucozo nén khi chuyén sang méi trudng méi, vi khudn khéng phai trai qua giai doan thich tmg véi co chit. - Dung cong sinh truéng cia vi khudn trong mdi trudng 3 gdm 4 pha: Ipha lag, 2 pha log (pha ly thira), Ipha can bang, Ipha suy vong. + Vi khuan sé sir dung co chat glucozo trade, khéng cé pha lag va sinh trudng theo pha log,+ Khi hét glucozo thi vi khudn chuyén sang méi truéng méi la mantozo nén phai cé sy thich img véi co chat méi va sinh truong theo céc pha: pha lag (pha tiém phat), pha log (pha ltiy thira), pha cdn bang, pha suy vong. Cau 9: a. C6 2 binh thay tinh cing chita 25 cm’ méi trong nudi cay y hét nhau. Nguoi ta lay vi khuan Pseudomonas fluorescens tis cing mot khuan lac cdy vao hai binh néi trén, Trong qua trinh nudi cay, binh A duge cho lén may lic, lic lién tue con binh B thi dé yén. Sau mt thai gian, & mt binh, ngoai ching vi Khuan géc cdy vao binh lie ban dau ngudi ta con phan lap duge thém 2 ching vi khuan cé dae diém hinh thai va mt s6 dic tinh khdc hin véi chiing géc. Trong binh cén lai, sau cing théi gian, nguéi ta van chi thay c6 mt ching vi khudn gée ma khong phat hién mét chung nao khdc. ~ Hay cho biét binh nao (A hay B) cé thém 2 loai vi khuan méi? Giai thich tai sao lai di dén két luan nh ic, - Thinghiém ny nhim ching minh diéu gi? b. Dé san xuat mét loai protein lim thite an chin nudi, ngudi ta nudi ndm men trong thing véi cae diéu kign: 46 pH phi hop, nhigt d6 thich hgp, diy da cht dinh dung va théi khi lién tue. Sau may ngay lay ra, li tm, thu sinh khdi, kim khé va déng g6i. Bay cé phai la qué trinh lén men khéng? Tai sao? c. Vi sao néi quang hgp 6 vi khuan lam tién héa hon quang hgp 6 vi khudn luu huynh? DAP A a. ~ Hai binh A va B Iie xuat phat thi nghiém If nhu nhau va chi khde nhau Hi m6t binh duge Hic va mot binh khéng duge lic trong khi lim thi nghim. Nhu vay, binh nao dugc lic sé cé méi trudng trong binh dng nhit hon so véi binh khdng duge Lic. ~ Trong binh khong durge lc, méi truéng nudi cdy vi Khun sé khong ding nhat: trén bé mat sé gidu O2 hon phia gitra it O» hon, dui day gin nhw khng cd ~ Sur khac biét vé mdi trang s6ng la yéu t6 dé chon loc tur nhién chon loc ra cdc ching vi khuan thich hop vGi timg viing ciia moi trudng nudi cay. Nhu vay binh B (khOng duge lic) li binh ¢6 thém ching vi khuan m ~ Thi nghiém nay nhim chimg minh diéu kign méi truéng thay dai cé tée dung phan héa, hinh thinh nén cc dic diém thich nghi. b. - Trong trudng hop trén, Khi cd Oxi (thdi Khi) nm men chi sinh trrdng cho sinh Khoi mi khong lén men, ~ Qui trinh nay khong phai Ia lén men vi lén men [a qua trinh kj Khi, trong d6 chit nhan cudi cing 1a chat hitu ca. Khi khong 6 Oxi, nm men sé tién hanh lén men tgo rugu étilic. ¢. QH6 VK lam tign héa hon VK liu huynh do: ~ Thai Oxi — thite day tién héa ctia SV hiéu khi khéc. - Nguén H’; e: H2O - phé bién va rat déi dao trong ty nhién so vi S, HS. ~ Sic t6 quang hop la Chl (khéng phai khudn diép luc) nén hap thu Anh sang hiéu qua hon, - Bude dau xuat hign sur chuyén héa vé chite nang do da xuit hién cdc tylacdid.Cau 10: M6t nha di truyén da phin lip duge 5 Cie chit duge cho vio moi dong d6t bién khuyét dung khic nhau 6 vi khudn. | pang — | trudng Dé sinh trudng duge tit ea déu cin chit G. Cée hop | dgtbién [A [B [© [D [EB |G chat A, B, C, D, E thuge con dung téng hgp chat 7 >>. t- T+ |= T+ G, nhung chia biét thir ty. Cae dot bién (tir 1 dén 5) Fy ——te 1. Te Ie te di duge sir dung dé xée dinh thirty va vai tr etia 5 ne Pe méi dot bién bing céich bé sung céc chat can thiét - Tt cho si sinh truéng cita ching. Dau (+) thé hign [5 Se tee ie dong dot bién sinh trong duge khi bé sung chit tuong (mg vao méi trudng, dau (-) thé hign dong dot bién khong sinh trong. Két qua thi nghiém nhu sau: b) M@i dong dot bién da kim hong enzim nao trong con dudng chuyén ho: ¢) Gia sir c6 hai thé dt bién kép 1, 3 va thé dét bién kép 2, 4 cling duge nudi trén mot mdi trudng tdi thiéu, khong c6 d6t bién moi hoie xay ra tai t6 hop gen gitta ching, cée diéu kign khic duge dim bao thi ching c6 thé sinh trung durge khong? Giai thich. Cau Noi dung a | Vénguyén tic moi dét bién déu can G dé sinh truéng nén G 6 cudi chudi chuyén hoa. + Tat ca moi d6t bién déu chét khi bé sung E chimg to E dig dau chudi chuyén héa, tiép theo chat A, chat C, chat B va chat D. Thit ty ding: E— A+ C B>D—G. b | Khi dot bién nao bj chan trude chat can bé cho sinh trudng thi dot bin 6 vj tri d6, nén ta c6 vi tri cde d6t bién trong chudi chuyén héa 1a: R Beta wo 8 ESASC5B3D5G © | C6 Vi: + Trong qué trinh sinh truéng vi khuan sé tiét cae enzim thye hign tra ddi chat ra mdi trong va bién déi cdc chat thanh dang don gian ri méi hip thy vio té bao. + Khi nudi trén cing méi trudmg t6i thigu thi thé dot bién kép 1, 3 sé tao ra dugc hai chat B va C trong méi trudng. + Hai chat (B, C) sé cn thiét cho su sinh truéng binh thudng ciia thé dét bién kép 1, 2 va sy sinh truéng nay sé tao ra hai chat D va G trong mdi trudmg cung cap cho thé d6t bién 1, 3. Cu 11: Ngudi ta nudi cay vi khudn £. coli trén dia thach dinh duéng cho dén khi dat mat d6 phii hop, sau 46 u mét Ivgng phago T4 vio trong mi trrdng ri nghién cru qué tinh lay nhiEm cia ching vio quin thé vi“ khuan theo thi gian. Két qua thu duge vé chu trinh lay nhiém ctia phago 2 (by (e) T4 duge thé hign 6 hinh 4, vai cae giai doan tir (a) ~ (c) duge phan chia bai S diu“e" @ 8) Giai dogn nao 6 hinh 4 li phi: hop vi céc mé ta sau diy? Giai thich, eo (1) Hau hi ao vi khuan trong méi trudng bi ly giai. 0 Thdi gian (2) Chi yéu dién ra qué trinh sinh téng hgp cdc thanh phan cua phago.b) Xét theo tinh chat ciia qua trinh lay nhiém, phago T4 thude loai phago nao? Giai thich, c) Su lay nhiém ciia phago cé bi anh hung khéng néu céc té bio vi khuan £. coli duge xit ly voi lyzézim trade khi duge t v6i phago? Giai thich. d) Vi khudn c6 nhing co ché nio dé bao vé khoi sy xdm nh§p va tin céng béi phago? pAP AN: Cau Noi dung a— (2). Tée dé lay nhigm giam din vé 0 do ede phago x4m nhap din vio trong t€ bao nhung chura c6 phago méi tao than (van dang trong qué trinh sinh ting hgp). ¢— (1). G giai doan niy, tc d6 lay nhiém giam din do phin lin vi khuain bj chét (ly giai khi cée virion gidi phong). Khi toan b6 quan thé vi khudin digt vong, khong ¢6 virion méi lay nhiém. Phago dde, vi két qua cudi cing cua qua trinh lay nhiém 1a toan bO quan thé vi khuan bj tigu digt (tc d6 lay nhiém giam vé 0 khi két thie chu trinh lay nhiém). Khong anh hudng. Vi E. coli la vi khuan gram am, c6 thy thé (khang nguyén) bé mat nam trén lop polilyposaccarit cua thinh té bio, Xir ly véi lyzozim chi lim tan lop peptidoglican cita thanh té bao, khdng anh huong dén lop polilyposaccarit, do dé phago van cé thé nhan biét va lay nhiém. ~ Chon ge tyr nhign wu tign gitt Iai cdc thé At bién mang thy thé ma phago khong c6 kha ning nhan biét, - Vi khuan san sinh ra cdc enzim gidi han cé kha ning cit dic hiéu cae phan tir ADN ngoai lai (ADN virut). Cu 12: C6 bén hén hop vi sinh vat duge thu thip tir cée diém khde nhau quanh trudng hoe va mdi hin hop duge tién hanh nudi cdy trén moi trudng cung cAp diy di cic nguyén t6 thiét yéu ( dang céc chat ion héa) chi trir ngudn cacbon, Moi truéng nudi cay ban dau rit trong (khéng bj duc) va duge nudi Ke trong t6i 24 gig (giai doan 1). Miu nudi cay sau dé duge chuyén ra nudi ngoai sing 24 gid (giai doan 11), ri sau d6 lai chuyén vao t6i 24 gid (giai doan III). D6 due cua 4 mau vi sinh duge theo doi va ghi nhin 6 cudi mdi giai doan voi két qua nhu sau: A G cudi mai giai doan Min I 1 1 I Hoidue | Hoidue | Hoi due 2 Hoidye | Duchon | Ratdye 3 Trong | Hoidye | Hoidye 4 Trong Trong Trong ‘Trong nhing nhém vi sinh vat sau day (a - d), nhiéu kha nang ching c6 trong cdc mau da cho. a- vi sinh vat quang ty dudng. b - vi sinh vat héa ty duéng. c- vi sinh vat chira cac hat tich lay trong té bao dui dang cic thé vui. d_- vi sinh vat chita cdc mang tylacoit trong té bao cia ching. Hay xac dinh trong timg mau (1 - 4) tn tai nhom vi sinh vat nao (a - d) trong cdc nhém vi sinh vat da cho trén? Giai thich? DAP AN: Miu 1. cé nhém b vac. Vir + Giai doan I (nudi lic trong 16i), mau 4 tir trang thai trong sudt chuyén sang hoi dye > mau | cé nhém c. + Giai doan II (ngoai anh sing), mau 4 46 dye khong thay 46i > mau 1 khéng c6 nhém a va d.+ Giai doan III (trong toi), mau 4 van bj hoi duc nhu giai doan I, II > ching to mau 1 c6 nhém b. Miu 2: chita ci 4 nhém a,b, ¢, d. Vi: + Giai doan I (nudi Lic trong t6i), mau 3 tir trang thai trong suét chuyén sang hoi duc > miu 2.c6 nhom ©. + Giai doan II (ngoai anh sng), miu 3 tre nén duc hon ching to miu 2 ¢6 nhém a va d. + Giai doan III (trong t6i), miu 3 rit duc, d6 duc ting din > miu 2 ¢6 nhém b. Mau 3: nhém a va d. Vi: +6 giai doan I (nudi lic trong tdi), miu 3 van trong suét chimg t6 trong mau khong c6 nhém e. + Nhung khi chuyén sang giai dogn II (ngoai anh sng) m&u 3 tré nén hoi dye; chimg to trong mau chira nhém vi sinh vat c6 kha ning quang hop > miu 3 chita nhém a va d. +6 giai dogn III (trong ti), 46 due kh6ng thay déi > mau 3 chi chira nhém a va d. Mau 4: Khéng 6 nhém vi sinh vat nao trong 4 nhom trén. Vi trong ca 3 giai doan nudi cay, mau 1 van trong sudt khéng c6 thay déi gi Cfu 13: Virus SARS-CoV-2 li mot trong s6 cdc virus thuge nhém virus Corona. Trude khi SARS- CoV-2 giy ra dai dich COVID ~ 19 trén toan cau thi da cé nhiéu loai virus Corona gay bénh trén ngudi, dién hinh nhat la SARS-CoV va MERS. Dudi day 1a mét s6 théng tin gay bénh ciia 3 loai virus SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV vi MERS. = 5 Virus ae eabgah ho | shcumbe | Sécatievong Viie xin SARS-CoV Thang 5/2003 8439 812 Khong c6 MERS Thang 9/2012 219 866 Kho 06 SARS-CoV-2_| Thing 12/2019 | 573 trigu 631 rigu Nhigu loai (S6 ligu tinh dén ngay 16/06/2022) 1. Trong 3 loai virus trén, loai virus nao gay ra ti I¢ ttr vong cao nhat ? 2. Sé Iugng nguéi nhiém virus SARS-CoV-2 khéng cé trigu chimg nhiéu hon sé ngudi co triéu chimg. Mot nhan dinh cho ring “Ti 1g biéu hign trigu chimg thap va kha nang lay trayén manh la nguyén nhan dé virus lay lan nhanh trén toa cau”, Nhgn dinh nay diing hay sai? Tai sao? 3. Hay dé xuat 2 dich tac d6ng cé trién vong cia thudc chéng virus SAR-Cov2. Giai thich? 4. Trong mét huéng tiép cin nhim san xuat vaccine phong Covid -19, cac nha khoa hoc da tién hanh tng hop nhan tao mARN mia hoa protein bé mat SARS-Cov 2 rdi déng goi thanh mot hat nano lipid duge goi la micelle. Hay giai thich co ché gay dap tmg mién dich cia logi vaccine nay? - Ti lé tir vong duge tinh bang s6 ca tir vong trén tong s6 ca nhiém. - Mers gy ti Ié ttr vong cao nhat +, SARS-CoV: 9,6% +, MERS: 34,3% +, SARS-CoV-2: 1,1% 9.2 |= Nhin dinh trén 1a ding - Vi: ngudi mic bénh khéng cé biéu hign trigu chimg vin séng trong cling cong dong, vige di chuyén va sinh hoat kim ting nguy co lay lan dich bénh. 9.3 | - Dé xudt 2 dich tac dng c6 trién vong cia thudc chéng virus: + Thuéc tic dOng t6i enzyme quan trong/ protein chite nang ciia virus > ngan can sy ting hgp va sao chép ARN ciia virus. Vi dy: ite ché enzyme RARP,...+ Thudc tac dng lén protein cu tric ciia virus > ng&n can virus lién két véi thu thé cua té bao ngudi hoic ire ché qué trinh ti lip rép ciia virus. Vi du: thudc ngan can co ché phan cit tao protein S cia virus,... 9.4 | - Vaccine nay c6 thé gay dap img 6 co thé ngudi duge. - Giai thich: + ARN nay khi xam nhap vao té bio > mARN cé thé dich ma tao ra protein bé mat + Té bio nhan dién protein la > hé mién dich san sinh khang thé chéng lai protein bé mit. Cau 14: Co quan y té dua khuyén nghi nén thye hign xét nghiém chan doan nhanh (RDT-rapid diagnostic testing) d6i voi nhimg ngudi cé nguy co cao di mic bénh sot rét bang Ki thuat sir dung que thir dé tim protein khang nguyén dic trung cia Plasmodium trong mau mau cia ngudi. Bang duéi day mé ta thong tin ve hai loai que thr RDT Que thir | Loai khing nguyén ciia Plasmodium __| Nhimng lodi Plasmodium twong img 1 HIRP-2 (histidine-rich protein 2) Chi P. falciparum 2 pLDH (parasite lactate dehyd ogenase) _| P. vivax; P. falciparum, P.ovale; P.malariae Khu wye chira khang thé Khu vye chira khang thé don dng ¢6 dinh CChibu di chuyén cia mau mau Cita s6 test Noi cho mau mau vao Khi cho mau mau can kiém tra véo 6 ldy mau, ché mét khoang théi gian nhat dinh, néu xuat hign mot vach mau trong ctta s6 test chimg t6 ngudi cho mau mau trén mac bénh s6t rét Hay cho biét: 1. Que thir 1 va 2 c6 chira cae khang thé don ding di dng khdc nhau hay khéng? Tai sao? 2. Giai thich tai sao 1 vach mau ¢ cita s6 test lai cho két qua duong tinh véi protein Plasmodium? 3. Hai mau mau duge lay tir cling mét ngudi. Mot mau thir trén que test loai 1 cho két qua 4m tinh, mgt sao? miu thir trén que test logi 2 cho két qua duong tinh. Gidi thich ta 4, Dinh gid higu qua phat hign bénh cita hai loai que test trén? Trong thy té, hay dur doan loai test mio duge sir dung phé bién hon? 5. Tai sao trong 1 que thir lai chita cdc loai khng thé don ding khic nhau ciia cing | Jogi khing nguyén. DAI 10.1 -Co - Do 2 que thir trén ding dé xe dinh 2 loai khang nguyén khie nhau nén edn cdc loai khding thé khée nhau 10.2 - K&t qua | vach 6 cita s6 test chimg t6 da cé su bat cap gitra khang thé cd dinh trén 6 test vi khang nguyén trong mau mau 103 = Chimg té nguoi nay mic sot rét nhumg khong phai do chiing P falciparum gay nén 104 = Test 2 chinh xae hon vi xde dinh duge nhiéu loai khing nguyén hon so vi test 1 = Test 1 duge ding phd tao don gin, gid thanh ré hon 105 = Khang thé di dng mang chat chi thi miu bat cip I phin cia khding nguyén. - Khang thé c6 dinh bit khang nguyén lai > gitt cdc khang thé di dgng mang biéu thi mau >Cau Duimg cong ting trréng khi nudi cay mot loai vi khuén trong méi trong gidiu dinh fA 5 J~ dudmg 6 37°C duge vé trén Hinh A. Cling logi vi rusieny J khuan nay sau khi durge chuyén sang nhiét 49 45°C eS trong vong 30 phitt, réi chuyén tr lai vé mdi (Dent trudng gidu dinh dudng 37°C, thi dong cong LI ‘ Time tious) > ‘Tape hows) — sinh trudng thu duge nhw hinh B. “Tho1 gian (907 ‘Tho' gian (go) Hay gidi thich sy khée nhau vé duéng cong sinh trudng gitta hinh A va hinh B DAP AN: ~ Sw khéc nhau trong 2 dudmg cong sinh trudng: vi khudn nudi edy @ hinh A dang é cate pha khde nhau ctia chu ki té bio (M, G1, S, G2), tai mdi thai diém déu cé té bao phan chia nén dé thi thé hign sé Iugng 18 bao (thong qua d6 duc tai tia OD600) la dung cong. - Tai hinh B, vi khuan nudi cy 6 ting I pha cia chu ky té bao nén khi phin chia (pha M) xay ra dng loat Lim sé lugng vi khudn trong méi trréng nudi cy tang dot ngot. = Giai thich: tai hinh B, cde vi khuan duge chuyén vio méi trudng nudi cdy c6 nhiét 46 cao sau d6 chuyén vé nhigt 46 thudmg > Nhigt &6 lim tam dimg sinh truéng cia vi khudn & mét s6 giai dogn nhat dinh > Déng bé cdc té bao vi khuan vé chung | pha cua chu ky té bao > Dudng biéu dién sé lnong té bao (théng qua do 46 duc) nhw hinh B. Cau 2 9.1. Virus dong vat duge phan loai theo axit nucleic chita trong vé capsid. Ngoai axit nucleic, mgt sé virus cin chira cée protein enzyme, ching han nh RNA polymerase, bén trong cic hat virus. Tir cic virus dng vat sau day, hy chi ra a) Nhiing nhém virus nao chita m6t logi enzyme trong v6 capsid can cho tai bain. Giai thich. b) Nhimg nhom virus nao khéng chita enzyme trong vo capsid cn cho tai ban. Giai thich. 9.2. Néu sy khac nhau co ban gidta phage T4 va virus HIV vé cdu tao va dic diém lay nhiém. pAp AN: Noi dung 9.1a | - Influenza virus cé hé gene RNAC), hoat dong ty sao su dung enzyme RNA pol nhin RNA (+) lam mach khuén, Enzyme nay khéng cé sn trong té bio déng vat do dé virus cin mang theo RNA pol phy thudc RNA virus trong vo capsid. - Virus HIV c6 hé gene RNA mach don, trude khi ty sao dudi dang DNA can sy co mit ctia enzyme phién ma ngugc. Té bao déng vat khong cé enzyme phién ma nguge nén virus HIV cin mang theo ching trong v6 capsi [9o.1b | - Cie virus A, B, D sir dung trye tiép enzyme tir t8 bio vat chi nén khdng cin mang theo enzyme. Smallpox va B19 parvovirus hoat dong trong nhan té bio nhu DNA vat chu; Rhinovirus la ARN (+) nén ding ARN nay dé dich ma ngay.= Virus D (Rotavirus) c6 RNA kép, soi RNA (+) dich mi tgo protein sém > tgo thinh enzyme can thiét cho su sao chép vat chat di trayén nén kh6ng can dem theo enzyme. 92 Phage T4 HIV ‘Cau tao gdm vé protein bao bge vat | Cau tao gdm vo protein bao boc vat chat di trayén ki ADN chit di trayén Arn Clu trie phiie tap gm 3 phan: diu, | Cau tric don giin hon, dia nén va dudi protein vo bao boc vat chat di truyén Nhin ta té bio chi lay nhiém bing | Nhin ra té bio chi lay nhiém bing sir dung duéi lién két véi thu thé | sir dung cae glycoprotein dic higu trén mang té bao chi: thudc lép vo protein cia virus dé lién két voi cdc thy thé trén mang té bio chi Khi lay nhiém té bao chu, bao dudi | Khi lay nhiém té bao chu, vo co rit, bom vat chat di truyén cia | protein cia virus dung hop véi virus vio té bao chi mang té bio va chuyén vat chat di truyén cua virus vao té bao chit Cie ¥ so stink Khe néu ding van dat diém toi da (chi cham § so sanh vé cu tao va qué trinh lay nhiém ~ bude xam nhép va hép ph) Céiu 30: 10.1, Bénh lao do vi khudn Mycobacterium tuberculosis gay ra giét chét hon | trigu nguéi mdi nam, Theo théng ké tir truéc 2015, mét phan ba dan s6 thé gidi hign dang bi nhiém M. Tuberculosis, va khoang 10% trong sé nay bi bénh lao (TB). Vong doi gay bénh cia M. Tuberculosis duge thé hign trong hinh dudi day. Cae giai doan trong hinh thé 1- Sy lay nhiém 2- Xm nhip vio vat cha méi 3- Sur nan lén trong vich/ 6 “dae biét” cua phdi 4- Nhi&m vio dai the bio, sau dé dai thye bao bi phd hiy tao ce u hat. 5- U hat bach huyét phat trién 6- U hat bj hoai tir trung tam, vi khuan lao nhin lén bén ngoai dai thye bao a) Dya vio hinh vé, hay cho biét con duimg lay nhiém ciia bénh lao, b) Su hinh thinh u hat 6 gitip co thé ngan chin swnhan én cita vi khuan M. Tuberculosis khong? Giai thich, c) Trén bé mat dai thye bao, té bao tua, lympho B biéu hién manh mot loai glycoprotein 4-1 BB hoat dong nhw mot receptor (thu thé). Glycoprotein 4-1 BB khi két hop véi chat gan (4-IBL) sé phat déng tin chiéu lam ting hoat déng ctia bach cau, ting san xuat va tiét cdc cytokine la yéu té kich thich sur thim nhap cua bach cau téi céc vi tri bi vi khuan xm nhap. Theo ly thuyét, su ting hodc giam nhay cam ctia thu thé 4-1BB sé anh huéng nhu thé nao dén kha ning lay nhiém cua vi khuan lao trong giai doan nhiém tring tiém an?10.2. Ba giai doan cia su May truyén bénh duge xem xét true khi m6t bénh lay tir dng vat tré thanh dai dich & = A c ft x hi loi nguéi. Virut corona la m6t nhom virut gayra é tT fh => pits mét dai dich nhu vay. Vat chi ty nhién cia virut corona natural reservoir human Pandemic in duge cho la doi. \o ys humen society (Chit thich hink: natural reservoir: vat chit te nhién; va human: ngudi; intermediate host: vat chi tung gian; pandemic in human society: dai dich 6 xa héi lodi gui) Intermediate host a) Ba trong s6 nim nghién ciru nao sau day ung h6 cho gia thuyét vé su lay truyén dich bénh & giai doan B va B”? Giai thich. ()Bénh khong phat trién doi-vat chi ty nhién, (2)Nhiéu chung virut corona duge phat hign trong phin doi bing RT-PCR. (3)Nhiéu loai doi hoat déng ban dém. (4)Thay déi méi trudng séng xay ra do thay déi khi héu, (5)Nhiéu loai doi an cae loai c6n tring khée nhau. b) Dua vao cae yéu t6 ké trén, hy néu it nhat 2 bin phap han ché 6 bude B va B’. pAP 10.1b Vi Khuin lao nim trong cde sol Khi do ngudi nhiém bénh tiét ra (thOng qua ho, hit hoi, giao tip...) Su hinh thanh u hat khdng gidp co thé chéng lai sy nhan lén cua vi khuan Lao do vi khuan lao nhiém vao dai thuc bao réi nhan sau dé pha hiiy cau trac u hat dé phat tin. (U hat khéng nhing Khéng giip co thé han ché sw nhén lén ctia vi khudn Lao mé cén lam gia tang sur lay nhiém ctia vi khudn Lao) 10.1¢ ‘Su ting nhay cam cta thy thé khién tang kha ndng lay nhiém bénh Lao trong giai doan dau. Giai thich: Vi khuan lao xém nhép vao té bao dai thye bao, tao cau tric u hat, u hat vo c6 thé khién vi khudn Lao phat tan theo déng mau di khip co thé (dén cdc cau tric khdc nhau cita phdi) lim ting kha ning lay nhi&m bgnb. Do dé khi thy thé Glycoprotein 4-1BB ting nhay cam > tng thu hiit dai thyre bao dén noi viém do Lao > Tang lay nhiém. 10.2a ~ Cae nghién ciru ang ho gid thuyét la (1), @), (). + (1) ding vi vat chi ty nhign la sinh vat mang mm béab nhug khéng bj virut gay bén. + (2) diing vi trong ede sin phiim tiéy chat thai chia virut la digu kign edn dé virut lay lan thong qua cae tiép xtc véi sin phim tiét/ chit thai. Nghién ciu niy chimg minh duge sy lay truyén qua B va B’. + (4) ding do sy thay d6i méi trudng s6ng ty nhién tao diéu kign cho cic ching virut dot bién c6 kha nang lan truyén virut tir doi sang cdc sinh vat khée va ngudi. Thay d6i vat chi (sang nhing “At gin gii hon v6i ngudi) tao diéu kién cho su lay truyén bénh dich sang ngudi. los 10.2b Cac bign phap: - Khéng sin bat, mua bin, sir dung dong vat hoang da. - Han ché chit pha rimg, pha bo noi cu tra ctia dng vat. - Han ché tiép xtic voi dong vat hoang da. - Tiém vaccine phdng bénh cho vat nudi ~.. (Néu dueac tit 2 bién phdp ding duge diém t6i da) Cau 31:(Cu 32: Beadle va Tatum dé xuit ring mt gen tao ra mGt enzyme. Ho di giy dé bién nim mbc ‘va quan sat thay cae khuan lac khée nhau ean chat bé sung khae nhau trong méitrudng binh thudng dé t6 tai (Hinh 1). orn ~~ ital Si Ge Ee a Legend 1 tenes tend inh 1. Legend 1 = MBiténg gitu inh duOng. Legend 2 = Méltuéng t6 thu, Legend 3 = DM&ttrdng t6 thigu + Phenylalanine. Legend 4 = Ml tnatmg ‘6 thgu + Leucine, Legend 5 = trong 6 thieu » Arginine a. Nhimng dét bién nao cé cing nhu cau dinh dudng gidng nhu té bio kiéu dai? b. Nhimg khuan lac nao duge sir dung dé phat hign cic gen tham gia vao con dung tng hgp arginine? Giai thich. ¢. Trong mét thi nghiém khac, cdc nha khoa hoc liy m6t nhém eae thé dét bién khae va cay ching lén dia nhvr trong Hinh 2, Nhimg khuan lac nao (1-8) trong Hinh 2 khong thé sin xudt arginine? oN legend 1 Legend 2 Hinh 2. Legend 1 = Mi tring giau dinh dung, Legend 2 = Méi truding gidu dinh dung khong c6 Arginine DAP A ‘a. MOi trudng 2 1a mdi trudng 16 thigu ma vin thay vi khudn 1,7 sOng duge nén vi khudn 1,7 ¢6 nbu clu dinh dudng ging kiéu d: 'b. Sir dung legend 5 dé xc dinh vi khudn nao tham gia vao con during téng hop arginineGiai thich : Vi khuan Igc 5 co moi truong ti thigu + arginine ma ching I, 4, 6, 7 van sinhiruong duge. ¢. Trong méi truémg khdng cé arginine chi e6 khuin lac 1, 4, 6, 7 moc duge => chi c6 nhing khuan lac nay san xuat duge arginine, cdn khuan lac 2, 3, 5, 8 khGng thé moe duge => khéng thé san xuat arginine. X la moc, O: khang moc 1 n | o| « ®] of of | of of | &] of | *] Of of oF | »] Oo} a | Oo} &] | of} of | Céu 33: Virut cim duge bao quanh boi mét mang chifa protein téng hgp, duoc hoat héa béi pH axit. Khi kich hoat, protein gitp cho mang virus két hop véi mang té bio. Mét phuong thud dan gian ci chéng cam cm khuyén ngudi ta nén ngi mot dém trong chudng ngua, Nghe 6 vé ky quife, nhung c mot I0i giai thich hop 1y cho Idi khuyén nay nhu sau: Khéng khi trong chudng ngva chita amoniac (NH3) do vi khudn trong nude tiéu ngua tao ra. con dudng ma virut ctim xdm nhap vao cic té bio = Virut ciim xam nhap vao cac té bao bing endocytosis va duge chuyén dén endosome - noi cé 46 pH axit nhim kich hoat protein téng hyp cia nd. Sau 46, mang virus hop nhat véi mang ctia endosome, giai phéng bé gen virus vao té bao chit. -NH3 1a m6t phan tir nho, khong tich dign dé ding khuéch tin trye tiép qua lépphotpholipit cua mang. Do dé, né e6 thé xdm nh§p vao tat ca cdc khoang ngi bao, bao gim ca endosome, bing co ché khuéch tan trye tiép qua mang. ~ Khi 6 trong ngan c6 néng d9 H’cao (pH axit), NH3 két hgp véi H* tao ra NH4*, day la ion tich dign va do dékhéng thé qua mang bing cich khuéch tin. Do dé, cée ion NH4* tich ty trong cécngin chira axit, Lim ting d6 pH (gidm ndng 49 H’) ctia ching. ~ Khi 4 pH cia endosome dugc ting lén, virus vin nam trong endosome,vi protein tong hop cua virus khéng thé dugc kich hoat; vi vay, virus khong thé xm nhdp vao té bao chat va nhin én. L n la gi ? Néu cdc tinh chat co ban cua inteféron. Vi sao inteféron durge coi a yéu t6 quan trong nhit trong sic dé khang cua co thé ching lai virut va té bao ung thu ? 2. Virut viém gan B chira cae khéng nguyén HBs, HBe va HBe, trong 46 HBs duge sir dung phd bién kim vacxin, cin HBe chi biéu hign & mét sé ching virut, Dé xe dinh xem c6 nén cho tré tiém ching vacxin phong viém gan B khéng, bé me cita m6t sé tré da dura con di kiém tra sy cé mat hay ving mat cua khang nguyén virut va khang thé twong img 6 tré. Bang duéi day thé hién két qua kiém tra 6 5 tré (ki higu tir T1 dén TS), Nhimg tré nay chwa timg duoc tiém vicxin viém gan B. Déu (+) thé hién str cé mat, dau (-) thé hién sy vaing mat, déu () thé hign phép idm tra chura duge thye hign Ki higu Anti-HBs. Anti-HBs Anti-HBe Anti-HBe a MBs | HBe | HBe | 1c ian me ua Tl + ? + |- + + #Cau 150: M6t nha khoa hoe da tién hanh nghién ciru sy hap thu nitrat ciia vi tio Chlorella sp. duge phan Kip tirnude thai sinh hoat. Thi nghiém 1: Pha lodng éng nghiém chira dung dich vi tao ban dau (ng nghiém 0) theo cdc hé so pha loang khdc nhau, sau dé do gia tri mat d quang & bude séng 650 nm (ODés0); két qua thi nghiém | duge mé ta 6 bang 2.1. Thi nghiém 2: Nudi cay vi téo trong mét binh kin (nhur hinh 2) duge suc khi CO> ign tue tir bén ngoai, digu kign v6 tring; mat dé vi tio (xéc dinh bing phurong phip do ODes0) ‘va ndng d6 nitrat (mg/l) trong binh nuéi cay duge ghi nhin qua cdc ngay thi nghiém, két qua thi nghiém 2 duge m6 ta 6 bang 2.2. oT Bang 2.1 Bang 2.2 Ong HG s6 Gis tei | | Ngay | Gis tr] ODeso | Nong dG nitrat (mg/l) nghigm |_phslekng | _ODew 1 0,099 52.0 Nip aaynin |_0_[ Chua pha ling Kiingo| 3 a ae 1 2 ot) 3a 0,327 47,1 a or 0 Hinh2 4 1s 0,075) |_§) 0,500 336 a) Ho do duge néng d6 vi tao trong dung dich 6 dng 0 1a 60.000 té bao/ml. Hay thiét lip phong trinh tuyén tinh (bac 1) 10i lién hé gitta mat d6 vi tio (té bao/ml) va gid tri ODss0. b) Hay ve dé thi bigu dign sy thay d6i mat d6 vi tio (té bao/ml) va néng 49 nitrat (mg/l) 6 binh nudi cdy trong thi nghiém 2 tir ngay thir 1 dén ngay thir 5. ©) Neu diém khée biét gta vi tao Chlorella sp. va vi Khun lam Cyanobacteria sp. dua trén ce tiéu chi str c6 mit cia luc lap, thanh phn cu tao vacch t8 bao, kha ning c6 dinh nito va hinh thite sinh san. DAP AN: a) Ong 0 c6 ndng dé vi tao 14 60.000 té bao/ml > Ong 1 véi hé s6 pha loang 1a 1:2 c6 ning dG vi tao 1 30.000 té bao/ml, ODeso do duge 1a 0,1. Ong 4 véi hé sé pha loang 1a 1:8 cé ndng d@ vi tao 1a 7.500 té bao/ml, ODeso do duge 1a 0,075.~ Ta c6: (1) 30.000 = 0,1 a +b; (2) 7.500 = 0,075 a+ b > a = 900.000, b = -60.000 100.000 x — 60.000 (0,5 diém) (Thi sinh c6 thé lap phuromg trinh y = 1/900,000 x + 1/15, véi y la gid tri ODaso, x li. mat dé vi tio) 'b) Vé ding thi sinh duge 0,5 diém. Mat d@ vi tao (té bao/ml) Ngay thi nghigm Nong d6 nitrat (mg/lit) Negay thi mghigm (Thi sinh cé thé vé trén cing mot biéu dé véi hai tryc tung khiic nhau vin cho di diém) ) Mai cap ¥ dung thi sinh duge 0,125 diém Vi tio Chlorella Vi khuan lam Cyanobacteria Tye lap c Khong 6 Vaich té bio Cellulose Peptidoglyean Cé dinh nito Khong c6 Co Tinh thite sinh sin Hitu tinh, v6 tinh, V6 tinh,