SID2003

BASIC ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY I

LAB REPORT EXPERIMENT 1

STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RAW DATA

[BRIEF REPORT]

TAUFIK BIN ALIAS

U2000056/2

LECTURE: DR. NOR ASRINA BINTI SAIRI

DATE: 22 APRIL 2024

TITLE
STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF RAW DATA

OBJECTIVE
1. To understand and apply the statistical concepts used in Analytical Chemistry.
2. To determine the random errors and the distributions of experimental results
3. To measure the mean mass, median mass, the range of the masses, the relative standard
deviation in ppt and the coefficient of variation, CV from the data collection of 30 coins.
4. To apply graphical analysis on a computer by plotting a Gaussian curve.

RESULT AND CALCULATION

The information provided below shows the data gathered from 30 coins of identical type but
varying weights. Additionally, it includes an average of the three weight measurements. Mean,
median, range, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, and coefficient of variation were
all calculated.

Table 1: Readings for 30 similar types of stapler’s coins

Sample Reading 1 (g) Reading 2 (g) Reading 3 (g) Mean (g)

1 2.9787 2.9786 2.9785 2.9786

2 2.9975 2.9971 2.9975 2.9974

3 2.9712 2.9718 2.9714 2.9715

4 2.9895 2.9898 2.9887 2.9893

5 2.9690 2.9683 2.9688 2.9687

6 2.9794 2.9784 2.9778 2.9785

7 3.0020 3.0023 3.0017 3.0020

8 2.9750 2.9753 2.9753 2.9752

9 2.9786 2.9779 2.9783 2.9783

10 3.0183 3.0175 3.0174 3.0177

2.9706 2.9709 2.9709

11 2.9712

2.9799 2.9787 2.9777 2.9788

12

2.9833 2.9830 2.9830 2.9831

13

14 2.9863 2.9850 2.9855 2.9856

15 2.9837
2.9826 2.9807
2.9823

16 2.9973 2.9960 2.997 2.9968

17 2.9656 2.9652 2.9651 2.9653

18 2.9768 2.9768 2.9759 2.9765

19 2.9613 2.9619 2.9610 2.9614

20 2.9623 2.9617 2.9619 2.9620

21 2.9881 2.9875 2.9867 2.9874

22 2.9691 2.9690 2.9686 2.9689

23 2.9923 2.9924 2.9925 2.9924
24 2.9653 2.9666 2.9644 2.9654
25 2.9818 2.9808 2.9820 2.9815

26 2.9720 2.9726 2.9714 2.9720

27 2.9739 2.9744 2.9724 2.9736

28 2.9792 2.9794 2.9788 2.9791

29 2.9369 2.9377 2.9388 2.9378

 30 2.9622 2.9621 2.9612 2.9618

TOTAL MEAN 2.9780

• MEAN MASS (Sum of the values divided by number of values)

= (2.9787 + 2.9786 + 2.9785 + 2.9975 + 2.9971 + 2.9975 + 2.9712 + 2.9718 + 2.9714 +

2.9895 + 2.9898 + 2.9887 + 2.9690 + 2.9683 + 2.9688 + 2.9794 + 2.9784 + 2.9778 + 3.002

+ 3.0023 + 3.0017 + 2.9750 + 2.9753 + 2.9753 + 2.9786 + 2.9779 + 2.9783 + 3.0183 +

3.0175 + 3.0174 + 2.9712 + 2.9706 + 2.9709 + 2.9799 + 2.9787 + 2.9777 + 2.9833 +

2.9830 + 2.9830 + 2.9863 + 2.9850 + 2.9855 + 2.9837 + 2.9826 + 2.9807 + 2.9973 + 2.996

+ 2.997 + 2.9656 + 2.9652 + 2.9651 + 2.9768 + 2.9768 + 2.9759 + 2.9613 + 2.9619 +

2.9610 + 2.9623 + 2.9617 + 2.9619 + 2.9881 + 2.9875 + 2.9867 + 2.9691 + 2.9690 + 2.9686

+ 2.9923 + 2.9924 + 2.9925 + 2.9653 + 2.9666 + 2.9644 + 2.9818 + 2.9808 + 2.9820 +

2.9720 + 2.9726 + 2.9714 + 2.9739 + 2.9744 + 2.97235 + 2.9792 + 2.9794 + 2.9788 +

2.9369 + 2.9377 + 2.9388 + 2.9622 + 2.9621 + 2.9612) g

90

= 2.9780 g

• MEDIAN MASS

2.9369, 2.9377, 2.9388, 2.9610, 2.9612, 2.9613, 2.9617, 2.9619, 2.9619, 2.9621, 2.9622,

2.9623, 2.9644, 2.9651, 2.9652, 2.9653, 2.9656, 2.9666, 2.9683, 2.9686, 2.9688, 2.9690,

2.9690, 2.9691, 2.9706, 2.9709, 2.9712, 2.9712, 2.9714, 2.9714, 2.9718, 2.9720, 2.9724,

2.9726, 2.9739, 2.9744, 2.9750, 2.9753, 2.9753, 2.9759, 2.9768, 2.9768, 2.9777, 2.9778,

2.9779, 2.9783, 2.9784, 2.9785, 2.9786, 2.9786, 2.9787, 2.9787, 2.9788, 2.9792, 2.9794,

2.9794, 2.9799, 2.9807, 2.9808, 2.9818, 2.9820, 2.9826, 2.9830, 2.9830, 2.9833, 2.9837,
2.9850, 2.9855, 2.9863, 2.9867, 2.9875, 2.9881, 2.9887, 2.9895, 2.9898, 2.9923, 2.9924,

2.9925, 2.9960, 2.9970, 2.9971, 2.9973, 2.9975, 2.9975, 3.0017, 3.0020, 3.0023, 3.0174,

3.0175, 3.0183

2.9779 + 2.9783
= 2.9781
2

• THE RANGE OF THE MASSES (Biggest mass – smallest mass)

= 3.0183 – 2.9369

= 0.0814

• STANDARD DEVIATION

μ = 2.9780 , n = 30

(2.9369 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9377 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9388 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9610 − 2.9780)2 +

(2.9612 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9613 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9617 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9619 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9619 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9621 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9622 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9623 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9644 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9651 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9652 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9653 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9656 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9666 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9683 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9686 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9688 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9690 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9690 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9691 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9706 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9709 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9712 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9712 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9714 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9714 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9718 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9720 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9724 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9726 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9739 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9744 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9750 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9753 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9753 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9759 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9768 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9768 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9777 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9778 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9779 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9783 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9784 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9785 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9786 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9786 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9787 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9787 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9788 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9792 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9794 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9794 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9799 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9807 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9808 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9818 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9820 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9826 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9830 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9830 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9833 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9837 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9850 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9855 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9863 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9867 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9875 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9881 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9887 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9895 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9898 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9923 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9924 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9925 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9960 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9970 − 2.9780)2 +
(2.9971 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9973 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9975 − 2.9780)2 + (2.9975 − 2.9780)2 +
(3.0017 − 2.9780)2 + (3.0020− 2.9780)2 + (3.0023 − 2.9780)2 + (3.0174 + 2.9780)2 +
(3.0175 − 2.9780)2 + (3.0183 − 2.9780)2

X = 0.01946904

standard deviation = 0.54015

• THE RELATIVE STANDARD EQUATION IN PPT

0.54015
× 1000 = 181.38𝑝𝑝𝑡
2.9780

The relative standard deviation of 181.38𝑝𝑝𝑡 presents a standardized indication of variability

concerning the mean, furnishing valuable information regarding the accuracy and consistency

of the data.
 • THE COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION

0.54015
× 100% = 18.138%
2.9780

In this case, the coefficient of variation of 1.8% suggests that the standard deviation of the

data is approximately 18.138%of the mean.

DATASET OF GAUSSIAN CURVED

This data serves for creating a Gaussian graph with the average mass of the keychains plotted

on the x-axis and normal distribution of mass on the y-axis. Gaussian curve, also recognized

as a bell curve or normal distribution.

Z = standard score, X = observed value

µ = mean of the sample, σ = standard deviation of the sample

Table 2: Dataset Gaussian Curve

Value observed (X) Normal Distribution mass of coins

1.357550 0.008204848

1.411565 0.011020147

1.465580 0.014654173

1.519595 0.019292668

1.573610 0.025146662

1.627625 0.032450802

1.681640 0.041459836
1.735655 0.052442910

1.789670 0.065675447

1.843685 0.081428485

1.897700 0.099955506

1.951715 0.121477024

2.005730 0.146163396

2.059745 0.174116592

2.113760 0.205351911

2.167775 0.239780794

2.221790 0.277196086

2.275805 0.317261116

2.329820 0.359503943

2.383835 0.403317925

2.43785 0.447969498

2.491865 0.492613626

2.545880 0.536316862

2.599895 0.578087445

2.653910 0.616911234

2.707925 0.651791774

2.761940 0.681792355

2.815955 0.706077600

2.869970 0.723952039

2.923985 0.734893173

2.978000 0.738576841

3.032015 0.734893173

3.086030 0.723952039

3.140045 0.706077600

3.194060 0.681792355
3.248075 0.651791774

3.302090 0.616911234

3.356105 0.578087445

3.410120 0.536316862

3.464135 0.492613626

3.518150 0.447969498

3.572165 0.403317925

3.626180 0.359503943

3.680195 0.317261116

3.734210 0.277196086

3.788225 0.239780794

3.842240 0.205351911

3.896255 0.174116592

3.950270 0.146163396

4.004285 0.121477024

4.058300 0.099955506

4.112315 0.081428485

4.166330 0.065675447

4.220345 0.05244291

4.274360 0.041459836

4.328375 0.032450802

4.382390 0.025146662

4.436405 0.019292668

4.490420 0.014654173

4.544435 0.011020147

4.598450 0.008204848
 Figure 1: Gaussian curve of the mass

DISCUSSION

In this experiment, an analytical balance as shown in Diagram 1 in the laboratory was used to
determine the mass of 30 similar type of coins. Three readings were recorded for each coin to
minimize random error. The raw data obtained from this procedure as shown in table 1 have
been put in Microsoft Excel in order to analyze and gain some statistical data such as mean,
median, range of masses, relative standard deviation in ppt and coefficient of variation
automatically.

Diagram 1: Digital analytical balance

From table 1, all the 90 readings are different although the type of coins is similar. We can
assume that there are some factors affecting the data either the factors came from surroundings
or the user error. In analytical chemistry procedure, the quantitative data obtained from the
experiment is very important. Because of that, in this experiment, replicate sampling was
carried out to determine the mass of the bullets and analyzed with statistical method which are
central tendency and dispersion.

The mean and median obtained from the dataset in table 1 are 2.9780 g and 2.9781g
respectively. The average value of the dataset is represented by the mean. The sum of all the
values in the dataset divided by the number of values can be determined. The mean is
significant because it indicates where the dataset's centre value is located. The mean is also
significant since it contains information from each individual observation in a dataset. When a
dataset is skewed or contains outliers, the mean might be misleading. However, the median is
the dataset's middle value, whether the dataset is sorted in ascending or descending order. When
there are an even number of items in a dataset, the median value can be calculated by taking
the mean of the middle two numbers. The median is the value in a dataset that is in the middle.
The median is significant because it indicates where the dataset's center value is located.

When a distribution is skewed or involves outliers, the median is more useful to calculate than
the mean. The difference between the mean and median is that the mean is calculated by
summing all the numbers in the set and dividing by the number of values in the set meanwhile
median is the midway value when a data collection is ordered from least to largest.

For the measure of dispersion, standard deviation, relative standard deviation, and coefficient
of variation were determined which are 0.54015, 181.38 𝑝𝑝𝑚 and 18.138% respectively. The
standard deviation is crucial because it indicates how evenly distributed the values in a dataset
are. The dataset is better when the standard deviation is smaller. The coefficient of variation
represents the comparison of the value of the standard deviation to the mean. It is a useful
statistic for assessing the degree of variation between two data series, even if the means are
radically different.

From the data in table 1, the Gaussian curve was made as shown below to look symmetric
around the mean, which 2.9780 , indicating that data close to the mean occur more frequently
than data far from it.
CONCLUSION

In summary, the mean mass, median mass, range of the masses, the relative standard deviation
in ppt, and the coefficient of variation from the data collection of 30 coins were measured
which are 2.9780 g (mean), 2.9781 g (median), 0.0814g (range), 181.38 ppt (RSD) and
18.138% (CV) respectively. The random error of the experimental results is the analytical
balance error that can happen when the instrument records an inaccurate weight of samples
owing to internal and external influences unknown to the operator or because of poor weighing
practices. In addition, the graphical analysis on a computer to plot a Gaussian curve was applied
successfully as shows in figure 1.

QUESTION

Based on the obtained data, which types of error was involved during data collection? Explain
your answer.

Analytical balance errors can occur when the instrument records an inaccurate weight of
samples due to internal and external influences unknown to the operator or because of poor
weighing practices. While errors induced externally may result from numerous factors, they
can be easily eliminated or reduced.

REFERENCES

1. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science. (n.d.). Laboratory Manual Analytical

Chemistry 1: SIC2004/SIC2002/SID2003. Universiti Malaya
2. Dasgupta, P. K., Schug, K. A., & Christian, G. D. (2013). Analytical Chemistry (7th
ed.). Wiley
3. Median: What It Is and How to Calculate It, With Examples. (n.d.). Investopedia.
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/median.asp#:~:text=A%20median%20is%20t
he%20middle