Definitions of EC for Final

•Node:
A node is the point of connection between two or more branches.

•Nodal Analysis:
Nodal analysis is a method for finding voltage at different points (nodes) in a circuit by applying
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL).

•Parallel Circuit:
A circuit configuration in which the elements have two points in common.

•Series Circuit:
A circuit configuration in which the elements have only one point in common and each terminal is not
connected to a third, current-carrying element.

•Alternating waveform:
A waveform that oscillates above and below a defined reference level.

•Angular velocity :
The velocity with which a radius vector projecting a sinusoidal function rotates about its center.

•Average value :
The level of a waveform defined by the condition that the area enclosed by the curve above this level is
exactly equal to the area enclosed by the curve below this level.

•Cycle :
A portion of a waveform contained in one period of time.

•Effective value :
The equivalent dc value of any alternating voltage or current.

•Frequency (f) :
The number of cycles of a periodic waveform that occur in 1 s.

•Instantaneous value :
The magnitude of a waveform at any instant of time, denoted by lowercase letters.

•Lagging waveform :
A waveform that crosses the time axis at a point in time later than another waveform of the same
frequency.

•Leading waveform :
A waveform that crosses the time axis at a point in time ahead of another waveform of the same
frequency.
 Definitions of EC for Final
•Peak amplitude :
The maximum value of a waveform as meas-
ured from its average, or mean, value,denoted by uppercase letters.

•Peak-to-peak value :
The magnitude of the total swing of a signal
from positive to negative peaks. The sum of the absolute values of the positive and negative peak values.

•Peak value :
The maximum value of a waveform, denoted by uppercase letters.

•Period (T) :
The time interval necessary for one cycle of a periodic waveform.

•Periodic waveform :
A waveform that continually repeats itself
after a defined time interval.

•Phase relationship :
An indication of which of two waveforms
leads or lags the other, and by how many degrees or radians.

•Radian (rad) :
A unit of measure used to define a particular segment of a circle. One radian is approximately equal to
57.3°; 2π rad are equal to 360°.

•Sinusoidal ac waveform :
An alternating waveform of unique
characteristics that oscillates with equal amplitude above and below a given axis.

•Waveform:
The path traced by a quantity, plotted as a function ofsome variable such as position, time, degrees,
temperature,and so on.

•Average Value:
Average value The level of a waveform defined by the condition that the area enclosed by the curve above
this level is exactly equal to the area enclosed by the curve below this level.

•RMS Value:
Root-mean-square (rms) value the root-mean-square or effective value of a waveform.

•Average or real power:

The power delivered to and dissipated by the load over a full cycle.
 Definitions of EC for Final
•Complex conjugate :
A complex number defined by simply changing the sign of an imaginary component of a complex number
in the rectangular form.

•Complex number :
A number that represents a point in a two dimensional plane located with reference to two distinct axes. It
defines a vector drawn from the origin to that point.Derivative The instantaneous rate of change of a
function with respect to time or another variable.

•Leading and lagging power factors :

An indication of whether a network is primarily capacitive or inductive in nature. Leading power factors
are associated with capacitive networks and lagging power factors with inductive networks.

•Phasor :
A radius vector that has a constant magnitude at a fixed angle from the positive real axis and that
represents a sinusoidal voltage or current in the vector domain.

•Phasor diagram :
A “snapshot” of the phasors that represent a number of sinusoidal waveforms at t= 0.

•Polar form :
A method of defining a point in a complex plane that includes a single magnitude to represent the distance
from the origin and an angle to reflect the counterclockwise distance from the positive real axis.

•Power factor (Fp) :

An indication of how reactive or resistive an electrical system is. The higher the power factor, the greater
is the resistive component.

•Reactance :
The opposition of an inductor or a capacitor to the flow of charge that results in the continual exchange of
energy between the circuit and magnetic field of an inductor or the electric field of a capacitor.

•Reciprocal :
A format defined by 1 divided by the complex number.

•Rectangular form :
A method of defining a point in a complex plane that includes the magnitude of the real component and
the magnitude of the imaginary component, the latter component being defined by an associated letter j.

• Current divider rule :

A method by which the current through either of two parallel branches can be determined in an ac
network without first finding the voltage across the parallel branches.
 Definitions of EC for Final
•Equivalent circuits :
For every series ac network, there is a parallel ac network (and vice versa) that will be “equivalent” in the
sense that the input current and impedance are the same.

•Impedance diagram :
A vector display that clearly depicts the magnitude of the impedance of the resistive, reactive, and
capacitive components of a network and the magnitude and angle of the total impedance of the system.

•Parallel ac circuits :
A connection of elements in an ac network in which all the elements have two points in common. The
voltage is the same across each element.

•Phasor diagram :
A vector display that provides at a glance the magnitude and phase relationships among the various
voltages and currents of a network.

•Susceptance :
A measure of how “susceptible” an element is to the passage of current through it. It is measured in
siemens, abbreviated S, and is represented by the capital letter B.

•Voltage divider rule :

A method through which the voltage across one element of a series of elements in an ac network can be
determined without first having to find the current through the elements.