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Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022

7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational Intelligence 2022
Implementation of expert systems in potassium deficiency in cocoa
Implementationplants
of expert
usingsystems
forwardinchaining
potassium deficiency in cocoa
method
plants using forward chaining method
Muhammad Titan Hafizala, Dian Pratama Putraa, Herry Wirianataa, Nanda Satya
Muhammad
Nugrahab, Titan
TeddyHafizal
a
, Dianc, Pratama
Suparyanto PutraaHidayat
Alam Ahmad , Herry c,Wirianata a
, Nanda Satya
*, Bens Pardamean c,d
Nugraha , Teddy Suparyanto , Alam Ahmad Hidayat *, Bens Pardameanc,d
b c c,
Faculty of Agriculture, STIPER Institute of Agriculture, Yogyakarta 55282, Indonesia
a

a bFaculty
Faculty ofofAgriculture,
Forestry, STIPER
STIPERInstitute
InstituteofofAgriculture,
Agriculture,Yogyakarta
Yogyakarta55282,
55282,Indonesia
Indonesia
c
Bioinformatics
b and of
Faculty Data ScienceSTIPER
Forestry, Research Center,
Institute of Bina Nusantara
Agriculture, University,
Yogyakarta Jakarta
55282, 11480, Indonesia
Indonesia
d
Computer
c Science Department,
Bioinformatics BINUSResearch
and Data Science Graduate Program,
Center, BinaBina Nusantara
Nusantara University,
University, Jakarta
Jakarta 11480,
11480, Indonesia
Indonesia
d
Computer Science Department, BINUS Graduate Program, Bina Nusantara University, Jakarta 11480, Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract
As one of the largest exporters in the world, cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production in Indonesia provides an important
contribution
As one of the to the plantation
largest sector
exporters in that can, directly
the world, cocoaand indirectly, cacao
(Theobroma attributeL.)toproduction
the national in economic
Indonesiadevelopment.
provides an However,
important
recent data shows
contribution a decline in
to the plantation cocoa
sector thatproductivity
can, directlyinand
Indonesia.
indirectly,This is arguably
attribute to the caused
nationalby various development.
economic factors, including poor
However,
agricultural
recent data management
shows a decline and in
practices
cocoa in cocoa plantations,
productivity that may
in Indonesia. Thislead to lower fertility
is arguably caused by in the soil and
various an increased
factors, includingrisk of
poor
diseases andmanagement
agricultural pests. Potassiumand deficiency
practices iniscocoa
a major contributing
plantations, thatfactor
may to theto
lead low soil fertility that
lower affects
in the cocoa
soil and anyields. Therefore,
increased risk of
in this work,
diseases we implement
and pests. Potassium an application
deficiency with an
is a major expert system
contributing factorutilizing
to the low thesoil
forward chaining
fertility method
that affects cocoato yields.
detect Therefore,
potassium
deficiency
in this work,in wecocoa plants and
implement then give awith
an application fertilization-based
an expert system recommendation based on
utilizing the forward the plants’
chaining method condition.
to detectThe system
potassium
employs
deficiencya in
set cocoa
of rules to identify
plants and then symptoms related to the deficiency
give a fertilization-based on the sample
recommendation basedphoto
on the of plants’
a cocoacondition.
leaf according to the
The system
channels
employs of red,ofgreen,
a set rules and blue of the
to identify image. The
symptoms sample
related images
to the of cocoa
deficiency on leaves are submitted
the sample photo oftoa the application
cocoa with antoeasy-
leaf according the
to-use
channelsinterface
of red,that canand
green, show theofscanning
blue the image.result
Theand proceed
sample to display
images of cocoathe leaves
suggestedare quantity
submittedoftofertilizers to prevent
the application withpotassium
an easy-
deficiency.
to-use Implementing
interface that can showthe the
system can contribute
scanning constructive
result and proceed impacts
to display the to improvequantity
suggested current of practices in to
fertilizers theprevent
overallpotassium
cropping
system of cocoa
deficiency. plants. the system can contribute constructive impacts to improve current practices in the overall cropping
Implementing
© 2022ofThe
system cocoaAuthors.
plants. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
© 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
and Computational
Computationalunder
Peer-review Intelligence
2022 2022
responsibility
Intelligence of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science
Keywords: Keywords: agriculture;
and Computational cocoa;
Intelligence expert system; forward chaining; recommendation system
2022
Keywords: Keywords: agriculture; cocoa; expert system; forward chaining; recommendation system

* Corresponding author.
alam.hidayat@binus.edu
E-mail address:author.
* Corresponding
E-mail address: alam.hidayat@binus.edu
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
1877-0509 © 2022 The Authors. Published by ELSEVIER B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Computational Intelligence
Peer-review under 2022 of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and
responsibility
Computational Intelligence 2022
1877-0509 © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0)
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 7th International Conference on Computer Science and Computational
Intelligence 2022
10.1016/j.procs.2022.12.120
 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143 137
Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 131

1. Introduction

Agriculture is considered to be the primary sector that significantly contributes to the national economic
development of Indonesia. The pivotal role of this sector in economic development is to directly provide a national
food supply, improve the gross domestic product (GDP), absorb a number of people in the labor force in rural areas,
playing a role in foreign exchange reserves and foreign exchange earnings, and effective inflation control. The
agricultural sector thus indirectly creates a constructive climate for the development of other economic sectors [1].
The plantation is an agriculture subsector with a potential commodity that has a very high economic value,
contributing 3.63% of the national GDP in 2020 [2]. If managed properly, the commodity can be used as a supplier
of foreign exchange for the country. One of the plantation commodities that contributes to national economic
development is cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.). Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer in the world after the
Ivory Coast and Ghana. Indonesia's cocoa plantation area is recorded at 1.5 million hectares in 2020. According to
data published by Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS - Statistics Indonesia), cocoa production in Indonesia was recorded to
be 706.500 tons in 2020 [2].
Since 2010 the statistics from Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT 2020) showed an obvious decline
in Indonesia’s gross production of cocoa in terms of yields per hectare [3]. The lower productivity can be attributed
to many aspects; however, limited availability of land and also poor agricultural management and practices may lead
to some issues such as a decline in soil fertility and an increased risk of diseases and pests [4,5]. The low level of
potassium is one of the contributing factors to the low soil fertility for cocoa [6] since that element provides a crucial
nutrient for mature cacao plants [7]. In general, plants with potassium deficiency undergo a slow growth and also
have chlorosis and necrotic spots on their leaves [8]. The amount of potassium nutrient applied into the soil affects
strongly cocoa crop yields, which is a combined effect with the application of fertilizers that are rich in nitrogen and
phosphate content [6,9]. It is therefore crucial to be able to perform an adequate application of fertilizers to maintain
and replenish the necessary level of potassium in the soil of cocoa trees.
Potassium is a chemical element located in the periodic table with an atomic number of 19 and symbolized as K.
The physical properties of potassium are in the form of a silvery white soft metal and the element belongs to the
alkaline earth [10]. Potassium oxidizes rapidly with air, is very reactive, especially in water, and chemically has
properties similar to sodium (Na). Basically, the potassium in the soil comes from primary soil minerals such as
feldspar in the form of KalSi308 which is the main source of as much as 16%, chlorite, vermiculite, and mixed type
minerals [11]. Potassium as one of the major macronutrients in the soil is required to be maintained in ample
amounts by the application of potassium fertilizers. For example, potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium sulfate
(K2SO4), whose trade names are Muriate of Potash (MOP) and Sulfate of Potash (SOP), respectively, are widely
used and economical potassium fertilizers available in the market.
Modern agriculture, including cocoa production, has evolved into a more competitive business and therefore the
farmers need to be well-informed with the current knowledge and practices [12], especially in cocoa farming.
Meanwhile, the application of fertilizers on certain plants such as cocoa requires a specific domain expert, therefore
farmers may rely on agricultural specialists to plan some proper fertilization practices. However, considering the
limited cost and the amount of time to obtain assistance from such experts may serve as a problem for the farmers in
preparing a plan for decision-making during critical times [13]. Therefore, an expert system would provide a smart
and cost-effective solution to support the decision-making for cocoa farmers in fertilization management in
preventing K deficiency.
Expert system is one of the notable domains in artificial intelligence (AI) that finds various applications in
various fields, including agriculture management. In this work, we employed a forward chaining method, which
utilizes reasoning that stems from a set of facts and rules to draw a conclusion [14]. The inference procedure in this
method follows the if-then logic to search for rules until one of the IF conditions is true. If true, the system executes
the THEN clause to make a decision. This process will be iterated until the desired goal is achieved. Accurate
identification of the symptoms of K deficiency in cocoa plants via an expert system can provide robust prevention
efforts by recommending proper fertilization management. In this work, we demonstrated the capability of a
proposed expert system with a forward chaining method to detect the K deficiency in cocoa plants. The
implementation of the proposed system is a web application with several key features that also include a feature for
the recommended calculation of the fertilizer rates based on the K deficient status.
138 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143
132 Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

2. Related Works

The use of a dynamic expert system provided a recommendation for fertilization management in oil palm
plantations used by Firmansyah et al. and Putra et al. according to the properties of soil, plants, and climate [15,16].
Meanwhile, an expert system to recognize deficiencies in oil palm leaves in our previous work [17]. To determine
the quality of the cocoa process, Santika et al. proposed an expert system using a Hybrid Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy
Inference System, and the export quality was assessed via Genetic Algorithms [18]. Genetic Algorithm, for
example, a mobile-based application with an expert system called M-DCocoa was proposed by Yosuf et al. using an
expert system to diagnose diseases in cocoa-based on the observed symptoms and suggest a specific treatment for
the disease [19]. Similarly, Pahlevi and Atmojo developed an android-based expert system to detect diseases in
cocoa plants unrelated to nutrient deficiency by implementing a forward chaining method via a decision tree
algorithm to find rules for the symptoms and provide recommendation [20]. On the other hand, a study by Ariandi et
al. also tested their proposed expert system with the forward chaining method to detect diseases in cocoa plants by
employing several groups of respondents from experts, farmers, agriculture students, and faculty staff to fill in
questionnaires [21]. Their assessment found that the system scores well in identifying diseases. A Dempster Shafer
method was used as a backbone to build an expert system implemented as a web-based application to detect various
diseases in cocoa crop [22].

3. Methodology

The research was conducted in cocoa cultivation owned by Gun-Kid, a local chocolate factory located in Patuk,
Gunung Kidul Regency, the Special Region of Yogyakarta from July - August 2022. The area of the plantation is
around 0.8 hectares which consists of different plantation zones and a farmyard around the farmhouse owned by
Gapoktan (an official term for a collection of farmer groups that join and work together to expand the economic
scale and efficiency of the farming business). To provide accurate and site-specified verification of the cocoa plants’
disease in the observation area, we surveyed plants that were confirmed to suffer from potassium deficiency and
documented the quantitative and qualitative attributes of each plant and captured their images. The collected data
were to design the database to train the computer vision model utilized in the expert system. In addition, a survey
study for healthy plants was also performed to provide a control group for developing the expert system.
In this study, the main principle of the forward chaining method in the proposed expert system emulates the
simple conditional logic in the form of if-then rules [23]. The system gives some information IF and obtains desired
results THEN. The implementation of the if-then rules attempts to ascertain the facts and characteristics of a cacao
plant if it has potassium deficiency. From that, the system then infers whether the plant suffers from the deficiency
or not. Moreover, the conditional-based method for some RGB (Red, Green, Blue) images elaborates on the
observed physical characteristics of the leaf samples. For each channel, the condition in Table 1 was used to
determine the presence of the plant’s disease.

Table 1. K deficiency symptoms in RGB channel

Channel Symptom
R The color of the leaf is yellowish green (chlorosis)
G There are brown spots on the leaf
B The edge of the leaf is dry like burns and/or some scorched parts were spotted

The workflow of the expert system used the images of the suspected cocoa leaves captured by a camera and the
application then scans over certain RGB features described above to identify the disease. Briefly, the sample will be
passed to the conditional logic of channel G if the desired characteristic in the R channel is not recognized and if not
detected in the G channel it will proceed to the B block. If none of the above characteristics is found in all RGB
channels, the system tags the sample to be disease-free. On other hand, if one of the attributes is recognized in one
of the channels the system asserts that the sample is potassium deficient. The workflow of the system is summarized
in Fig. 1. In terms of detection algorithms, we employed the Sobel filter for the edge detection method since the
 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143 139
Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 133

system requires to differentiate between the edge of a leaf with the background so that the symptom detection can be
focused on the leaf area. More importantly, edge detection also allows the system to recognize the area related to
one of the symptoms in Table 1.

Fig. 1. The if-then rule in the proposed forward chaining cocoa expert system.

4. Results and Discussion

A simple easy-to-use web application was implemented based on the forward chaining-based expert system
described above. The main interface of the application is shown in Fig. 2. The left region is reserved to display the
photo of a cocoa leaf sample with a transparent grey bounding box that has a size of 150x150 pixels. The bounding
box can be dragged around any region of the photo to examine the presence of one or more symptoms on the leaf.
The lower right side consists of a button to upload a photo that can be processed to the expert system and then
retrieve the recommendation for preventing the deficiency. In this work, we focus on the fertilizer-based prevention
effort that relies on the combination of three different fertilizers: urea (rich in nitrogen content), SP-36 (rich in
phosphate content), and Muriate of Potash (rich in potassium content). This information is displayed in the
‘Recommendation Box’ section. Meanwhile, the ‘Scanning Results’ box displays the BW (Black and White)
patterns related to the deficiency found in the selected region of the photo.

Fig. 2. The main display of the application.

First, a photo is submitted to the program by clicking the upload button to select the photo on the local disk. If the
upload is successful, we can position the bounding box on the part of the image to be tested.
140 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143
134 Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

Fig. 3. An example of the uploaded photo of a leaf with K deficiency before processing.

Next, click the process button to perform the deficiency recognition on the selected region. The expert system
evaluates the deficiency based on certain points or patterns identified by the program, which is shown in the
“Scanning Results” box. The result pops up to tell whether it is “Healthy” or “Potassium Deficiency”. Fig. 3
demonstrates an example of a BW version of a photo on which the pattern of the disease is detected by the expert
system. A new box will pop up where we can click “OK” button to proceed with the recommended composition of
the fertilizers to prevent the disease. In addition, another ‘unhealthy’ leaf was tested, and the scanning result detects
some suspicious spots attributed to the potassium deficiency.

Fig. 4. The testing processes.

To provide a clear comparison, an image of a healthy leaf was tested to examine the performance of the proposed
approach for control data. The healthy leaf has a fairly regular pattern than that of the ‘unhealthy’ leaf, which can be
distinguished by the expert system. The healthy leaf is displayed in Fig. 5.
 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143 141
Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000 135

Fig. 5. An example of a healthy leaf.

The flow of how the application works is divided into three channels sequentially, namely R, G, and B where
each channel is assigned a number used to assess the health condition of the leaves displayed on the sample image.
Table 2 states that sample number 1 is healthy because channels R, G, and B are declared passed. In sample number
2 it shows a deficiency of K because block R is declared not to have passed, then the program will not continue the
assessment in blocks G and B. In sample number 3 it shows a deficiency of K because in block G it is declared K
deficient even though block R is declared passed, then the program will not proceed with the assessment in the last
channel. Sample number 4 shows a deficiency in K because in block B it is declared not to pass even though blocks
R and G have passed.

Table 2. K deficiency symptoms in RGB channel

Sample R G B Conclusion
1 Passed Passed Passed Healthy
2 Failed - - K deficient
3 Passed Failed - K deficient
4 Passed Passed Failed K deficient

For the validation stage, we collected 100 images of cocoa leaves taken from the cocoa cultivation to create a
validation set. The images were labeled with varying degree of deficiency status by several cocoa disease experts.
The labeled set were fed into the above expert system. We found that our expert system was able to correctly
recognize the deficiency classification of 88 images out of 100 images according to the ground truth.
The results indicate that recommendations in the cultivation aspect are important, where deficiency factors set the
benchmark to determine fertilizer recommendations, providing a standard investment value and determining nutrient
adequacy. Knowledge about deficiencies that occur in the plant can provide a positive impact to infer and formulate
better treatments that have an impact on the overall cropping system. In addition, the application of advanced
machine learning approaches to create a more robust expert system can be considered to improve the accuracy
performance of the application [24–26]. This had been implemented not only in the expert system but also in the
recommender system in various tasks in agriculture area [27–30].

5. Conclusion

In this paper, we described the implementation of an application for an expert system to recognize K deficiency in
cocoa plants using the forward chaining approach. The application performed the if-then rules for each channel on
the image of the leaf to detect symptoms related to the deficiency. If a symptom was detected in one or more of the
142 Muhammad Titan Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 216 (2023) 136–143
136 Hafizal et al. / Procedia Computer Science 00 (2019) 000–000

channels the system declared it to be K deficient otherwise it was detected as a healthy plant. Nevertheless, the
system continued to provide a fertilizer recommendation based on the severity level of the deficiency. Despite
promising results, in our future work, we plan to integrate other plants’ deficiencies into the existing system,
providing a more accurate recommendation of fertilizers. On the other hand, the technology acceptance model
(TAM) needs to be performed to study the acceptance and usefulness of the application among cocoa farmers.

Acknowledgments

We thank Faiz Ayyas Munawwar for providing illustrations for this paper.

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