Matrices

- Matrices : a matrix is array of some elements in closed between two

vertical lines like [ ] or ( )

* Types of matrices :

1- square matrix : a square matrix is a matrix has a same number of rows

and columns

Ex :
𝑎11 𝑎12
[𝑎 𝑎22 ] → Matrix of second degree ( order )
21

 Identity Matrix ( Unit ) :

1 0
I2 = [ ] → Has main diagonal of ones and the other elements is zeros
0 1

1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
I3 = [ 0 1 0] I4 = [ 0 0 ]
1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 1

1 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh

 Diagonal Matrix :

𝑎 0
D2 =[ ] → a, b are real numbers and not equal to zero
0 𝑏

2- Rectangular Matrix : a rectangular matrix is a matrix has different

number of rows and columns

Ex :
𝑏11 𝑏12
𝑎 𝑎12 𝑎13
A2×3 = [𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] B3×2 = [𝑏21 𝑏22 ]
21
𝑏31 𝑏32

 Row Matrix :

R1×n = [𝑟11 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟14 ………… 𝑟1𝑛 ]

 Column Matrix :
𝑐11
𝑐21
Cn×1 = 𝑐31
..
[ 𝑐𝑛1 ]

2 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh

 Transpose Matrix :

𝑎 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑎11 𝑎21

A = [𝑎11 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
\
A = [𝑎12 𝑎22 ]
21 𝑎13 𝑎23

• A prime → A\ is equal to A transpose → AT

- Properties of transpose matrix :

1. ( A + B )\ = A\ + B\

2. ( A + B + C )\ = A\ + B\ + C\

3. ( A B )\ = B\ A\

4. ( A B C )\ = C\ B\ A\

IMP Roles

• Break B, Then post A in matrix multiplication

• If the of columns of pre matrix is equal to the order of row of the post
matrix then then multiplication of matrix condition is satisfied
3 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh
- Operations on matrix :

1- Matrix Sum: A + B

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 𝑏11 𝑏12 𝑏13

[𝑎 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] + [ ]
21 𝑏21 𝑏22 𝑏23

𝑎11 + 𝑏11 𝑎12 + 𝑏12 𝑎13 + 𝑏13

= [ ]
𝑎21 + 𝑏21 𝑎22 + 𝑏22 𝑎23 + 𝑏23

- The number of rows and columns of A and B must be the same.

2- Matrix • Matrix Product: AB

𝑏11 𝑏12
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
[𝑎
21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] [𝑏21 𝑏22 ] =
𝑏31 𝑏32

𝑎11 𝑏11 + 𝑎12 𝑏21 + 𝑎13 𝑏31 𝑎11 𝑏12 + 𝑎12 𝑏22 + 𝑎13 𝑏32
[ ]
𝑎21 𝑏11 + 𝑎22 𝑏21 + 𝑎23 𝑏31 𝑎21 𝑏12 + 𝑎22 𝑏22 + 𝑎23 𝑏32

• “Dot product” each row of A by a column vector of B.

• A must have same number of columns as B has rows.

• The result matrix has the same number of rows as A and columns as B.

4 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh

• This operation is not commutative.

Ex :

2 −1 4 1
A=[ ] B=[ ]
3 −2 −3 2
- Prove that :

1. ( A + B )\ = A\ + B\ 2. ( A B )\ = B\ A\

Sol :

1.

2 −1 4 1 6 0
A+B=[ ] + [ ] = [ ]
3 −2 −3 2 0 0
6 0
LHS = A + B = [ ]
0 0
2 3 4 −3 6 0
RHS = A\ + B\ = [ ] + [ ]=[ ]
−1 −2 1 2 0 0
2.

2 −1 4 1 11 0
AB=[ ] [ ]=[ ]
3 −2 −3 2 18 −1
11 18
LHS = ( A B )\ = [ ]
0 −1
4 −3 2 3 11 0
RHS = B\ A\ = [ ] [ ]=[ ]
1 2 −1 −2 18 −1
5 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh
Ex :

2 1
5 7
A=[ 3 −2] B=[ ]
1 2
−1 −4
- Find the value of :

1. A B 2. B A

Sol :

1.

2 1 11 16
5 7
A B = [ 3 −2] [ ] = [ 13 17 ]
1 2
−1 −4 −9 −15
2.

B A → is undefined due to unsatisfied the roles of multiplication of matrix

6 Nader Mahmoud Elsheikh