Phonetics and Phonology 1.

A l lo p h one s / ˈæl ə fəʊnz/

So u nds affe c ted Si tu ati on
Shortening - long vowels (including diphthongs) /iː/ /ɑː/ /ɔː/ /uː/ /ɜː/ - followed by a voiceless consonant (within a word)
- unstressed syllable
/eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ /ǝʊ/ /aʊ/ /ɪǝ/ /eǝ/ /ʊǝ/ - stressed syllable followed by an unstressed
syllable.
Eg:

Aspiration - voiceless plosive + vowels/diphthongs - stressed syllable

/p/ /t/ /k/ - within a word, not word boundaries

- NO /s/ + /p/ /t/ /k/

Eg:

Devoicing - voiced plosive - followed/preceded by voiceless sound

/b/ /d/ /g/
- followed/preceded by pause/silence eg: , . ; :
- voiced affricate
- initially/finally mainly
/ʤ/
- within a word and at word boundaries
- voiced fricative
/v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/

- Provoked by aspiration: voiceless plosive + approximants

/p/ /t/ /k/ + /l/ /r/ /w/ /j/ - (stressed – no word boundaries)
Eg:

Inaudible - plosive + plosive - first plosive NO audible release

Release /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ + /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g / - within a word and at word boundaries

- plosive + affricate
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ + /ʧ / /ʤ/
Eg :

Nasal - plosive + nasal - release of the plosive sound is produced through

Release /p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /g/ + /m/ /n/ /ŋ/ the nose
- within a word and at word boundaries
Eg :

Lateral - alveolar plosive + alveolar lateral - release of plosive sound is lateral, tongue tip
Release /t/ /d/ + /l/ contact remains
- within a word and at word boundaries
Eg:

Dental - alveolar (pl.dent.lat.) + dental - assimilation of place, upper teeth articulation

Assimilation /t/ /d/ /n/ /l/ + /θ/ /ð/ - within a word and at word boundaries

Eg :

Labio-dental - nasal (bilab.alv.) + labio-dental fricative - assimilation of place

assimilation /m/ /n/ + /f/ /v/ - within a word and at word boundaries
Eg :

Post- - alveolar plosive + post-alveolar - assimilation of place (rear alveolar part)

alveolar /t/ /d/ + /r/ - no word boundaries
assimilation Eg :

Others:
/ɾ/ linking r
Eg: