CHAPTER 8

BAGUIO CITY HERITAGE

Beverly B. Laltoog, Geofrey S. Kidlo, Romeo R. Javines, Alexander G.

Killip Jr.

Image Sources:

1) https://filipiknow.net/history-of-baguio-lion-head/
2) https://kafagwayan.files.wordpress.com/
3) https://www.flickr.com/photos/johntewell/2
4) https://www.google.com/imgres?
5) www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/1960s-session-road-baguio-city
 UNIT 1. HISTORICAL, SOCIO-CULTURAL FEATURES

Overview
This unit explores the ethnohistorical transformation of Kafagway into Baguio City
during American occupation. It focuses on the impact on the Ibaloys, the early settlers,
and the socio-cultural and political changes resulting from the influx of ethnolinguistic
groups from the Cordillera mountains and lowland settlers attracted by American
colonialism in the early 1900s. Over time, this community evolved into a multicultural
society, facing challenges of cultural pluralism while maintaining its cultural heritage's
uniqueness, attracting people from diverse backgrounds.

Pre-Assessment
Multiple Choice. This is a test of your know-how about the evolution of Baguio as it is
known today. Choose the letter of your choice and write it in the space provided before
each question.
______1) They are known to be the early dominant settlers of Baguio before the coming of
the colonizers.
a) Bontocs b) Kankanaeys c) Ibaloys d) Tinguians
______2) What prompted the Spaniards to search for the Igorot land?
a) In search of the Igorot gold
b) To convert the non-christian tribes
c) to pacify the Igorots
d) a and b
______3) This was the reason for the Americans in building a city in the hinterlands.
a) The belief that a tropical climate causes physical and mental deterioration
b) To make it a seat of power specifically during the summer months
c) The richness of mineral ores in the adjacent places
d) All of the above
______4) Baguio was built during this period.
a) 1920s b) 1930s c) 1940s d)1950s
______5) This was the major thriving effect of Baguio as it became a commercial hub in the
north during the height of American colonial rule.
a) Tribal wars
b) Local migration
c) Economic exploitation
d) Employment opportunities
______6) A term referring to the process of cultural amalgamation wherein local migrants
in the city started to embrace the culture of its inhabitants.
a) Acculturation
b) Cultural fusion
c) Ethnocentricism
d) Cultural relativism
______7) It is a misnomer to describe the Ibaloys as passive people as manifested by a
display of valor in defense of their land as shown by this landmark historical event.
a) Battle of Tirad Pass
b) Battle of Tonglo
c) Defiance of Christianity
d) All of the above
______8) The displacement of the Ibaloys of their landholdings was greatly attributed to this
factor.
a) Passivity in character
 b) Lack of interest in landholdings
c) Lack of education
d) The belief in communal ownership
______9) These are the lands classified by the Americans as Public lands except:
a) National Park
b) Military Reservation
c) Watershed areas
d) Agricultural lands
______10) He built cities around the world including Baguio City.
a) Daniel Burnham
b) Lyman Walter Vere Kennon
c) John Hay
d) Eusebius Halsema

Lesson 1: Settlements and Territories

I. Introduction
Baguio and Benguet's early settlements arose from hunting grounds, fertile valleys,
abundant resources, and trade centers, shaping their intertwined history. The pursuit of
Igorot gold drove Spanish expeditions like Galvey's, founding the La Trinidad comandancia.
Benguet province emerged, encompassing Kafagway as a rancheria. American land laws
redefined settlement boundaries, culminating in Baguio's transformation into a chartered
city with distinct territorial limits.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1) describe comprehensively the pre-colonial setting and peopling of Baguio City;
2) analyze the effects of the colonial intervention on the lives of the Ibaloys;
3) explain the impacts brought about by the influx of the different ethnolinguistic
groups from the Cordilleras as well as the lowlands to the city;
4) identify and assess the effects of cultural transformation emerging from a
multicultural setting; and
5) examine the advantages of a heterogeneous community by showcasing its unique
cultural practices.

Mode of Delivery
This topic shall be facilitated through a Lecture-Discussion method and Ato be
supplemented by PowerPoint presentation.

III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

1.a. Pre-Colonial
A brief overview of Baguio's ethnohistory is crucial for understanding its early
development prior to becoming an American colonial hill station. Its advantageous location
within the Cordillera Mountain range on Luzon Island made it a viable place for settlement.
Despite limited access due to geography, its elevated position overlooking the lowland
plains attracted migration from the uplands, which became more accessible during the
American colonial era. The region was inhabited by a homogenous population of mountain
settlers, known derogatorily as "Ygorottes Tulisanes" during Spanish colonization. Over
time, these people became known as Igorots. Their pre-colonial identity is mostly unknown
due to limited written records until the Spanish arrived.
 Juan de Placencia's work, "Customs of the Tagalogs," aimed to study native culture
and guide Spanish rule, shedding light on their lives and the early Cordillera settlers. The
hinterland housed the Igorots, maintaining their homogeneity even through Spanish
expeditions for Igorot gold. Communal living characterized the mountainous territories
during the prehispanic period. In 1846, the Spanish commandancia in La Trinidad was
established, organizing Benguet into 31 rancherias, including Kafagway and surrounding
areas, where Burnham Park now stands. Over time, Kafagway expanded and became
Baguio City.

2.a. Colonial
Spanish Period. In the Cordillera Mountain range, the Ibaloys of Kafagway
coexisted peacefully with other indigenous groups. However, despite Spanish efforts to
pacify the lowlands, the Igorots fiercely defended their sovereignty. Spanish missionaries
risked their lives to convert non-Christian Filipinos in Igorot territories, driven partly by
rumors of Igorot gold. This colonial expansion led to conflict with indigenous culture and
territory preservation.
Additionally, Prill-Brett, Ramos & Follosco (1998) noted the inseparable
ethnohistory of Baguio and Tuba, with Tuba as the southwestern gateway to Baguio and
Benguet. Both areas resisted Spanish incursions aimed at converting non-Christian
communities and seeking Igorot gold. According to Guiterez (1960), some parts of Baguio
originally belonged to Tuba before its transformation into a townsite.
American Period. Reed (1999) noted that plans for a highland resort in Kafagway
began during Spanish colonization but materialized only in the American period.
Westerners believed that the humid tropics were harmful, causing physical and mental
decline, prompting the resort's creation. The cooler climate and agricultural potential of La
Trinidad's vicinity were key factors. Within 30 years of American rule, the resort was
completed, introducing Western culture to the indigenous community.
The original Kafagway settlers fled during Spanish punitive expeditions and the
revolutionary period, losing their land due to American land laws. This displacement
became a political issue. Bagamaspad and Pawid (1985) mentioned the Bureau of Non-
Christian Tribes (BNT), Bureau of Education (1905), and Bureau of Science (1906), with
local leaders appointed to key posts, easing resistance.
Kafagway prospered as a trade and education hub, attracting migrants due to
improved roads and job opportunities from American mines. The city's development and
American rule weakened traditional Ibaloy influence, leading to government-regulated
customary laws. Realizing education's value, Ibaloys sent their children to school,
eventually yielding power to the Americans.

2. b. Post-Colonial
In the post-colonial era, the city in northern Philippines became a popular
destination due to trade, education, and economic opportunities, attracting people from
nearby provinces. This led to a multicultural community blending upland and lowland
cultures. The city's indigenous cultural history is respected by all, and it became a melting
pot for various customs and practices from nearby Cordillera provinces and lowland
migrants. Despite its diversity, a harmonious co-existence and smooth relationships
prevailed.

Activities
Activity 1. True or False (10 points)
Instruction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if otherwise. Use CAPITAL letters.
______1) The Spaniards never set foot in the Baguio-Benguet area during the Hispanization
period.
______2) The coming of the Americans to the Cordillera was just incidental.
______3) The ethnohistory of Baguio and Benguet is inseparable.
______4) Pre-colonial history has proven that Ibaloys displayed courageous defense of the
their homeland.
______5) Fierce resistance against religion was prevalent among the Ibaloys during the
Spanish period.
______6) Health-related threats such as smallpox epidemics contributed to the early
migration movements in Baguio and Benguet.
______7) There was the belief that a tropical climate is unfriendly to the white race, making
the high altitude elevation of Baguio and the agricultural potential of Benguet a perfect
place to develop.
______8) Most Ibaloys did not leave Kafagway during the height of its development for fear
that they may lose their ancestral properties.
______9) The American occupation greatly contributed to the development of Baguio as a
center of education, tourism and commerce.
______10) Despite being a multicultural city, Baguio remains steadfast in valuing unity and
harmonious co-existence.

Activity 2: Essay (40 points).

Instruction: Answer the question briefly and concisely.
1. Why was there a need for the Americans to build a highland resort in Kafagway?
(20 points)
2. After reading the aforesaid historical insights about the evolution of Kafagway into
an American colonial hill station, will you consider it advantageous to the
Indigenous Peoples, specifically the Ibaloys? Why or why not? (20 points)
20-point rubric for essay (content and composition)

(5) (15) (20)

• No defended • Few flaws in the • Impressive, original, or
argument, simply argument. extended insights.
presented an • Presence of few • Narrative thought flows
organized report of grammatical and smoothly between.
data. compositional sentences/ paragraphs.
• Sentence construction errors. • Arguments are
and paragraph comprehensively
organization muddies discussed.
content presentation.

Lesson 2: Peopling and Ethno-Linguistic Groups

I. Introduction
Renowned Cordillera anthropologists attest that the Ibaloys and Kankanaeys are
the early settlers of Kafagway. However, the building and construction of the city during
the early 1900s resulted isn the influx of lowland peoples.s Moreover, foreigners such as
Americans, Japanese, as well as Chinese, who were part of the historic building of Kennon
Road also settled in the area, making it a melting pot of cultures. Meanwhile, the native
residents of the city are called Ibagiw.
II. Learning Outcomes
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1) examine the migration patterns that led to the peopling of Kafagway;
2) discuss the history of peopling in the city from pre-colonial onwards ; and
3) investigate the struggles in defense of the Igorot land by the Ibaloys.
Mode of Delivery
Lecture discussion; PowerPoint presentation
III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
Significantly, the peopling, as well as the re-peopling of Kafagway, could be best
understood only through looking into the migration pattern from the prehispanic to the
American period. Again, Prill-Brett et.al came up with this migration movement as attested
by oral history.
1) The first population movement in the prehispanic period appears to be the initial
peopling of Ibaloy land–from the west and southwestern plains of Pangasinan, often
following the river systems (Aringay-Galiano, Naguilian, Bued-Angalacan, and Agno
Rivers).
2) The second migration indicates the northeast-to-southwest movement, from the
Kabayan-Tinek region.
3) The third migration movement was the dispersal from Tuba during the Spanish
period, marked by the punitive expedition of 1579 against Tonglo, and the Galvey
punitive expedition of 1829.
4) The fourth movement out of Tuba (the present Baguio area and surroundings) was
during the American period when Baguio was made a chartered city, resulting in
the relocation of all the Ibaloy families (except for the Carino and Carantes families
who staunchly stayed). They had farms and livestock in the center of the new city.
They explained migration movements, including smallpox and cholera outbreaks,
Spanish expeditions, trading, and inter-village marriages. Colonialism significantly
influenced indigenous settlement in Baguio and Benguet. The Spanish aimed to convert
non-Christian Filipinos and find gold in Igorot territory, leading to their intrusion. Spanish
Reduccion involved resettling inhabitants into compact communities centered around
churches, quelling resistance through evangelization. The Battle of Tonglo exemplified
resistance, as Chieftain Kidit initially supported the new religion but clashed over church
construction and idol destruction, resulting in Fr. Vivar's relocation and ongoing Ibaloys'
defiance, causing conflicts with neighboring Christian towns.
A punitive expedition was planned against Tonglo, located on the northern slopes of
Mt. Calugong in Sitio Bujajeng, Barangay Taloy Norte, Tuba Benguet. Kidit’s group tricked
the Spanish troops with a mock display of non-resistance and ambushed them, resulting
in the death of Captain del Rosario, the troop's commander. In response, Spanish troops
from Naguilian marched uphill, burning villages and turning Tonglo into rubble. This battle
dispelled the misnomer about the shyness of the Ibaloys, revealing their fierceness when
provoked. Their heroic character was evident during the Revolutionary period and
continued during the American pursuit of the Katipunan revolutionaries.
The end of Spanish colonization ushered in American interests in the Orient. Many
Westerners sought solace in South and Southeast Asia, including Benguet, where
Kafagway is located. This area was already an Ibaloy and Kankanaey settlement before the
arrival of the Americans. American colonial intervention led to the transformation of the
area into a city, attracting migrants from adjacent regions.
At the start of American rule, Baguio was already home to a diverse population.
Foreign nationals who worked on the construction of Kennon Road chose to settle in this
newly created city, contributing to its multicultural makeup. Despite this diversity,
harmony and unity prevailed among the city's inhabitants.

Activities
Activity 1. Reflection paper (15 points)
Objective: To highlight the nationalistic spirit of the early Ibaloys in defense of their local
territory.
Instruction: This is an excerpt from an article in a local newspaper relating to the Battle
of Tonglo from https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/319138/carino-the-first-philippine-
republic-in-banguet.
Read the article and craft a concise Reflection Paper exploring nationalism among
the Cordilleras' ethnolinguistic groups, with a focus on the Ibaloys of Benguet during the
Spanish period….
One particular battle fought in 1759 and recounted by several sources, among them
Scott, Scheerer, and more recently, Carino, relate a particularly vicious expedition of
Spanish and conscripted lowland forces to “punish” the stubborn “Igorotes.”
Recounted as the battle of Tonglo, it is actually fought in Lumtang, a town on what is
now the Naguilian Road, arrived before reaching Tonglo, a prosperous Ibaloi
settlement. Said battle has Benguet warriors stoically withstanding five hours of
artillery and more than 200 dead, massacre proportions, even by today’s standards.
After the survivors retreat the next day, a previously abandoned Tonglo is razed to
the ground by the “punitive” forces. Still, said forces, which not incidentally include
Mexican miners, themselves retreat, without Ibaloi gold. This expedition is carried out,
of course, within the supposed comfortably “acceptable” context of a Spanish “just
war” waged on the “Igorotes,” a war both civil and religious authorities agree upon,
for once agreeing. From the point of Salcedo’s first incursion and for 300-odd years
thereafter, Spanish attempts to get a foothold on Benguet gold mines proved to be
fruitless, repelled by the Benguet Igorots’ refusal to allow foreign entry into their
territory. Only with Guillermo Galvey, decorated with the impressive title of
Comandante del Pais de Igorotes y Partidas del Norte de Pangasinan, who from 1829-
39 wages a total of 45 “punitive expeditions” into Benguet does Spanish incursion see
some success. In 1856, the Sociedad Minero Metalurgica Cantabro-Filipino de
Mankayan is established to exploit Benguet gold and copper in Mankayan, in what is
largely Kankana-ey territory. Still, Ibaloi gold mines, found mainly around the vicinity
of Kafagway and Itogon, remain in the control of the Ibalois. By this time, too, there
are some Ilocanos and foreigners living in Benguet. Spanish entry into Ibaloi turf sees
fruition mainly in a place called “Benget,” which Spanish Commandant Manuel
Scheidnagel in 1874 “christens” La Trinidad, “in honor” of Galvey’s wife. "La
Trinidad” has “European” weather, if you will, and Spanish forces seek to establish
here a “sanitarium,” for health reasons, of course.
Rubric for 15 points Brief Reflection Paper
Criteria Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Poor
15-11 points 10-6 points 5-1 points
Introduction Introduces theme of Introduces theme Fails to present the
paper, and the topic of paper and topic theme, fails to provide
using appropriate and effectively introduction to the topic
descriptive language
Information Provides accurate Summarizes main Fails to summarize topic
summary descriptive, concise points of the topic effectively due to
summary of topic competently and omission of key points or
information, effectively accurately inaccurate
summarizing main points characterization of
of the topic. information.
Critique Thoughtfully critiques Critic author’s Fails to effectively
author’s main points, main points, present critique; and/or
using evidence to back using evidence to fails to use evidence to
up arguments. Critique is back up back up arguments;
insightful and thorough arguments. and/or uses flawed logic
to support statements.
Lesson 3: Education and Social Institutions
I. Introduction
In this lesson, you will delve into the development of education and various social
institutions in the city of Baguio. The lesson will focus on Baguio City as a historical city,
a creative hub, an educational center for northern Luzon, a commercial hub in northern
Luzon, and the role of religious institutions in the city's history.
Through this lesson, you will attain a profound understanding of the development
of different social institutions and their contributions to the identity of Baguio City. This
identity has made the city renowned not only in the Philippines but also within the global
community.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of this unit, you should be able to:
1) gain insights into the evolution of Baguio City's social institutions, including its
historical, creative, educational, and commercial aspects;
2) understand the pivotal role of religious institutions in shaping the history and
identity of Baguio City; and
3) explore how Baguio City's unique blend of socsial institutions has elevated its
reputation on both a national and global scale.

Mode of Delivery
Lecture discussion; PowerPoint presentation

III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

A. Social Institutions
The city is now a hub for business, education, and government in Northern Luzon.
It's a prominent player in Luzon's tourism sector and a top-notch education destination.
Its rich history, location, and climate offer an ideal environment for a well-rounded student
life. Academic institutions are drawn to invest in this appealing city.
a1. Baguio City a Historical City
Baguio City, with its rich cultural heritage and pivotal role in Philippine
history, is considered a historical city. It boasts a fascinating history, dating back
to pre-colonial times when indigenous people inhabited the Cordillera region.
During the colonial era, Baguio flourished as an educational and cultural hub,
attracting artists, scholars, and intellectuals from across the Philippines. It played
a vital role in the development of Philippine literature, art, and music.
Baguio also played a crucial role in World War II, serving as the temporary
capital of the Philippine Commonwealth government under President Manuel
Quezon during the Japanese occupation. Liberated by American and Filipino forces
in 1945, the city is now home to numerous art galleries, museums, and cultural
centers celebrating the unique Cordillera heritage.
Above all, Baguio's historical significance lies in its landmarks, which
chronicle the city's growth and development. Exploring these landmarks reveals a
deeper appreciation for the rich heritage of the "City of Pines." Here are some notable
Baguio landmarks and their intriguing histories:
1) Mansion House and Wright Park. The Mansion House, a grand structure
built in 1907, holds significant historical value as it served as the official
residence for American governors-general and continues to be the highland
abode for Filipino Presidents.
2) Teachers’ Camp. The Teachers' Camp was established in 1908, and it served
as a training facility and retreat for American teachers in the Philippines. In
 1939, the camp was turned over to the Philippine government and was
eventually converted into a training center for Filipino teachers
3) Camp John Hay. Originally an army post in Baguio, Camp John Hay's
history began in 1903 with U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's General
Order No. 48, establishing a strategic military presence. It grew from 535.63
to 1,672 acres and is now a picturesque resort complex with history,
luxurious accommodations, and recreational facilities.
4) Burnham Park. Burnham Park, named after the renowned American
architect Daniel Hudson Burnham, has transformed significantly since its
inception. The present-day lake at Burnham Park originated from the
enclosed lagoon formed by Minak Creek, providing a tranquil and scenic spot
for visitors to enjoy.
5) Kennon Road. Kennon Road, originally known as Benguet Road, was
surveyed by the Philippine Commission to determine the best railway route
into Benguet's mountainous region. Recognizing the potential of the area as
a sanitarium and military post, Col. Lyman W. Kennon took over the project
in 1903
6) Baguio Country Club. With a rich history dating back to 1906, Baguio
Country Club initially operated from a grass-thatched, wooden slab
structure. Over time, it transformed into a prestigious establishment, offering
world-class amenities and recreational facilities.
7) Governor Pack Road. Governor Pack Road, an important thoroughfare in
Baguio, holds historical significance as it was once the location of
the Benguet Auto Line Station. This station served as a hub for motorbuses
transporting passengers to the Damortis rail station, facilitating connections
to Manila.
8) Baguio Cathedral. Also known as the Our Lady of Atonement Cathedral, this
iconic church was built in the early 1900s and features a unique pink façade.
The cathedral has been a witness to many significant events in Baguio's
history, including the Japanese occupation during World War II.
9) Maharlika Complex. The Maharlika Livelihood Complex stands where the
thriving Stone Market once existed. Built by World War I German prisoners,
it was a bustling trading center. Despite enduring WWII bombings, the Stone
Market remained resilient as a landmark. Today, the complex carries on this
legacy, embodying Baguio’s enduring spirit and resilience as a vibrant trade
hub.
10) Heritage Hill and Nature Park Garden Formerly known as the Diplomat
Hotel, this hill in Baguio City, originally a rest house and seminary in 1911,
later became a school and hotel. Now abandoned and in ruins, it's still a
picturesque spot in the 'City of Pines.
Meanwhile, museums are established to collect, preserve, study, and present
to the public objects of material and spiritual culture that reflect the development
of human society. Historical museums may be of a general nature, devoted to the
history of a country, republic, or city, or they may be devoted to special historical
disciplines or to independent branches of historical science. Examples are:
• Baguio Teachers’ Camp, Baguio City
• Baguio Museum, Baguio City
• Museo Kordilyera, Baguio City
a2. Baguio as Creative City for Arts and Folk Arts
In 2017, Baguio City made history by becoming the first Philippine city to
join UNESCO's prestigious Creative Cities list. It was honored for its excellence in
Folk Arts and Crafts, joining renowned cities like Seattle, Milan, Toronto, and
Manchester. This recognition was largely thanks to the dedicated efforts of local
artists, including Benedicto Cabrera (owner of BenCab Museum) and Kidlat Tahimik
(owner of Ili-likha Artists Village), in preserving the rich Cordilleras culture, which
played a pivotal role in UNESCO's acknowledgment of Baguio City as a Creative City.

a3. Ibaloy Street Names in Baguio Representing Nature

There were some Ibaloy street names that represents nature. Some of these
names are still being used up to the present although some were changed. For
instance:
1) Abanao ("wide"). One of the city's main roads is called Abanao. It is a wide
street the goes uphill connecting Harrison Road to Naguilian and Bokawkan
Roads.
2) Otek ("small"). Otek is a short strip that connrects Burnham Park to City
Hall. This is also where Baguio's Rizal Park is located.
3) Kayang ("high"). Kayang is a street on the hill behind the Baguio City Market
leading up to City Hall. It is accessible from Abanao Road.
4) Kisad or Guisad ("a condition when a priestess is possessed by a spirit
during a religious rite"). Kisad Road runs parallel to Harrison Road, on the
west side of Burnham Park while Guisad Road is accessible from Bokawkan
Road.
5) Bokawkan ("wherever something has been removed"). Bokawkan is that
wide road that connects Abanao, Naguilian Road (officially named Quirino
Highway - but who calls it that?) and Magsaysay Road (on the Trancoville
heading towards La Trinidad side).
6) Lucban ("orange"). Lucban is that area off Bonifacio Road near Saint Louis
University where a lot of residences cum dormitories are located. It is
probably named thus because of the color of the soil, which is mostly clay.

Ibaloy Names in the different areas of Baguio that Have Been Replaced:
1) Kafagway ("wide open space"). This used to be what the area the Baguio City
now occupies used to be called;
2) Javjavan ("native blacksmith shop"). This is what the site where the Baguio
City Market is used to be called;
3) Kampaw ("a place for social gathering"). Kampaw is what Mount Mary Hill or
Cathedral Hill used to be referred to. This is where the Our Lady of Atonement
Cathedral, more popularly known as Baguio Cathedral, now stands. Kampaw
means (a social gathering place reminiscent of the Bontoc "ato" or Sagada’s
"dap-ay," a place where elders meet for dialogues and meetings);
4) Urengao ("oily water"). The area where Teachers’ Camp is located, which is
located between Leonard Wood Road and South Drive, used to be called as
Urengao;
5) Oliweg ("whirlpool where rainwater runs out through a channel in the
limestone").
Baguio City also has several roads and places named after American colonial
government officials who played significant roles when the city was established as
the Summer Capital of the Philippines around a century ago. These includes the
following:
1) Camp Allen. This was taken from Gov. Henry Tureman Allen. Camp Allen
served as the original home of the Philippine Military Academy (which began
as the officers school of the Philippine Constabulary), is named after him.
2) Burnham Park. This was taken from Daniel Hudson Burnham (1846-1912).
Burnham was one of Chicago's greatest architects and urban planners,
whose Philippine resume includes Roxas Boulevard (formerly Dewey) in
Manila as well as Baguio City itself.
3) Harrison Road. This was taken from Francis Burton Harrison, a governor-
General of the Philippines from 1913-1921, the predecessor of Leonard Wood.
Harrison road is one of the city's main avenues, along the northeast side of
Burnham Park, parallel to Session Road and connecting Governor Pack Road
to Magsaysay Road, is named after him.
4) Camp John Hay. This was taken from John Milton Hay (1838-1905), An
American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and
assistant to Abraham Lincoln. He served as Secretary of State under U.S.
Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt from 1898 - 1905.
5) Kennon Road. This was taken from Col. Lyman Walter Vere Kennon, a U.S.
Army officer who completed the daunting task of building Kennon Road,
where others before him had failed. Read more about his contributions in
detail in this article on the building of Kennon Road by architect Ernesto
Zarate.
6) Malcom Square. This was taken from George A. Malcolm (1881-1961). He
was appointed, at age 35, by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson to the Supreme
Court of the Philippines in 1917, where he served until 1936, when he was
forced to retire upon the enactment of the 1935 Constitution, which limited
Supreme Court membership to Filipinos.
7) Leonard Wood Road. This was taken from Leonard Wood, an American
Governor-General from 1921-1927. The heavily wooded avenue connecting
Session Road to Mines View Park, passing Teachers Camp and Botanical
Garden is named after him.
8) Wright Park. This was taken from Luke E. Wright who served as American
Governor-Governor in the Philippines from 1904-1906. It was he who ordered
architect Daniel H. Burnham to build Baguio as a recreational facility for
American soldiers and civilians
9) Governor Pack Road, a wide road connecting Marcos Highway to downtown
Baguio is named after William Pack, who was appointed governor of the
province of Benguet on November 15, 1901. He became the first governor of
Mountain Province and served from March 15, 1909 to December 31, 1912.
10) Brent Road. A short strip leading to the Brent International School was
named after Reverend Charles Henry Brent. He came to the Philippines in the
1900s and became the first bishop of the Episcopalian Church in that
country. In 1909, he founded the school named after him.
11) Kneedler Road off beautiful South Drive, is named after Dr. Harry Dolome
Kneedler, who came to the Philippines with the United States Medical Corps
during the 1900s. He stayed and became a rich realtor.
12) Melvin Jones. It was named after Melvin Jones, founder of the Lion's Club
International, a socio-civic organization that has a very active chapter in the
city, that the football field playing area and grandstand at Burnham Park is
named.
13) Baden Powell Inn. Robert Baden-Powell was the founder of the Boy Scouts.
What used to be the Boy Scouts of the Philippines headquarters is now Baden
 Powell Inn on Governor Pack Road. The commemorative marker of the First
Session of the Second Philippine Commission after which Session Road is
named can be found here.
These places serve as a reminder of the officials' contributions to the
development of the city and the Philippines. Although these names reflect the city's
colonial past, they also acknowledge the important roles these officials played in
shaping the city's history.

B. Educational Institutions
The educational system was greatly influenced by the Americans when they
developed the city as the retreat and recreation abode of U.S. armed forces during the 20th
century. The Thomasites, a group of American missionaries, brought the introduction of
public schools and the English language to the Philippines. Since Baguio was a hill station
in the United States at that time, English became the primary medium of communication
in the city, and the government recognized it as one of the official languages of the country,
alongside Filipino.
b1. Baguio as an Educational Center in the North
Baguio City is considered to be an education center for Northern Luzon due
to several factors, such as its strategic location, favorable climate, and the presence
of several prestigious educational institutions.
The city's reputation as an education center has also been enhanced by the
presence of academic organizations, research centers, and educational events,
which have brought together scholars, researchers, and practitioners from various
fields. In addition, the city's vibrant cultural scene, with its museums, galleries, and
performing arts venues, has provided a rich cultural and intellectual context for
students to explore and learn from.

C. Economic Institutions
Baguio City's economy thrives on tourism, education, and its role as the commercial
hub of Benguet province. It serves as a crucial point for processing, selling, and distributing
agricultural and mining products from Benguet to the lowlands.
In the past, Baguio City's market day, known as "sabado" (Saturday), was a
significant event. People from various villages and towns gathered to trade goods, including
fresh produce like rice, vegetables, fruits, and livestock from local farmers, as well as
textiles, pottery, and metalwork from traders in other regions. This bustling market was
not only an economic center but also a social gathering where people met friends and
family, shared news, and enjoyed cultural activities like music and dance, celebrating the
Cordillera region's rich culture.
c1. Baguio as the economic/commercial hub for Northern Luzon.
Baguio City, nestled in the Cordillera Mountains of Northern Luzon, thrives
as a bustling economic center. Its strategic location, pleasant climate, and scenic
allure attract tourists, traders, and entrepreneurs. Over time, banks, businesses,
and government agencies have propelled Baguio City into a commercial powerhouse
for Northern Luzon. Here are some key economic activities that have cemented its
status:
1) Home to the Baguio City Economic Zone (BCEZ), a Philippine Economic Zone
Authority (PEZA) location that is considered one of the country's most
profitable and attractive investment areas.
2) Major retail destination for the Cordilleras and Ilocos provinces.
3) The "ukay center" of Northern Luzon.
 4) Numerous shopping centers and malls have been established including SM
City Baguio mall, Baguio Center Mall, Cooyeesan Hotel Plaza, Abanao Square,
Maharlika Livelihood Center, Porta Vaga Mall, and Bonchic bargain center.
5) Baguio's cultural landscape is enriched by a multitude of local food and retail
businesses operated by its residents. These include the Tiong San chain of
department stores and supermarkets, Sunshine Supermarket, Star Cafe,
Country Mart, the renowned Rose Bowl Restaurant, Good Taste, Marosan's,
Patao's, and numerous eateries located along Bonafacio, Session Road, near
Teacher's Camp, and elsewhere around the city.
6) The trade center of Baguio is concentrated in Session Road, Harrison Road,
Magsaysay Avenue, and Abanao Street. These areas are home to a plethora
of commercial and business structures, including first-class cinemas, hotels,
restaurants, department stores, and shopping centers.
7) The famous City Market in Baguio offers a diverse range of locally sourced
goods and products, including vibrant woven fabrics, handcrafted beadwork,
primitive wood carvings, fresh-cut flowers, strawberries, and "Baguio"
vegetables - the latter referring to vegetable varieties that thrive in the city's
cooler growing climate.
8) Another local business venture in Baguio is transient housing, which caters
to budget-conscious tourists and travelers seeking affordable
accommodations.
Through markets, financial institutions, and transport networks, these
economic institutions have boosted the city's trade, job opportunities, and
investment prospects. The tourism industry's growth has also contributed
significantly to Baguio City's economy, attracting both domestic and international
visitors to hotels, restaurants, and other businesses.
Yet, the city's rapid economic expansion has brought challenges like traffic
congestion, environmental degradation, and unequal economic benefits. As Baguio
City adapts to evolving economic conditions, the role of economic institutions in
shaping its future remains a vital subject for study and analysis.

c2. Session Road as the Commercial Center of Baguio City, Philippines

Session Road got its name from being the location of the First Session of the
Second Philippine Commission in 1904. The old Baden-Powell Hall, located at the
end of the road, was where the second Philippine Commission held its sessions,
officially designating Baguio as the Philippine Summer Capital. Although the Baden-
Powell Inn on Governor Pack Road now stands where the hall was, a marker remains
as the only visible evidence of the historical significance of Session Road.
Currently, Session Road serves as the main thoroughfare and commercial
hub of Baguio City, with a wide array of shops, stores, and offices lining both sides
of the road. These include bazaars, boutiques, old movie theaters, hotels, cafes,
restaurants, bakeries, and grocery stores, among others. The majority of banks
operating in Baguio City can also be found on Session Road, along with various
offices, drugstores, bookstores, and newsstands. Due to its central location and
accessibility, Session Road is regarded as the most direct route to anywhere in the
city. It is also known to be the starting point of all Baguio parades and is considered
the most expensive real estate in Baguio.

C. Religious Institution
The distinct Filipino character is shaped by strong religious beliefs, evident in
Baguio's residents. Religious groups in the city have increased, with Roman Catholics
making up 80.4%, followed by the Episcopalian Church at 5.8%, and Iglesia ni Cristo at
3.5%. The rest (10.3%) belong to other sects.
 Since Spanish colonization, various religious institutions—Catholic, Protestant, and
indigenous traditions—have influenced the city's history. These institutions established
schools, hospitals, and community centers, shaping the city's identity. Nonetheless,
controversies surrounding indigenous practices and tensions with secular authorities
continue to impact the city's development.
d1. Role of the different religious institutions in the history of Baguio
Religious institutions, including Catholics, Protestants, and indigenous
spiritual traditions, have played a significant role in Baguio's history. The iconic
Baguio Cathedral, built in the early 20th century, serves as a center for Catholic
worship and community life, hosting important religious and cultural events.
American missionaries established Protestant churches in Baguio in the early
20th century, contributing to the spread of Christianity and the provision of
education and social services.
Additionally, indigenous spiritual traditions, like those of the Igorot people,
have been integral to the city's cultural and spiritual life for centuries and continue
to be celebrated and practiced by many residents.

d2. Non-christian to Christian tribes in Baguio City

Baguio City has a diverse cultural history rooted in its pre-colonial past.
Before the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, it was inhabited by various
indigenous tribes known as the Igorots. These indigenous people had their own
unique cultures, animist beliefs, and rich oral traditions.
Spanish colonization introduced Christianity to the region, but it took
centuries for it to fully take hold. In the early 20th century, American Protestant
missionaries arrived and promoted Christianity, leading to significant cultural
changes in language, attire, and traditional practices among indigenous
communities.
Today, Baguio City is predominantly Christian, primarily Roman Catholic.
However, many Igorot traditions endure and are celebrated alongside Christian
practices, creating a unique blend of cultural influences that define the city's
identity.

Activities
Activity 1: Group Activity: Photo Essay (50 points)
With your groupmates create a photo essay related to Unit 3. Each group will decide
the topic for their photo essay. Possible topics are as follows:
• Historical site photo essay
• The Timelapse Photo Essay – The goal of a transformation photo essay is to
capture the way a subject changes over time
o Burnham park: Before and at present
• Photo Essay of a Special Event
o Panagbenga, Session busking, Chinese new year etc.
• The Daily Life Photo Essay
o Daily life of a Baguio vendor
• Photo essay on a specific issue/s besetting a Baguio as a whole
• Other possible topics
 Rubric for the Photo Essay
Criteria 10 7 5 3
Visual Text All of the images are Most of the images Some of the images Few of the images
(photographs/ima appropriate to the are appropriate to are appropriate to are appropriate to
ges) (x2) topic, evocative, the topic, evocative, the topic, the topic,
visually captivating, visually evocative, visually evocative, visually
and show unique captivating, and captivating, and captivating, and
perspectives of the show unique show unique show unique
theme. perspectives of the perspectives of the perspectives of the
theme. theme. theme.
Typography & Title and captions Title and captions Title and captions Title and captions
Semantics compliment the compliment the sometimes seldom
(the meaning, images and work images and often compliment the compliment the
arrangement, and together work together to images but images and do not
appearance of harmoniously to reinforce the inconsistently work together to
printed matter) reinforce the theme theme. work together to reinforce the
(x1) consistently. reinforce the theme.
theme.
Organization Presentation Presentation Presentation Presentation
(how the various includes student includes student includes student includes student
elements are name and the photo name and the name and the name and the
organized) (x1) story title. Each photo story title. photo story title. photo story title.
slide includes an Each slide includes Each slide Each slide includes
image and an image and includes an image an image and
accompanying text. accompanying text. and accompanying accompanying text.
Photos are carefully Photos create text. Photos create Photos
sequenced to build emotion and emotion and inconsistently
emotion and communicate represent subject create emotion and
communicate thematically. matter. may veer from
thematically. subject matter.
Overall Photo essay evokes Photo essay often Photo essay Photo essay
Impression/ strong emotion and evokes emotion and occasionally inconsistently
Aesthetic Effect evidences creativity. evidences evokes emotion evokes emotion
(x2) The presentation as creativity. The and evidences and evidences little
a whole is presentation as a some creativity. creativity. The
aesthetically whole is The presentation presentation as a
harmonious. aesthetically as a whole is whole is spits in
pleasing aesthetically the face of
pleasing aesthetics.
Theme Theme is clear and Theme is clear and Theme is clear and Theme is unclear
(the universal well-developed well-developed well-developed or not well-
insight that is throughout entire throughout most of throughout some developed
communicated by photo essay. the photo essay. of the photo essay. throughout the
the essay (x2) photo essay.

Activity 2.
Objective: To evaluate the roles and effects of non-Christian to Christian tribe transition
in Baguio.
Instructions: Comparative essay on the Transition of Non-Christian to Christian Tribes in
Baguio (40 points)
1) Research the history of the non-Christian tribes in Baguio and their transition to
Christianity.
2) Choose one non-Christian tribe and research its history and culture before and after
the transition to Christianity.
3) Write a comparative essay (800-1000 words) highlighting the following:
• The pre- and post-Christianity beliefs, practices, and values of a tribe.
• How the transition to Christianity impacted the tribe's culture, traditions, and
way of life.
• The role of the church and missionaries in this transition.
• The methods and challenges faced by Christian missionaries in converting non-
Christian tribes in Baguio.
 • The lasting influence of Christianity on contemporary indigenous communities
in Baguio, including the blending of Christian and indigenous traditions.
4) Create a timeline (using a tool such as Canva, Google Drawings, etc.) that illustrates
the key events and milestones of the tribe's history before and after the transition to
Christianity.
5) Present your findings to the class and answer questions from your classmates.

Assessment:
The student will be assessed on the following criteria:
⚫ Research Accuracy and Completeness (10 points)
⚫ Written Essay Clarity and Coherence (10 points)
⚫ Timeline Relevance and Effectiveness in Illustrating Key Events (10 points)
⚫ Participation in Questions and Discussions with Classmates (10 points).

UNIT II. WORLDVIEW

Overview
Baguio City, as a melting pot of highland and lowland cultures, reflects the diversity
of its residents, including various ethnolinguistic groups and lowland settlers. Its
geographical advantage attracts people from coastal areas who often form personal but
sometimes superficial impressions of its residents. This unit aims to highlight the richness
of the indigenous worldview of its people, expressed in their ethics, rituals, philosophy,
and more. Ultimately, understanding the people of Baguio City fosters mutual coexistence,
resolves cultural misunderstandings, and promotes unity and compassion.

Pre-Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1) They are referred to by a generic term, Igorot, a word coined from the root word,
"golot" meaning.
a) Mountain b) Valley c) Wilderness d) Hills
2) Inayan is a community value similar to the popularly known karma or the concept
of
a) “ reap what you sow” c) “know thyself”
b) “gather the sheeves” d) “taste the sour grapes”

3) Inayan means to hold back or to prevent from doing something unpleasant. It is also
a mild expression like
a) “aye” b) “shucks” c) “bad” d) “goodluck”
4) It is defined to be the only command given by Kabunyan to the Igorots to have a
peaceful and progressive life; it is a principle that breeds all values like respect, love
and peace; and it is a principle of not doing bad acts towards others.
a) Inayan b) Tapey c) Mamborong d) Daw-es
5) If in case one of the members of the family stole something, what ritual will be done
so that his bad attitude of stealing will be stopped?
a) “Tingiting” b) “Sapo” c) “Alay” d) “Abong”
6) The animal used in doing the daw-es cleansing ritual is
a) Dog b) Pig c) Chicken d) Cow
7) A festival or a ceremony of the indigenous mountain people of Northern Luzon in
the Philippines. It is a socio-religious ritual where chickens, pigs and/or carabaos
 are butchered as a sacrifice and feasted on. This is usually a thanksgiving to their
god Kabunyan.
a) Pammadayaw b) Kanyaw c) Pananglagip d)Semana Santa
8) The term Panagbenga comes from a _________ term meaning “season of blooming.”
a) Kankanaey b) Ibaloy c) Kalanguya d) Ilocano
9) In a historical glimpse, the Panagbenga Festival is a commemoration of the:
a) rapid development of the city
b) rise of the city from the rubbles of the 1990 earthquake
c) harmonious relationships between and among its inhabitants
d) great contribution of the city to national tourism
10) Which among the following statements describes the Panagbenga Festival?
a) A grand economic event for the city
b) A symbol of hope and resilience of its people
c) An opportunity for locals to showcase their unique culture
d) All of the above

Lesson 1: Inayan: The Tenet for Peace Among Igorots

I. Introduction
This subsection presents the worldview among individuals in the summer capital of
the Philippines. a comprehensive set of ideas and attitudes about the world, ourselves, and
life, a system of beliefs, a system of personally customized theories about the world and
how it works.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
1) determine the prevalent values and moral systems;
2) understand the existing rituals and traditions; and
3) manifest comprehensive knowledge of the healings and rituals.

Mode of Delivery
Lecture/Discussion

III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

On Values and Moral System
Baguio City boasts diverse belief systems, values, and cultural perspectives among
its urban residents, often challenging the traditional values of the indigenous people,
referred to as "Inayan". This concept embodies a reverence for a higher power, deterring
individuals from engaging in undesirable actions. With religious undertones akin to the
Ten Commandments, "Inayan" serves as a moral guide, cautionary advice, and even an
expression of dismay. It mirrors the concept of karma, cautioning against cultural
transgressions and fostering order within families, clans, villages, and the environment.
Illustrated by the honest Baguio Taxi drivers, "Inayan" is exemplified through their
integrity and trustworthiness. Stories of these drivers returning forgotten items without
expecting anything in return have circulated on social media, establishing Baguio City as
a haven for ethical taxi services. Additionally, the Cordilleran police uphold "Inayan" by
exhibiting courage and discipline in their duties, earning them the reputation of the most
disciplined law enforcement in the Philippines. Notably, the Baguio City Police have
consistently earned praise from the nation's top law enforcement official, solidifying their
status as the 'Most Disciplined Cops'.
On Religious Pluralism
Baguio City embraces religious diversity with a multicultural population practicing
various beliefs including Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. Christianity,
primarily Roman Catholicism, is the dominant faith, alongside Protestant denominations
like Baptists, Methodists, and Seventh-day Adventists. Islam has a presence with mosques
and organizations, while Buddhism thrives with Mahayana tradition in Chinese and
Vietnamese temples. Hinduism has a small but active community centered around a Hindu
temple. Despite diverse beliefs, Baguio City is renowned for peaceful coexistence, marked
by mutual respect and tolerance among religious groups.

School of Living Tradition

In the effort of the Local Government of Baguio to establish an avenue for students
in all learning institutions to study the cultural practices of indigenous peoples (IPs) in the
Cordillera Administrative Region. Baguio city council officials approved an ordinance
institutionalizing the School of Living tradition learning as part of the revitalization of
indigenous cultural heritage by students in the different schools in the city. Ordinance No.
13, series of 2022, states that the School of Living tradition aims to provide an avenue for
the students in the various educational institutions both public and private to learn and
practice the Cordillera indigenous peoples cultural heritage, including history, songs,
chants, dances, life ways, among others; for the learners to present what they have learned
in various venues, including festivities, activities and the like which are sponsored by the
city or their institutions that would help public awareness of the indigenous practices; to
develop adherence to the cultural sensitivity of these practices that are learned and
practiced in the said school; to encourage teachers, staff, students and even their parents
in the basic education to conduct researches, documentation and studies to further the
knowledge, skills, and better appreciation of the said practices under the school; to
encourage interaction of students and schools with the community villages, elders,
learners, bearers for the appreciation of indigenous cultural heritage for their advocacy
and to seek support, including funding, from various offices, agencies, groups and
individuals to sustain the programs on School of Living Tradition by these educational
institutions.
The School of Living Tradition will cover cultural heritage, including dances, chants,
songs, and the like, materials and instruments used therein and that the said practices
can be shared and learned by the students except ritual-related activities, materials and
instruments in relation to death, sickness and pandemic which are exclusively for the
exercise of the elders, bearers and practitioners.

Activities
Activity 1: Values Collage (100 points)
Objective: To create a visual representation of the values and moral systems of Baguio
City through a collaborative art project.
Materials:
Large sheets of paper or poster board, Magazines, newspapers, and other materials for
collage, Scissors, glue, and other art supplies, markers or pens
Instructions:
1) Divide the group into small teams of 3-4 people.
2) Give each team a large sheet of paper or poster board and art supplies.
3) Instruct each team to create a values collage that represents the values and moral
systems of Baguio City. They can use materials from magazines and newspapers to
create a visual representation of the values they want to highlight.
 4) Each team should present their collage to the group and explain the values and
moral systems they chose to represent. They can also explain the symbolism and
meaning behind their choices.
5) As a group, discuss the similarities and differences in the values and moral systems
represented in the collages. Talk about how these values contribute to the culture
and community of Baguio City.
Criteria for Assessment: Total Points: 100
1) Creativity (25 points)
⚫ The collage is visually appealing and shows originality and creativity.
⚫ The materials are used in a unique and innovative way.
⚫ The collage shows a clear effort to visually represent the values and moral systems
of Baguio City.
2) Relevance (25 points)
⚫ The collage accurately represents the values and moral systems of Baguio City.
⚫ The values represented are culturally significant and relevant to the community.
⚫ The collage shows a clear understanding of the values and moral systems of Baguio
City.
3) Symbolism (25 points)
⚫ The collage includes symbolism that represents the values and moral systems
chosen.
⚫ The symbolism is clear and effectively conveys the intended message.
⚫ The collage shows a thoughtful and intentional use of symbolism.
4) Presentation (25 points)
⚫ The team presents the collage in a clear and organized manner.
⚫ The team explains the symbolism and meaning behind the collage.
⚫ The team effectively communicates the values and moral systems represented in
the collage.

Lesson 2: A Feast of Blooming: The Panagbenga Festival

I. Introduction
Baguio’s forthwith rise from the rubbles of the 1990 earthquake depicts the resilient
spirit of its inhabitants. This triumphant feat transforms into a festivity of prospering
characterized by the blooming of flowers. The Baguio Flower Festival as it was popularly
known at the onset of its inception, later evolved into the Panagbenga Festival. From this
progression was the unfolding of the richness of values and traditions of its people as it
showcases the strong sense of community, creativity, a conviction for the environment,
friendship, brotherhood, and cooperation, among others. This annual celebration,
therefore, serves as a platform for cultural awareness geared toward the appreciation of
the in-group-out-group dichotomy, and where cultural relativism is fostered.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. discover the significance of Baguio City’s Panagbenga Flower Festival;
2. identify the values enhanced by the Panagbenga in terms of local, national, global
perspective;
3. underscore the significant role of Baguio City in promoting unity and peace in an
environment of diverse culture and ethnicity; and
4. mark out how Baguio City promotes friendship, brotherhood and internationalism
as a cosmopolitan city.
Mode of delivery
This lesson will be delivered through interactive Lecture/Discussion
III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities
On Panagbenga Flower Festival
The Panagbenga Festival, which celebrates the blooming of flowers in the region,
has become a significant cultural practice in Baguio City and the Cordillera region of the
Philippines. The festival has its roots in the Cordillera region's rich cultural heritage, which
includes a deep reverence for nature and a tradition of celebrating the harvest and the
changing seasons.
The festival was first held in 1995 as a way to boost tourism in the city after the
devastating earthquake that hit the region in 1990. The festival's name, "Panagbenga," is
derived from the Kankanaey term that means "a season of blooming."
The festival has become an important cultural practice for the people of Baguio City
and the Cordillera region, as it provides an opportunity to showcase their rich cultural
heritage and traditions. The festival's highlight, the Grand Float Parade, features large
floats decorated with flowers and other natural materials that depict the different cultures
and traditions of the Cordillera region. The parade also includes street dancers dressed in
colorful costumes that showcase the unique cultural practices of the Cordillera people.
Aside from providing an opportunity to showcase the region's culture and traditions,
the festival has also become a way to preserve and promote the local economy. The festival
provides opportunities for local businesses and entrepreneurs to showcase their products
and services, which helps to generate income for the local community.
In recent years, the festival has also become a platform for promoting environmental
awareness and sustainability. The festival organizers have implemented various measures
to ensure that the festival is carried out in an environmentally responsible and sustainable
manner, such as using biodegradable materials for the floats and decorations.
Overall, the Panagbenga Festival has become an integral part of the cultural practice
of the people of Baguio City and the Cordillera region, as it celebrates the region's rich
cultural heritage and promotes the local economy while also promoting environmental
awareness and sustainability.

On Internationalism, World Brotherhood, Peace and Unity in Diversity

Baguio City, as a melting pot of different cultures and nationalities, has long been
known for its internationalism, world brotherhood, peace, and unity in diversity. Here's a
brief discussion on each of these aspects:
▪ Internationalism: Baguio City has a long history of attracting international visitors,
students, and residents. It is home to several international schools, universities,
and language centers, which draw students from different parts of the world. The
city is also a popular destination for tourists, particularly those from neighboring
Asian countries. The presence of international communities in Baguio has created
a vibrant and diverse social scene, with various cultural events, festivals, and
activities taking place throughout the year.
▪ World Brotherhood: The City has been recognized as a center for world
brotherhood, with its many international schools and organizations promoting
cross-cultural understanding and cooperation. The city has played host to several
international conferences and symposia, which have brought together scholars,
experts, and professionals from different parts of the world to exchange ideas and
knowledge. These events have fostered a sense of brotherhood and camaraderie
among participants, helping to break down barriers and promote mutual
understanding.
▪ Peace: The City is known for its peaceful and tranquil atmosphere, which is partly
due to its cool climate and natural surroundings. The city has also been recognized
for its efforts to promote peace, with various peace-building initiatives taking place
 throughout the years. For instance, the Baguio City government has organized
peace rallies, peace forums, and other activities aimed at promoting peace and non-
violence. The city's residents are also known for their friendly and welcoming nature,
which contributes to the overall peace and harmony of the community.
▪ Unity in Diversity: The City is a multicultural and multi-ethnic city, with a diverse
population that includes different indigenous groups, migrants, and expatriates.
This diversity has led to a rich and vibrant cultural scene, with various festivals,
events, and activities celebrating the different cultural traditions of the city's
residents. Despite their differences, the people of Baguio City have learned to live
together in harmony, respecting each other's cultures and traditions. This unity in
diversity is reflected in the city's motto, "The City of Pines, In the Land of Cordillera,
United in Diversity."

Activities
Activity 1: Panagbenga Cultural Showcase
Objective: To learn about the cultural heritage of the Panagbenga festival and share it with
others through a cultural showcase.
Instructions:
1) Begin by introducing the Panagbenga festival to the group. Explain that it is a
cultural festival celebrated in Baguio City, Philippines, and is known as the "Festival
of Flowers." The word "Panagbenga" means "season of blooming" in the Kankanaey
language of the Cordillera region.
2) Divide the group into smaller teams of 3-4 people, depending on the size of the
group.
3) Instruct each team to research a specific aspect of the Panagbenga festival, such as
the history, traditions, music, dance, or costumes. They can use the research
materials provided or any other materials they may want to bring in themselves.
4) Once the teams have completed their research, have them create a presentation or
showcase that highlights their findings. They can use art materials, props, and
costumes to bring their findings to life.
5) After all of the teams have completed their showcases, have a group discussion
about what the group learned about the Panagbenga festival and its cultural
heritage.
6) Optional: If time allows, hold a mini-cultural showcase where each team presents
their findings to the rest of the group. This will give everyone a chance to see and
appreciate the effort that went into creating their showcases.

UNIT III. POLITICAL FEATURE

Overview
This unit is a summative description of the social and historical events that shaped
the political landscape of the city of Baguio. Anent, its focus is on the interface of political
leaders and its inhabitants as it developed as a seat of power both in local and national
governance since the onset of American colonial rule. It also endeavors to showcase the
distinct indigenous political culture of its inhabitants in the exercise of their socio-cultural
and political rights. Also, it emphasizes the plausible role of civic organizations in the
political development of the city as it transforms into a significant multi-functional center
of the north.
Pre- Assessment:
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answers on the blank
space provided before each number (10 points).
______1) It is a political consciousness among the people of Baguio that connotes an
integration of oneself into a certain collective identity.
a) “Cordilleran ak” consciousness
b) “Taga-Baguio ak” consciousness
c) I love Baguio consciousness
d) ‘Igorotak” consciousness
______2) They are the group of people who are known to be men of probity and intellect,
dictating the phase of the political community in the city.
a) Local Politicians c) Elite families
b) Civil society d) Council of Elders
______3) The domination of one clan or family in the politics of one area is also known as
______.
a) Political power c) Political dynasty
b) Cultural identity d) Collective politics
______4) It refers to lands belonging to an indigenous cultural people or community.
a) Cultural lands c) Ancestral domain
b) Ancestral land d) Private land
______5) He is an Ibaloy chieftain who belonged to the baknang (rich) who owned a vast
track of land in Kafagway.
a) Menzie Cariño c) Pedro Molintas
b) Mateo Cariño d) Mauricio Domogan
______6) They are the original ethnic group that resided in Baguio City
a) Kankana-ey b) Tingguian c) Ibaloy d) Ofontok
______7) It is a term used to describe a person or a family that owned a vast track of land
in Kafagway.
a) Baknang b) Kadangyan c) Lalakay d) Bagiw
______8) They are group of people that first lobby in the government for the inclusion of
Cordillera as autonomous region in the 1987 Constitution.
a) Cordillera Peoples Alliance
b) Cordillera People's Liberation Army
c) National Democratic Front
d) Communist Party of the Philippines
______9) It is a foundation that works with women in the Cordillera that developed a
number of projects including anti-violence against women campaign program.
a) Tebtebbas
b) BIBMAAK
c) Cordillera Women's NGO
d) Cordillera Peoples Alliance
______10) It is a term that deals with problems or situations that focuses on political
practical approaches and solutions.
a) Political pragmatism
b) Political consciousness
c) Identity Politics
d) Political culture
Lesson 1: Political Feature
I. Introduction
The city of Baguio just like the adjacent province of Benguet is known for its peaceful
conduct of local elections as an offshoot of a long-cherished political tradition. A glimpse
of its political past is indeed worth revisiting as we venture into its evolution as a vibrant
city. Such a distinct political culture must be built on ethnic traditions wherein the sage
elders wielded legislative, executive and judicial powers. The institutionalization of
patriarchal rule through the council of elders, who are presumably men of probity and
intellect, dictated the phase of the political community.

II. Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1) to determine the distinct political culture among the inhabitants of Baguio City;
2) to explore the issues of land struggles and indigenous rights through the lens of the
Mateo Cariño case; and
3) to discuss the impact of civic groups on the development of Baguio City and
to identify ways in which individuals can get involved in civic engagement
activities in the city.

Mode of delivery
This lesson will be delivered through Interactive lecture, Case Study, Group
Discussion and field trips or virtual tours to relevant locations in Baguio City.

III. Reading Resources and Instructional Activities

Distinct Political Culture in Baguio City
Baguio City's unique political culture is closely tied to its cultural identity, heavily
influenced by "Igorotak" consciousness. This term, meaning "I am an Igorot," serves as a
rallying cry in local elections, symbolizing unity and pride rooted in Igorot heritage. This
cultural identity significantly shapes the city's politics.
Unlike other regions dominated by powerful political families, Baguio stands out. It
lacks a history of such dominance, with leadership chosen based on performance and
merit, prioritizing public service. The city's residents value good governance and hold
leaders accountable, withdrawing loyalty if expectations aren't met. Political pragmatism
and wise voting supersede party affiliations.
Overall, Baguio's political landscape is marked by good governance, accountability,
and merit-based leadership, emphasizing the public interest and ensuring citizens have a
voice in politics.

Land struggle among the Ibaloys: Landmark case of Cariño vs. Insular Government
The Mateo Cariño case is a pivotal moment in Philippine history, addressing land
rights and the recognition of indigenous ancestral domains. It highlights the ongoing
struggles of indigenous communities, like the Ibaloy in Baguio City and elsewhere, facing
threats from development, mining, and land encroachments by outsiders. This case's
legacy is a vital legal basis for indigenous peoples' ongoing battle for land rights and self-
determination, emphasizing the need to protect the ancestral domains and cultural
heritage of Philippine indigenous communities.
Mateo Carino, an Ibaloy chieftain who belonged to the baknang (wealthy) class,
owned a vast amount of land in Kafagway, the original name of Baguio. He was a respected
leader and warrior who had successfully led a revolt against the Spaniards in La Trinidad.
However, Carino's conversion to Christianity during the Spanish period played a significant
role in the granting of land titles to his holdings.
 In 1901, Carino became a representative of Baguio in the US Insular government.
However, in a historical twist, he was later accused of aiding and providing refuge to
President Aguinaldo as he fled to Hong Kong. This allegation led to the confiscation of
Carino's lands by the Americans, which marked the beginning of a legal battle over the
rights of indigenous peoples to their ancestral lands and domains.
On the 23d of February, 1904, filed his petition in the Court of Land Registration
praying that there be granted to him title to a parcel of land consisting of 40 hectares, 1
are, and 13 centares, and situated in the town of Baguio, Province of Benguet, together
with a house erected thereon and constructed of wood and roofed with rimo.
At the heart of the Mateo Cariño case is the question of who owns the land. The case
arose from a dispute over a piece of land in what is now known as Baguio City, which was
then part of the Philippine Islands under American colonial rule. Mateo Cariño, a member
of the Ibaloy tribe, claimed ownership of the land, while the Philippine Commission, the
legislative body of the Insular Government, asserted that the land was public land and
therefore owned by the government.
The Insular Government opposed the granting of these petitions, alleging that the
whole parcel of land is public property of the Government and that the same was never
acquired in any manner or through any title of egresion from the State.
In 1907, Carino challenged the US Colonial Government's decision to seize his
pasture lands for use as a military base. He filed a petition in the Court of Land Registration
requesting title to the land, which consisted of 40 hectares, 1 are, and 13 centares, and
included a wooden house with a rimo roof. However, the Insular Government opposed his
petition, claiming that the entire parcel of land was public property and had never been
acquired in any way or through any title of egresion from the state.
After trial, and the hearing of documentary and oral proof, the court of Land
Registration rendered its judgment in these terms:
Therefore the court finds that Cariño and his predecessors have not
possessed exclusively and adversely any part of the said property prior
to the date on which Cariño constructed the house now there — that is
to say, for the years 1897 and 1898, and Cariño held possession for
some years afterwards of but a part of the property to which he claims
title. Both petitions are dismissed and the property in question is
adjudged to be public land. (Bill of exceptions, p. 15.)
By reason of the findings set forth it is clearly seen that the court below did not err:
1) In finding that Mateo Cariño and those from whom he claims his right had not
possessed and claimed as owners the lands in question since time
immemorial;
2) In finding that the land in question did not belong to the petitioner,
but that, on the contrary, it was the property of the Government.

However, Mateo Carino did not live long to witness the reversal of the aforesaid
decision in 1909. In its historic decision, the US Supreme laid the following:
▪ The writ of error is the usual way to bring cases to this Court, while appeals
are mainly used for equity cases and for cases where the Supreme Court of
the Philippine Islands affirms a dismissal of a land registration application by
the Court of Land Registration.
▪ Although a province may be excepted from the operation of Act No. 926 of
1903 of the Philippine Commission which provides for the registration and
perfecting of new titles, one who actually owns property in such province is
entitled to registration under Act No. 496 of 1902, which applies to the whole
archipelago.
 ▪ While, in legal theory, sovereignty is absolute against foreign nations.
However, in practice, it depends on strength and varies. A new sovereign must
decide how much to uphold theoretical ties to the previous sovereign versus
acknowledging real circumstances.
▪ The Philippines' acquisition didn't aim to take the residents' occupied lands.
As per the July 1, 1902 Organic Act (c. 1369, 32 Stat. 691), property rights
were to benefit inhabitants. Longtime landowners couldn't lose their land due
to non-compliance with Philippine Commission or Spanish law ceremonies.
▪ The Organic Act of the Philippines made a bill of rights embodying safeguards
of the Constitution, and, like the Constitution, extends those safeguards to
all.
▪ Every presumption of ownership is in favor of one actually occupying land for
many years, and against the government which seeks to deprive him of it, for
failure to comply with provisions of a subsequently enacted registration act.
▪ Title by prescription against the crown existed under Spanish law in force in
the Philippine Islands prior to their acquisition by the United States, and one
occupying land in the Province of Benguet for more than fifty years before the
Treaty of Paris is entitled to the continued possession thereof.
The ruling acknowledged indigenous rights to ancestral lands, setting a legal
precedent for recognizing Philippine customary law rooted in local culture. It emphasized
customary law's importance in legal matters and indigenous self-determination. Despite
benefiting the Ibaloys, the ruling remained unimplemented. Camp John Hay retained land
ownership through Native Title, with no restitution or compensation.

The role of the different civic groups in the development of the city
In Baguio City, civil society works to bring about policy and cultural changes for the
city's development. Civic groups are crucial for citizen engagement, acting as
intermediaries between the government and the people. They foster the exchange of ideas,
molding inclusive policies and programs. These groups are pivotal in driving sustainable
development, tourism, and citizen participation. They push for responsible urban
planning, environmental preservation, and fair growth. Moreover, they enhance tourism
by offering quality services, showcasing cultural and natural attractions, and empowering
citizens to voice concerns. In essence, civic groups ensure Baguio City remains an
inclusive, vibrant, and beneficial community for all.
Here are some examples of the different civic groups and their contributions:
1) Baguio Flower Festival Foundation, Inc. (BFFFI) - The BFFFI is responsible for
organizing the annual Panagbenga Festival or the Baguio Flower Festival. The
festival attracts tourists and generates revenue for the city's economy.
2) Save 182 Movement - The Save 182 Movement is a group of concerned citizens
who advocate for the preservation of the remaining pine trees in Baguio City.
They raise awareness about the importance of trees in maintaining the city's
ecological balance and campaign against the cutting of trees for development
purposes.
3) Baguio Heritage Foundation - The Baguio Heritage Foundation is a group that
promotes the preservation of Baguio's cultural and historical heritage. They
organize events and activities that showcase the city's unique culture and
history and work to protect historical landmarks and structures.
4) The Tebteba Foundation is a non-government organization based in Baguio City that
focuses on indigenous peoples' rights, sustainable development, and cultural
preservation. They work to support and empower Indigenous communities in the
 Philippines through research, advocacy, and capacity-building initiatives such as
the Indigenous Peoples' Learning and Advocacy Program (IPLAN).
5) The BIMAAK Association in Baguio City is a non-governmental organization
representing indigenous peoples from Benguet, Ifugao, Mountain Province, Apayao,
and Kalinga in the Cordillera region. Their mission includes preserving indigenous
cultures, addressing community issues like land rights and environmental
protection, and offering services like scholarships, medical missions, and cultural
events. Based in Baguio City, they celebrate and promote the Cordillera people's
rich heritage.
6) The Hotel and Restaurant Association of Baguio (HRAB) is an organization that
represents and promotes the interests of hotels and restaurants in Baguio City,
Philippines. It works to advance the industry, collaborate with stakeholders, and
provide support to its members to enhance the quality of services and promote
tourism in the area.
7) Cordillera Green Network (CGN): An environmental organization dedicated to
safeguarding the Cordillera's natural and cultural heritage. They partner with local
communities, including Baguio, to promote eco-friendly tourism, engage in tree-
planting, and run educational campaigns to instill environmental responsibility in
residents and tourists alike.
8) Indigenous Peoples' Organizations (IPOs) in the Cordillera region play a vital role in
preserving their cultural heritage in Baguio. They host festivals, rituals, and
educational programs, showcasing traditions, music, dances, attire, and promoting
indigenous knowledge systems to instill cultural pride and identity in younger
generations.
These are just a few examples of the many civic groups that play a role in the
development of Baguio City. Through their efforts and initiatives, they contribute to
the city's progress and help ensure that it remains a vibrant and sustainable
community.

Activities
Activity 1: Land Struggles and Indigenous Rights. (30 points)
The case of Mateo Cariño vs. The Insular Government, G.R. No. 2869.
Instructions:
1) Divide the class into small groups of 3-4 students.
2) Assign each group to study the Mateo Cariño case and create brief presentations
covering:
• Case background: parties involved and legal issues.
• Opposing parties' main arguments.
• Lower court vs. Supreme Court decisions.
• Wider implications for indigenous rights and land struggles, both in the
Philippines and globally.
3) Each group should prepare a 10-15 minute presentation, including visuals if
possible. They should also be prepared to answer questions from the rest of the
class.
4) After group presentations, lead a discussion on:
• Key issues in the Mateo Cariño case.
• Its relevance to wider land and indigenous rights concerns.
• Implications for recognizing customary law and indigenous rights.
• Ways for individuals and society to back indigenous land rights and self -
determination.
5) Ask each student to write a short reflection paper on what they learned from the
activity and how it relates to their own lives and communities.
6) Assess student reports and presentations using these criteria:
• Research accuracy and completeness (10 points).
• Written essay clarity and coherence (10 points).
• Timeline relevance and effectiveness (10 points).
• Class engagement and Q&A ability (10 points).

Activity 2: The Impact of Civic Groups on Baguio City's Development (30 points)
Instructions:
1) Provide students with a list of civic groups in Baguio City and ask them to choose
one group to research.
2) Instruct students to research the chosen civic group and its activities in Baguio
City. They should look for information on the group's goals, achievements, and
impact on the community.
3) Ask students to write a report on their chosen civic group that includes the
following information:
⚫ The name of the civic group and its mission statement.
⚫ The issues that the group is focused on and why these issues are important
to the development of Baguio City.
⚫ The group's activities and projects in Baguio City, including any policies
or programs that they have influenced.
⚫ The impact that the group has had on the community, including any
positive changes that have resulted from their work.
⚫ Examples of how individuals can get involved with the group or support
their activities in Baguio City.
4) Instruct students to work in small groups and present their reports and
presentations to each other. Then present their report to the class in a creative
format, such as a PowerPoint presentation, a poster, or a video.
5) Evaluate students' reports and presentations based on the following criteria:
• Research accuracy and completeness (10 points).
• Written essay clarity and coherence (10 points).
• Timeline relevance and effectiveness (10 points).
• Class engagement and Q&A ability (10 points).
6) Provide feedback to students on their reports and presentations, and encourage
them to continue exploring the role of civic groups in shaping the development
of their community.

CHAPTER SUMMARY

The chapter delved in the historical and cultural features of Kafagway from the
onset of pre-colonial period to the present as it transformed into a significant cultural
repertoire of Cordillera heritage. Its conversion as a city resulted in the formation of a
multicultural hub as migrants continued to flock the place. The once settlement of the
Ibaloys and Kankanaeys changed a lot due to the rapid development brought about by
American intervention which dictated the socio-cultural and political landscape of the city.
This time, its territorial boundaries are defined within its metes and bounds and areas
classified into public domain from the rest of private land ownership.
In the years to follow, Baguio City, once a seat of political power during the American
period turned into an educational center north of Manila. Anent, the lure of economic
opportunities inevitably led to the conversion of the city as center of trade in the Cordillera
region. Besides, its vibrant setting resulted to the existence of different religious groups
who do not only practice their rites and beliefs, but also plays an important role in the
community. Significantly, it is regarded as a historical city due to its historic landmarks,
sites, parks, art galleries, museums among others. Recently, UNESCO gave an entitlement,
as a Creative City due to the concerted efforts among the locals in preserving the richness
Cordillera cultures.
Meanwhile, as a former American seat of power, Baguio continues to develop its
political institution through aggressive efforts to promote good governance among its
inhabitants. Significantly, the landmark case of Carino vs. Insular Government remains a
monumental reminiscence of the right to ancestral claims afforded to every member of the
indigenous community. A glimpse of this experience serves as an inspiration among the
local folks as they continue to involve themselves in civic engagement geared towards the
development of the city. Finally, the famous Panagbenga festival encapsulates the richness
of values and the resilient character of its inhabitants.

CHAPTER SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT

Instruction. Read the questions carefully. Choose the letter of the word that matches the
descriptions that follow. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. When was Baguio City founded?
a) 1900 b) 1909
c) 1919 d) 1929
2. Which American governor-general selected Baguio as the summer capital of the
Philippines?a
a) William Howard Taft b) Theodore Roosevelt
c) Woodrow Wilson d) William Mckinley
3. What is the name of the famous park in Baguio City that was designed by American
architect and urban planner?
a) Burnham Park b) Wright Park
c) Camp John Hay d) Mines View Park
4. Which indigenous group is the original inhabitants of Baguio City?
a) Ibaloy b) Kankanaey
c) Ifugao d) Bontoc
5. Which historical event took place in Baguio City during World War II?
a) The Battle of Baguio b) The Siege of Baguio
c) The Fall of Baguio d) The Liberation of Baguio
6. Which famous Filipino artist is known for his Baguio landscapes and Cordillera-
inspired artworks?
a) Fernando Amorsolo b) Carlos "Botong" Francisco
c) BenCab d) Vicente Manansala
7. What is the name of the famous market in Baguio City that sells a variety of fresh
produce and handicrafts?
a) Maharlika Market b) Session Road Market
c) Ukay-ukay Market d) Baguio City Market
8. What is the name of the famous hotel in Baguio City that was built in the early 1900s
and has hosted many notable guests, including several Philippine presidents?
a) The Manor b) The Baguio Country Club
c) The Camp John Hay Manor d) The Hotel Veniz
9. What is the name of the famous tourist spot in Baguio City that offers a panoramic
view of the surrounding mountains and valleys?
a) The Mines View Park b) The Tam-Awan Village
c) The Good Shepherd Convent d) The Bell Church
10. Which famous American author lived in Baguio City in the 1930s and wrote a book
about his experiences there?
a) Ernest Hemingway b) F. Scott Fitzgerald
c) John Steinbeck d) James Michener
11. What is the primary industry in Baguio?
a) Agriculture b) Tourism
c) Mining d) Fishing
12. Baguio City is also known as:
a) Summer Capital of the Philippines b) City of Pines
c) Garden City of the North d) Sky Garden
13. Which of the following is NOT a popular academic program in Baguio?
a) Hotel and Restaurant Management b) Engineering
c) Nursing d) Marine Biology
14. An institutional partner of the government fostering skill and crafts.
a) Commission on Higher Education
b) Department of Education
c) Technical Education and Skills Development Authority
d) Department of Science and Technology
15. What is the name of the American architect who designed many of Baguio's iconic
buildings?
a) Daniel Burnham b) Frank Lloyd Wright
c) Le Corbusier d) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
16. What is the name of the famous street in Baguio City that is lined with pine trees and
leads to the Baguio Country Club?
a) Leonard Wood Road b) Magsaysay Avenue
c) South Drive d) Loakan Road
17. What is the significance of Camp John Hay to Baguio's history?
a) It was the summer capital of the Philippines during the American colonial
period.
b) It served as the headquarters of the Japanese Imperial Army during World War
II.
c) It was where the Philippine Constabulary was established in 1901.
d) It was the site of the first public school in Baguio.
18. Who was the first Filipino governor of the old Mountain Province, which included
Baguio at the time?
a) Felipe Agoncillo b) Eulogio Rodriguez Sr.
c) Mateo Cariño d) Benigno Aquino Sr.
19. What is the name of the famous road in Baguio City that offers a scenic view of the
mountains?
a) Kennon Road b) Marcos Highway
c) Naguilian Road d) Aspiras-Palispis Highway
20. What is the significance of Session Road in Baguio's history?
a) It was the site of the first public market in Baguio.
b) It was where the first public transportation system in Baguio was established.
c) It was the venue of the first Philippine Commission session in Baguio.
d) It was named after the American governor who first visited Baguio.
21. What is the name of the indigenous group that originally inhabited the Baguio area
before the arrival of the Spaniards?
a) Ibaloy b) Kankanaey
c) Ifugao d) Tingguian
22. It is a famous park that features a man-made lake and a statue of the national hero.
a) Burnham Park b) Wright Park
c) Mines View Park d) Camp John Hay Eco Trail
23. it is the famous hotel in Baguio City that was built during the American colonial
period and has hosted numerous historical figures?
a) The Manor b) The Baguio Country Club
c) The Burnham Suites d) The Hotel Supreme
24. What is the name of the avenue in Baguio City where the official residence of the
Philippine President is located?
a) Leonard Wood Road b) Magsaysay Avenue
c) South Drive d) Loakan Road
25. What is the name of the famous street in Baguio City that is known for its nightlife
and food scene?
a) Session Road b) Leonard Wood Road
c) Magsaysay Avenue d) Harrison Road
26. The famous market in Baguio City where you can buy fresh fruits, vegetables, and
souvenirs?
a) Public Market b) Maharlika Market
c) Tam-Awan Market d) Baguio Market
27. The history of Baguio is inseparable with the history of this place.
a) Benguet b) La Union
c) Ilocos d) Cagayan
28. What is the name of the famous tourist spot in Baguio City that features a giant
statue of Jesus Christ?
a) Wright Park b)Mines View Park
c) Good Shepherd Convent d) Our Lady of Lourdes Grotto
29. The famous mansion in Baguio City that was once served as the official summer
residence of the Philippine President?
a) Mansion House b) Malacañang of the North
c) Baguio Country Club d) Camp John Hay
30. A museum in Baguio City that showcases the art and culture of the Cordillera
region?
a) Tam-Awan Village b) BenCab Museum
c) Baguio Museum d) Museo Kordilyera
31. Panagbenga Festival is best described as:
a) The biggest festival in the country b) A fusion of culture and blooms
c) Blooming through the years d) The splendid use of floats
32. The Panagbenga festival also reflects the following except:
a) Local history of Baguio
b) Traditions of its inhabitants
c) Financial capacity of the city to celebrate a festivity
d) Values of the local folks
33. The Panagbenga festival is also known to many as:
a) Summer Capital Feast b) Highland Resort Flower Festival
c) City of Pines Fiesta d) Baguio’s Flower Festival
34. Who is the Father of Panagbenga?
a) Mauricio Domogan b) Damaso Bangaoet, Jr.
c) Benjamin Magalong d) Mark Go
35. Which among the following is true about festivals, such as the Panagbenga fair?
a) foster community pride
b) strengthen friendships
c) promote stronger relationships among the people
d) All of the above
36. It is a boiled meat, rice, bowls of soup and chili peppers.
a) Debon b) digao
c) Gwatgwat d) ofo
37. A god, creator, and main source of blessings adored by the early Ibaloys.
a) Kabunian
B. Lumawig
c) Mambunong
d) OMLA (Oldest male living ancestor)
38. It is an institution that is responsible for organizing the annual Panagbenga Festival
or the Baguio Flower Festival.
a) Baguio Flower Festival Foundation, Inc.
b) Baguio-Benguet Chamber of Commerce and Industry
 c) Baguio Heritage Foundation
d) Baguio We Want
39. It is a term that deals with problems or situations that focus on political practical
approaches and solutions.
a) Political pragmatism b) Political consciousness
c) Identity Politics d) Political culture
40. Baguio City is home to several major religions, EXCEPT:
a) Pantheism b) Islam
c) Buddhism d) Hinduism

GLOSSARY OF NATIVE TERMS

Bag-iw - a Kankanaey term for "fog" or "mist." Baguio City is known for its cool climate
and frequent foggy weather.
Baknang- a Kankanaey term for wealthy person or class.
Igorotak- This means "I am an Igorot," connotes an integration of oneself to a certain
collective identity that has been used as a battle cry in every local election in the
city.
Inayan - it is a principle that breeds all values like respect, love and peace; and it is a
principle of not doing bad acts towards others.
Golot - which means "mountain," Igolot means "people from the mountains", a reference
to any of various ethnic groups in the mountains of northern Luzon
Kabunyan - He is described as someone who looked over the world; has the power to do
good and to punish the bad people; oversees the god and goddesses and has
influence over them.
Kafagway - this is the original name of Baguio City, which means "mossy place" in
Kankanaey, one of the indigenous languages of the Cordillera region.
Panagbenga - a Kankanaey term which means "season of blooming." It is also the name
of Baguio City's famous flower festival held every February.
Pasalubong - a Filipino term that refers to gifts or souvenirs that are brought back by
someone who has been away from home.
Tam-awan - a Kankanaey term for "vantage point" or "view deck," which is also the name
of a cultural village in Baguio City that showcases the traditional houses and way
of life of the Cordillera people.
Ukay-ukay - a term for second-hand clothing shops or flea markets in Baguio City.
Taho - a popular Filipino snack made of soft tofu, arnibal (syrup made with brown sugar),
and sago (tapioca pearls), which is sold by street vendors in Baguio City.

ANSWER KEYS:
Unit 1
Pre- Activity 1 Activity 2
assessment Q1. Keypoints Q2. Keypoints
1. c 1. False ➢ American’s belief that Disadvantage/s
2. a & b 2. False humid tropics were ➢ Caused
3. d 3. True generally unsuited for displacement
4. a 4. True the white settlers. dispossession
5. b 5. True ➢ Westerners allegedly of their
6. a 6. True deteriorated both landholdings
7. b 7. True physically and mentally ➢ Lose of
8. c 8. False in tropical habitats. political grip of
9. d 9. True ➢ Factors that contributed rulership
10. a 10. True to the creation of a ➢ Others
highland resort in
Kafagway. Advantages
- Cooler climate, ➢ Land Zoning
diversity of was
 ecosystems in the introduced
highlands, (e.g. national
agricultural parks, military
potential in the reservations,
area, beauty of watershed and
the mountains, green patches,
nature of the etc.)
embryonic ➢ Creation of
sanitarium in La employment
Trinidad. opportunities
➢ Flourishing of
trade
➢ Educational
opportunities
for them

Unit 2 Unit 3 Summative Assessment

1. a 1. d 1. a 11. b 21. a 31. c
2. a 2. d 2. b 12. a 22. a 32. c
3. c 3. c 3. a 13. d 23. b 33. c
4. a 4. c 4. a 14. c 24. a 34. b
5. d 5. b 5. d 15. a 25. a 35. d
6. a 6. c 6. d 16. a 26. d 36. b
7. b 7. b 7. d 17. a 27. a 37. a
8. b 8. b 8. b 18. c 28. d 38. a
9. c 9. c 9. a 19. a 29. a 39. a
10. d 10. b 10. c 20. c 30. d 40. a

REFERENCES
A. Books
Fong, J.B. (2017). Chiva: A Reader on Ibaloy, History and Culture. UP Baguio: Cordillera
Studies Center. Chapter 8, pp.139-158
Prill-Brett, June. 2015.Tradition and Transformation.Studies on Cordillera
Indigenous Culture. Cordillera Studies Center, University of the Philippines
Baguio.
Yeoh, Seng-Guan, 2011. “Beyond the Commerce of Man: Street Vending ,Sidewalks, and
Public Space in a Mountain City in the Philippines.” Urban Anthropology and Studies
of Cultural Systems and World Economic Development 40 (3-4): 285-318.

B. Online Sources
Bagamaspad, Anavic, and Zenaida Hamada- Pawid.1985. A People’sHistory of
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heritage/
Baguio Creative Hub (2023). Baguio Craft. Retrieved from:
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ethnic-pride-in-poll-fate
Carling, J. (2001). The Cordillera Experience. Asia Society. Retrieved from:
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Chiedozie, A. The History of Baguio Festival.
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Dar, C. (2022). Baguio – Benguet OTOP Hub opens at Porta Vaga Mall. Retrieved from:
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vaga-mall
Dilg.gov. (2021). DILG SEES BAGUIO CITY’S SMART CITY COMMAND CENTER AS LEADING
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