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Government’s Gift for Students’ Progress
BIOL OGY
BIOLOGY
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CLASS VIII
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Published by The Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

Respect the Law Grow by Education
Get the Rights Behave Humbly
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS i

© Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.
First Published 2013
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New Impressions 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022,2023
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All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
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in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by
any means without the prior permission in writing of the
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publisher, nor be otherwise circulated in any form of
binding or cover other than that in which it is published
and without a similar condition including this condition
being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
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The copy right holder of this book is the Director
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of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.

We have used some photographs which are under
creative common licence. They are acknowledge at
the end of the book.
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This Book has been printed on 90 G.S.M. Maplitho,

Title Page 250 G.S.M. White Art Card
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Government’s Gift for Students’ Progress 2023-24
Printed in India
at the Telangana Govt. Text Book Press,
Mint Compound, Hyderabad,
Telangana.
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS ii

Foreword
The nature is life source for all living organisms.Though it usually appears simple and
normal, the intricacies of the very nature often challenges us to untie the tough knots of its
hidden secrets, day in and day out. That is why, Galileo Galilei, the Italian astronomer,emphasized
that scientific learning is nothing but improving the ability of questioning. The classroom teaching
of science must be in such a way that it encourages children to think and work scientifically.
This textbook designed to help students achieve Science Education objectives such as
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scientific perspective, scientific attitude, the ability to develop scientific process skills, the using
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principles, theories, rules and functional relatinships. Based on the recommendations of National
Curriculum Framework - 2005, Right to Education Act - 2009, and Curriculum Framework
Document - 2011, the curriculum provides students with experiential learning to enhance their
learning.
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Textbooks are designed to achieve the desired learning outcomes. Teachers should
devise suitable teaching strategies to enchance the expected learning outcomes in children by
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the end of the class. A move away from rote learning approaches is necessary for the effective
implementation of continuous comprehensive assessment. Teachers need to be aware of the
methods needed to evaluate children’s progress through formative and summative methods. It
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is very useful for teachers and students that textbooks not provide content but also reflect
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teaching methods and assessment methods.

With an intention to help the student’s to improve their understanding skills in both the
languages i.e. English and Telugu, the Government of Telangana has redesigned this book as
bilingual textbook in two parts. Part - I comprises 1 to 6 lessons and Part -II comprises 7 to 11
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lessons.
We thank the Vidya Bhawan Society, Rajasthan, Dr. Desh Panday Rtd Prof. College
of Engineering Osmania University and Sri D.R. Varaprasad former Lecturer ELTC Hyderabad
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for their cooperation in developing these new text books. Our special thanks to Faculty of
School of Education Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Hyderabad and Sri Ramesh
Khade, Communication Officer, CETE, TISS-Mumbai and Designers identified by SCERT for
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their technical support in redesigning of the textbooks. The writers for preparing the lessons,
the editors for checking the textual matters and the DTP group for cutely composing the text
book.
Place : Hyderabad Director,

Date : 07 December 2022 SCERT, Hyderabad
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS iii

NATIONAL ANTHEM
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka, jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Punjab-Sindh-Gujarat-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
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Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
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Uchchhala-jaladhi-taranga.
Tava shubha name jage,
Tava shubha asisa mage,
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Gahe tava jaya gatha,
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
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Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he! jaya he! jaya he!
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Jaya jaya jaya, jaya he!!
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- Rabindranath Tagore
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PLEDGE
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“India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

I love my country, and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
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I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,

and treat everyone with courtesy.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone, lies my happiness.”
- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS iv

INDEX
Name of the lesson Periods Month Page No.
1 What is Science? 10 June 1
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2 Cell - The Basic Unit of Life 10 June 16
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3 The World of Microorganisms Part 1&2 10 July 29
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4 Reproduction in Animals
AN 10 July/August 53
5 The Age of Adolescence 15 August 68

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6 Biodiversity - Conservation 15 September 81
7 Different Ecosystems 10 October 101

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8 Production of Food from Plants 10 November 112
9 Production of Food from Animals 12 December

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139
10 Not for Breathing Not for Drinking 12 January 156
11 Why do we fall ill? 12 February 175
Revision March
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS v

THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
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Preamble
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WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having
solemnly resolved to constitute India into a
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SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all
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its citizens:
JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

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LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief,
faith and worship;
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EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and

to promote among them all
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FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the

individual and the unity and integrity of the
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Nation;
IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949 do
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HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO

OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.
GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS vi

Chapter
WHAT SCIENCE?
1 IS
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It is amazing to think of the Science is a tool for searching truths
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facilities available today when compared to of nature. Science is the way of exploring
primitive era. Computers, mobile phones, the world.
internet, space shuttles, robotics, hybrid
Questioning is the primary fundamental
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food grains, medicines, etc are all the result
step in scientific thinking. There are many
of ideas which originated in some human AN
phenomenon in nature around us which
brains. They are the people who think
sprout up doubt in our minds. Ofcourse they
differently to observe and understand the
may be problems. Let us observe the
nature in a specific way. Let us understand
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following experiences, you too can add
how they think and what they do.
your observations to enrich the list.
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1.1 What is science? 1. Why do leaves fall down from the tree
Science is the concerted human effort after turning yellow?
to understand or to understand better, the
2. How do ants identify sweets kept in a
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history of the natural world and how the

tin?
natural world works, with observable
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physical evidence as the basis of that 3. Why can't we see stars during day
understanding.It is done through time?
observation of natural phenomena, and/or 4. Pickles do not spoil, but sambar gets
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through experimentation that tries to spoiled soon. Why?

simulate natural processes under 5. Farmers are afraid of unseasonal
controlled conditions. Science is a process rains and uncontrolled pests. How to
of thinking. solve these problems?
Science is an organized study of
6. How are diseases caused and how to
knowledge which is based on
prevent and cure them?
experimentation.
WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 1

Consider some examples. An ecologist Scientists usually do their expement in
observes the behaviour of different labs by wearing impressive white lab coats.
organisms living in different habitats like Their work is usefull in many ways for the
crows on trees, tigers in forests, fish in people.
water and earthworms in the soil and a
The critical commonality is that all
geologist studies the distribution of fossils
these people are making and recording
and minerals in the Earth's crust. Both the
observations of nature, or of simulations
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scientists are making observations in order
of nature, in order to learn more about how
to find out patterns in natural phenomena.
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Observations and research to innovate new nature works in the broadest sense. One of
things done by these people aware the their main goals is to show that old ideas
general public. are wrong and replace them with new ideas
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An Astrophysicist photographs instead to explain about nature in a better
twinking stars, planets and distant galaxies way.
and a climatologist draws data from weather
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The word science comes from the Latin
balloons. Similarly there are other word “scientia”, means knowledge.
scientists making observations.
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Science refers to a system of acquiring
A chemist observes the rate of one
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knowledge.
chemical reaction at different temperatures
This method uses observation and
and a nuclear physicist records the results
experimentation to describe and explain
of angular momentum of a particular
natural phenomena. The term science also
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particle in the circular path. Both the

refers to the organized body of knowledge
scientists are performing experiments to
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people have gained using that method. Less

discover consistent patterns. A biologist
observing the reaction of a particular tissue formally, the word science often describes
to various stimulants is likewise any systematic field of study or the
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experimenting to find patterns of behavior. knowledge gained from it.

When few scientists investigate on the 1.2 Why science?
causes of a disease while others may 1.2.1 The individual perspective
investigate on the prevention of it. So the Why do scientists conduct
findings of a scientist are used as a base experiments? What are they doing? In most
for the other scientists. The examples above of the above cases, they’re collecting
are of observational science. There is also information to test new ideas or to disprove
experimental science.
old ones.
2 WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
Scientists become famous for Another realm of answers lies in a
discovering new things that change how we society’s desires for economic
think about nature, whether the discovery development. Many earth scientists devote
is a new species of dinosaur or a new way their work in finding more efficient or
in which atoms bond. Many scientists find more effective ways to discover or recover
their greatest joy in a previously unknown natural resources like petroleum and ores.
fact (a discovery) that explains some Plant scientists seeking species of high
problem previously not explained, or that yielding fruit plants and crops are
overturns some previously accepted idea.
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ultimately working to increase the
1.2.2 The Societal Perspective agricultural output that nutritionally and
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If the above said ideas, explain economically enriches nations. Chemists
individuals perspective of science and its developing new chemical substances with
relation to the society one might wonder potential technological applications and
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physicists developing new phenomena like
why societies and nations pay those
superconductivity are likewise developing
individuals to experiment in science. Why AN
knowledge that may spur economic
does a society devote some of its resources
development. In a world where nations
to this aspect of developing new knowledge
increasingly view themselves as caught up
about the natural world? or what has
in economic competition, can take support
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motivated these scientists to devote their of such science as an investment to their
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lives to develop new knowledge? economic future.

One realm of answers lies in the desire
1.3 Science - Change
to improve the life of people. Geneticists
trying to understand how certain characters If scientists are constantly trying to
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are passed from generation to generation and make new discoveries or trying to develop
pathologists tracing the pathways by which new concepts and theories, then the body
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diseases are transmitted are clearly seeking of knowledge produced by science should
information to improve the lives of ordinary undergo constant change. Such change
people. Earth scientists developing better
progress towards a better understanding of
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models for the prediction of weather or for

nature. It is achieved by constantly
the prediction of earthquakes, landslides,
questioning whether our current ideas are
and volcanic eruptions etc are likewise
seeking knowledge that can help people to correct or not
avoid the hardships that have plagued The result is that theories come and go,
humanity for centuries. Any society or atleast modified with time, as old ideas
concerned about the welfare of its people, are questioned and new evidence is
will support efforts like these for betterment discovered.
of their lives.
In the words of Karl Popper, “Science Scientists observe the nature and its
is a history of corrected mistakes”, and even laws. They discover the secrets of nature.
Albert Einstein remarked of himself “That
Based on these discoveries and inventions
fellow Einstein . . . every year retracts what
he wrote the year before”. Many scientists different innovations take place. Scientists
have remarked that they would like to return follow a specific way for their innovations.
to life in a few centuries to see what new The way that they follow is called
knowledge and new ideas have been 'scientific method'. Let us find out how they
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developed by then - and to see which of their
follow.
own century’s ideas have been discarded.
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1.4 How scientists work ? Scientific Method
1.4.1 Planning an investigation
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How do scientists answer a question or solve a problem they have identified? They
use organized ways called scientific methods which help them plan and conduct a study.
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They use scientific process skills. Which help them to gather, organize, analyze and present
their information. Scientific method follows these steps. 1) Observe and ask questions, 2)
Form a hypothesis, 3) Plan and experiment, 4) Conduct the experiment, 5) Draw conclusions
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and communicate the results.
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Aravind is using this scientific method

for experimenting to find out an answer to
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his question. You can use these steps, too. Which soil works best for
planting bean seeds ?
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Step - 1 Observe, and ask questions. I need to find out more

• Use your senses to make observation. about the different types
of soil
• Record one question that you would
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like to answer.
• Write down what you already know
about the topic of your question.
• Decide what other information you
need.
• Do research to find more information
about your topic.
Step - 2 Form a Hypothesis.
• Write a possible answer, or hypothesis,
to your question. My hypothesis
is that bean seeds
A hypothesis is a possible answer that
can be tested. sprouted best in
potting soil.
• Write your hypothesis in a complete
sentence.
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Step - 3 Plan an experiment.
• Decide how to conduct a test of your hypothesis by controlling variables.
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Variables are factors that can affect the outcome of the investigation.
• Water, light are fixed variables. Soil is the changing variable.
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• Write down the steps you will follow to do your test.
• List the equipment you need.
I'll put identical
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seeds in three different
kinds of soil s111andy, clay,
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potting soils. Each

flowerpot will get the
same amount of water and
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light. So, I'll be

controlling the variables
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of water and light.

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Step - 4 Conduct the experiment.
I'll measure each plant
• Follow the steps you have written. every 3 days. I'll record the
• Observe and measure carefully. results in a table and then
make a bar graph to show the
• Record everything that happens. height of each plant 21 days
• Organize your data so that you can study after I planted the seeds.
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it carefully.
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Day Sandy soil Clayey soil Garden soil
3 1.8 cm 1.5 cm 1.8 cm

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6 2 cm 1.7 cm 2 cm
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Step-5 Draw conclusions and

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communicate results.
Hmmm...
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• Analyze the data you gathered. My hypothesis is not

correct. The seeds sprouted
• Make charts, tables, graphs to show equally well in potting soil
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your data. and sandy soil. They

• Write a conclusion. Describe the sprouted well in clay soil
evidence you used to determine
but with less growth.
whether your test supported your
hypothesis.
• Decide whether your hypothesis is

correct or not.

1.5 Investigate Further
If your hypothesis is correct…
I'll test this new
You may want to pose another question hypothesis : Bean
about your topic that you can test. seeds sprout best in a combination
If your hypothesis is incorrect… of clay, sandy, and potting soil. I
You may want to form another will plan and conduct a test using
hypothesis and do a test of a different potting soil, sandy soil, and a
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variable. combination of clay, sandy,
Do you think Aravind’s new and potting soil.
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hypothesis is correct? Plan and conduct a
test to find it!
1.6 Using science process skills
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When scientists try to find an answer to a question or do an experiment, they use thinking
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tools called process skills. You use many of the process skills whenever you speak, listen,
read, write and think.
Think about how these students use process skills to help them answer questions, do
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experiments, and investigate about the world around them.
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1.6.1 What Saketh plans to investigate?

Saketh collects seashells on his visit to the beach. He wants to make collection of
shells that are alike in some way. He looked for shells of different size and shape.
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1.6.2 How Saketh uses process skills?

He observes the shells and compare
Process Skills
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their size, shape, and colours. He classify

the shells first into groups based on their Observe – use the senses to learn about
sizes and then into groups based on their objects and events.
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shape. Compare – identify characteristics of

things or events to find out how they are
alike or different.
Classify – group objects or events in
categories based on specific
characteristics.

1.6.3 What Charitha plans to investigate? Process Skills
Measure – Compare the attributes of
an object, such as mass, length, volume to
a unit of measure, such as gram, centimetre,
litre.
• Gather- Gather data by making
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observations that will be useful for
inferences or predictions.
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• Record- Record data by writing down
the observations in the form of table
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or graph in a note-book.
• Display- Display data by making
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tables, charts, or graphs.
Charitha is interested in learning what • Interpret- Interpret data by drawing

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makes the size and shape of a rock change. conclusions about what the data
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She plans an experiment to find out whether shows.

sand rubbing against a rock will cause
1.6.5 What Aravind plans to investigate
pieces of the rock to flake off and change
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the size or shape of the rock. Aravind wants to find out how the light
switch in his bedroom works.
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1.6.4 How Charitha uses process skills?

She collects three rocks, measures
their mass, and put the rocks in a jar with
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sand and water. She shakes the rocks every

day for a week.
Then she measure and records the
mass of the rocks, the sand, and the
container. She interprets her data and
concludes that rocks are broken down when
sand rubs against them.

He uses batteries, a flashlight bulb, a 1.6.8 How Swetha uses process skills?
bulb holder, thumbtacks, and a paper clip She chooses three types of towels. She
to help him. hypothesizes that one type will absorb
1.6.6 How Aravind uses process skills? more water than the others. She plans and
conducts an experiment to test her
He decides to use a model of the
hypothesis, with the following steps:
switch and the wires in the wall.
He predicts that the bulb , wires, and
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batteries have to be connected to make the
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bulb glow.
• Pour 1 litre of water into each of the
He infers that moving paper clip
three beakers.
interrupts the flow of electricity and turns
• Soak a towel from all the three brands
off the light. Aravind’s model verifies his
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into three different beakers for 10
prediction and inference. AN seconds.
Process Skills • Take the towel out of the water, and let
Use a Model : it drain back into the beaker all the three
make a model to help you understand towels for 5 seconds.
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an idea, an object, an event, such as how • Measure the amount of water left out
each beaker.
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something works.
Predict : Swetha control variables by ensuring
form an idea of an expected outcome, that each beaker contains exactly the same
based on observations or experience. amount of water and by maintaining the
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Infer : time exactly.

use logical reasoning to explain events Process Skills
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and draw conclusions based on Hypothesize – make a statement about an

observations. expected outcome.
1.6.7 What Swetha plans to investigate? Plan and Conduct Experiment –
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identify and perform the steps necessary

Swetha wants to know what type of
to test a hypothesis, using appropriate
towel absorbs the most water. She plans a
tools, recording and analyzing the data
test to find out how much water different collected.
types of towels will absorb. She can then Control Variables – identify and control
suggest her father which type of towel is factors that affect the outcome of an
the best one to buy. experiment. So that only one variable is
to be tested in an experiment.

1.7 Reading to learn Let us observe the following table of endangered species
Table-1
Scientists use reading, writing,

and numbers in their work. They
read to find out everything about a
topic they are investigating. So it is
important that scientists know the
meaning of science vocabulary and
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that they understand what they read.
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Use the following strategies to help
you become good science readers.
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1.7.1 Before Reading
• Collect relavent information

related to your topic.
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• Think: I need to find out what
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are the parts of an ecosystem
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and how they are organized.
• Look at the Vocabulary words.
• Be sure that you can pronounce

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each word.
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• Look up each word in the Glossary. 1.7.2 During reading

• Define each word. Use the word in a Find the main idea in the first paragraph.
sentence to show its meaning. • Group of living things and their
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environment make up an ecosystem.

• Read the title of the section.
Find details in the next paragraph that
Think: I need to know what an support the main idea.
ecosystem is. I need to read to find out • Some ecosystems have only a few
what are the parts of an Ecosystem. The living organisms.
heading Different Ecosystem gives me • Environment that have more space,
food, and shelter have many living
a clue that an ecosystem may have both
organisms.
living and nonliving parts.
• Plants and animals in an
ecosystem can meet all their
basic needs in their
ecosystem.
Check your understanding of
what you have read.
• Answer the question at the
end of the section.
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• If you are not sure of the
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answers, reread the section
and look for the answer to the
question.
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1.7.3 After Reading:
Summarize what you have

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read.
• Think about what you have
already learned about
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ecosystems their interaction.
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• Ask yourself: What kind of

system is an ecosystem? What
interactions occur in an
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ecosystem?
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Study the photographs and illustrations.

• Read the captions and label the parts.
1.8 Writing to communicate
• Think: What kind of ecosystem is
Writing about what you are learning
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shown in the photographs?

helps you connect the new ideas to what
What are the nonliving parts of the you already know. Scientists write about
ecosystem? what they learn in their research to help
What living parts of the ecosystem are others understand the work they have done.
shown?
As you work like a scientist, you will use
Reading about science helps you
the following methods of writing to
understand the conclusions you have made
describe what you are learning.
based on your investigation.

In informative writing: You may 1.8.1 Measuring
• Describe your observations, Scientists make accurate

inferences, and conclusions. measurements as they gather data. They use
different measuring instruments, such as
• Tell how to do an experiment. thermometer, clocks, timers, rulers, a
spring balance, scale and they use beakers
In narrative writing: You may
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and other containers to measure liquids.
• Describe something, give examples, or
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tell a story.
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1.8.2 Using numbers

Scientists use numbers when they
In expressive writing: You may
collect and display their data.
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• Write letters, poems, or songs. Understanding numbers and using them to

show the results of investigations are
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In persuasive writing: You may important skills that a scientist must have.
As you work like a scientist, you will
• Write letters about important issues in
use numbers in the following ways.
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science.
1.8.3 Interpreting Data
• Writing about what you have learned in Scientists collect, organize, display,
science helps others understand your and interpret data as they do investigations.
thinking. Scientists choose a way to display data that
helps others understand what they have
learned.

Tables, charts, and graphs are good 1.9 Safety in science
tools to display data so that it can be
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interpreted by others easily.
investigations in
science can be fun,
but you need to be
Countries
Milk
sure of doing them safely. Here are some
production
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rules to follow.
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1. Think ahead : Study the steps of the
Milk production (Tonnes per year) investigation so you will know what to
1.8.4 Using Number Sense expect. If you have any questions, ask
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your teacher. Be sure that you
Scientists must understand what the
understand the safety symbols that are
numbers they use represent. They compare
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values compute the numbers shown on shown.
graphs and record the measuring scales 2. Be aware : Keep your work area clean.
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given on thermometers, measuring cups,
If you have long hair, pull it back so that
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beakers, and other tools.

it doesn’t disturb you. Roll or push up
Good scientists apply their math skills
long sleeves to keep them away from
to help them display and interpret the data
your experiment.
they collect.
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3. Oops! : If you want to throw or break

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or cut something inform your teacher.
4. Watch your eyes: Wear safety goggles

anytime you are directed to do so. If
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Cows
anything fall in your eyes, tell your
Buffalows
teacher immediately.
Goats, Donkeys,
Camels
5. Yuck! : Never eat or drink anything
In your school laboratary you will have
during a science activity unless you are
many opportunities to work like a scientist.
permitted by your teacher.
An exciting year of discovery lies
ahead!

6. Protect yourself from shocks : Be Let us observe how your mother cooks,
careful while using an electrical you also can observe how a cycle mechanic
appliance. Be sure that electric cords repairs a cycle, try to observe how farmer
are in a safe place where you can’t trip ploughs his field. You will find a
over them. Don’t ever pull a plug out
systematized pattern in all these things.
of an outlet by pulling on the cord.
Write what you observe about these patterns
7. Keep it clean: Always clean up the and discuss in groups.
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place after finishing the work. Put
everything back in their place and wipe How do birds and ants find their way
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your work area. Wash your hands. home? Why trees shed leaves in a particular
season? Likewise many more questions
The secret of inventions and
might sprout up in your brain. For this you
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discoveries only lies in identifying the
need to follow a sequential order, please
problem. The earth revolves around the sun AN
go through the following steps.
even before the discovery of Helio centric
theory by Copernicus. In the same way the 1 . Identifying problem - Let us identify
things fall down on earth even before any problems from your surroundings
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Newton’s investigations. The meaning
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Ex: The bulb is not glowing in the room.

behind that was those people thought
beyond the common man in identifying the 2 . Making hypothesis - List out different
problems. They thought and observed in solutions possible for the identified
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unique way. We know that necessity is problem.
mother of invention, when people needed

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Ex: De filament, fuse failure, switch

a mode to travel faster from one place to problem, wire problem.
another. We discovered vehicles. In the
3 . Collecting information - To solve the
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same way to travel faster we invented

identified problem, collect required
supersonic jet planes and even space craft’s
material, apparatus, Information, and
(to learn more about the development of
persons to be consulted.
science go through the book History of
science written by F. Cojori). Ex: Collect material like tester,
screwdriver, wooden scale, wires,
There is a sequential order in
insulation tape, blade and table.
discovering things.

4 . Data analysis - Arrange the collected 7 . Generalisation - Based on the
data or information to conduct experiment and its results explain the
experiment. solution for the problem.
5 . Experimentation- Conduct Ex: Fuse is damaged so the bulb did

experiment to prove selected not glow, so we need to replace the
hypothesis. fuse.
A
Ex: Observe filament of the bulb.
AN
This is the way to find out solutions
6 . Result analysis - Analyzing the results for the problems in a scientific way. You
to find out the solution for the problem may also select such problems and, find
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based on the results you need to select out your own solutions.
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another hypothesis to prove.
Ex: Filament of the bulb is good in

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condition, so we need to observe the fuse.
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T,
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Chapter
CELL - THE BASIC
2 UNIT OF LIFE
A
AN
Our earth is a beautiful place where protozoa, Red Blood Cell and the
in different types of organisms co-exist. streaming life in a drop of water. He
From minute mosses to huge conifers, prepared several types of magnifying
G
invisible bacteria to huge blue whales all glasses, and used these (lenses) to study
about both living and non living things.
have a basic unit called ‘Cell’. Let us study
AN
about the cell.
Before the first microscope was You have learned that all living
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invented around 350 years ago, people were organisms carry out certain basic functions.
not aware of the living world that was not Can you list those functions? Different sets
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visible to the unaided eye. Thereafter many of organs perform specific functions. Do
scientists have been observing and you know, what is the basic structural unit
describing unknown world with the help of an organ? To study about basic
T,
of microscopes. structures, a proper use of microscopes,

DoDo
youyou
know? preparation of microscopic slides and
!
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know?
staining is essential. (You can revise the use
A few of the many scientists
of microscope, preparation of microscopic
mentioned are Athanasius Kircher (1601–
slide and staining technique from
SC
1680), Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680),

Annexure.)
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723)
and Robert Hooke (1635–1702) observed 2.1 Discovery of the cell
different things under the microscope It was in the year 1665 that Robert
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632– Hooke, a British scientist, observed thin
1723) in 1674 was one of the earliest slices of cork (soft bark from Oak tree)
to see living bodies like bacteria, yeast, under a simple magnifying device which he
had made himself (Fig-1)
16 CELL - THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
Oil Lamp Eyepiece with the help of a brush. Put a drop of water
Water Flask
and cover it with a cover slip,without
allowing air bubbles and observe it under
Barrel the microscope. Draw the figure of what
you have observed.
Focusing Screw
Objective Lens Compare your figure with Fig-2. Do
you find both of them are similar or
Specimen Holder different? Have you noticed the box like
A
Fig-1 : Robert Hooke’s Microscope structures? What are they called?
AN
He observed that the cork resembled The discovery of ‘cell’ by
Robert Hooke was a
the structure of a honey comb consisting
milestone in the history of
of many empty spaces or empty box like
science. Cells of cork and of
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structures. He thought that the cork was
match stick are dead cells.
made up of very small cavities. Robert AN Can we see living cells under
Hooke called these cavities as “cells”. Cell
the microscope? If so, how? Will their
is a Latin word for a little room (Fig-2).
structure be the same as those of dead
Now let us try to see what Robert cells? With the help of the given activities
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Hooke might have observed in the cork. you will be knowing more about cells.
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Fig-2 : The
Activity-2
Activity-2
cells in the
Observing an onion peel
thin section
of cork Peel an onion and cut out a small fleshy
T,
a p p e a re d
like this to
portion from the bulb [Fig-3(a)]. Break this
Robert piece into two small parts and try to
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Hooke separate them slowly [Fig-3(b)]. You will

notice a thin translucent membrane holding
the pieces together. Take out the membrane,
Activity-1
Activity-1
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cut a small piece from it and spread it

Observing a match stick evenly in a drop of water on a slide. While
In the place of cork, let us try to see a placing the peel on the slide, make sure that
similar type of structure, as seen by Robert it is not folded. Cover it with a cover slip
Hooke, in a section of match stick. and observe it under the microscope. Draw
the figure of what you have observed.
Take a match stick and soak it for half
Compare your figure with fig-4.
an hour in water and cut thin slices from it.
Are there any differences between these
Select a thin slice and place it on a slide
two figures? If so. What are they ?
CELL - THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 17
Fig-3(a) Now prepare a slide of your own
cheek cells. For this wash your mouth
cleanly.Take a clean wooden or plastic
spoon and scrape the inner surface of your
cheek.
Fig-3(b)
Keep two things in mind. Firstly, wash
the spoon thoroughly before using it.
Secondly, do not scrape too hard or else
A
you may hurt yourself. Now take the
AN
Fig-3 : Extracting the peel from an onion scrapping that you have collected, and place
it in a drop of water taken on a slide. Cover
the slide with a cover slip. Observe the slide
G
under the microscope. Draw the figure of
what you have observed. The cells that you
AN
see would be very similar to those shown
in Fig-5. Is the outer covering of both
(onion peel cells and cheek cells) have
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same type of cells?
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T,
ER
Fig-4 : Onion peel cells (without stain)

Fig-5 : Human cheek cell (without stain)
The onion peel cells that you observed
are plant cells. Do animal cells also look
! Do you know?
SC
similar to these cells?

Now let us observe cells from our own The observations of a scientist
body (animal cell). named Robert Brown (1773–1858) have
made a significant contribution to our
Activity-3
Activity-3
understanding of cells. Among different
Observing human cheek cells parts of a cell, the nucleus is the most
You have already prepared a temporary slide well known part.
of an onion peel.
Activity-4
Activity-4
Observation of the Nucleus in onion peel
cells
For this, you need to peel a membrane
from an onion once again. Now keep this
membrane on a slide and add 1-2 drops of
the stain (saffranin, methylene blue or red
A
ink). Cover this with a cover slip and leave
it for about five minutes. Then add water
AN
Robert Brown (1773-1858)
drop-wise from one side of the cover slip
In 1831, while observing cells in the while removing the extra water with a filter
epidermis of Orchid leaves, Robert paper from the other side. This will help in
G
washing away the extra stain. Now observe
Brown noticed a circular spot that was
this slide under a microscope.
slightly more opaque than the
AN Nucleus
surrounding areas (Fig-6). He noted that
Cytoplasm
similar structures were present in other
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cells as well. Robert Brown claimed that Cell wall
this structure was an integral part of the
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Cell
cell and called it nucleus. membrane
Cytoplasm Fig-7 : Onion cell showing nucleus (stained)
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Stomata The blue or red spot observed within

Cell wall the cell is the nucleus.
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Cell Now let us see the nucleus in our own

membrane cells (animal cells).
Nucleus Activity-5
Acitivity-5
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Fig-6 : Plant Cell Observation of the Nucleus in cheek

cells
You could also take cells from the
In the above figure we can see inner layer of the cheek, stain them with
stomata and nucleus. Stomata are the saffranin or methylene blue and try to
pores through which the leaves exchange observe the nucleus in them using
the gases. microscope.
Now let us compare the onion and the
cheek cells.
• What structures are observed in the cells? It contains membrane bound structures,
• Did you see a tiny dark stained body in called cell organelles, as well as more
all the cells? complex chemicals. Cell organelles help
• Are they located in the centre in both to carry out several functions within the
cell and you will study them in class IX.
the cells?
You shall also study why cells are
• What is the difference between
considered to be, ‘The basic structural
membrane of onion cell and cheek cell?
and functional units of the living body’.
Nucleus
A
Cytoplasm 2.2 Diversity in Cells
AN
In onion peel cells you have
Cell
seen that nearly all cells are
Membrane
similar in structure and shape. If
G
you repeat this experiment with
Fig-8 : Nucleus in cheek cell (stained) peels of onions of different size, what do
The outer layer of a cheek cell is the
AN
you think your observations would be?
cell membrane. This gives a shape to the Does bigger onions have bigger cells?
cell and selectively allows substances to There are millions of living organisms
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pass through it, in and out of the cell. About in nature. They have different shapes, sizes
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this you will learn more in higher classes. and vary in the number of cells they contain.
In the cells of the onion peel, the outer To know more about this, let us observe
covering is clearer than in cheek cells. It some more cells.
is because there is another layer present You will observe permanent slides of
T,
over the cell membrane, known as the cell Amoeba, Paramoecium, Chlamydomonas
wall. This gives rigidity and strength to the etc. in the chapter on microorganisms. All
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cell. these are single celled and are called

In both the cells you can find a dense unicellular organisms (Uni-single). In
round bodies. These structures are called these, the single cell is capable of
SC
Nuclei. In cheek cells the nucleus is performing all the life processes like
present more or less at the centre of the obtaining food, respiration, excretion,
cell, whereas in onion cells it is not in the growth and reproduction.
centre, but towards periphery. The jelly like
substance between the nucleus and the cell
membrane is called cytoplasm. It is a
heterogeneous material. Ask your teacher
why it is called as heterogeneous. Fig-9(a) :
Chlamydomonas
Pseudopodia
You can do this experiment with other
leaves as well. It is preferable to choose
thin leaves.
Nucleus
Observe the given diagram of a section
of the stem of Tridax/Spinach. Note the
different types of cells that you observe in
Fig-9(b) : Amoeba the section. Fig-11 shows 4 different
groups of cells as described below:
A
AN
D
G
Fig-9(c) : Escherichia coli (Bacteria)
AN B
Fig-9 : Unicellular organisms
Living organisms having more than one A
cell are called multicellular organisms.
Basic life processes in multicellular Fig-11 : T.S. of Dicot Stem (Tridax)
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organisms are carried out by different types Group A cells form the outermost
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of cells. layer of the stem and they give shape to the

Activity-6
Activity-6 stem as well as protection.
Major portion of stem is made up of
Observing cells in a leaf
T,
group B cells. In a green stem this portion

Take a peel of grass leaf on the slide,
has special organs that carry out
put a drop of water, cover it with a cover
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photosynthesis.
slip and observe it under the microscope.
Group C consists of cells that join
together to form long structures that
conduct food and water in the plant body.
SC
Group D cells are present in the centre

of a young stem and form a hollow structure
in the matured stem.
Thus in Transverse section of Tridax
Fig-10 : Cells in a grass leaf (Gaddichamanthi) /spinach stem you can
Is your observation similar to the one see different shapes of cells in one plant.
given in fig-10? You may have seen different Think why do the stems contain different
types of cells or groups of cells in the slide. types of cells?
Activity-7
Activity-7
Observe the given figures of different kinds of cells in the human body. Observe
permanent slides of these cells in your school laboratory.
Draw the diagram of these and label the parts that you have learnt so far and collect
information about the functions of these cells.
Smooth Muscle Cell
A
AN
Bone Cell
Nerve Cell
G
Striated Muscle Cell
AN
Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells White Blood Cells

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Granulocytes Agranulocytes
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Monocyte Lymphocyte
Basophil Neutrophil Eosinophil
Fig-12 : Shapes of the different cells in the human body

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Fill the following table with the help of your teacher or with library books.
Table-1
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S. No. Name of the Cell Shape of the Cell Parts

observed in it
1 RBC
2 Smooth Muscle Cell
3 Nerve Cell
4 Bone Cell
5 White blood cell
6 Striated muscle cell
• Are there any similarities in shape of How do you define the shape of
the cells? Amoeba? You may say that the shape appear
• Do you find nuclei in all the cells? irregular. In fact Amoeba has no definite
shape. It keeps on changing its shape by
• Can you name the longest cell in all
protruding out of its body. These are called
animals?
Pseudopodia (Pseudo: false, Podia: feet).
So far you have seen many kinds of
The projections appear and disappear.
A
cells. Are all cells similar in shape and
Pseudopodia help Amoeba in feeding &
size? The shape and size of cells vary
AN
locomotion.
considerably but all of the cells are
Are the cells in an elephant larger
ultimately determined by the specific
than the cells in a man?
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function of the cells.
AN
I may be very tiny
and you may be
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large but without me
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no function would
go on. I am the most
important unit of all
organisms
T,
ER
SC
Have you listened to the words of the cell? Guess how big a cell is? Is the number and
sizes of cells in both man and elephant the same? Are the cells of an elephant bigger than
that of a man? The size of the cells in living organism may be as small as the millionth of a
meter (micron) or may be as large as a few centimeters.
Majority of the cells are too small to The size of the cell is related to its
be seen with unaided eye. They can be seen function. For example, nerve cell in both
only through a microscope. The smallest
in man and elephant are long and branched.
cell 0.1 to 0.5 micrometers (Microns) is
They perform the same function of
found in Bacteria. A human liver and kidney
cell is 20 to 30 micrometers in size. transferring message in both of them.
1 Meter = 100 Centimeters (cm) The size of the organism is depends

1 centimeter = 10 millimeters (mm) on the number of cells and not on the size
A
1 millimeter = 1000 micrometers/ of the cell. Cells are of different shapes,
AN
microns (µm) sizes, and number.
1 micrometer = 1000 nano meters (nm)
G
Some of the cells can be seen with
naked eyes. Human nerve cell is nearly AN
about 90 to 100 cms. long. The largest cell,
measuring nearly 17 cm X 18 cm, is the
egg of an Ostrich.
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Key words
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Cell, Cell membrane, Cell Wall, Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Unicellular, Multicellular,

Organelles, Pseudopodia, staining, magnification, focusing.
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What we have learnt?

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z All living organisms are made of cells.

z Cells were first observed by Robert Hooke in 1665.
z The cell has 3 main parts- The cell membrane, Cytoplasm, Nucleus.
SC
z Robert Brown discovered nucleus in orchid leaf.

z Plant cell having an additional layer around the cell membrane termed as cell wall.
z Cell wall gives strength and rigidity to plant cells.
z Cell exhibits a variety of shapes and sizes and number.
z Single celled Organisms are called unicellular organisms and those with more than
one cell are called multicellular organisms.
z Basic functions in multicellular organisms are carried out by different types of cells.
Improve your learning
1. Who discovered the cell for the first time? What procedure did he
follow? (AS 1)
2. Name the factors on which shape of the cells depend? (AS1)
3. What are the differences between unicellular and multi cellular organisms? (AS1)
4. How will you prepare slide without drying quickly? (AS1)
A
5. Deekshith said that, “we can’t see cells with unaided eye”. Is the statement true or false?
AN
Explain. (AS1)
6. Correct the statement and if necessary rewrite. (AS1)
a. Cell wall is essential in plant cells.
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b. Nucleus controls cell activity
c. Unicellular organisms perform all life processes like respiration, excretion,
AN
growth, and reproduction.
d. To observe nucleus and organelles clearly, staining is not necessary.
7. Describe the functions of nucleus. (AS1)
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8. What are the differences between cells in onion peel and cells in Tridax? (AS1)
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9. Label parts of diagrammes given in page 52, and identify which is plant cell and which
is animal cell. (AS5)
10. What questions will you pose to know about diversity in cells? (AS2)
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11. If you want to know about unicellular and multi cellular organisms, what questions will
you pose? (AS 2)
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12. Get some floating slime from a puddle. Pick a very small amount of it and separate out
one fiber, put it on a slide and observe it under the microscope. Draw the digram of what
you observed. (AS 3)
SC
13. Collect different kinds of leaves from your surroundings and observe the shapes of the
epidermal cells under microscope. Make a table which contains serial number, name of
the leaf, shape of the leaf, shape of the epidermal cells. Do not forget to write specific
findings below the table. (AS 4)
14. Make sketches of animal and plant cells which you observe under microscope. (AS5)
15. Ameer said “Bigger onion has larger cells when compared to the cells of smaller onions”!
Do you agree with his statement or not? Explain why? (AS 2)
C
D
B A
A
C
B
A
A …………………
A …………………
B …………………
AN
B ………………… C …………………
C ………………… D …………………
G
16. How do you appreciate the fact that 17. Deepak said, “A plant can’t stand erect
animals, human beings and trees are AN without cell wall ”?
made of cells,which are very small and Do you support this
we can look at them through statement? (AS 7)
microscope? (AS 6)
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ANNEXURE-1
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Eye Piece
Major improvements were Draw tube

T,
made in microscopes from Coarse adjustment

around 400 years ago. In the Body tube
ER
early days, there used to be just Fine adjustment

a single lens in the microscope. Objective lens
This is known as the simple Arm (Limb)
Slide
microscope. Gradually better
SC
Clip
lenses were made.
Stage
The compound microscope
Condenser
with a combination of more
than one lens was also invented.
Reflector
Base
Fig-13: Compound Microscope
The first compound microscope was made in the year 1595 by the scientist named
Jaquarius Janssen. Robert Hooke’s microscope too was a compound microscope. With the
advent of compound microscopes, more detailed observations were made possible. Let us
see how we can use the microscope.
The correct way to use microscope.
Recall what you have learnt in class VI about microscope. Now let us learn correct way
A
to use microscope.
AN
1. Check the microscope in the following way
(a) remove the lens cap and take out the lens, clean it with soft and clean cloth.
G
(b) If the knob is loose, change the piece of valve tube covering it.
(c) Mirror of the microscope is always to be kept clean. Adjust it to light in such an
AN
angle that you see a bright back ground, while looking through the lens.
2. Usually you will find three or four objective lenses on a microscope. They are 4X,
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10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece
TE
lens, we get total magnification of 40X (4X 10 times = 40X ), 100X, 400X and 1000X.
3. Wash the glass slide well and wipe it dry with clean cloth.
T,
4. You have to move lens up and down till image looks sharp, this is called focussing.
While doing so, make sure that the material doesn’t touch or water in which it is kept
ER
does not touches the lens, to prevent it cover the material with a cover slip.
5. Put a drop of water with finger or dropper on the slide and put specimen in water, you
SC
may use needle brush or babul thorn. With the help of needle, cover specimen with
cover slip. Dry out excess water around cover slip with filter paper.
6. Fasten the slide under the clips on microscope by moving the slide sideways so that the
things you want see focus right under the lens, move the lens up and down to focus.
Now decrease or increase the amount of light by rotating the mirror. Do this until clear
appearance of object with clear magnification is observed.
Preparation of a microscopic slide
The study material to be viewed under a compound microscope is mounted on a slide. For
this:
1. Microscopic slide is prepared on a 2mm thick, 3cm X 8cm rectangular strip of clear
and clean glass piece called slide.
2. If the object is thin and flat it can be directly placed on the glass slide towards the
centre in a drop of water with the help of a soft and fine brush. A drop of glycerin is
A
added to the water if the slide is to be kept for longer time. Glycerin saves the material
from drying.
AN
3. If the object is thick, cut it into a thin, nearly 0.5 mm or less thick sections with the
help of a sharp razor. If the object is transparent, it may be stained with iodine, saffranin,
G
fast green or any other suitable chemical dye, to bring contrast between the kinds of
cells in the material. AN
Dropper Cover Slip Needle
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Slide
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Fig-14: Preparation of microscopic slide
4. Place the stained object on a slide. Add a drop of water should cover with cover slip
T,
without forming air bubbles. Remove excess of water on the slide using a blotting or
filter paper. The Cover slip protects the lense of the microscope from coming in contact
ER
with water and specimen. Now your slide is ready to observe.
Staining Techniques
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This technique is based on the fact that there are a few coloured substances that get
attached to different parts of a cell. This helps to highlight particular areas in the cell.
These colouring agents are known as stains and the process is called staining. We use this
technique to observe several things like microorganisms, different parts of the cell, etc.
For this we need to use stains like saffranin, methylene blue etc. Red ink also works as an
adequate stain. To make saffranin solution, dissolve ¼ tea-spoon of saffranin in 100 ml. of
water.
Chapter
THE WORLD OF
3 MICROORGANISMS : PART-I
Why do we add small amount of Later these were named bacteria. Along
A
curd to lukewarm milk to make curd? with the animalcules, he also observed many
other microorganisms under his
AN
Why does cooked food get spoiled
microscope which were named later on.
after some days? Why do we get bad smell
The invention of powerful microscope
from our mouth after we wake up in the helped in further discovery of other
G
morning? microorganisms.
In this chapter we will try to find out
AN
what may be involved in causing such
changes.
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3.1 Microscope invention-discovery

of microorganisms
Fig-1(a):
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek was a Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek
T,
cloth merchant from Netherlands.

Leeuwenhoek built a single lens
ER
microscope, which could magnify the

object 300 times. His curiosity and skill
SC
of making powerful lenses was the secret

of this invention of powerful microscope.
At around 1674, with the help of his

microscope, Leeuwenhoek discovered Fig-1(b): Microscope
many small moving organisms in a drop of prepared by Leeuwenhoek
lake water. He called them “animalcules”. Now let us Know what are
microorganisms and where we can find
them?
THE WORLD OF MICROORGANISMS : PART-I GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 29
3.2 Microorganisms
There are different organisms present around us, which can be
observed through microscope. Photographs of some
microorganisms are shown in Fig-2 to Fig-6.
A
AN
Coccus Bacillus Lactobacillus
Fig-2 : Different types of bacteria
G
L AN
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Penicillium Rhizopus (Bread mould) Asperigillus

Fig-3 : Fungi
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SC
Amoeba Paramoecium Vorticella

Fig-4 : Protozoa
Fig-4 : Protozoa
Chlamydomonas Spirogyra Diatom

Fig-5 (a) : Algae
30 THE WORLD OF MICROORGANISMS : PART-I GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
Spirulina Oedogonium Ceratium
Fig-5 (b) : Algae
A
AN
G
Cyclops Daphnia
AN Scabies mite
Fig-6 : Micro Arthropods
Eyelash mite
3.3 Groups of microorganisms

Compare it with the figures (2-6)
Let us study some
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given above. You may also hold
microorganisms that belong to the
discussion about their shape, size and
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groups like Bacteria, Fungi, other characteristics with your friends.

Protozoa, Algae and certain micro Take the help of your teacher also.
arthropods with the help of some
Can you name the organisms which you
activities.
T,
have observed through the microscope?

For this we need a Microscope. You
We will try to know more about the
already know how to use it in the Chapter
ER
microscopic world by doing the following

"Cell-The basic unit of life”.
activities.
Activity-1
Activity-1 3.3.1 Observing Fungi
SC
Microorganisms in water Usually after the rainy season you

Collect some pond water / water might have seen some small umbrella like
from any tank in your surroundings. Take growths over rotten materials of dumped
some of the greenish scrapings from the waste, between the grasses in a field and
side of the tank. Take 1-2 drops of water edges of wet rotten wooden planks. Often
(from the sample you have collected) on a you might have observed white patches on
slide and observe it under the Microscope. the bark of trees. These patches are formed
due to Fungi. Now let us look at them more
Draw rough sketches in your note book of
closely by the following activity.
what you have observed.
Activity-2
Activity-2
Take some rotten part of vegetable Fig-7(b) :
or black spoiled part of bread or coconut Stained
with the help of a needle, place it on a slide. Lactobacillus
bacterium
Put a drop of water, place a cover slip on it
and observe it under the microscope.
Draw rough sketches in your note book of
what you observed. Take the help of DoDo
you know?
!
A
you know?
Fig-3. This is the common bread mold
Rhizopus. There are several bacteria that
AN
grow on our skin. Some of them cause
3.3.2 Observing Bacteria diseases. Some shows symbiotic relation
There is bacteria in butter milk or with other Bacteria. There are different
curd or early morning scraping of tongue
G
kinds of bacteria in our body. Bacteria
(before washing the mouth). We can also present in our digestive tract are useful
find them in the soil, over bark of trees,
over our skin, in our arm pits and many
AN
in digestion. Bacteria are found
other places. But they are not visible to the everywhere and there are over thousand
unaided eye. Now let us look at them more types of them in soil, air, water etc.
They can live in low and high
L
closely by the following activity.
temperatures also. One of the biggest
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Activity-3
Activity-3 bacteria with 0.75mm length
Take one or two drops of butter milk Thiomargarita namibiensis was
on a slide and spread it. Heat the slide discovered by Heide N. Schulz in
slightly on a lamp 3-4 seconds. Add a few coastal waters of Namibia, which can be
T,
drops of crystal violet stain, leave it for 30 seen with unaided eye.
to 60 seconds and wash the slide gently
ER
with water. Observe the slide under the 3.3.3 Observing Algae
compound Microscope. Draw rough
sketches in your note book of what you have Very often we observe greenish
observed. Compare it with Fig-7 (b). pond water in our surroundings. It is
SC
greenish because of growth of Algae and

other plants which grow in water. We can
see some of Algae like Chara, Spirogyra
etc. with unaided eye, but most of the algae
present in water are microscopic. Let us
collect pond water or water from the tanks
with a bit of greenish scraping. To observe
some of the microalgae growing in water,
Fig-7(a) : Photograph of curd in bowl let us do the following activity.
Activity-4
Activity-4 Some microarthropods cause
diseases like scabies e.g. scabies mite.
Select a few strands or green string
like bodies from water sample collected Actually these are not as small as
and put them on a slide. Cover it with a cover bacteria, but they are of minute size and are
slip and observe it under the microscope. joint- legged organisms.
Draw rough sketches of what you have
observed in your note book. Compare it with
A
Fig-5. ! DoDo youknow?
you know?
AN
! DoDo you
you know?
know? Soil is highly rich in microorganisms
such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa,
Photosynthesis in microalgae is very
microarthropods. The top eight inches of
G
useful to organisms which lives on
soil of one acre area may contain as much
earth. Nearly half of the oxygen in the
as five and half tons of fungi and bacteria.
atmosphere is produced by the micro
AN
This is very much useful for growing
algae.
crops. But excess use of pesticides kills
these microorganisms. We can see them
L
3.3.4 Observing Protozoa
through a microscope.
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These are present in water and soil.

Let us do the following activity to observe
them. Activity-6
Activity-6
Activity-5
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Activity-5 Observing soil microorganisms

To grow Protozoa, soak hay in Collect some soil from the field in
ER
pond water. After 3- 4 days, take one or a beaker or in a glass. Add some water to it
two drops of hay decoction on a slide and
and stir it. Wait for some time to allow the
observe it under the microscope. Draw
soil particles to settle down. Take a drop
SC
rough sketches in your note book of what

of water on a slide and observe it under the
you have observed. Compare your figures
microscope. Draw rough sketches in your
with figure 4.
note book of what you observed. Compare
3.3.5 Observing Microarthropods
them with Fig-4, 5, 6.
Some micro arthropods are very important
for the soil. They help in increasing soil From all the above activities you will
fertility. They may also be found on our be able to understand how diversified the
skin, eyelids, beddings, rugs etc. microorganisms are.
It seems that there is an amazing Viruses are also present inside the
world of living organisms that we cannot bodies of animals and plants. They can
see. It is really appreciated.. We will survive in all types of environments ranging
discuss some more in next lesson. from ice cold climate to hot springs,
Viruses are an interesting type of deserts to marshy lands. Some
microorganisms. They behave like non microorganisms grow on other organisms
living things when they are outside a living as parasites and some may exist
A
cell. But they behave like living organisms independently.
when they are inside the host living cells
AN
such as bacteria, plants and animal cells and
! Do you know?
multiply. They can only be seen through
very powerful electron microscope.
G
Bacterial Staining
Diseases like Polio, Swine flu, AN Bacteria are tiny micro-
Conjunctivitis, Smallpox, Chickenpox,
organisms. We must stain before seeing
Common Cold and AIDS are caused by
Bacteria under Microscope. Smear
viruses.
bacteria on a slide and slightly heat the
L
slide. Then put drop of crystal violet on
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the slide. After 30 to 60 seconds gently

wash the slide. Dry the slide and now
watch the slide under the microscope in
T,
25 X or 40 X.
ER
Fig-8(a) : Electron Fig-8(b) : Tobacco

Microscopic view Mosaic virus
of a virus
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Key words
Microorganisms, Microscope, Algae, Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Micro-

arthropods, Virus.

• Microorganisms are very minute living things. We cannot see them with our unaided eye.
• We can see microorganisms with the help of Microscope.
• Antonie van Leeuwenhoek invented a powerful single lens microscope.
• Microbes are present everywhere in our surroundings. They live in water, air, soil and
even in ice cold climate to hot springs.
A
• Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae and micro-arthropods are major groups of
microorganisms.
AN
• Viruses are special type of microorganisms, which lie between living and non living
organisms. They can reproduce only in host living cells.
G
1.
AN
Which organisms act as an interlink between living and non-
living organisms? Why? (AS1)
2. Write the diseases caused by micro organisums. (AS 1)
L
3. What type of micro organisams we can observe in pond water? (AS1)
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4. Whether micro-organisms are useful or harmful. Explain.(AS1)

5. Why the cooked food spoil soon but not uncooked food. Give your reasons.(AS1)
6. What questions would you like to ask your teacher to know about different types of
T,
Bacteria? (AS2)
7. What would happen if you add buttermilk to a) chilled milk? b) hot milk
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c) luke warm milk (AS2)

8. How human activities are distroying benifical bacteria and fungi? What will happen if
this continues? (AS 1)
SC
9. What procedure did you follow to observe lactobacillus bacterium in the Lab? (AS 3)
10. Visit any bakery near your school with the help of your teacher or parents. Know
about preparation of bread and cake and prepare a note on them. (AS 4)
11. Observe some permanent slides of microorganisms in your school lab with the help
of microscope. Draw this pictures. (AS 5)
12. Prepare a model of any microorganism with clay and write the characteristics of the
microbe. (AS 5)
13. Do you clean your hands with soap before eating? Why? (AS 6)
Chapter
THE WORLD OF
3 MICROORGANISMS : PART-II
3.4 Microorganisms - Our friends • What changes did you observe?

or foes? • What is the reason for this?
A
Microorganisms are present in air, Curd or buttermilk contains bacterium
AN
water, soil and within the bodies of animals named Lactobacillus which converts the
and plants. Some microorganisms are very milk into curd.
useful and some of them are harmful. Activity-2
G
In this section we will study about how
microorganisms help us and how they harm AN Take 100 grams of maida in a bowl, add
us. 1 or 2 spoons of yeast powder, add some
hot water and knead it to make dough. Keep
3.5 Useful Microorganisms the dough in a warm place. Observe the
L
Some microorganisms are very useful dough after 3-4 hours.
to our everyday life in many ways. For • What changes did you observe in the dough?
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example in making of curd and in • What might be the reason? Discuss with
preparation of idly, dosa, bread and cake. your friends and write about it.
Some microorganisms are also useful in You might have observed your mother
T,
the preparation of medicines required to preparing fermented foods like Idli and
cure different diseases. Some of them are Dosa. What could be the reason for
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farmer friendly as they increase soil prepearing Idli and Dosa dough a day before
fertility. Let us do some activities to grow cooking it?
microbes and produce products used by us.
SC
Activity-1
Take some lukewarm milk in two small
bowls. Add a few drops of butter milk or
little curd in one of the bowls. In the second
bowl do not add anything. Keep the two
bowls undisturbed in a warm place and
Fig. 1: Cups containing Maida dough.
observe the milk in the bowls after 5 to 6
hours.
36 THE WORLD OF MICROORGANISMS : PART-II GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
• In which of the two cups yeast was 3.6 Medicinal use of Microorganisms
added to maida dough? Sometimes when we fall ill or get
In bakery when yeast is added to the injured doctors prescribe some medicines
dough for preparing bread, the dough rises. that kill the microorganisms (bacteria)
This is due to the production of carbon which causes diseases. Such medicines are
dioxide gas during the process of called as antibiotics. These antibiotics are
fermentation. Bubbles of the gas makes the produced by growing specific
dough spongy in nature. microorganisms. Ex: Fungi. Now-a-days, a
A
Activity-3 number of antibiotics like Penicillin,
Activity-3
AN
Tetracycline, Streptomycin and
Commercial use of microorganisms Erythromycin are being produced.
Take two bowls, half filled with water. Antibiotics help in curing many bacterial
G
Add 5 to 10 spoons of sugar to each beaker, diseases like Typhoid, Gonorrhoea
then add 2 to 3 spoons of yeast to any one Diarrhoea, Tuberculosis and prevent
AN
of the two bowls. Close both the bowls infections like Septicaemia.
with lids and keep them in a warm place. Antibiotics are also used to control the
After 3 to 4 hours remove the lids and bacterial diseases in plants and animals.
L
smell the contents.
TE
• What differences did you observe

between the two bowls?
• What may be the reason for the odour
in yeast mixed bowl?
T,
This is the characteristic smell of

alcohol. Sugars are converted into alcohol
ER
by yeast. This process of conversion of Fig-2(a) : Antibiotic injections

sugars into alcohol is known as
fermentation. This process is
SC
used on a large scale in the

production of alcohol, wine,
beer etc. For this yeast is grown
in natural sugars present in
grains like barley, wheat, rice
and crushed fruit juices like grapes.
Fig-2(b) : Antibiotic capsules
THE WORLD OF MICROORGANISMS : PART-II GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 37

Doyou
Do you know?
know?
! We must use antibiotics prescribed by a qualified doctor. If we use antibiotics without
consulting a qualified doctor it may harm us. Unnecessary use of antibiotics, affects blood
cells which fight infections and also cause resistance towards antibiotics. Sometimes they
may kill useful bacteria in our body too.
3.7 The discovery of Penicillin - The Antibiotic
A
AN
G
AN
Fig-3(a) : Fig-3(b) : Pencillium species inhibiting bacterial
Dr. Alexander Flemming growth in petridish
L
TE
Dr. Alexander Flemming was an army disease causing bacteria. The fungus was
doctor during First World War. He identified as Penicillium notatum. The
observed that many injured soldiers died substance which was produced by the fungus
T,
because of bacterial infection of wounds. Penicillium was named as Penicillin.

He was working on antibiotics in his The discovery of the antibiotic,
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lab. As part of his reseach he grew groups Penicillin was announced in 1929. In 1945
of bacteria in petridish. Accidently one day Dr. Alexander Flemming was awarded the
he observed that some fungi were Nobel Prize along with other scientists
SC
preventing the growth of bacteria in the namely Dr. Howard Florey and Dr. Ernst.
petridish, in which he was growing bacterial Chain.
colonies. The discovery of Penicillin paved the
He separated the substances released way to the discovery of many antibiotics
by the fungus and tested it on some other like Streptomycin, Erythromycin etc.
disease causing bacteria. He came to know
that this substance also prevented those

! DoDo
you know?
you know?
Inventor of Aureomycin
Dr. Yellapreggada Subba Rao was born in West Godavari
district of Andhra Pradesh state. He discovered some antibiotics
like Aureomycin (Tetracycline) which cure number of bacterial
diseases like Typhiod, Plague, Tuberculosis etc.
A
3.8 Vaccine
AN
Doctors prescribe
medicines in the form of
tablets, syrups, injections
G
etc, to gain control ever
diseases. We are often protected against
certain other diseases by vaccination.
AN Fig-4 : Child consuming polio drops.
Vaccination protects us from getting the
Whenever a disease causing micro
diseases over a long period of time often
organism enter our body, the body produces
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throughout our life. You may have heard that
some defenders to fight against them, these
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children below five years must take

are called as antibodies.
polio drops.
The weak/dead disease causing
• Why are polio drops given to children?
microorganisms which are administered in
• Were you given polio drops, when you
T,
our bodies are called as vaccines. When were a child?

vaccine is administered in our bodies • Do you know about pulse polio
ER
antibodies are produced and information programme?

about the same is stored. The process of Our national objective is to achieve a
administration of weak/dead organisms Polio free society. What do they do in this
SC
into our body is called vaccination. programme? You know that polio is a
dangerous disease. What could be done to
Polio is given in the form of oral drops
make the polio free society? Discuss in
which prevents polio in children. There are your classroom about polio contamination
many other vaccines available to prevent and its methods of prevention. Write your
diseases like Smallpox, Chickenpox, findings in year notebook.
Hepatitis, Tuberculosis, Mumps, • Collect a pamphlet on Pulse Polio
Diphtheria, Wooping Cough, Measles. Programme and discuss its points.

! DoDo
you know?
you Activity- 4
know? Visit nearby PHC and collect
Dr. Jonas Salk information about vaccination given to
discovered vaccine for 0-15 year old children. Meet a doctor or a
Polio in 1952. He health worker and ask what types of
wanted to distribute it Dr. Jonas Salk vaccines are there? Which disease can be
freely to everyone. So he never patented prevented through vaccination? When it
A
his polio vaccine. Dr.Albert Sabin should be taken? List them out.
AN
discovered oral polio vaccine in 1957. Rabies vaccine was discovered by
Now, we know about several vaccines Louis Pasteur. Rabies causing virus enters
which protect us against many disease our body through dog bite, only if the dog
G
causing microorganisms. But vaccines has the same infection.
were not known even 300 years ago. It was 3.9 Discovery of Smallpox vaccine
AN
only after many experiments conducted by Dr. Edward Jenner
several scientists in 18th century helped us decision to practice his
to get them. medicine in rural areas helped
L
Nowadays, vaccines are made on a him lot to save mankind from
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large scale from microorganisms to many diseases. He keenly

protect humans and other animals from observed that the milkmaids
several diseases. who developed cowpox, a less serious
T,
disease, did not develop the deadly

smallpox.
ER
SC
Dr.Edward jenner inoculating vaccine

Fig-5 : Baby with small pox

He identified that they are developing
immunity which is preventing small pox, a
very dangerous disease wiping out millions
of people in those days. In 1796, Jenner
took the fluid from a cowpox pustule on a
dairymaid’s hand and inoculated a 8 year
old boy with his parents permission. Six
A
weeks later, he exposed the boy to Fig-6(a) : Nostoc
AN
smallpox, and the boy did not develop any
symptoms of smallpox. The fluid collected
from Cowpox pustule acted as a vaccine to
G
prevent smallpox. This invention of AN
smallpox vaccine saved millions of people
from the deadly disease.
This paved the way for the discovery
L
of number of vaccines which prevent us
TE
from harmful diseases. The word vaccine

Fig-6(b) : Anabaena
comes from word 'vacca' which means cow.
3.10 Soil Microorganisms - Soil 3.11 Nitrogen Fixation
T,
fertility Rhizobium bacteria present in root

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About 78% of air around us is Nitrogen nodules of pea family or Leguminaceae

gas. Plants need it mainly for growth. But plants such as pea gram, groundnuts fix
they can not take it from the atmosphere nitrogen.
SC
directly. Microorganisms like Rhizobium, Activity-5

Activity-5
Nostoc - Fig 6(a), Anabaena - Fig 6(b),
Collect root nodules from ground nuts,
Azotobacter, etc., help to provide this
beans and pea gram. Put them on a glass
essential element to the plants by absorbing
slide and press it with covers slip. Observe
them from atmosphere to form certain
it under compound microscope. Draw and
compounds and then fixing them into the discuss about it with your friends.
soil that can be taken up by plants.

Activity-6
Activity-6
Take two pots or dig two pits in the
corner of the garden at home or at your
school ground. Fill them up to half with
loose soil. Put some biological wastes like
Fig-7 : Root Nodules fallen leaves, vegetable wastes, waste
papers etc., in one of them. Fill the second
Rhizobium converts atmospheric
A
one with plastic wastes, polythene bags and
nitrogen into nitrates and stores in roots.
with some empty glass bottles.
AN
Plants use this stored nitrates. Plants gives
shelter to Rhizobium. They co-operate
one another. Such a cooperation is called
G
"symbiosis". Soil fertility increase in
growing legume crops in the fields. AN
Farmers plough crop field along with
legumes on the onset of monsoons.
The micro organisms like fungi and
L
bacteria present in the soil degrade
TE
biological wastes, some of these Fig-8 : Compost pit

compounds are essential for plants. Now cover the pits with some loose
soil. Sprinkle some water on the pots /pits.
! Do you know? Do this every day. After three to four weeks
T,
What is Bt? remove the upper soil from the pits and
Bt stands for Bacillus observe the changes. What changes did you
ER
observe?
thuringiensis which is the name of a
• In which pit did the materials
bacterium. It produces a toxin which kills
decompose? Why?
pests on plants or crops. The bacterium
SC
• Is there any harm with non-decomposing

is used as bio pesticide. In transgenic
material? Discuss.
crop plants this toxin producing gene
was separated from the bacterium and You might have observed the same thing
happening in your own surroundings as
transferred into the crop plants. So this
well. Microorganisms present in our
can protect it from pests. For example
surroundings act upon wastes around us and
B.t. cotton. It shows severe impact on
decompose them. They are converted into
plants and animals. Discuss, about effect simple substances. Thus microorganisms
of Bt in your class. help us in cleaning the environment.
Think and discuss You might have observed, some of your
family members or friends getting cold and
• What would happen if cough with the sudden change of weather.
microorganisms were absent, in our
When the infected person sneezes or
surroundings?
coughs, the pathogens enter into air from
Micro organisms like several bacteria
such infected persons. When this air
help in the process of sewage treatment. containing pathogens enters into the body
Oil sleeks formed due to leakage of oil of a healthy person, it may cause cold.
A
from oil tankers (ships) in oceans. This These type of diseases which spread from
AN
kills marine animals because of shortage infected people to healthy ones are known
of oxygen and light. Introducing oil eating as “communicable diseases”. They spread
bacteria can safeguard aquatic marine through air, water, food or through physical
G
animals from oil sleek. contact with infected person or his/her
3.12 Harmful microorganisms used towels, kerchiefs or through insects
AN
like houseflies and mosquitoes. Such
Microorganisms can cause diseases in
insects or other animals are called vectors.
crop plants, livestock and in human beings.
Common cold, Conjunctivitis, Typhoid,
They also spoil food, clothes and many
L
Smallpox, Chickenpox, Swine Flu,
other things.
TE
Tuberculosis, Chikungunya are some of the

3.12.1 Diseases causing microorganisms communicable diseases.
in human beings
Activity-7
Activity-7
T,
Meet a doctor of your locality and ask

him about the different types of diseases
ER
caused by different microorganisms. Note

them down and discuss with your friends.
Recall that microorganisms are present
SC
everywhere in our surroundings.

Microorganisms which cause diseases are Fig-9 : Anopheles female mosquito
called as “pathogens”.
Pathogens enter into our body through The microorganism 'plasmodium'
air we breathe, water we drink and food we causes malaria. The female Anopheles
eat. They can also be transmitted by direct mosquito carries plasmodium and thus it
contact with infected person or carried is the vector.
through animals or insects.

House flies also carry disease causing
microorganisms and can spread diseases
like Typhoid, Cholera, Diarrhoea etc.
When they sit on garbage, excreta of
infected persons or animals, pathogens
stick to their bodies. When these flies sit
again on uncovered food, they may transfer
the disease causing microbes. Whoever
A
Fig-10 Plasmodium in RBC. eats this food becomes infected.
AN
Mosquitoes are vectors for other So we must avoid taking
diseases as well. By controlling uncovered food. That is why
mosquitoes, we can prevent diseases we should always cover the
G
caused by them. Mosquitoes breed in food. Houseflies breed on
stagnant water as in ponds, tanks, waste AN garbage. We can control
pots, waste flower pots. houseflies by keeping our surroundings
• Why should we keep our sorroundings clean.
clean?
L
• What precautions should we take to
TE
prevent mosquito bite?

• What are the other diseases caused
by mosquitoes?
T,
! Do you know?
ER
Dr. Ronald Ross

discovered that female Fig-11 : House fly on food
SC
Anopheles mosquitoes are • Where do you find more number of

carrier of the causative houseflies? Why?
Microorganism (parasite) • What are the measures to be taken for
for Malaria. For this discovery Dr.Ronald preventing houseflies?
Ross got Nobel prize in 1902. He did these One day sameer went to hospital with
researches in Secunderabad. For full story of his mother. There he saw the chart on a
discovery of Ross, refer annexure. wall.

Table-1: Some common diseases caused by micro organisms in human
Name of the Causative Mode of Preventive measures
disease Microorganism transmission
Tuberculosis Bacteria Air * Vaccination (BCG)
* Avoid using infected
persons materials.
Chicken pox Virus Air * Vaccination (Varisella)
Measles, mumps Virus Air * Vaccination (MMR)
Polio Virus Air, Water * Vaccination (Polio drops)
A
Swine flu Virus Air * Vaccination
Cholera, Typhoid Bacteria Contaminated Water, * Personal hygiene and good
AN
Food sanitary habits
Housefly (vector) * Consume boiled drinking
water
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Malaria Plasmodium Female anopheles *Use mosquito nets,
Mosquitoes (vector) repellents. Avoid stagnaton
of water
Dengue virus
AN
Mosquitoes aedes ,,
Chikungunya virus Mosquitoes aedes ,,
Japanese Encephalitis Virus Mosquitoes culux ,,
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Diphtheria, Whooping Bacteria Contaminated water, Pentavalent.
Cough, Tetanus, food, Direct contact
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Hepatitis B, Haemo-
philus, Influenza 'B' virus
Diphtheria, Whooping Bacteria Contaminated water, DPT (Triple antigen)
cough, Tetanus food, Direct contact
T,
ER
Study above table and answer follow- 4.Can you name few diseases which are
ing questions. spread through by Air?
1. Which diseases can be prevented if we 5. Can we protect ourselves from
SC
control mosquitoes? bacteria and protozoan diseases

2. Which diseases can we prevented by through vaccination? Discuss in your
vaccination? class?
3. Name the diseases which are spread 6. Discuss in your class about
through by contaminated water? Indradhanussu.

3.12.2 The Diseases caused by 3.12.3 Disease causing microorganisms
microorganisms in animals in plants:
Anthrax mainly show effect on cattle, Microorganisms also cause diseases
sheep, goat and also effects humans, foot in plants. Diseases in our crop plants are
& mouth disease in cattle; viral diseases studied to save our crops. The following
like gill rot in prawns and fishes; bird flu in table shows some diseases caused by
poultry; Rabies in dog are all caused by microorganisms in crop plants.
microorganisms.
A
Table-2
AN
Some of plant diseases, causative microorganisms and mode of transmission.
Name of the Causative Mode of Figure
plant disease Microorganism Transmission
G
Citrus canker Bacteria Air
AN
L
Red rot of fungi Air, seedlings
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sugarcane
Tikka disease Fungi Air, seeds

T,
of groundnut
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Tobacco mosaic Virus Insects

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Smut disease of Fungus Air

Rice
• Discuss with your friends about common plant diseases and in what way they spread in
your area. For this read agriculture magzines.

3.13 Food poisoning Water or moisture is removed from the
food items. Thus microbes cannot grow in
Sometimes you might have heard or
these conditions.
read in news papers that some people were
hospitalised due to food poisoning. Food Let us study some other methods of
poisoning could be due to the consumption food preservation.
of spoiled food. Some microorganisms 3.14.1 Food Preservation - Heat and
produce toxic substances in spoiled food. cold method
A
These toxic substances make the food You might have observed
poisonous. Taking stale food may lead to boiling the milk before using
AN
vomiting, motions, even to death. or storing it. Boiling the milk
kills microorganisms present
! DoDo youknow?
you know?
in it . After lunch or dinner we
G
Clostridium botulinum a bacterium preserve our remaining food
which is widely responsible for causing items in refrigerator. We preserve fruits
AN
food poisoning. The disease is known as and vegetables and some other food items
botulism. in the refrigerator. Refrigerator helps to
3.14 Food Preservation inhibit the growth of microorganisms.
L
Micro organisms do not grow in cold and
TE
If microbes grow on our food, they

hot conditions.
spoil it. Spoiled food smells and tastes bad.
Water or moisture present in food items 3.15 Pasteurisation
helps the microorganisms to grow. How Another method of preservation is
T,
can we preserve our food? Think how can pasteurisation. You might have read this
we prevent the growth of microbes on word written on some milk packets. In this
ER
food? process collected milk is heated up to

You have learnt in class-VI that 72°C for 15 to 30 minutes and then
different methods are adopted to preserve suddenly chilled and stored. This prevents
SC
food at home. For example while making the growth of most micro organisms. This
pickles, salt and oil are added. Fishes are process was discovered by Louis Pasteur.
preserved by adding salt or smoking them. So this method is known as
Jams and Jellies are preserved by adding pasteurisation. (High Temperature Short
sugar after boiling fruits or fruit extracts. Time pasteurisation-HTST)
Vegetable slices and fishes are preserved Think what would have happend if
by adding salt and drying in sun light. pasterurisation had not been invented.
What happens in all these methods?

microbes are killed. During operations
surgeons use only sterilised instruments
and other sterilised materials, which avoid
getting infection.
3.16 Storage and packing
Nowadays fruits, milk, cool drinks,
food items and vegetables are sold in sealed
A
and air tight packets, which prevents the
entry of microbes from outside.
AN
A Scientist named Lazzaro Spallanzani Thus proper preservation of food helps
(1768 )is the first person to prove us, in the following ways:
experimentally that micro-organisms could
G
1) This prevents spoilage of food.
be killed by boiling. 2) Food can be preserved for longer
AN
Invention of pasteurisation led to the period.
invention of sterilisation process. The 3) Quality of food is ensured for a long
materials are kept in a sterilisation chamber time.
L
and are heated up to very high temperature 4) Variety of food items may be available
for upto 30 minutes. In this process
TE
in far away places, in any season.

T,
Key words
ER
Lactobacillus, penicillum, fermentation, sterilisation, vaccination, pathogens,

vectors, pasteurisation, symbiosis, Vaccine, Small Pox
SC
• Some microorganisms are useful and some are harmful.

• Microbes are useful in home, industry cleaning the environment.
• Soil microbes degrade organic wastes into useful nutrients. This helps plants in their
growth and development.

• Some microorganisms cause diseases in humans, plants, and other animals.
• Some insects and animals act as vectors of microbes.
• Some microbes release toxins in improperly preserved food, which causes food
poisoning.
• Pasteurisation helps in milk preservation.
• The bacterium 'rhizobium' present in root nodules of leguminous plants fixes atmospheric
A
Nitrogen.
AN
G
1. How do vaccines works in our body? (AS1)
2.
AN
What are the differences between Antibiotic and Vaccine? (AS1)
3. Take three bowls and mark as A, B, C. Pour lukewarm milk in one bowl, hot milk in
one bowl, cold milk in one bowl. Add one tea spoon of curd or butter milk in three
L
bowls and stir them slightly. Cover the bowls with lids. Keep the bowls undisturbed
TE
for 5-6 hours. In which bowl milk turned into curd? Give your reasons. (AS 3)
4. Collect more information about scientists who invented other facts related to
T,
Microorganisms. How these discoveries helped mankind? Make a chart presentation

and paste it on your classroom wall Magazine.(AS 4)
ER
5. Make an Album of scientists and their discoveries related to Microorganisms.(AS 4)
6. Visit the veterinary hospital and prepare a list of cattle, Goat, Sheep diseases by
SC
asking questions to the doctor? (AS4)
7. What is pasteurisation ? How is it useful? (AS 6)
8. Edward Jenner collected fluid from cow pox pustule and injects to a 8 year old boy.
Then he exposed the boy to smallpox and the boy did not get smallpox. How do you
appreciate the daring action of Edward Jenner? (AS 6)

9. Visit a nearby milk chilling centre or a library. Observe the process and make a
report on it. ( AS 4)
10. ''Prevention is better than cure'' comment. (AS 6)
11. Raheem tells to his neighbours, "stagnation of sewage in our surroundings is harmful
to our health." Do you support this? Why?(AS 6)
12. Jeevan said that "If there are no micro organisms earth will remain with wastes" will
you agree with this statement, why? (AS 6)
A
13. kavita is suffering from serious illness. Doctor priscribed antibiotics for five days.
After three days of usage she stopped taking antibiotics. Is it correct or not,
AN
discuss. (AS 6)
14. What are the precautions taken to eradicate malaria? (AS 7)
15. One medical store owner is giving antibiotics to his customer who is suffering
G
from fever without a doctor's prescription. But the customer's daughter Malathi is
telling her father not to take antibiotics without doctor's prsecription. Whom do
you support and why? (AS7)
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ANNEXURE-1
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Story of Discovery of Malaria Parasite in Female Anopheles

by Dr. Ronald Ross
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Dr. Ronald Ross Nobel Prize

Dr. Ronald Ross was a military doctor, who did his research extensively on malaria for 16
years (1881-1897) in India. He finally discovered malaria causative microbes in female anopheles
mosquito which fed on malaria infected patient. Ross was awarded the Nobel Prize for elucidating
the mode of transmission of malaria in 1902.
All of us know about Malarial fever. We frequently talk about this fever. The study of the
mosquito causing malarial fever was done alone by the scientist Ronald Ross. A remarkable part of
the study was carried out at Secundrabad.
He expressed his experiences in his lecture at Noble prize presentation ceremony.
“ I reached India in 1895 and found myself appointed as a medical officer of regiment of native
soldiers at Secundrabad and many were suffering from malarial fever. A survey was immediately
made of the malarial parasites existing among these men and I found myself able to confine for India.
At the same time the mosquitoes which abounded in the barracks and hospital. Before leaving
England I had made many attempts to obtain literature on mosquitoes especially the Indian ones, but
without much success. Consequently I was forced to rely entirely on my own observations; and I
noted that the various species of mosquitoes of the locality belonged to two different groups, separated
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by many traits, and called these groups for my convenience, brindled mosquitoes and grey
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mosquitoes. It was until 1897 that I clearly recognized a third group which called spotted-winged
mosquitoes”..........
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Ronal Ross done siginificant discovery on malaria in this building at secundrabad in 1897
Ronald Ross was born on 13th May 1857 at Almora in present Uttarakand state in our India.
His father was an Army Major. At age of 8 years young Ronald Ross was sent to England for his
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education. He was interested in painting and mathematics. He wanted to settle down as a painter.
But, on his father’s insistence he selected medical carreer. After completing his medicine, he joined
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in Indian Military Academy in 1881. While he was studying medicine he faced a malaria patient. He
treated many patients of malaria with quinine and cured it. But many people died of malaria because
they failed to get treatment.
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While he was working at Bangalore, he was allotted a bungalow. He was pleased to live in it but
was irritated by the large number of mosquitoes. He noticed that there were more number of mosquitoes
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in his bungalow than in any other. He keenly observed that a barrel with water was full of mosquito
larvae. Ross removed the water from the barrel and found that the number of mosquitoes got reduced.
Then he started in thinking that if water was removed from the place it might be possible to eliminate
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them completely. Ross noted that malaria killed more than one million people in India. So he became
interested in malaria, one of the important tropical diseases occurring in India.
After working 7 years in India he went back to England. He did his diploma in microscopic
techniques. He met Dr. Patrick Manson who guided him throughout his research. He was with him
through thick and thin. Patric Manson shared his proposed theory (hypothesis) that mosquitoes
carry malaria as they carry filaria. This was to change Ross's life forever. He proposed that mosquitoes
were carrying flagellated spores in their stomach. The mosquitoes died laying their eggs. The “flagellated
spores” emerged into the water, ready to infect anyone who drank the water. Ronald Ross tried on
this hypothesis. But he came to a conclusion that water would not cause malaria infection.

Ross was discouraged by the above reasons. But Patric Manson encouraged Ross not to give
up his work and advised that malaria parasite germs would not go for no purpose, in a mosquito's
body. Ross then hypothesised that the malaria disease is communicated by the bite of the mosquito
which injects a small quantity. Parasites may enter in this manner into the human system.
To test this hypothesis Ross allowed mosquitoes that had fed on malaria patient to bite a healthy
man. But the healthy man was not infected. Repeated the experiment again and again and failed.
Unfortunately he was using Culex mosquitoes in his experiment, which do not transmit malaria. This
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fact came to light a little later.
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One day his attention was drawn to a different mosquito that was sitting on a wall in a peculiar
posture and he called it as “dappled-wing” mosquito. He was inspired again. He knew that only one
species is capable of carrying Filariasis. Dr. Patric Manson also suggested him that a particular
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mosquito species might be the reason for the malaria plasmodium.
Ross suddenly realised that he had used the wrong species of mosquitoes in his experiment. He
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returned to Secunderabad in June 1897. He commenced work by making a careful survey of the
various kinds of mosquitoes. He continued his study by examining the dissected mosquitoes under
microscope, after feeding on malaria patients. Almost every cell was examined under the microscope.
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On the 15th August, 1897 his assistant brought some larvae, many of which hatched out next day
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and among them he found several dappled-winged mosquitoes.

Delighted with this capture, on August 16th , he fed them on his
malaria patient Hussein Khan with crescents in his blood. On
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17th he dissected two of these mosquitoes but found nothing

unusual. On the 19th he killed another and found some peculiar
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vacuolated cells in the stomach about 10 microns in diameter.

On August 20th 1897 he found a clear and circular outlines
about 12 micron diameter cells, each cell containing a type of
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cell, black pigmented one. He made rough drawings in his note

books. At last by this way Ross discovered the route map of
malaria i.e., infected patients blood to mosquito stomach to
salivary glands to infect into a healthy person. So we celebrate
August 20th World Malaria day. He had done his experiments
on malaria in birds also with his assistant named Mohammed Ross rough drawings and notes
about what he observed
Bux.

Chapter
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS
4
In Ritwik’s school one day, a small already learnt how a new plant is produced
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baby pigeon (squab) fell down from the from other plant in chapter “Reproduction
ventilator. With the help of his friends, he in Plants” of class VII. In this unit, you
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carefully put it back in the ventilator. While will study about reproduction in more
keeping it back, he observed some eggs in organisms.
its nest.
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Fig-1 : Nestling hatching out Fig-2 : A nestling

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Two other baby birds that were trying z Do all animals lay eggs?
to come out of the eggs. He waited to see z Are there any animals that give birth
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to young ones?
if the eggs hatched and got following z How can we identify which animals
thoughts. lay eggs and which give birth to young
Whether all eggs hatch into ones?
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z
nestlings? z Are there any patterns in nature that
give clues to modes of reproduction?
z Did the pigeons' egg came first or the
pigeon? You might have seen a lot of small and
z Can there be eggs if there were no big animals around us. Some of them have
pigeons? external ears (ears visible from outside)
Probably we can not find an accurate while some do not.
answer to such questions. These questions
are related to reproduction. You have
REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 53

Names of some animals are listed below. Observe carefully and fill the table-1.
Deer, Leopard, Pig, Fish, Buffalo, Giraffe, Frog, Sparrow, Lizard, Crow, Snake, Elephant.
Table -1
S. No. Animals that have external ears Animals that do not have external ears
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Now let’s think if there is
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(You can also add some more names
of animals you know, to this table.) AN any other pattern of recognizing
• How these animals could hear without these animals. Read the names
external ears? of animals given below and try
to fill the table-2 given below.
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Cow, rat, crow, pig, fox, hen, camel, duck, frog, elephant, buffalo, pigeon, cat, peacock, lizard.
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Table -2
S. No. Name of animal Presence of external Presence of epidermal
ears (Yes/No) hairs on the skin /
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feathers on their wings

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z Is epidermal hair seen in those animals external ears. The animals that lay eggs do
whose ears are visible outside? not have epidermal hair and external ears.
z Do animals that have epidermal hair The animals which lay eggs are called
give birth to young ones or lay eggs?
Oviparous while those which give birth to
4.1 Viviparous and Oviparous their offsprings are called Viviparous.
Animals
In class 7 you learned how the seed
From the above table, you could
germinates and grow into a plant.
observe that animals giving birth to young
ones have epidermal hair on their skin and
54 REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
The process of living beings producing Activity-1
Activity-1
it's off springs is called reproduction. This
Observation of Budding in Hydra
is one of the basic life processes like
respiration, digestion. This prevents the Get permanent slides of different stages
species from becoming extinct. of budding in hydra. Observe them under a
Let us try to understand the modes of microscope. Are there any bulges from the
reproduction in animals. parent body? Count the number of bulges
4.2 Modes of Reproduction in and also observe the difference in their size
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animals from one slide to the next. Also, note the
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Animals reproduce mainly in two ways. size of the bulges. Draw the diagram of
They are hydra as you see it. Compare it with the
1. Sexual Reproduction figure given below.
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2. Asexual Reproduction.
We had already studied how potato, AN
bryophyllum and chrysanthemum
reproduce? It was asexual mode of 1 2 3 4
reproduction in plants. Now we shall see Fig–3 : Budding in Hydra
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how animals reproduce asexually. What you have observed in the first
slide? Compare Slide 1 & 2 to observe
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4.3 Asexual reproduction

which part of its body develops a swelling?
Generally in our
Compare all the remaining slides.
surroundings we see most of
a) What did you observe in the first three
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the organisms as male and slides?

female forms. But in lower b) What is the main change between first
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organisms this differntiation is not seen. two and the next two slides?
In some animals the formation of gametes c) What did the swelling (bulge) part
does not take place. Still they produce develop in to?
Hydra, a microscopic organism
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offsprings like themselves. As the

formation of gametes does not take place reproduces asexually. In each hydra, there
there is no question of fusion of gametes. may be one or more bulges, called buds.
Such process of reproduction is called In class 7, you learnt about budding in yeast.
Asexual Reproduction. In Hydra new individuals develop from the
Do you know animals that reproduce buds. This type of asexual reproduction is
asexually? Perhaps, you have not seen such called “Budding”.
animals, but they do exist. Some of these • Does gametes and zygote form in this
are amoeba, paramoecium, hydra, etc. type of reproduction, think why?
Write the similarities and differences Observe the given diagram carefully
between budding in yeast and hydra and fill the following table.
Table -3
according to your observations and
Changes in the nucleus/body structure of amoeba
diagrams given in the text. Now let us study
about asexual reproduction in another 1st diagram:
micro-organism. You may have seen the 2nd diagram:

following diagram in chapter-2. 3rd diagram
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4th diagram
5th diagram
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6th diagram
How many amoebae are formed at the
end?
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Cytoplasm
Nucleus After the nucleus gets matured, it starts
dividing, (fig-5). After the complete
Fig-4 : Amoeba
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division of the nucleus the body of amoeba
This microorganism called amoeba
divides into two. Thus a single parent forms
lives in fresh water. Its body is made up of
two daughter amoebae. Thus the parent
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a single cell and hence called unicellular
looses its existence. This type of asexual
organism.
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reproduction in which an animal

Observe the slide of an amoeba with the reproduces by dividing into two individuals
help of a microscope and also observe the is called Binary Fission.
figure-4. Are you able to see a distinct Are budding and fission the only
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round shaped organelle in its centre? Do methods of asexual reproduction in

you know what is it? Ask your teacher, what animals?
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function does it perform? Apart from budding and binary fission

there are some other methods by which
Activity-2
Activity-2 animals reproduce asexually. To know
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Observation of Binary fission in more about it you can ask your teacher or
refer any related books in your library.
Amoeba.
4.4 Sexual Reproduction
In the chapter on reproduction in plants
(class VII), you have also studied about the
process of sexual reproduction in plants.
In this process, pollen grains produced in
Fig-5 : Binary Fission in Amoeba

the pollensac reach the stigma of a flower, In animals also, sexual
where they germinate a long tube is formed reproduction occurs by the fusion of
from the pollengrains that reaches the female gamete or ovum and the male
ovary. gamete or the sperm. The body formed
The male reproductive cell of the thereafter is called zygote.
pollen grain travels down this tube to the You have studied in class VII that
ovary where it fuses with the female formation of zygote is very important to
reproductive cell. So, sexual reproduction give rise to offspring.
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is basically the fusion of the male gamete Observe the male and female pumpkin
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with the female gamete. flowers in Fig-6(a), Fig-6(b). Collect any
Do you know from where the male male and female flower from your
gametes and female gametes are produced surroundings and write their reproductive
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in animals? parts with your observations. Write the
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reproductive systems in your notebook.
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Pollen Stigma
Anther Style
Filament
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Ovary
Ovules
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Fig-6(a) : Male Flower Fig-6(b) : Female Flower

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Parts of the male flower Parts of the female flower

1. ________________________ 1. ________________________
2. ________________________ 2. ________________________
3. ________________________ 3. ________________________
4. ________________________ 4. ________________________
Like plants, animals also have specialized organs for reproduction. Let us try to
understand the reproductive system of human beings.

4.5 Male reproductive system The testes are egg shaped and produce
You might have seen a cow giving birth the male gametes or sperms. It is connected
to a calf. A she goat gives birth with a pair of seminal ducts through which
to a lamb and a woman gives sperms travel and ejaculate out with the
birth to a baby. Have you ever help of penis.
thought about the role of a man Millions of sperms are produced by the
(male) in giving birth to a baby? testes (fig-7). These are haploid and
Let’s recall how a seed is microscopic. Each sperm has a head, a
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formed from a flower? Is it formed only middle piece and a tail. The head bears a
from ovary? Do pollen grains play any role nucleus. It gets energy from Mitochondria
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in formation of seeds? Fusion of present in the middle piece.
pollengrain and OVUM is essential to form
Can you imagine the purpose of the tail
a seed. Likewise a male produces sperms
of a sperm serves?
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which is quite essential for reproduction
in animals. AN 4.6 Female reproductive system
The female reproductive organs are
Seminal ducts situated inside the abdomen just below the
navel of women. It contains a pair of
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ovaries, oviducts (also called fallopian
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Testes tubes), Uterus and Vagina (see the figure

- 9). The Ovaries lie inside the abdomen,
Penis in the hip region of the body, one on each
side of the Uterus. Each Ovary is placed
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Fig-7 : Male reproductive system just below the funnel shaped opening of the
Head fallopian tubes.
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Oviduct or
}
Fallopian
Middle piece
Neck Tube
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Ovary
Mitochnodria Uterus
Fig-9 : Female Vagina
Tail Reproductive
Fig-8: Human Sperm system Sperm
The male reproductive organs are situated
just below the abdomen. It includes a pair of
Fig-10 : Sperms Ovum
Testis (testes in plural). Two sperm ducts
trying to enter ovum
(also called Seminal ducts) and a Penis.
The Ovary produces female gametes Then the nucleus of the sperm fuses
called ova (ovum in singular) or eggs. In with the nucleus of the ovule. This is called
human beings, a single matured egg is Fertilization. During fertilization the
nuclei of the sperm and the ovum fuse to
released into the oviduct by one of the
form a single nucleus. This results in the
ovaries every month. Uterus is the part
formation of a fertilized egg or zygote.
where development of the baby takes place.
Vagina is the passage in the body of a woman
4.7 Internal fertilization
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or female animal that connects the outer For internal ferti-lization
sex organs to the part where a baby grows it is necessary for the sperm
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(womb). to reach inside the body of the
The ovum is surrounded by an outer female. Some arrangements
covering. A nucleus floating in cytoplasm for ensuring this is present
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is found in the centre of it. both in the male and female bodies. This
type of fertilization occurs in different
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organisms like insects, snakes, lizards,
birds and mammals etc.
Observe the diagram of the female
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reproductive system and say where an ovum
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and sperm have a chance of fusion?

Fig-11 : Fusion of ovum and sperm
(fertilization)
4.8 Development of the embryo
This zygote formed after fertilization
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divides repeatedly to from many cells.

These cells together form a ball shape.
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(Fig-12).
MALE FEMALE
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TESTIS OVARY
SPERM OVUM
ZYGOTE
Fig-12 : Zygote formation and

development of an Embryo

The cells then begin to form groups that Now, you can try to fill the blank boxes
develop into different tissues and organs in
of flow chart in the previous page.
the body. This developing structure is termed
as an Embryo. The embryo gets embedded in z What would happen if fusion of sperm
the wall of the uterus for further development. and ova doesn't takes place?
The embryo continues to develop in the
uterus. It gradually develops body parts such z Why do animals give birth to their
as hands, legs, head, eyes, ears etc. This fully babies?
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developed embryo is called a foetus. The
Think what would happen if all the
period from which zygote fully develops into
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foetus is called “Pregnancy ". It usually animals stopped giving birth to their babies.
takes around 270 to 280 days for a baby to Fertilization takes place by fusion of
be born. This is called gestation period.
gametes from mother and father. Does it
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affect the resemblance of the offsprings
Activity-3 AN with their parents?
Activity-3
Observation of resemblance in parents & children
Divide your class into 4 or 5 groups. See that all groups have at least 5-6 members.
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Collect photos of parents of all the members. Now compare the faces of your friends with
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their parents. See what parts of your friend’s face resemble his/her mother or father. Table
given below will help you to note the similar and dissimilar characters.
Table - 4
S. No. Name of your Name of Character Character Characters
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friend the organ Resembles Resembles resembling

mother Father with other
family
members/
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relatives
1. A .Nose
B. Eye
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C. Eye brow
D.
E.
2.
Now discuss why some characters of your friends resemble that of their mother or
father. Similarly, look at your brother or sister. See if you can recognize some characters
in them similar to those of your mother or your father. You can ask your teacher and know
why sometimes no characters match with your father or mother. Some times your characters
may resemble with your aunt, uncle or grand parents. You can make your own table for this.

! DoDo youknow?
you know?
Test tube babies
You might have heard that in some women
oviducts are blocked. These women are unable
to bear babies because sperms cannot reach
the eggs for fertilization. In some men deffective
sperm production and low sperm count is
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observed. In such cases, doctors collect freshly
released egg and sperms and keep them
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together for few hours for IVF or in vitro
fertilization (fertilization outside the body). In Fig-13 : Life Cycle of Frog
case fertilization occurs, the zygote is allowed Such animals undergo a process called,
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to develop for about a week and then it is metamorphosis (META-beyond, MORPHE
placed in the mother’s uterus. Complete - form), thus transformation of shape of the
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development takes place in the uterus and the body occurs during development over a
baby is born like any other baby. Babies born period of time and only then they begin to
through this technique are called test tube resemble their parents.
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babies. This term is actually misleading because
Have you ever seen some fish like forms
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babies cannot grow in test tubes.

swimming in a pond? Refer to the Fig-14
4.9 External Fertilization to identify them. These fish like forms are
The process of fertilization that occurs called tadpoles.
outside an organism's body is called
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external fertilization. We shall study about

this by taking the example of frog. Frogs
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reproduce externally. Observe the pictures

how they go about it.
4.10 Life cycle of frog
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Do all young ones (offsprings)

resemble their parents?
Fig-14 : Tadpole
In class seventh you have learnt about the
life history of silk moth. Does the larva of a Have you ever observed frogs in such a
silk moth resembles its adult? position as in Fig-15? This figure shows
The young ones of some animals copulation or physical interaction between
resemble their parents and some do not, when male and female frogs leading to external
they emerge from eggs. fertilization usually during the rainy season.

External fertilziation in frogs usually z Some pebbles
occurs in water. z Magnifying lens
z Beaker
Step 1: Go to a nearby pond or a slow

flowing stream where usually sewage
stagnates during rainy season. Look for
foam like substance where there sewage
and leaves. Collect few eggs of a frog with
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the help of wide mouthed bottle as shown in
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the Figure-18. While collecting eggs, take
Fig-15 : Copulation in frogs care that the clusters of eggs are not
disturbed and isolated.
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Sperms
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Ovum
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Fig-16 : Release of eggs and sperms Fig-17 Eggs in a pond
Project work :
NOTE: This project work needs
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patience and carefulness. Teachers and

students should be cautious while doing this
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project. Care should be taken at the time

of collection of eggs of frogs from a
nearby pond or slow flowing streams. If
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Fig-18 Collection of Eggs

eggs are not available, you need not worry. Step 2: After collecting eggs, take a tub
You can start your project after collecting of 15 cm depth and a radius of 8-10 cms.
Tadpoles. Transfer the eggs along with the weeds and
To conduct this project you require: algae that you have collected from the pond
z Wide mouthed transparent bottle/ tub. into the tub. Carefully observe the eggs. You
z Transparent glass. will find a blackish part in the middle of
z Dropper the eggs. These must be the fertilized eggs
z Petridish and the blackish part is embryo.
Step 3: Observe the tub daily and note down the changes in your observation book.
Draw diagrams after observing for atleast once in three days. You may take the help of the
following table to record your observations. Table-5
1-3 days 4-6 days 7-9 days 10-12 days

observations observations observations observations
diagram diagram diagram diagram
13-15 days 16-18days 19-21days 22-24 days
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25-27 days 28-30days 31-33 days 34-36 days

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37-39 days 40-42 days 43-45days
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Step 4: To observe the tadpole take a On which dates did you observe:
transparent glass and fill it with some water
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1. Heart …......…….....................................
taken from the previous tub where tadpoles
are preserved for observation. Take a plastic 2. Intestine ....................................................
dropper and fill in some water along with a 3. Bones ……….......…...........…..……......
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tadpole. (See the figure -19) Pour it in a watch 4. Rectum ...…………...........……….........

glass and observe it. 5. Fore limbs ..………...........……………
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6. Hind limbs …………...........……………

Step 6: Having observed hind limbs,
Fig-19 : Observation keep pebbles in the tub as shown in the
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through a dropper figure-20.
Step 5: Try to answer these

questions after your observation:
z How many days did it take for the eggs
to hatch?
z How does the tadpole look like?
z When did you find gill slits in a tadpole?

Fig-20 : Setup for late tadpole

It is for accommodating tadpoles to settle ! DoDo youknow?
you know?
out side for some time. Bcause at this stage Story of Dolly, the clone
the structure and functions of the lungs of
tadpole start. That means it starts breathing
with lungs.
Now try to answer the following
questions:
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Cloning is the production of
z When did gill slits disappear in
an exact copy of a cell, any other
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tadpole? living part, or a complete
z When did the tail completely organism. Cloning of an animal
disappear? was successfully performed for the first
time by Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at
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z How many days did it take for a tadpole
the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh,
to transform into an adult frog? AN
Scotland. A new sheep named Dolly was
! Do you know? produced through cloning on 5 th jully
1996 was the first mammal to be cloned.
Some animals like earthworms are
During the process of cloning Dolly,
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neither male nor female. They carry a cell was collected from the mammary
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both male and female reproductive gland of a female Finn Dorset sheep.
organs. Such animals are called
“bisexual animals” (also called
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hermaphrodite).
Fig.21 a) Fig.21 b) Fig.21 c)
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Finn Dorset Scottish black

Write a note on what you have learnt sheep face ewe Dolly
about external fertilization in frog and
discuss with your friends. In the process of creating Dolly the
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nucleus of the mammary gland cell from

You have studied different modes and the Finn Dorset sheep was inserted into
processes of reproduction, these are not the the egg of the Scottish black face ewe
whose nucleus had been removed. The egg
only way how the animals reproduce.
thus produced was implanted into the
Besides these, there are also some other Scottish black face ewe. Development of
modes of reproduction. You will learn about this egg followed normally and finally
these in your higher classes. Dolly was born.

Though Dolly was given birth by the Scottish black face ewe, it was found to be
absolutely identical to the Finn Dorset sheep from which the nucleus was taken. Since the
nucleus from the egg of the Scottish black face ewe was removed, Dolly did not show any
character of the Scottish black face ewe. Dolly was a healthy clone of the Finn Dorset
sheep and produced several offsprings of her own through normal sexual means.
Unfortunately, Dolly died on 14th February, 2003 due to certain lung disease.
After claims of Dolly, several attempts were made to produce cloned mammals.
However, many died before the birth or die soon after the birth. The cloned animals are
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many-a-time found to be born with several abnormalities.
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Key words
Reproduction, Budding, Uterus, External fertilization, Pregnancy, Zygote, Binary
fission, Ovary, Internal fertilization, Embryo, Testes, Foetus, Oviparous, Sperms,
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Bisexual animals, Viviparous, Ovum, Asexual reproduction, Sexual reproduction,
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Metamorphosis.

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z Animals such as human beings, cows and dogs which give birth to young ones are called viviparous
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animals.
z Animals such as hen, frog, lizard and butterfly which lay eggs are called oviparous animals.
z Viviparous animals have external ears and epidermal hairs on their skin.
z There are mainly two modes by which animals reproduce. These are: (i) Sexual reproduction and (ii)
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asexual reproduction.
z The type of reproduction where fusion of gametes does not take place is called asexual reproduction.
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z Asexual reproduction is common in microorganisms.

z Budding, Binary Fission etc. are some common methods of asexual reproduction. Budding is observed
in Hydra and binary fission is observed in Amoeba.
z Reproduction resulting zygote formation from the fusion of male and female gametes is called sexual
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reproduction.
z The reproductive organs of a male consists of testes, sperm ducts and penis.
z The reproductive organs of a female consists a pair of ovaries, a pair of oviducts, uterus and vagina.
z The ovary produces ova and the testes produces sperms.
z The fusion of ovum and sperm is called fertilization. The fertilized egg is called a zygote.
z Fertilization that takes place outside the female body is called external fertilization and that which takes
place inside the female body is called internal fertilization.
z Internal fertilization is observed in human beings and other animals such as hens, cows, dogs etc.
z External fertilization is very common in aquatic animals such as fish, starfish etc. It is also seen in frogs.
z Due to fertilization offsprings get some characters from their parents.

z The zygote divides repeatedly to develop into an embryo.
z The embryo gets embedded in the wall of the uterus for further development.
z Fully devolped embryo is called foetus.
z The transformation of the larva into adult through drastic changes is called metamorphosis.
z Apart from natural reproduction system, nowadays, most sophisticated techniques of artificial
reproduction are also available.
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1. Differentiate between: (AS1)
a) Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction
b) Gametes and zygote
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c) External fertilization and internal fertilization
d) Viviparous and oviparous animals
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2. Compare the reproduction in Hydra and Amoeba. Note down the differences in your notebook.
(AS1)
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3. Why do fish and frog lay more number of eggs where as cow and human beings usually give
birth to only one at a time? (AS1)
TE
4. Can animals produce offsprings even without formation of zygotes, how? Explain with suitable
example. (AS1)
5. How can you identify the animal is viviparous or oviparous by observing external characters.
T,
(AS1)
6. Who am I? (AS1)
ER
a) I am formed by the fusion of male and female gametes...

b) I am a gamete that has a tail and travel to fuse with female gamete...
SC
c) I am a fully developed embryo inside a mother’s body...

7. What may be the reasons for internal fertilazion in most of the terristrial animals? (AS1)
8. Observe the following figures. Write their names and functions. (AS1)

9. a) Idendify the different stages in the life history of an organism in the figure given below?
(AS1)
b) Explain the process of metamorphosis in housefly by taking help from the given diagram.
A
AN
10.Match the following (AS-1)
G
A) Oviparous ( ) 1. Tadpole to adult
B) Metamorphosis ( )
AN 2. Birds
C) Embryo ( ) 3. Fertilisation outside the body
D) External fertilization ( ) 4. Developed Zygote.
11. What would happen if all the organisms stop the process of reproduction? (AS 2)
L
12. Kavitha found a tadpole in a pond. She collected it carefully and put it in an aquarium supposing
TE
it as a fish. After some days what did she find? (AS 3)
13. Collect information from your library or from other sources like internet and discuss the life
cycle of Honeybees in the symposium at your school. (AS 4)
T,
14. Sketch the diagrams of male and female reproductory systems? (AS5)
ER
15. Draw labelled diagram of life history of frog and identify which stages are herbivores (AS 5)
16. How would you appreciate Pavan’s work when he kept back the pigeon squab in the ventilator?
If you were in Pavan’s place what would you do? (AS 7)
SC
17. Fill in the blanks.
(a) Animals which give birth to babies are called ............................
(b) I n human's foetus develops in .................................
(c) Ovum is released from ...........................
(d) Tadpole is the primary stage of ..................................
(e) Budding, binary fission are .................................... reproductive methods

Chapter
THE AGE OF
5 ADOLESCENCE
A
Usually, we see changes in the age of • Are there pimples or acne on your
AN
10-19 years. This period is called
face?
“Adolescence”. During this period changes
take place inside (internal) and outside • Are you looking your face in the
(external) the body. For example, Change mirror frequently?
G
in voice, growing tall etc. AN • Are you showing restlessness while
• Observe these changes in yourself too. your parents suggest you to do
Write down the changes that you something?
observed during your adolescence. If your answers are ‘Yes’ for most of
L
5.1 Have you reached the age of the above questions it reflects that you are
TE
“Adolescence”? in 'adolescence'.
Read the following questions. Think
whether the following changes have
occured in you too.
T,
• Did your voice change?

ER
• Is hair growing under arm pit/genital

region?
Who am I?
SC
You are not old

You are too old to
enough to sit with us go
play
and play
Fig-1
68 THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
This is a complex stage of our life, Children reach their maximum height
because we grow from childhood to during adollescence period only. You may
adolescence. We have a lot of stress due also be growing taller now.
to these changes and are unable to decide • Do you know upto what age you will grow?
whether we belong to adulthood or • Will your growth in height stop after a
childhood. This is the period of confusion certain age?
and transition.
Activity-1
A
5.2 Changes at adoloscence
Observing growth rate in height
AN
5.2.1 Increase in Height
The following chart gives the average
Growth is one of the important
rate of growth in height for both male and
characteristic in human beings. Can we go
female with age (Table-1). The figures
on growing through out our life time? We
G
given in Column-2 (Male) and Column-3
can’t grow like plants. We grow to certain AN (Female) of Table-1 show the percentage
height for certain period only. This change
of height against the age attained by a
takes place in adolescence at maximum
person as shown in Column-1 of the same
pace. You may have observed that you and
table. These figures are only representative
your friends are growing and slowly gaining
L
and there may be individual variations.
new features.
TE
Table-1
Age in % of maximum % of maximum
years height (Male) height (Female)
T,
8 72 77
9 75 81
ER
Percentage of full height
10 78 84
11 81 88
12 84 91
13 88 95
SC
14 92 98
Age in years
15 95 99
Male Female
16 98 99.5
17 99 100
18 100 100
What have you observed from the above table? Using the data of table-1, graph has
been drawn. Observe the graph and answer the following questions.
THE AGE OF ADOLESCENCE GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 69

• When does growth in height nearly stop? For example Sneha is 13 years old with
• Which period of age according to you 125 cm tall. At the end of the growth period
is the fastest growing period for girls? she is likely to be
• Which period of age is the fastest according to 125
growing period for boys? the principal = X 100 = 131.5 cm.
95
• Who among the males and females grow Table-1 shows that girls grow faster than
faster? How can you say? boys in their adolescent period. For
Initially the female grow faster than
A
example by the age of 11, a boy has reached
boys. But by about 18 years of age both
81 % of his probable maximum height,
AN
reach their maximum height. The rate of
growth in height varies in different while a girl has reached 88% of her
individuals. Some may grow suddenly and maximum height.
then growth slows down gradually. You may
G
Activity-2
Activity-2
try to caluclate your approximate height on AN
the basis of a standard growth chart as given Let us estimate the height
in table-1. Form a group of six students including
Maximum height that you may attain = you in your class. Measure heights and
L
Present height (cm) X 100 calculate future heights of the group
TE
% of full height at this age (as given in the chart) members in the following table.
Name of the Age Present height Maximum growth in

Student height in future
T,
ER
SC
The above activity helps you to calculate Activity-3

Activity-3
how tall you would be. To reach a proper
height, along with heridity there are several Changes in your body
other factors involved. One of them is Form five groups in your class. Take at
proper nourishment. least 15 students in each class (6-10).

Your selection should be random which Find an average body measurements for
means students with odd role number or boys and girls in each class separately (If
whose name starts with letter ‘S’ etc. school health record is not available you
Collect body measurement data of the will take teachers help to measure the
selected 15 students. For this you need to components perfectly) record them in your
observe health record which is available in note book as per the table given below.
your school. (For component under voice, you put
tick (9) mark in relevant column)
A
S.No Name Age Height Chest Shoulder Voice
AN
Soft Hoarse
G
AN
For each class (VI to X) you have to In girls the region below the waist starts
prepare one table. And then you have to becoming wider to prepare the body to
L
calculate averages of the collected deliver baby in future. Muscles of the body
information with the help of your teacher.
TE
grow more prominent in boys than in girls.

Find the average for each component of
Thus changes occurring in adolescent boys
your table.
and girls are different.
• What relations do you find in these
T,
four components? 5.3 Voice Change

• Is the change sudden or gradual? • If you attend a phone call of a child,
ER
• In which classes do you find a can you say whether the child is a boy
maximum growth in height? or a girl? Why?
SC
(Information collected by you will give • How do you know whether the speaker
a clue about some changes you notice in is a boy or a girl?
your body as you grow, especially during a
particular period of life, that is the • Why do break in voice commonly
adolescent period). occur in boys during adolescence?
You might have noticed that boys in Generally change in voice is seen during
your class have broader shoulders and wider adolescence the voice of boys become
chests than the boys of class 6. hoarse in this stage. Let us know about this.

5.3.1 Adam's apple in an adolescent boy This is the reason for disturbance in
your voice in the stage of adolescence. At
the end of the adolescence stage you will
get perfect voice.
5.4 Sweat and pimples
Naturally in adolescence, boys and girls
Fig-2: Adam's apple
take care of their face and look frequently
A
Look at above figure and observe some
in mirror. They also feel worried of their
projections at the boy’s throat. Try to see
AN
pimples and acne. Sometimes these
the same thing in any of your school mates.
pimples turn into a swollen lump pus.
This is known as Adam’s apple.
The secretions of sweat glands and
G
The Adam’s apple is actually a partial sebaceous glands in adolescents are very
growth of our voice box or larynx. The
AN
active. Many adolescent boys and girls get
larynx is made up of 9 cartilages (the kind pimples on the face, because of increased
of substance that you can feel by bending activity of these glands in the skin, often
L
your external ear) one of which is the the pimples become infected too. Owing
TE
largest, called as thyroid cartilage. The to extra secretions, sometimes a distinctive

Adam's apple is formed due to elongation odour is also produced from their bodies.
of the thyroid cartilage which protrudes out These can be prevented to some extent by
T,
in front of the neck . taking proper and maintaing good hygiene.

Do not squeeze the pimples or it might hurt
This is caused mainly by some male
ER
and result into dark spots on your skin.

hormones (regulatory chemicals) during
Which may remain permanent on the face.
adolescence. As a result of this, muscles
5.4.1 What should be done?
SC
(chords) attached to the cartilage get • Do not scratch the pimples

loosened and thickened. When air passes • Wash your face regularly with a mild
through these loosened and thickened soap
chords a hoarse sound is produced. The • Use luke warm water to wash pimples
laryngeal prominence is usually more and acne. Consult doctor if necessary.
prominent in adult men than in adolescent • Never get worried of pimples because
boys. stress and strain may help them to
increase.
adolescent period earlier than expected.
5.5 Development of body
Some studies explain that it is because of
Let us recall about the male and female polluted food material such as estrogen
reproductive organs already learnt in the present in milk. This fact may also effect
previous chapter. the boys and delay the reach of the
At this age, male organs like the reproductive phase.) The reproductive
testes and penis develop completely. The capacity lasts for a much longer period in
testes also begin to produce sperms. In males than in females. Though their bodies
A
girls, the ovaries enlarge and ovum begin are prepared for reproduction physically,
mental growth and maturity are still far
AN
to mature. Ovaries also start releasing
mature ovum. away.
In girls breasts begin to develop, The first menstrual cycle begins at

adolescence and is termed as ‘menarche’.
G
whereas in boys facial hair, moustaches and
beards begin to grow. Hair starts growing It is the sign of starting of release of ova in
AN
on the chest of boys. In both boys and girls female reproductive life.
hair grow in the armpits and at the genital Look at the sequential order of
region. These characters are called reproductive stage and answer the questions
L
‘secondary sexual characters’. The sex that follow.
organs by which children are identified as
TE
• Do the production of ova (eggs) last

boys or girls at birth represent primary
long in females?
sexual characters.
• What would happen if ovulation stops?
5.6 Reproductive phase of life in
T,
Male Female
humans
Reproduction is required for Ð Ð
ER
Testis Ovary
continuation of human race. You know that
Ð Ð
reproduction takes place by the fusion of
Sperm Ovum
male and female gametes.
Ð
SC
Do you know? When do our Waiting for fusion

reproductive capacity begin? at fallopian tube
Adolescents become capable of Ð

Fertilisation Menstruation
reproduction when their testes and ovaries
Ð (If fertilisation fails)
begin to produce gametes. Actually there
Zygote
is no specific age; mostly in between
11-15 years. It differs from person to Schematic diagram of menstrual cycle and
reproduction
person. (Now-a-days girls are reaching

• What happens if ovum is not released? In what way this kind of discrimination
• How does ovum change after is harmful for girls and women?
fertilization? • Several researches have been done to
• What happens if fertilization does not prove that all these are myths and there
take place?
is no scientific reason behind these. If
In females, the reproductive phase of
life begins usually around 10-12 years of the ovum is not fertilized, the materials
age and generally lasts till the age of of the uterus are expelled out along with
approximately 45-50 years. The ova begin blood and ovum.
A
to mature with the onset of adolescence. • This a biological phenomena. So how
One ovum matures and is released by one
AN
can it be impure or unclean?
of the ovaries once in about 28 to 30 days.
During this period the wall of the uterus • During menstruation period proper care
becomes thick so as to receive a fertilized regarding health and hygiene is needed
G
egg and if this occurs it results in rather than following myths.
pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur,
the released egg and thickened lining of the
5.8 Child marriage – A social evil
AN
uterus along with its blood vessels are shed Marriage is social and cultural practice.
off resulting in bleeding. This process is It also helps in continuing the next
called "Menstruation". It is nature's generation. However marrying before
L
wonderful phenomena. At 45 to 50 years
attaining proper age is an unhealthy
of age, the menstrual cycle stops. This
TE
stage is known as menopause. practice.

Menstruation occurs once in about 28- Child marriage is social evil and should
30 days. In some cases, initially menstrual be stopped by any means. It affects the lives
cycle may be irregular. It takes some time of children adversely and cause unwanted
T,
to become regular. If it remains irregular damage to their lives.

beyond an year, then one must consult a
ER
doctor (gynecologist). Let us read the story of Latha which is

5.7 Menstruation and myths about a protest against child marriage.
Some sections of people in our society
Latha was studying VIII class in
believe that during the period of
SC
menstruation women are untouchable. So, Bijjaram village of Kosgi Mandal in

they are asked to keep a distance from Narayanpet district. Her parents decided
others. During this time, females may be to get her married. She protested as much
restricted from taking bath, cooking food as possible. But they did not agree.
or going to school. In that case they may
Teachers and local social workers and
lag behind in their studies. In some sections
of the society even women are also forced officials stopped this child marriage.
to stay in the huts built at the outskirts of Now she is studying in the school along
the village. with her friends.

• Discuss in your class why child 5.9 Adolescence : Changes in
marriage is wrong. behaviour
• Ask your teacher and write how child
marriages cause damage to girls health. Adolescence is the growing age where
physical change takes place. Apart from
You might know that in our country, the
this we may observe some changes in
legal age for marriage is 18 years for girls
and 21 years for boys. This is because behaviour also. Adolescents often are very
A
adolescent mothers are not prepared fast in taking decisions. Often do not want
AN
mentally or physically for motherhood. to be forced to do any work.
Early marriage and motherhood cause
Activity-4
Activity-4
health problems to the mother and the child.
G
It also curtails employment opportunities
Read the following check list. Put tick
of the young women and may cause mental AN (9 ) mark, which points reflect your
agony, as she is not ready for
responsibilities of motherhood. behaviour.
L
Check list:
TE
Prefer to spend more time before the mirror.

Like to use perfumes.
Do not want to listen to parent’s suggestions.
T,
Feel only friends are correct, not parents.

Want to be identified by teachers and peer group.
ER
Want more independence in taking decisions.

Feel responsibility in work allotted at school, house.
Like to take risks.
SC
Take decisions by critical thinking.

Sometimes feels shy, sometimes feels confident.
Have more self consciousness.
Show more sensitivity towards others emotions.
To make your future in a right way, you need to know more about adolescence. For this
here are some points to help. Do you know why you behave like this? You know the difference
between good and bad.

You are often inclined towards anything z An adolescent feels insecure while
that attracts you. trying to adjust to the changes in the
body and the mind. They seek company
These are all common in the phase of of friends to share their feelings even
adolescence. Interest towards body and self if they are of the opposite sex. This is
is natural. Attraction towards opposite sex normal. They need a lot of attention,
love and care as well as answer to all
is also a normal response. No one needs to
their queries regarding their body and
worry. its developments.
A
The mind of an adolescent is full of It is the first and foremost duty of every
adult to prepare oneself to reveal to the
AN
zealous acts and urge to find reasons of
adolescent the secrets of nature and the
several things around. They develop
natural course of life as it is. Adolescent
abstract ideas as well. Emotionally they are queries must never go unanswered.
G
in a turbulent state all the time. They get
5.10 Effects of Hormones in
new thoughts for their life activities. They AN Adolescence
behave in a different manner as compared The following figure helps you to know
to what they did during childhood with peers more about hormones that influence on
and elders. They are more independent in adolescence. This figure shows the
L
nature and very self conscious. position of a special group of glands called
TE
endocrine glands in the human body. These

glands help in the regulation of the
functioning of the human body by releasing
some chemicals directly into the blood.
Endocrine glands human body
T,
ER
Pituitary gland
SC
Adrenal Gland
Kidney
Ovary
Testis
Male Female
Fig-3 : Position of some endocrine glands in the human body

The endocrine glands do not have menopause etc are largely under the control
specialized ducts so, they are called as of these hormones.
ductless glands. The secretions of these The male hormone 'testosterone' is
glands are known as hormones whcih are released by the testes at the onset of
directly released into blood. The endocrine adolescence which causes changes in boys.
hormones perform several functions in the In girls ovaries begin to produce the female
body like, controlling the sugar levels, salt hormone 'estrogen' which brings about the
and calcium levels in the blood, development of breasts. Milk secreting
A
development of the reproductive system glands or mammary glands develop inside
etc. Physical changes during adolescence,
AN
the breasts. It is also useful in regular
starting of menses, pregnancy and mentrual cycle.
! Do you know?
G
Following table shows a list of some endocrine glands and some of the hormones
produced by them and their effect.
AN
Table-4
S. No. Gland Hormone Effect

L
1 Testes Testosterone Formation of sperm, secondary sexual
TE
characters in male
2 Ovaries 1. Estrogen Formation of ovum, menstruation, embryo
2. Progesteron implantation, secondary sexual characters in female
T,
3 Pituitary 1. Growth Hormone Shows effect on general growth. Stimulates other

endrocrine gland.
gland
ER
2. Follicle Stimulating FSH directs follicites for formation of ova and

Hormone (FSH) stimulate testis to produce sperms in males.
3. Leutinizing hormone (LH) LH causes the egg to burst out from follicle and
flow into the fallopian tubes.
SC
4 Adrenal Adrenalin Controls emotions

gland
5.11 Adolescence and health age when growth and development takes
It is very important to be healthy and place at a faster rate. That is why it becomes
fit, at any stage of life. For this, proper more essential to be careful about health
nutrition and hygiene is necessary. So far
and hygiene in the adolescent period.
we have discussed that adolescence is the

5.11.1 Balanced diet 5.11.3 Physical Exercise
This is the stage of rapid growth and Walking and playing in fresh air keeps
development, because the diet for an the body fit and healthy. All young boys and
adolescent has to be carefully planned. girls should take a walk, exercise and play
Taking healthy and nutritive food is very outdoor games. The physical activity leads
important. to conditions of better health and sound
A
You already studied in the earlier sleep.
classes that the balanced diet includes
AN
Adolescence is a period when many
proteins, carbohydrates, fats and vitamins changes take place in the body. Because of
in requisite proportions. A meal of roti/ these changes one may get tensed, confused
G
rice, dal (pulses), vegetables, milk and or feel insecure. In this situation if anybody
fruits etc. is good for overall health.
AN
suggests that you will get relief if you try
We need to ensure that our meal some drugs, just say “NO”, unless
contains the food components prescribed by the medical doctor. In case
L
(carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and of having any problems, insecurity or
TE
vitamins). tensions it is better to discuss, take help

and guidance of your elders, parents,
5.11.2 Cleanliness
teachers or doctors.
We have studied that sweat glands
T,
become more active in adolescents and ! DoDo youknow?

you know?
ER
give body a distinctive odour. So it is better Consuming tobacco (gutkha,

to to take bath regularly. Your clothes cigarettes, cigar, beedi, khaini) damages
should be washed and cleaned every day. If the internal organs of the body. The
SC
cleanliness is not maintained, there are number of addicted people at the age of
chances of having fungal, bacterial and 15 or below is 57.57 lakhs (68%) in AP.
other unwanted infections. Girls should When they reach 30 years of age their
take special care of cleanliness during internal organ system becomes damaged,
menstruation. Making use of disposable and this leads to several problems and
napkins may reduce chances of infections. sometimes, may cause death also. It is a
dangerous trend in our country.

Think and
Think andDiscuss
discuss
• If young generation is trapped into such unhealthy habits, what will be the future of our
country? What are its effects? Are you participating in adolescent education programmes
in your school? Do you have a membership in red ribbon club? List out the programmes
held for the last three months in your school and also add your opinion.
Key words
A
Adolescence, Larynx, Adam’s apple, Sweat glands, Sebaceous glands, Secondary
AN
sexual characters, Menstruation cycle, Menarche, Menopause, Pregnancy, Endocrine
glands, Hormones, Testosterone, Estrogen.
G
AN
• Adolescence is the period of reproductive maturity which lies usually between the
ages of 10 to 19 years.
• During adolescence a child's body undergoes many changes physically as well as
L
mentally.
• Voice of boys becomes hoarse as chords of voice box get loosened and thickened
TE
during adolescence.
• Height gain in children take place during adolescence and stops afterwards.
• The onset of puberty or development of secondary sexual characters and maturity of
T,
reproductive parts are controlled by hormones that become functional at the onset
of adolescence.
ER
• Hormones are the secretions of endocrine glands without ducts which secretes them
directly into the bloodstream.
• Pituitary glands secrete hormones which include growth hormone and other
SC
stimulating hormones that make other glands such as the testes, ovary, adrenals etc
secrete hormones.
• Testosterone is the male hormone and estrogen is the female hormone that bring
about development of several secondary sexual characters.
• The uterine wall in female prepares itself to receive the developing fertilized eggs.
In case there is no fertilization, the thickened lining of the uterus wall break down
and goes out of the body along with the blood. This is called menstruation.
• It is important to take balanced diet for overall growth and development during
adolescence.

1. How is adolescence different from childhood? (AS1)

2. Write short notes on the following. (AS1)
a. Secondary sexual characters
b. Adam’s Apple.
3. List out the changes in the body that take place at the age of adolescence? (AS1)
A
4. Match the following: (AS1)
AN
i. Testes ( ) a. Estrogen
ii. Endocrine gland ( ) b. Pituitary
G
iii. Menarche ( ) c. Sperm
iv. Female hormone ( ) d. First menstruation
AN
5. Why acne and pimples are common in adolescents? (AS1)
6. If you have a chance to talk to a doctor, what questions would you ask about adolescent
L
emotions and changes in the body? (AS 2)
TE
7. Some mobile phones have auditory meter to measure frequency of produced sound.
By using this phone, measure your friend's voice frequency one from each class VI
to X. Report your findings. (AS 3)
8. Write five suggestions to improve the performance of Red Ribbon club of your
T,
school? (AS 6)
9. Prepare a three minute speech on behavioural changes in adolescents. (AS6)
ER
10.Nature prepares human body to reproduce her generations. Write yours thougnts
about it. (AS 6)
11.You know that early marriage is a social taboo. Prepare some slogans to prevent
SC
this. (AS 6)
12.What can you suggest to your classmates to keep himself / herself clean and healthy?
(AS7)
13.13 years old Swaroop always think of his height. Can he improve his height? What
do you suggest him? (AS 7)
14.Are you angry with your parents. How do you wish your parents to be? (AS 7)
15.What are your expectations about your parents and teachers? (AS7)

Chapter
BIODIVERSITY - CONSERVATION
6
After attending the Nature Prayer (see
A
back cover page) that is conducted every
AN
friday in the school assembly. Rani and
Our state Bird is "Palapitta"
her friends went to have a look at the
Our Government has declared "Blue
Bulletin Board. Let us read about some
Jay- Indian Roller", also known as
important issues that were displayed on the
G
Palapitta as our state bird. The scientific
bulletin board. AN name of this bird is "Coracias
Endangered Vulture seen in Adilabad bengalensis".
District
On the 5th of June 2013, it was reported
L
that, critically endangered vultures were
TE
seen in Adilabad district. The numbers of

vultures were going down at a fast rate due
to pollutants in the area. A forest range cited
Fig-2 : Blue Jay
them in Murliguda Forest of Bejjur Mandal
This bird which was frequently
T,
(now in Kumurambheem Asifabad district)

observed at different places, now is in
and initiated conservation efforts. endangered list of birds. Due to changes
ER
in environment, frequent use of

insecticides and non availability of food,
the number of these birds have gradually
decreased. So our government has taken
SC
an initiation to conserve this bird. We can

conserve these birds by implementing
national and international laws and by
having an understanding of their habitats
properly.
Deforestation mainly due to
conversion of forest land to agricultural
land became problematic issue for their
Fig-1 : Vulture existence.
BIODIVERSITY - CONSERVATION 81 GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 81
That day after dinner, Rani discussed 6.1 What is Biodiversity?
what she had observed on the bulletin board. How do you feel whenever
She told her family members that Vultures you go to a garden? You expect
and Blue Jays were called endangered birds. to be delighted with beautiful
She had also seen 'endangered' written on flowers. If only red flowers
some pictures of animals and plants are found there, how would you
displayed during the International feel? Would you like such kind of
environment?
A
Biodiversity meet in 2012, held at
Hyderabad. She had noticed there, that Activity-1
Activity-1
AN
animals or plants whose population was Rani listed out the organisms in her
diminishing at a fast rate were called surroundings in the following manner. First
endangered. Her mother then pointed out she drew a sketch of her house and its
G
about sparrows, which were commonly surroundings on a paper. She drew squares
seen everywhere earlier seemed to have and circles numbering them serially. Now
disappeared now. Even the crow, myna and
AN
she marked plants, humans, animals, birds,
koel have become a rare sight. Her insects, others with a particular colour code
grandfather told them, how the big banyan as shown in the figure below.
L
tree of their village was a host to many
TE
birds, animals and insects earlier, was cut

down, in spite of protests. Her father
joined to tell about tribals who visited the
T,
houses often in the locality selling honey

earlier, occasionally did so now.
ER
They also discussed about some areas

where monkeys were entering into villages. Colour code
There is a marked decrease in snake and Plants -P - Light green (Small Plants)
SC
lizard population in the areas.

Plants -P - Dark green (Big Plants)
About 30-40 years ago variety of birds Animals -A - Red
like crane, sparrow and parrot were seen
Humans - H - Dark blue
frequently. Now, it is not so Rani's mother
Birds - B - Pink
said that the diversity of organisms or
Insects - I - Brown
biodiversity was being affected in most
areas in this manner. Fish - F - Blue
82 BIODIVERSITY - CONSERVATION GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS

Now conduct a survey as done by Rani, Do you know?
around your school or your house. Then
!
Diverse world of life under a microscope
make a diagram of your observation as
The whole world before you has wide
made by Rani. Display it in your classroom.
variety of living organisms. Is invisible
Think
Thinkand
anddiscuss
discuss living world also the same? In the chapter
The story of micro organisms you have
learnt about different microorganisms
• How many different colours could
A
like algae, fungi, bacteria, viruses etc, and
you mark on your sheet? also about the micro arthropods. Is the
AN
• What does your total colour code world of microbes diverse as well?
count indicate? We can see that both the microbial

world and the visible world around us are
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diverse. But have you ever wondered how
Activity-2
Activity-2 AN they became so diverse? Let us take some
examples and see how an area becomes
Try to carry out the same activity (if rich in diverse forms. A variety of living
possible) when you go for a survey to a organisms are present in an area and they
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vary in different aspects.
nearby forest, orchard or crop field. Take
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care not to miss anything like the bird’s Activity-3

Activity-3
nests, cobwebs, worms, leaves, insects, Finding variations
mosses etc. At the same time please don’t Is it possible to find any variations even
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disturb any nest. Use above colour code for within the similar types of organisms? Do
this activity also to prepare your block the following activity in groups of 5 each.
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diagram. The wide variety of wild life will To do this, you need a tabular column.You
have to prepare your own suitable tables
wonder you.
for observations.
• What were the things that attracted you
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Variations in plants
very much during the survey? Collect 2 similar grass
• Write your observations of the survey. plants (nearly of the same
height) and observe them
We see a variety of plants and animals carefully.
in our surroundings. Every living being is List at least 5 differences.
unique and plays a prominent role in nature. (You can add more differences
to your list) list at least 5 similarities. (You
can add even more)
Variations in animals • Could you find any two grass plants
Observe animals of similar kind like any having exactly same characters?
two hens, dogs, goats etc., • What can we conclude from this?
Do you find any difference in the colour
of fur, nails, claws, hoofs etc. If they are
birds list at least 5 differences in their
feathers, feet, wings, crown, tail etc.
A
• Observe two students of your class. Are
AN
they same in height?
• Observe their hands, fingers, toes,
nails, hair, eyes, ears etc. What are the
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variations?
• Observe the texture of skin? Is it dry,
oily, smooth or rough?
AN
• If there are twins in your class/school/ Fig-3 : Biodiversity on Earth
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family, observe them and find
variations among them. Based on the surveys and above
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clippings we can summarise that many

Activity-4
Activity-4 varieties of plant and animal exist in this
Collect and paste some pictures of your world. Though they look similar, upon
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favourite cricket players belonging to careful observation we find differences or

variations between them that leads to
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countries like West Indies, Australia, India

etc., in your note book. Biodiversity (Biological-diversity).
Diversity is the nature’s way. Even at the
Write the variations that you have
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noticed in them. microlevel this is true.
Display the findings of the above 6.2 Biodiversity: A case study

activities in the class and discuss the
To understand the importance of
following questions.
biodiversity we need to observe present
• Could you find any two persons with scenario. For this here is a case study of
exactly same characters? Ramagundam forest of Peddapalli district.

Case study of forest at Ramagundam The above case study explains you the
60-70 years back Ramagundam had need for conservation of biodiversity.
dense forest with a rich heritage of wild
• What are the reasons for the
life. This forest extended to border
disappearance of animals that existed
areas of Mancheryal. It was an abode
for wild animals like tigers, leopard, 70 years ago?
deers, hyenas (kondrigallu), foxes, • What might have happened to tigers of
wild pigs (adavi pandhi), bears,
A
Ramagundam?
pythons, cobras, porqupines (mulla
• Do we find tigers anywhere else in our
AN
pandhi), owls, hares, monitor lizards
(udumu) scorpions, geremandals (like country?
the desert spider) etc. • Peacocks love eating snakes. Can you
G
After the establishment of thermal
guess why they dwell in this place?
power station at Ramagundam hundreds AN
of acres of forest area has been distroyed Based on the case study we find that
(using coal to produce power) and other many animals that were found earlier are
industries, human activities increased. not found now. For example the
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Then many buildings, roads and stone
disappearance of tigers from that area
quarries have come into existence. Forest
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(Ramagundam) means it is extinct for that

area was cleared and so several
organisms started disappearing. particular area only. But, can be found in
Though an area near Mancherial (very other parts of our country and in the world
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close to Ramagundam) was once known as well.

as Tiger valley, shows no signs of tigers
When animals vanish forever from the
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now. Animals like foxes, deers and

earth, it is said that the species has become
geremandals (resembles desert spider)
are also not seen these days. We rarely extinct.
see animals like pythons, cobras, deers,
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There are several stories like the case

some kinds of scorpions and Bears in the study of Ramagundam in every part of the
forest.
world. Why this kind of situations take
Now there are several human
place? Who is responsible for this?
settlements in the area. Some areas of
less dense forests are inhabited by • Is there any extinct species in your
animals like pythons, cobras, deers, area? Name them and write a note on
scorpions etc. Bears are rarely found.
them.
Peacocks have been sighted recently.
• Give your reasons for why organisms 6.3.1 Data of Endangered Species
become extinct.
Keeping track of endangered
• How biodiversity is depleting in your
area? How to improve it? Species.W.W.F.(World Wildlife Federation)
6.3 Endangered species and the I.U.W.C (International Union for
Observe a sign board displayed at a zoo. Wildlife Conservation ) published a book

containing the details of endangered and
"Do you want to see the cruel creature
threatened species of Flora and Fauna called
A
which damages the nature severely and its
biodiversity? Please turn this sign board" as Red Data Book or Red List Book.
AN
(There is a mirror backside of the sign The Red data book symbolizes a warning
board). signal for those species which are
What does it say? endangered and are to be protected.
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Otherwise they are likely to become extinct
Endangered means, it is a warning signal
about the organisms whose number has
AN (disappear from earth for ever)
in the near future. The following
declined rapidly and the species might be figures show some endangered
wiped off from the earth in near future.
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species of plants and animals of
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India.
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Lion Red fox Single horned Rhino Vulture

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Spotted Chital Deer Loris Black spider Monkey Wild cat
Cycas Rauvolfia serpentina Nepenthes Sandalwood tree

Some of the endangered species
Flora and Fauna Name of the species
Plants (Flora) Orchids, sandalwood tree, cycas,Rauwolfia serpentina
Animals (Fauna) Leopard, Indian Lion, Indian Wolf, Red Fox, Red Panda, Tiger,
Wild Cat, Hyena.Crocodile (Gharial), Tortoise, python, Great Indian
Bustard (Botta meka pitta), Green sea turtle, Pelican, Peacock, Great
Indian horned bill, Golden monkey, Lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri
Languor, Loris
A
6.4 Endemic Species
AN
Name some other endemic species of
Observe the pictures and identify the India. You can take help of books from your
animals. Also try to find out where these school library or internet.
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can be found? L AN
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Fig-4: Peacock White Tiger Ant Eater
You may find that, these animals are

specifically found in certain regions of the world. ! DoDo
you know?
you know?
You are also aware of the fact that many
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Western Ghats support diverse plants

plants and animals are widely distributed and animals. These are about 4,000
throughout the world. But some species of
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different types of plants in the Western

plants and animals are found restricted to Ghats of which 1500 grow only in this
some areas only. Plants or animal species area and are called endemic of this area.
found restricted to a particular area of a So far we have been using the term
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country are called Endemic Species. species as endangered, extinct etc. but,
• Name an Endemic Species of our State? ‘The Species Concept’ doesn’t include
• You may notice that kangaroo is all organisms. Species concept applies
endemic to Australia and Kiwi to to majority of the organisms that
New Zealand. interbreed among themselves or capable
• Can you tell which among the above of sexual reproduction. Many animals,
pictures represent an endemic species flowering plants and microorganisms
of India? reproduce sexually.
But, all the organisms do not Natural calamities like floods,
reproduce sexually. There are several earthquakes, forest fires or human
organisms that produce by asexual mode intervention wipe out diverse forms in an
of reproduction. eg. bacteria, yeast cells, area, yet after some time we find organisms
hydra etc. The species concept does not growing in those areas.
apply to all these. The process often occurs as sudden
6.5 Origin of biodiversity invasion of organisms like plants, insects,
A
and balance in nature microbes, humans etc. They interact with
each other and form new habitats and
We know that many habitats
AN
increase in numbers till the habitat gets
exist in nature which are quite
balanced in its own manner.
different from each other.
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! DoDo
you know?
you know? AN
Invasive Alien Species (IAS)?
When alien species (non native species) is introduced or

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invades, it spreads throughout the natural habitats and
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threatens biodiversity. Even transport of few species to new Fig-5(a)

environment becomes invasive. Their negative impacts on Hyderabad pigeon
food, security, plant, animal and human health can be extensive
T,
and substantial. eg. The Spanish flag plant of the forests and
the water hyacinth of lakes are most notorious for invasions.In
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cities like Hyderabad invasion of pigeons (a non native

species) lead to decrease in crows. Now a days a city like
Hyderabad lacks these natural scavengers. Fig-5(b)
Water Hyacinth
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Diversity is not only seen in wild plants

and animals. There is also a great diversity Ask your parents about various names
in food crops. In our country we cultivate of paddy. You will learn more about variety
around 1200 varieties of different species of food crops in the chapter ‘Production
of rice. If we take the example of rice alone of food from plants'.
there are tens of thousands of varieties of
a single species of rice.

6.6 Importance of biodiversity and To protect forests, wildlife, plants and
its conservation animals from extinction, the Government
Why should we conserve a small insect of India is working to conserve biodiversity
like a bee or a butterfly? through the establishment of National Wild
Life Sanctuaries and National Parks.
Let us read a case study: Project

Tiger
A
Tiger the largest
member of the cat
AN
Fig-6: Butterfly Fig-7: Honey bee
family is the most
threatened of the
world’s carnivores.
Observe the above two insects. They are
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India has 60% of the world’s tigers.
sucking nectar from the AN
flowers. In what way do the
flowers get benefit. Most of
the flowers get pollinated Fig-8: Tiger
through bees and butterflies.

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Due to spraying of pesticides and For the past few years the tigers
insecticides these useful insects also dying. population decreased to an average of
Hence, their number is decreasing day by 35% due to poaching and other reasons.
day In 1972 Government of India launched
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this project to save the tiger from the

• What will happen if these insects
brink of extinction. The health of the
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become extinct?
ecosystem depends on the well being
• What can be done to save these insects? of tiger. At present there are 50 tiger
reserves in our country tiger area
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6.7 Efforts towards conservation occupancy found to be stable at 88,985

Conservation of plants and animals km2. According to National Tiger
Conservation Authority (Project Tiger)
means protecting them from extinction
report 2019- the number of tigers
from the earth by following certain
present in our country is between 2603-
methods and steps.
3346. The success of the project was
achieved by enforcement of strict anti
poaching measures and scientific
conservation practices.

Think
Thinkand
anddiscuss
discuss Are not humans a part of the nature as
• How can project tiger help to save well? what do you say ?
wildlife?
There are many people who are
• What will happen to deer population
in a forest where tiger population has completely dependent on forests and live
gone down? there. What will happen to them if they are
• What will happen to the plants in such
A
removed and not allowed to live in the
an area where tiger inhabit? forest?
AN
• Why protection of forest is a must?
6.8 National park and a sanctuary
The above case study of project tiger
G
clearly shows that it’s not just saving the A national park is a large area hitched to
tiger but conservation of other flora and ANconserve wild life, particularly the wild
fauna related to the tiger is also very
animal species in their natural habitat. For
important. For example if a tiger has to be
saved, its food web should be protected. The example lions, tigers, rhinocerores etc. No
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tiger depends on deer and many other human activity is allowed there in any form.
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herbivores for food. If the tiger disappears,

Even grazing of domestic animals is
the deer and other herbivore population will
increase and that would affect the flora of prohibited e.g. Jim Corbett National Park,
the area. (Uttarakhand)
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All organisms in nature influence each

A sanctuary is a place where
other, in some way or the other so we need
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to protect all of them. Hence, many areas conservation of species takes place with
of forests have been protected against an objective of allowing human activity in
human interference. a limited way without effecting the habitat.
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Activity-5
Activity-5 Eg. Pakhal Sanctuary Warangal.
Let us recall ‘Forest our life’ that you
studied in the previous class. Have a • Collect information about various
discussion in your class about forest and National Parks and Bird Sanctuaries in
forest people who help to conserve our country and show in India map.
biodiversity. Write a note on what you
understood by human intervention and its
impact?
Project work
! Do you know?
Birds migration and its effect on
Some endangered animals like panda biodiversity of an area
are brought from the wild area and raised
in the zoo and released into the wild area
again. Here some conservationists
Fig-9: Birds flying in Fig-10: Birds flying
A
disguised as pandas feed the animal the morning in the evening
AN
before leaving it into the wild. It gives a Look at the sky in the
natural feeling of being fed by mother morning and evening.
Do you observe birds flying
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and living between the pandas. They can
in groups?
survive without human care. AN (if possible use a binocular for a better
Conservation of biodiversity is an vision)
important issue to protect our nature for Note the types of birds observed
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the future generations. Follwoing is a everyday for atleast a period of 6 months.
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project idea. • Did you get the same number and types
of birds every day?
• Was there any sudden variation in a
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particular season?
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• Did you notice any new type of bird

population in any season?
• Discuss with your friends about the
Lakes and streams are drying up and
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z
effect of the presence of such
plenty of organisms living there are
population.
being lost. Think some ways in which • Why do these birds move from one
these areas could be conserved. You place to another?
could refer to your class VII textbook • Sometimes at night we see birds flying
for the same. in groups. Where do they fly? Think.

Sometimes some birds live in the same Even though it is a funny comment, it
habitat throughout the year. Other birds which raises the need of thought towards reducing
don’t have permanent nest and join into small usage of paper and importance of recycling
flocks and move from one region to the other of paper.
for food and shelter(nesting habits) are called
6.9.1 Why should we recycle paper?
as ‘migratory birds’, and such phenomenon
is called as 'migration'. We write many things on paper. Often
During rainy season most of the birds we waste more paper than we write.
A
from far away places migrate to Kolleru and Incompletely written papers or scribbled
AN
Pulikot lakes of Andhra Pradesh. They build
ones are usually wasted.
their nests on the trees in the nearby villages
also. In the olden days people believed that • Try to list where paper in generally
these migrated birds are misused.
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divine ones. They AN As papers are valuable products made
protect the trees and from a green source, which is decreasing
their habitats. But now- day by day we should use it carefully.
a-days most of the trees
To make a ton of paper around 15-25
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are being cut down.
Fig.-11: Crane trees have to be cut down. Wasting paper
There is hardly any
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place for birds to build their nests. Hence, or using more paper means felling more
the migrating birds are changing their habitats. number of trees causing deforestation.
Think and discuss in what way human Using more paper involves using more
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activities disturb biodiversity. chemicals that’s harmful to us and nature

Do you know the Siberian cranes to escape too. Another interesting fact is that the
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the winter and food shortage migrate from

paper can be reused by recycling it 5-7
Siberia (Russia) to India covering a long
times.
distance? Collect information about bird
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migration from your school library or internet Project Work

and make a booklet on bird migration.
How to make recycled paper from waste
6.9 A small step towards
news papers?
saving forests-Recycling
Materials: 2 plastic tubs, wooden
of paper
spoon, water, clean cotton cloth, old news
A student of an
Engineering college sent a papers, wire screen, measuring cup,
message to his teacher on mobile plastic wrap, blender, heavy books / roller.
‘Please stop examination - Save trees’.
Procedure : This involves cutting many trees that
1. Cut the newspaper strips and soak in a tub leads to deforestation. But now a day’s
with full of water for a day. compressed cardboards are widely used.
2. Put two cups of soaked paper and six cups Let's know how it’s made.
of water in a blender. Blend till the mixture It is made from the pulp using bits of
turns into a pulp (like runny oat meal).Pour wood, saw dust etc. Sulphate chemicals
it in a clean tub. are added to the pulp to extract cellulose.
3. Fill the tub with one fourth of blended The pulp is spread evenly as layers and
A
paper pulp. the saw dust sandwiched between the two
layers. This is compressed and dried it
AN
4. Lay a cloth on a flat, waterproof surface.
Slide the wire screen under the wet paper becomes hard and strong as wooden
pulp. Remove the screen gently. Press the board.
news paper pulp to squeeze out any extra For making compressed cardboards
G
water. bits of wood and saw dust is required.
5. Carefully flip the screen on to the cloth. AN Hence there is no need to cut down the
Press it down firmly. Remove the screen. whole tree. This helps in reducing
6. Lay another cloth on top of the mixture. deforestation.
Cover the cloth with a plastic wrap and The existence of biodiversity in nature
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stack the books on the wrap.
teaches us that every plant and animal
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7. After several hours remove the books on whether useful or not has right to exist on
the cloth and let the paper dry. earth. Every organism is a part of our
8. You can even use a hair dryer to blow the ecosystem. Loss of any organism endemic
paper dry. or otherwise effects the food chain and
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9. By adding few drops of edible colours to food web of that ecosystem, which has
the pulp you can make your paper impact on the survival of other organisms.
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colourful. Iron the new made paper with a Hence if we want to protect the
iron box and cut it to your required size biodiversity on our planet first we must
and shape. become a part of conservation and then
10. Beautiful greeting cards, file covers, bags make others aware of it. Otherwise, today
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etc can be made using recycled paper. we see extinction of some other species
tomorrow it could be our own species.
6.10 Compressed Cardboard
Conserving the biodiversity in a wider
How is it prepared? Is it sustainable? For perspective is utilizing the forest
our comfort and convenience we use wood resources judiciously without affecting the
for making doors, furnitures etc. Earlier ecosystems so that we can have a
furnitures were made using long wooden sustainable development and the
planks or blocks of wood. biodiversity can be conserved and life on
earth survive forever.
Nature is for human’s need, not for his • Without biological diversity, we would
greed. We usually think of how to utilize perish.
nature for our own benefits . We never • Food webs would be disrupted and
think of what to do to conserve nature. organisms will become endangered and
Human being is only a part of the nature, then extinct.
not the whole. If we protect nature it • Perhaps the most important value of
protects us. This earth belongs to all biodiversity, particularly in a country
animals and plants and every organism has like India, is that it meets the basic
A
equal right to live. Human beings must be survival needs of a vast number of
sensitised in this aspect to protect people. Read the Greek mythological
AN
biodiveristy. story the animals lawsuit against
humanity which is telling how human
activites are becoming dangerous to the
G
nature. Discuss in your class.
Key words AN
Biodiversity, Endemic species, Endangered species, Extinct species, Red Data
Book, National Park, Sanctuary, Migration, invasive, Conservation.
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TE

• The variety and variability seen in plants and animals is called Biodiversity.
• The plant or animal species restricted to a particular area (zone), region or country is
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called Endemic Species.

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• Species of plants and animals that have vanished from earth for ever are called Extinct.
• Plants and animal species that are on the verge of becoming extinct are called
Endangered.
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• The book published by IUWC that contains the details of Endangered and Extinct Species
is called Red Data Book.
• Conservation of wildlife along with environment is seen in National Parks.
• Conservation of wildlife, mostly birds is seen in Sanctuaries.
• Movement of birds for food and nestling from one region to another is called Migration,
such are called migratory birds.
• Paper should be used carefully. Using more paper causes more deforestation.

1. Read this and answer the following questions. ( AS 4)

Biodiversity-2050
A news item on Biodiversity discussed by Conference of Parties (CoP) -2012-Hyd
says in the next four decades the earth’s natural resources will be limited to grass lands,
mountains, ice and arid and semi arid plains.
A
By 2050 the loss of Biodiversity will lead to unprecedented climate change would
AN
be the key factor. Nearly 1.3 million natural ecosystems will be without any original species.
(The coloured areas are indicators of biodiversity loss. The red areas show maximum
biodiversity loss.)
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L AN
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a. What does the areas with colour codes indicate?

b. Which areas show maximum biodiversity loss?
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c. Which areas show minimum biodiversity loss?

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d. From 2010-2050 what difference do you find in the state of biodiversity?

e. What steps would you suggest to conserve our biodiversity?
(Courtery CoP-2012 on biodiversity-Hyderabad)
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2. How can you say that forests are biosphere reserves? Give suitable reasons. ( AS 1)
3. What do you understand about the terms (a) extinct (b) endangered (c) endemic.
Explain with examples. ( AS 1)
4. What is the scientific reason behind bird’s migration? ( AS 1)
5. Identify the endemic and endangered species and write them against the pictures.( AS 1)

6. What is the need of conducting biodiversity meet? Collect information about these
meetings when and where it was conducted and its agenda also. ( AS 1)
7. Now-a-days we find animals like leopards and bears intruding into our living places.
What may be the reasons for this? ( AS 2)
8. Make a list of animals /birds seen now and 30 years ago. Take the help of your
elders. Write few reasons for their disappearance. ( AS 4)
A
9. Select an area in your locality .Observe the animals (living and visiting) for a day
and prepare a list. ( AS 4)
AN
10. When tree is considered as an ecosystem, record the flora and fauna connected
with it. ( AS 4)
G
11. Browse through the internet or books on wild life and gather information on bird
sanctuaries in India. ( AS 4) AN
12. Visit local forest office and collect the data of local flora and fauna. ( AS 4)
13. Where do you find most of the biodiversity on the earth? Identify the areas in
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Telangana map showing maximum biodiversity. ( AS 5)
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14. What do you understand by biodiversity? How can you say variations are present in
them? ( AS 6)
15. Most of our biodiversity is being lost due to human activities. Suggest few ways to
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protect them. ( AS 6)
16. When you see a park, sanctuary or a zoo with many kinds of plants and animals, how
ER
would you express your happiness? Write a few lines on them. ( AS 6)

17. Prepare an essay to give a talk on biodiversity and conservation. ( AS 6)
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18. Rani said conservation of biodiversity starts from our home. Is she correct? How
do you support her? ( AS 6)
19. When we take steps towards conserving the tiger, what are the other things that
have to be conserved? ( AS 7)
20. Prepare some slogans or a pamphlet to make aware of people about conservation
of biodiversity. ( AS 7)

ANNEXURE-1
NATIONAL PARKS AND SANCTUARIES IN TELANGANA AND

ANDHRA PRADESH
S.No National parks/ District Plants & Animals

Sanctuaries
Telangana State
A
1 Kawal sanctuary Adilabad Cheetah, tiger, panther, barkingdeer,
AN
peacocks,
2 Pranahitha sanctuary Adilabad tiger, panther, black buck, storks and herons
3 Eturunagaram Jayashankar tiger, barking deer, wild boar, fox,
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sanctuary Bhupalapalli jungle cat
4 Pakala sanctuary Warangal Rural teak, bamboo, tiger, panther, ningai,
ANhyena, birds
5 Kinnerasani sanctuary Bhadradri teak, bamboo, tiger, wild dog,
Kothagudem snog bear Chinkara, marsh crocodile.
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6 Tiger project Karimnagar teak, tiger, langur, sambar, python,
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Mannanuru, Cheetah
Nagar Kurnool
7 Akshara Ujwala Park Karimnagar Deers
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Andhra Pradesh State

8 Papikonda sanctuary East &West wild dog, hyena, tiger, panther,
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Godavari gaur Mouse deer, barking deer, wild dog.

9 Kolleru sanctuary West Godavari water birds, herons, flammingos
10 Koringa sanctuary East Godavari sea gulls, storks, herons, flammingos,
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ducks
11 Krishna sanctuary Krishna & fishing cat, otter, jackal, birds
Guntur
12 Nelapattu bird sanctuary SPS Nellore Siberian cranes, pelicons
13 Koundinya elephant Chittoor Elephants
snactuary
14 Telineelapuram bird Srikakulam Siberian cranes
sanctuary
The Animals Lawsuit against Humanity
What happened when the animals decided to revolt and take the humans to court for cruelty?
A 1,000-year-old story that should still be told today, let us read the story...
Beraf the wise, king of spirits arose from world and it will everywhere. Then Bersaf the
his throne, the sear of judgement and proclimed: king declared: "Now I will deliver my verdict".
"If you humans would practise loving-kindness, And all the king's advisers and the sage
the animals would work willingly alongside you. spirits, all the representatives of the humans, and
A
Heaven and Earth would come together and all the emissaries of the animals rose up and stood
AN
gentle rain would fall. No one would need silently awaiting his words.
direction or instruction and all things would take "By the grace of Nature, I find in favour of
their course. If you humans understood this, like the animals, for they have been sorely tested and
would be transformed and all would be at peace. abused. However, it is clear to me that these
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"If you humans wish to rule, you must serve humans now realise the harm they have caused
with humility. If you choose to lead, you must
AN
to Nature's other creations and now begin to
learn what it means to follow. In this way, when understand more of what it means to be their
you rule, the animals will not feel oppressed and rulers. Therefore, although I find in favour of the
they will not be harmed. The whole world will animals in their lawsuit, the humans are guilty for
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support you and not tire of you. what they have done up until now.
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"Do you think you can rule the world and

actually improve it?
"I, Beraf, do not believe it can be done. The
T,
world is sacred. You cannot improve it.

Ultimately, you can change only yourselves.
ER
"The Creator's providence gives all things

life. All Nature's creatures are nourished by it
and so all of us seek to follow Nature's way.
They want to do this because it is natural for
SC
them. How does the Creator's providence give

them life and rear them? It nurse them on loving
kindness, bring them to maturity, feeds and
shelters them.
"Therefore, oh humans, heed my words:
cultivate loving-kindness in yourselves. Cultivate
if in your families. Cultivate if in your settlements.
Cultivate if in your nations. Cultivate if in the

"You humans are hereby served notice that "Nor shall this be end. Continue, and the
your behaviour towards your fellow creatures animals you eat-fish and fowl, beast and bug-
must change! And to ensure your compliance will bring sickness and death upon you, and you
with this court's decision, I am sending a record will be forced to fight each other - and even eat
of these proceedings to the Supreme Court on each other - for lack of food.
high. "In the end, should you ignore all these
A
"Further more, acting as agent of that Court previous signs - you humans will be displaced
AN
on High, I am setting 10 signs as warnings to from your place of glory and no longer rule the
you lest you backslide. If these things begin to Earth.
G
occur, know that you had better change course "So mark my words, you humans, and heed
and return to the Creator's way lest catastrophe

AN my warning. Change your ways while there is
overtake you. yet time.
"Should you err, the animals will begin to

L
disappear, one by one, forever, from the face of
TE
the Earth; and the air in your settlements and
fortresses will become dangerous to breathe.
"Should you still not change, the sky will

T,
weaken and the earth willh reveal its nakedness

ER
to the sun, the water in your streams and the rain
in the sky slowily will turn undrinkable.
"Persevere in your wicked ways, and still

SC
worse will happen: the seasons will be reversed
and your climates turned on end; the earth will
cease yielding up its goodness and the sky will
cease its rain. In the middle of summer, plants
will drop their leaves, and unripe fruits will fall as
if it were autumn.

"Oh humans, Creation is good; you can be All stood as mutes, with heads bowed.
good. So cease this ferocity towards your fellow Finally, Hochmach, the wise and sagacious
creatures. Things need not turn out as I have woman, came forward. Then she prayed and
said. confessed; "Praise the Ruler of All World, the
"For now, let me simply remind you of your Source of being and Giver of life to us all. What
duty: you have domesticated some of the beasts, you say is true, our Lord and King, and your
A
and now that they are used to shelter and a judgement is just.
regular supply of water and grains, they could "We have done wrong and we will try to do
AN
not survive again in the wild. better. We must choose our leaders wisely and
"You humans have responsibility for them not surrender to crude anger, violence and power.
G
and you will be held accountable for the health "Universe is One, Creation is one, all life is
and vitality of the domesticated creatures. You one. And when one part of that whole suffers, all
AN
ought not to rule them, but to serve them, so of it eventually will suffer. Practising loving-
that they might serve you better. The beasts are kindness restores wholeness and build unity. Thus
L
simple-hearted. In time they may come to trust we should always have this essential unity and
TE
you again if you carry your task out well. wholeness in mind. My Lord and King, you bands
"This is my verdict, as nature is my witness." of spirit sages, and you families of animals, we
The humans stood in stunned silence, shall try to live our lives defferently."
T,
contemplating the weight of the fearsome curses

and picturing what life would be like if the King's
ER
prophency were to come about, but no one

could muster a response, with heads bowed.
SC

Chapter
DIFFERENT
7 ECOSYSTEMS
A
In “Habitat” chapter of class VI you You may also ponder on that. Let us try to
AN
have studied many things related to habitat. understand how the term ecosystem came
Try to recall some of them. into existence and in what way ecosystem
is different from habitat.
z The dwelling place for plants and
G
animals is called habitat. 7.1 What is Ecosystem?
Both living and non living things are part The word ecosystem was first used
z
of a habitat.
AN
in 1935 by A.G. Tansley (a British Botanist
Try to add more such points to your and Ecologist). He described ecosystem as
list. a basic unit of nature. Tansley coined the
L
z ………………………………….. word as reduction of the term “Ecological
TE
z ………………………………….. system” to “Ecosystem”. According to him,

z ………………………………….. nature works as a system in which
z ………………………………….. organisms and their communities are
T,
Gayathri and Venkatesh are debating influenced by many non living

whether habitat and ecosystem are same? environmental factors and vice versa.
ER
Till the use of the term ecosystem,

Pond and
forest are But my uncle
people were studying inter-relationships in
habitats said that they
are Ecosystems
nature in separate units mainly of an
SC
individual and those live in the environment.

Habitat is a place that fulfils the needs of
such organisms.
Fig-1
Different Ecosystems GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 101

Now you would be able to understand 4. Record all the living organisms you
that Venkatesh and Gayathri both are see. You can even dig to go deeper
correct in their own ways. The habitat that to find out other living organisms
Gayathri talks about is a part of an
that are present there.
ecosystem.
Lab Activity
A
Structure of the ecosystem
AN
Aim : Let us study an Ecosystem. to
undrestand the strucure at school/home Fig-2 : Marked area of 1 meter square.
garden.
Write your observations in your notebook.
G
Materials Required : Measuring tape
string, small sticks, hand lens, shovel, hand Discussion
AN
towel. z What living things did you find in
your study area? Try to count them
Procedure : To know about the
if possible.
Structure of an ecosystem you have to
L
z Which kind of living thing was most
follow the following procedure.
TE
common in your study area?

Form groups, each group with four z How was your study area different
students. from those of other student
groups?
1. Use a tape at the selected place to
T,
measure a square area that is one z What other things could you
observe other than the living
ER
meter long and one meter wide. It

organisms from your study area?
can be on grass, bare dirt or sidewalk.
From the above activity we see that
2. Mark the edges of the square with an Ecosystem is made up of living things
SC
the help of string/small sticks as and their environments. The living things
shown in figure 2. This is the area like plants, animals and micro organisms
now we have to observe. are known as biotic components of the
3. Observe the marked area (that has ecosystem, whereas others like soil, water,
been marked). Look for plants and air, sunlight etc are called as abiotic
components of the ecosystem.
animals that live there by using hand
All these organisms live together and
lens for keen observation.
interact with one another in many ways.
102 Different Ecosystems GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS

7.2 Interdependence among the Plants trap energy from sunlight during
biotic components photosynthesis. Animals do not get energy
directly from the sun. Many animals eat plants,
which use sunlight to make food. Animals that
do not eat plants still indirectly depend on the
energy of sunlight as they eat other plant
eaters. So energy from sunlight is transmitted
A
to all living things.
AN
When scientists describe the way
Fig-3 : Relationship between biotic
components
energy moves through ecosystems, they
G
z What do the arrows in the figure use the term food chain.
indicate? AN There are different feeding levels in
z Trace the path from grass to snake.
(You may trace out other paths as well). a food chain. At first level several plants,
z On how many organisms fox is algae etc use sunlight to make their food
L
dependent for its food? Write their and are called producers. At second level
TE
names.
some animals eat plants and are called
z How many organisms depend on
Herbivores. At third level some other
rabbit for food? Write their names.
animals eat herbivores are called
We know that there is a feeding
T,
Carnivores. Herbivores and Carnivores

relationship between plants and animals.
Along with this we can see an are called as Consumers.
ER
interdependence between plants and At every level there are organisms

animals for space, reproduction, shelter called Decomposers. They feed on wastes,
SC
etc. as well.
debris of plants and animals or on their
z Where do plants get their food from?
remains after they die. They decompose
z Except food what other things do remnants and return nutrients to the soil.
animals need for their survival?
Plants use these nutrients and the cycle
All the organisms in an ecosystem goes on.
derive energy from food to live. The sun is
the main source of energy for all living things.

Activity-1
Activity-1 In this situation some birds would migrate
to other areas. This would effect ecosystem,
z Make a list of producers in the food web? where they go away. It may restore balance
z Which organisms are consumers? to the ecosystem that they left (or) affect it
adversly. Natural calamities like powerful
z Where does the food web start from?
storms, earthquakes, fire accidents, tsunami,
z Where does the food web end. etc can destroy ecosystems very quickly.
z What happens when plants die in a Human is also instrumental in bringing
A
food web? about changes in ecosystem.
7.3 Changes in the ecosystem Ecosystem can vary from a small plant
AN
to a dense forest. The biosphere is the
Organisms affect their environments
largest ecosystem present on earth. It would
to meet their needs. be very difficult to study biosphere as a
G
Some changes affect other organisms. whole, hence ecologists classified this
As animals eat plants or other animals, they biosphere into different ecosystems based
AN
reduce the number of organisms in their habitat. on various aspects.
For example, there are many insects 7.4 Types of Ecosystem
in a bird’s habitat. When a bird eats insects, Due to the abiotic and biotic factors,
L
it helps keep the number of insects from different ecosystems develop
getting too large. This helps keep the bird’s in different ways. These
TE
habitat and the whole ecosystem healthy factors and their interaction
and stable. But when there are too many between each other have
insect eating birds, they reduce the insect’s resulted in the formation of
T,
population quickly. In due course of time, different types of ecosystems.

there will not be enough food for the birds. On the basis of habitable areas,
ER
ecosystem may be classified as follows.

Ecosystem
SC
Natural Artificial
ecosystem ecosystem
Ex: Aquarium
Terrestrial Aquatic
ecosystem
ecosystem
Grassland Forest Desert Fresh water Marine water

ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem ecosystem

We have studied that a living
community cannot live in isolation. It lives
in an environment which supplies its
material and energy requirements and
provides other living conditions. The living
community, together with the physical
environment forms an interacting system
A
called the Ecosystem. An ecosystem can Fig-4 : Mangroves in Coringa
be natural or artificial, temporary or
AN
permanent. A large grassland or a forest, a Coringa mangroves are situated south
small tract in a forest or a single log, a big of Kakinada Bay and is about 150 km south
pond, an edge of a pond, a village, an of Visakhapatnam. Coringa is named after
G
aquarium or a manned spaceship can all be the river Corangi. Coringa mangroves
AN
regarded as ecosystems. An ecosystem can receive fresh water from Corangi and
thus be defined as a functional unit of Gaderu rivers, tributaries of Gautami and
nature, where living organisms interact
Godavari river and salt waters from
L
among themselves and also with the
Kakinada bay. Numerous creeks and canals
TE
surrounding physical environment.

travel in this ecosystem.
Now let us study some ecosystems.
Let us observe biotic and abiotic
7.5 Mangrove ecosystem
T,
components of Coringa ecosystem.

Mangroves are one of the most 7.5.1 Biotic components
ER
productive ecosystems on earth, deriving

Producers, consumers and
mineral nutrients from terrestrial fresh
water and tidal salt waters. Mangroves are decomposers come under biotic
SC
the forests that grow in back waters of low components.

depth areas of sea shore. Mangrove serves Producers: Mangroves, Spirogyra,
as an important feeding, nourishing and Oscilatoria, Ulothrix (blue-green algae)
breeding ground for a variety of etc.
commercially important organisms and
Consumers: Shrimp, Crab, Hydra,
also serves as protected area for
Protozoans, Snail, Turtle, Daphnia, Tube
endangered species.
worm, etc.

Decomposers: Detritus feeding bacteria. 7.6 The Desert Ecosystem
The deserts occupy about 17% of the
7.5.2 Abiotic components: Marine and
land. They occur in the regions with an
fresh water, air, temperature, sunlight, soil,
average rainfall of less than 23mm per year.
etc. Due to extremes of temperature, the
species composition of desert ecosystem
is much varied and typical. They have so
A
many adaptions according to surroundings.
AN
Desert areas look like those shown in
Fig-6.
! DoDo youknow?
you know?
G
AN There are between 5,00,000 to 10
million marine species. Species diversity
is as high as 1000 per square metre in
the Indo-Pacific Ocean and new oceanic
L
species are continuously being
TE
Fig-5 : Food web in Coringa

discovered by scientists.
T,
ER
SC
Fig-6 : Animals and plants in Desert Ecosystem

1. Producers The camel, called the “ship of desert”,
The shrubs, grasses and some trees are feeds on tender shoots of the plants. It has
the main producers in deserts. The shrubs the ability to conserve water in its body.
have extensive and much branched root The larger animals are scarce. Most of the
system with the stems and leaves variously animals are carnivores. The desert animals
modified into thorns and spines. Some have various morphological and
succulent plants like cactus (a type of physiological adaptations which enable
cactus is Brahma Jemudu) are also found them to live in such extreme environment.
A
in desert. These store the water in their How do long legs and large eyelids help
AN
stems to be used during the time of water the camel?
scarcity. Some lower plants such as 3. Decomposers
lichens, xerophyte mosses and blue green
Due to poor dead organic matter and
G
algae etc. may also be present.
less amount of vegetation, decomposers
are few. They are thermophilic fungi and
2. Consumers
AN
bacteria.
Only a few animals are found in deserts,
comparaed to grass land and forest. Animals
Activity-2
Activity-2
L
which are able to survive in Xeric 7.7 Forest Ecosystem
TE
conditions can only live in deserts. This

Divide all of your classmates into
includes some species of insects, reptiles,
four groups and collect the information on
birds and mammals. Mammals are
forests of Telangana. Write the flora and
represented by a few species of nocturnal
T,
fauna and fill up the following table.

rodents. Some birds are also present in
Collect more information from internet or
desert.
ER
from school library.

Name of the forest : Place:
Flora Fauna
SC
Trees Herbivores
Shrubs Carnivores
Creepers Rodents
Moss and fungi Birds
other plants Insects

Display your observations on wall Forest ecosystems have unique
magazine of your class and compare with environment and are categorized based on
other groups. the type and age of trees, climate and soil.
Investigations: They impact the environment at scales
ranging from local to regional by
1. Do all forests have same type of
influencing climate, nutrients dynamics and
vegetation?
water resources. Forests are found all over
2. Are producers of forest ecosystem
the world and they provide valuable
A
higher than its consumers? Why?
economic and environmental services.
3. Do all the forests have same type
AN
of animals? What are the different
types of animals in each forest?
G
L AN
TE
Fig-7: Forest Ecosystem
Producers (Flora): These are mainly Decomposers: These include a wide

variety of micro organisms like fungi and
plants that show much species diversity and
T,
bacteria which live on the dead bodies of

greater degree of stratification. The trees flora and fauna.
are of different kinds depending upon the
ER
7.8 Energy flow in an ecosystem

kind of the forest formation. Besides trees The existence of living
there are also present shrubs and ground world depends upon the flow
of energy and circulation of
SC
vegetation.
materials through the
Consumers (Fauna): It includes insects ecosystem. Energy is required
like ants, beetles, grasshoppers, bugs etc., for the performance of all the
and also other herbivorous animals like life activities.
Elephant, Nilgai deer, moles, squirrels. The main source of energy is sun. In
Also carnivores like mongoose, snakes, space the solar energy is in the form of
light rays. Approximately 57% of solar
birds, lizards, fox, Lion, tiger also live in energy is absorbed in the atmosphere and
forest feeding on animals. scattered in space.

About 36 percent is expended in The energy flows from the producers
heating water, land and in evaporating water.
Nearly 8% of light energy reaches plants, to consumers. At each transfer 80-90% of
of which only 2% is utilized in potential energy is dissipated as heat
photosynthesis.
produced during the process of respiration
The energy stored by plants is passed
into the ecosystem through a food chain. A and other ways. (Refer annexure for more
food chain consists of producers, information on energy flow in ecosystem.)
herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
A
Herbivores, carnivores and omnivores are
all consumers.
AN
Key words
Habitat, Ecosystem, Food web, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers, Rodents,
G
Flora, Fauna, Thermothilic fungi, Mangroves, Energy flow, Nocturnals, Biotic
components, Abiotic components. AN
L
z The word ecosystem was coined by A.G. Tansley.
TE
z Interrelationship between biotic and abiotic factors can be studied as a part of an

ecosystem.
z Living things like plants, animals and microorganisms are the biotic components of
T,
the ecosystem.
z Abiotic components of an ecosystem constitute soil, water, sunlight etc.
ER
z Several ecosystems exist around us.

z Food chains/food web explain interdependence between biotic and abiotic
SC
components in the form of nutrients and energy.

z Food chains have three levels- producers, herbivores and carnivores. Decomposers
are integral part of every level.
z The producers trap the sunlight to produce food.
z Consumers get energy by eating either producers or other plant eaters.
z Decomposers feed on the wastes of plants and animals or remains of plants and
animals after they die.

1. Define an ecosystem. Explain it with a suitable example. ( AS 1)

2. Explain how diversity of living organisms helps in enriching any
ecosystem. ( AS 1)
3. What happens when two animals having similar habits share one
ecosystem? How could you conserve this type of bio-diversity? (AS 2)
A
4. What is the difference between habitat and ecosystem? ( AS 1)
5. Who am I? ( AS 1)
AN
a) I am the base of food chain.
b) I depend on plants for food.
G
c) I break down the remains of dead plants and animals.
6. Which of the following is a producer? and why? ( AS 1)
AN
a) fox b) fungus c) hen d) grass
7. What do you understand by food web?
Describe your own food web with the help of a diagrammatic representation.( AS 5)
L
8. An ecosystem has mice. What happens if more cats are added to it? ( AS 2)
TE
9. List out producers (Shrubs, Bushes, Trees). Consumers (herbivores and carnivores)
and Decomposers that you observed in your agriculture field or school garden. ( AS 4)
10. In grassland ecosystem, rabbit eats only plants. They eat plants faster than the plants
T,
can grow back. What must happen to bring the ecosystem into balance? ( AS 6)
11. Plant, Tiger, Rabbit, Fox, Eagle
ER
Did you find any connection among the above list of things? If we remove Rabbit
from the list what will happen? ( AS 6)
12. What do you understand by inter-dependency of animals and plants? How do you
SC
appreciate? ( AS 6)
13. Collect the data of plants and animals from a park near by you and fill in the table in
the page No. 109 and write a report on it. ( AS 3)
14. Prepare a table on adaptations of the desert animals, collect the data from your
school library? ( AS 4)
15. Construct the food web with the following.
Grass, Plants, Grasshoper, Frog, Snake, Eagle, Goat, Fox, Tiger, Wolf, Rabit

ANNEXURE-1 In figure the boxes show energy at each
level. About half the average light energy
Energy flow in an ecosystem impinging upon the green plants is absorbed
in the photo synthetic process, out of which
Observe Diagrammatic represen-
tation of energy flow through a food chain 1 to 5 percent is converted into food
of ecosystem. energy and the rest of it passes out as heat
into the atmosphere.
A
Energy accumulated by plants or the
producers in an ecosystem is called
AN
primary production. The total energy
produced during photo synthesis is the
G
Gross primary production. And is
represented by PG or A and energy left after
AN
respiration and stored as organic matter in
Fig of Energy flow in an ecosystem the producers is the Net primary production
The boxes represent biomass or represented by PN. Net primary production
L
population mass and the pipes show the path actually represent food potentially available
TE
of flow of energy between living units. The to primary consumers which feed upon
relative size of block suggests the quantity plants. The primary consumers, therefore,
of energy flowing through each pipe. take in chemical potential energy in the
L = Total energy input;
T,
form of plant food. Most of it dissipates in

LA = Light absorbed by plants; the form of heat (produced during the
ER
PG = Primary gross production; respiration) and is lost out of ecosystem.

A = Total assimilation; Only a small part of energy is fixed in the
PN = Net primary production; form of chemical potential energy in the
SC
P = Secondary production; protoplasm. The same process is repeated

NU = Energy not used; at the secondary consumers or primary
NA = Energy not assimilated by carnivorous level and so on. Therefore at
consumers; each step in the transfer of energy from one
R = Respiration. trophic level to another a large amount of
The energy flow through an energy is degraded in to heat and never
ecosystem can be represented
returns to ecosystem.
diagrammatically in a simplified manner.

Chapter
PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS
8
Naveen went to his uncle’s village for a vacation. On his way to home, his uncle
showed him their fields. Curiously, Naveen asked, "Uncle! what crops are grown in your
A
village?" Uncle said "Maize, Paddy, Wheat, Ragi etc., are grown here."
8.1 Crops in India
AN
Activity-1
G
Observe the following India map. Observe and list out the crops and the places where
they are grown. AN
• What are the crops that are grown in most of the parts of our country?
L
TE
T,
ER
SC
Fig. 1 : India - Crops
112 PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
• Why some crops are grown all over the Activity-2
country?
Duration of crop
• Observe the map, which of them are
Collect information from the farmers of
grown in your village?
your village about the period required to
Go through your social studies text
grow different crops. Write the
book/library books and make comparative
information in the table. Table-1
statements showing crops largerly grown
in different areas. Name of the Crop Duration of the crop
A
a. In our Country ....................................
AN
...................................................
...................................................
b. In our State ....................................
G
...................................................
...................................................
c. In Your District .................................
AN Some crops like jowar, red gram take a
minimum of 180 days or more for
...................................................
harvesting. Such crops are called Long
L
................................................... term crops.
d. In Your village ....................................
TE
Based on the above list or by discussion

................................................... with farmer give some more examples for
................................................... long term crops.
But don’t forget to add your
Some crops like green gram, black gram
T,
observations at the end of the table.

take 100 days for harvesting and such crops
We are mainly dependent on are called Short term crops.
ER
Agriculture for our food. Most of our food

Based on the above list give some more
products are obtained from plants. The
examples for short term crops.
plants which are grown in large number to
Activity-3
Activity-3
SC
get useful food products are known as

‘crops’. The process of growing crops is When are crops grown?
called ‘Agriculture’. We eat different fruits and vegetables.
• How many days are required for getting Are all the vegetables and fruits available
the crops? throughout the year? In a particular season
some are mostly available and some are less
• Is growth period for all the crops same?
in number. Some are available in a
• Which crop needs more duration?
particular season and not available at other
times.
PRODUCTION OF FOOD FROM PLANTS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 113
Discuss in groups and make a list of things available in the seasons for the following table.
Table - 2
Season Vegetables Fruits cereals Pulses
Rainy
Winter
Summer
• In which season do you find more varieties
A
of vegetables in the market? Why? 1) The flowers will come out from the
• Generally, farmers grow varieties of plant after certain growth. In some crop plants
AN
vegetables during rainy season. Can you flowering initiates after growing certain
guess the reason? branches, nodes and after producing a few
You know that water is essential for leaves.
G
growing crops. Generally in rainy season,
ponds, wells, rivers, ditches are pooled with 2) Flowering of plants also depends
water. Hence, farmers grow varieties of crops
AN upon the duration of night time. The effect
in this season. of night duration in flowering plants differs
from plant to plant. In some plants when the
• Name some crops that grow in rainy
night duration is shorter than 12 ½ hours the
season.
flowering will be more. For example in wheat
L
The crops grown in the rainy season (June
plants flowering takes place only in short
to October) are termed as Kharif (rainy
TE
night durations. As long as the nights are

season) crops. In Arabic Language Kharif
longer than 12 ½ hours the wheat plant does
means 'Rain'. Paddy, Chilli, Sugar cane, Jowar,
Cotton, Black gram, Turmeric etc are Kharif not flower. In addition to that, temparature is
crops. also not sufficient to seed formation. So these
T,
Now see the table 2. What are the are called Short night duration plants
vegetables, fruits, cereals and pulses you have (these are also called as Long Day Plants).
ER
written in the table? Which crops are widely In plants like maize and cotton flowering
grown in winter season. Do these crops will be more when the night duration is more
require water like Kharif crops? The crops than 12 ½ hours. These are called Long night
that are grown in winter season (October to duration plants (these are also called as
SC
January/ April) are generally called Rabi Short Day Plants).

(winter season) crops. In Arabic language
3) In some plants night duration is not at
Rabi means 'Winter'. Barley, cumin, coriander,
all the reason for flowering. They can give
mustard, chickpeas, etc. are rabi crops.
flowers any time during the year Eg: Soyabean.
Why farmers cultivate different crops in These are called Day Neutral Plants.
Rabi and Kharif season?
If we cultivate wheat crop in the month of
Crop production is based on flowering of
July it takes 8-10 weeks for growing. After
plant. After conducting so many experiments,
that flowering will take place. By that time it
scientists invented some main reasons for
would be October .
flowering of plant. These are
The night duration extends more than 12 • If we cultivate wheat in the month of
½ hours. So the flowering does not take november what will happen?
properly at that time. Seed formation is • Heat is essential for ripening and
effected due to low temperature. So the development of grains in the plants.
production of crop will be low. Then when do we get more heat?
Now observe the graph and answer the We get hot climate from February
following questions. onwards. It is suitable for seed
development. Short night duration and
A
suitable temperature are needed for proper
flowering in wheat plants.That is the reason
AN
Night duration
wheat is cultivated in the Rabi season only.

By keeping the above in mind farmers
cultivate some crops in Rabi and some
G
crops in Kharif seasons. You know paddy
Months
is cultivated in both Rabi and Kharif
AN
• Why farmers cultivate wheat crop seasons. Is there any difference in
only in Rabi season? production and quality of seeds grown in
• What happens if it is cultivated in the both seasons?
L
month of september? Activity-4
Activity-4
TE
• Why do farmers not cultivate wheat Growing of Paddy

in Kharif season? Go and collect the information from
Table-3 nearest farmer and fill the following table.
Paddy growing season Paddy Production Per hectare Quality of seeds
T,
(1 Hectare = 2.4 acres) Size Weight

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Rabi (Winter season)

Kharif (Rainy season)
• In which seasons farmers generally get Ask your teacher about which crops are
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good quality seeds? generally grown as 3rd crop. Generally very

• Are there any other crops which are grown short duration crops are grown as 3rd crop.
in both Kharif and Rabi Seasons? Think why it is not practiced in all areas of
• In which season farmers get more our state.
benefits?
8.2 Growing paddy - Agricultural
• The quantity of grains is higher in Kharif
season than Rabi season. Do you agree practices
with this? Give your reasons. Paddy is the prime, most essential and
• Do you know about third crop? Some of important staple food crop. World wide in
the places in our state grow 3rd crop also. many countries rice is taken as food.
So it is also called Global grain. Paddy It is also grown in the cooler temperature
was cultivated in the late Mesolithic period regions of China, Japan and Australia. India
(9000-8000 B.C) and in the Harappan has the largest area of land under paddy
civilization (2300 B.C). Although it is a cultivation in the world but when compared
crop of the warm tropical wet lands, it is with China and Japan the production per
grown as a Kharif or a Rabi crop from hectare is very low.
Rajasthan to Arunachal Pradesh and from See the following table.
Kerala to Jammu and Kashmir.
A
Table - 4
Country Land under rice cultivation Total production Production
AN
million hectares Million metric tones Kg/ hectare
India 40 79 1975
China 37 130 3534
G
Japan 2.5 16 6250
Think and
AN
Think anddiscuss
discuss
To obtain better yield farmers prepare a
• What are the reasons for high plan before hand. While they plan they take
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production in Japan? into account the nature of the soil,
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• What are the reasons for low humidity, rainfall and temperature, because
production in India? they vary from time to time and place to
place. They cultivate the crops accordingly.
For understanding these issues we have
T,
to know the details of cultivation of paddy. In general farmers start agricultural

• How paddy grown ? works before monsoon reaches (May, June
ER
months).
The paddy growing field is divided into
small plots (Kayyalu or Madulu). Do you
know why they do like this? Leveling the
SC
land and providing water for the crop is easy

within these plots (Kayyalu).
! DoDo
you
youknow?
know?
Rice growing is a seasonal task and associated with many festivals. The sowing and
transplanting is associated with Eruvaka and harvesting is associated with Sankranthi
festivial. Agricultural tasks are carried out by labours to the tune and rhythm of certain
songs related to cultural practice. Do you sing such songs? Collect those songs from
your village and sing them in your School Theatre day (Bala sabha).
At that time farmers celebrate festivals For proper seed generation, and for
like "Eruvaka". Ask your parents, elders uniform supply of water, soil should be
about this festival. prepared well. For this ploughing and
leveling are done.
8.3 Agricultural tasks (sowing to
a) Ploughing and applying manure
storing)
Farmers divide the field into plots
The cultivation of paddy involves a series
(madulu). Then each plot is ploughed and
of activities. Do you know them? Write the
A
harrowed.
list of practices in your note book. Now
The nursery might be first covered
AN
let us know about the agricultural practices
with manure and then flooded. Flooding
to be followed from time to time and their
submerges the old weeds and stubble which
methods in general.
decompose releasing nutrients and also
G
Many crops are cultivated in the same making a soft seed bed.
AN
way but some need special methods.
Think and discuss
1. Preparing the Soil
2. Sowing of seeds • Do they prepare the dry lands also in
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the same way for cultivation?
3. Applying manure
• What are the advantages of ploughing?
TE
4. Facilitate water(Irrigation)
5. Weeding Before growing crops proper ploughing
6. Crop harvesting of the soil is necessary. Ploughing loosen
T,
7. Storage of crops produced the soil and it helps in easy transportation

Agriculture practices are carried out of air and water.
ER
either using manpower or through special • Water is stored deeply for a long time
tools. The above practices are common for as the soil is soft.
Kharif, Rabi and third crop also. These • Roots can penetrate into the soil easily
SC
practices are not only for paddy growing and can respire well as the air enters
but also for other crops. Let us know about easily into the soil.
these practices in detail. • Soil friendly micro organisms and earth
8.3.1. Preparing the soil worms can grow well when the soil is
soft.
You know that supply of air
• Some harmful microorganisms insect
and water to the plants through
eggs come out and die due to the
the roots is important.
sunrays due to ploughing.
Plough
A
AN
Fig-2 : Wooden plough Fig-3 : Iron plough
This tool is used for ploughing. This is

b) Leveling the soil
made up of Iron and wood. The shape of
G
plough is like T. It is also used for weeding. The fields have a lot of ups and downs
At the end of the plough a sharp chisel like

AN
even after ploughing. So, a leveller is used
iron nail is attached, which helps in for leveling the soil. By leveling the soil
penetrating the soil. water and nutrients can be reached to every
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• How many nails does a wooden part of the land. It also helps in sowing
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plough have? seeds and planting.

Go to a nearby farmer and measure the
length of nail of the plough. If he used
T,
tractor measure its plough nail’s length. The

ER
‘V’shaped ridges are formed while

ploughing. This helps for better watering
of the crops.
SC
Fig-5 : Flooding of field

Fig-4 : Iron leveller
The leveller is made of a log and iron float on water. Remove all the floated seeds
blade. This is tied to bullocks with a rope. and soak the remaining seeds in water for
This helps in the smooth leveling of the a day. Next day lay them to dry then keep
soil. them in a bowl or vessel to sprout in warm,
8.3.2 Sowing the seeds moist and dark place.
Sowing of seeds in the field is an • Why do some seeds float on water? Why
important task. Farmers should take so do we remove the floated seeds from the
A
many precautions before sowing seeds. water? Why do we soak seeds in water
Production of crop is mostly dependent on for a day?
AN
quality of seeds. Thus, selection of seeds
! DoDo youknow?
you know?
is an important step in agriculture.
The name Oryza for paddy- was given
G
Ask your elders and farmers where they
buy seeds ? by Linnaeus. Thousands of varieties of
AN
paddy are available throughout the world.
Before sowing, farmers select good
Oryza sativa is cultivated in Asia. "Oryza
quality seeds. The healthy seeds give
glaberrima" is cultivated in Africa. "Oryza
healthy crop. After harvesting the farmers
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glumaepatula" is cultivated in America.
select wrinkle free, round shaped and more
In our state we have hundreds of varieties
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weighing good seeds and store them for

of paddy. Hamsa is the traditional good
future use. This is called selection. The
variety which is grown in our sate. Amrita
rest of the crop either they sell or use as Sari, Bangaru Teega, Potti Basangi, Sona
T,
food. masuri are some of our traditional

• In olden days farmers preserved their varieties. Now a days, the most used
ER
own seeds for future. How did they 'Sona' variety is also a famous one.
preserve? Discuss with your teacher
Activity-6
Activity-6
in your classroom. After that collect
SC
information about their own seeds from Selection of seeds

farmers. Take some water in a glass. Drop a fist
Activity-5 of seeds in it. You can observe some seeds
floating on water. Collect those seeds and
Do you know how to select and separate
observe with a hand lens and compare with
good seeds?
those seeds that sank in the water. Write
Take handful of chickpea seeds and drop your observations in the table. Put a (9)
them into a bucket of water. Some seeds mark.
Table-5
Seed character Sunken seed Floated seed
Good colour
Wrinkled and rough shaped
Smooth and round shaped
More weight
Less weight
A
• What are the differences you observe
AN
in both seeds?
• Do you know why the floated seeds are
G
light in weight?
Activity-7
Activity-7
AN
Seed selection and Germination
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Sow both (sunken and floated) the seeds
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in different pots and provide water

uniformly. Observe the growth of the plants Fig-6 : Different stages in sprouting of paddy seeds
in two pots and make a report. Seed crisis

T,
• Which seeds germinate well? Why? In olden days farmers used to store some
• Which seeds do not germinate seeds from their crops which are cultivated
ER
properly? Why? by themselves. Farmers in our state

generally purchase seeds in the nearby
• Can we test all types of seeds in this
market. The grains that are available in the
SC
manner?
bags play a vital role in agriculture.
• How the paddy seeds germinate? Sometimes the rate of germination of the
seeds is not up to the mark, which was
There are different stages in sprouting
labeled on the bags. Sometimes never
of the soaked paddy seeds before it is
germinate too. They grow into plants, but
planted.
may be sterile. Some multinational seed
companies sell genetically modified seeds.
Every year, farmers are imposed to Types of Seeding
purchase seeds from the companies only, The medicated, germinating seeds of
because the seeds produced by the plants paddy are sprinkled on the wet paddy fields.
may again be sterile. National Seed Generally farmers follow this method to
Development Corporation of India
grow paddy crop.
preserves and promotes different varieties
of seeds. Now a days our traditional Are all the seeds dispersed like
varieties are almost disappearing. Think this? Most of the time farmers develop
A
why does this kind of situation take place? seed beds to grow paddy seedlings (naaru).
How to get sustainability in seed availability These grown plantlets are uprooted and
AN
at the level of farmer without dependency planted throughout the field (naatlu) after
of farmers on seeds from market? some growth.
Selection of seeds free from pests and • Discuss with your friends/farmers and
G
insects is also important issue in make a list of crops that we cultivate
agriculture. Sometimes farmers wash
seeds with chemicals to protect from pests.
AN by sowing plantlets.
Different types of sowing the seeds

Can you guess why do they do this?
Discuss with your friends and Some seeds are directly sowed by seed
L
teachers and write the reasons drill. And some seeds sowed with hands
TE
in your note book. and then covered with soil.

Chemical seed treament is Activity-8
done to keep seeds away from
T,
the harmful micro organisms Sowing Methods

like bacteria, fungus etc.
Collect information about diffrent
ER
Generally farmers medicate

seeds before sowing. sowing methods from the nearby farmers
Fig-7 : Fungicide
and fill the table.
Table - 6
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Sowing by dispersal Sowing with hands Sowing with seed drill
• Why seeds were covered with soil?
Discuss with your teacher and write the
reasons for that.
Modern seed drill
A
Fig-8 : Broadcasting
AN
The method of dispersing seeds by
scattering is called broadcasting.
Seed drill
G
Fig-9 : Modern seed drill
Seed drill is an instrument used to sow
AN Now-a-days farmers use the
seeds in the soil. There is a funnel like
sophisticated seed drill, used with the help
device on the top of the seed harrow. of tractor. This seed drill is attached to a
Farmers put the seeds in the funnel. They tractor and helps to sow seeds in 5 or 6 rows.
It also covers the sown seeds with soil
L
travel through pipes helping the seeds to
be sowed uniformly in the land. Generally immediately with the help of a blade attached
TE
to it. It is time saving and easiest way of

there are three pipes in the seed drill. Based
sowing the seeds.
on the distance to be maintained between Seeds that are broadcasted in a plot will
plants, farmers select 3 to 6 piped seed grow. The growing seedlings need to have
T,
drills. After that farmers cover the seeds their roots constantly submerged in water.
with soil. When the seedlings show 4 – 5 leaves they
ER
can readily be transplanted. This stage might

If we don't do like this, do you know have taken from 14 to 40 days depending on
what loss may happen? Think, how to solve the variety of paddy, temperature and
this and discuss with your nearby farmers availability of water. In the meanwhile the
SC
about your findings. How will your ideas remaining plots are ploughed, leveled and
help them? manured.
Removing seedlings from the nursery
• Do you know how many kilograms of plot
paddy grains are required for an acre to When the plants grow to certain height,
plant? Is the same quantity required for farmers pick out the seedlings from the
all varieties of paddy? Ask your elders, plots and make bundles. Some farmers
collect information and discuss in your purchase these bundles to replant in their
class. fields also.
Do you know how many bundles of
plantlets are required for one acre? Paddy
plants are sown in proper distances. This is
called transplanting. (Natlu veyadam)
The paddy variety ‘SRI Vari (SRI -
System of Rice Intensification)’ requires
much gap between the plants. Ask your
elders/ farmers, how many plantlets are
A
planted at one place? Is it one or 5 to 6 Fig-11 : Paddy planter
AN
plants as a group? Why?
8.3.3. Applying manure and pesticides
• Why the seedlings are replanted at
proper distances? The growing Paddy crop is attractive
G
• Do farmers follow this transplantation food for moth caterpillars, paddy beetles
method for all types of crops? and their larva, paddy grasshoppers and
AN
aphids. Some insects eat the leaves, others
See annexure for more details about
bore through the root and stem or suck the
Srivari in the chapter challenges in agricul-
juice from the tender rice grain.
L
ture in class IX.
To control these pests, pesticides might
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be dusted or sprayed on the crop.

T,
ER
Fig-12 : Disease affected paddy plants

SC
Activity-9
Activity-9
Fig-10 : Transplantation
Crops and diseases
See figure-11. This is a paddy planter. It
is useful for cultivating paddy in large areas. Form a group with 4 to 5 of your
It is easy to maintain proper distance in classmates, visit nearby field, discuss with
farmers about diseases effected by, and how
sowing the plantlets. It is time saving and
to control them. If you do not know the name
money saving process.
of the disease, write its local name.
Collect information and fill the below table.
Table - 7
S. Name of the Crop Observed Name of the Pesticides Remarks
No. farmer grown diseases pesticides used effect
• Do all the farmers use the same In agriculture along with weeds, pests
A
pesticides for the same crop? also damage the crops. Almost all crops are
• Is there any disease that you find generally affected by pests. Sometimes
AN
common to all fields? caterpillars suddenly appear on the leaves
• Where do they buy pesticides? of the plants and eat them.
• What are the appliances used to spray
G
pesticides? Activity-10
Activity-10
• Did you find any other living organisms AN
dying along with pests due to Identification of pests
pesticides? If so, what are they? Observe the plants in a nearby field or
Pests that damage the crops in your school garden. Closely observe the
L
leaves and stems to collect the following
Do you agree that plants also fall ill like
TE
information. If the character is present put

us? a (9) mark and if there is no character put
'8' mark.
Table-8
T,
Name of the plant/crop : ............................................ Place : .................................................

ER
Characteristics Leaves Stem

Twilted
Rolled
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Spots appear
Change of colour
Fleshy spots
Powdery spots
Caterpillars/ larvae
Scars
Worms
Others
• Do all the leaves of plant have spots? Is there any powdery like substance? This
• Draw the leaf with those spots. is because of virus. We may see white
• What is your reason for the leaves brown colour spots on fruits and leaves.
which have cutting edges? This is because of bacteria. Along with
• Do you find any twilted leaves with these citrus butterfly, aphids, mites can be
insects? Why are the leaves twilted? seen on lemon plants. They are the carriers
• Are the scars on the stems same as of disease causing virus, bacteria and fungi.
spots on leaves? They spread the disease in crop.
A
• Collect powdery substance of the spots Controlling pests
AN
on leaves and observe under
What will we do to crop plants which
microscope. Write down your
are affected by the diseases? Observe the
observations.
following pest controlling practices.
G
• A farmer removes the affected leaves
...................................................
................................................... AN from the plant and puts them under that
................................................... plant only.
Do you think there is some relation • A farmer removes the affected leaves
between these spots and caterpillars and from the plant and puts them aside in
L
insects? These infections are caused by the field.
• A farmer removes the affected leaves
TE
different viruses, bacteria and fungi.

from the plant and puts them in a dump
Wheat, paddy and sugarcane are and covers with soil.
generally affected by fungal diseases. The
• A farmer remove the affected leaves
T,
leaves and stems of these plants have spots

from the plant and burns them.
and scars on them.
Which of the above practice is good?
ER
Particularly in groundnut all leaves of

Why do you think so? Discuss with your
the affected plant have powdery spots. The
classmates.
whole plant becomes wilted. This fungal
A farmer used pesticides Dithane M-45
SC
disease is called "Tikka disease". If you

uproot the plant you will notice that the and Endrine. He sprayed both of them by a
roots have rotten and emit a foul smell. sprayer on the plant. Why did he use both
pesticides at a time? That year pests were
Do you think there is a connection in
controlled. Next year also he used the same.
spreading disease from root to leaf?
But the pests were not controlled. Why did
Collect and observe leaves and fruits of this happen? If we use pesticides unwisely,
lemon tree which contains spots on them. pests become resistant to the pesticides.
How are they formed? What will we do to solve this problem?
Activity-11
Activity-11 Every plant has characteristic insects and
other living things depending on it. Some
Pest controling practices of these associations might be useful or
In your village farmers control pests by harmful for the plants. For example some
using different pesticides and insecticides help in pollination, wasps and lady bugs eat
for different crops. For this they use more harmful insects. In small number
different practices. Ask your elders/ even the pests may not cause much harm.
A
farmers, the names of pesticides that they In the wild they might actually serve to
use in the following pest controlling keep in check the plant population. But the
AN
practices. large number of these pests cause immense
1. Spraying ................................................ harm. In farms and plantations the large
numbers of the same kind of plants are
G
................................................................
grown in one place, making it easy for pests
2. Dusting................................................... AN
to spread from one plant to the another,
................................................................
multiply further into large number and thus
3. Put in the soil........................................
destroy the crop.
................................................................
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Insects are the most common
4. Picking, burning are also the practices
TE
agricultural pests. They multiply rapidly

where they use these.............................
when food is plenty. At other times they
5. Bio pesticides .......................................
stay dormant or their numbers is less. For
T,
Small holes and cuts in leaves are example the desert locust occurs in India
evidence of damage caused by insects, often in regular cycles. The Deccan wingless
ER
by caterpillars. A wart or swelling may hold grasshopper is seen only in the Kharif
insects inside it. A crumpled or twisted leaf season. Many pests are abundant in the
might show that aphids have been sucking monsoons. At the end of the season they
SC
its juice. A fungal infection is usually seen lay their eggs in the soil to hatch in the
as white, black, yellow, brown spots or a next monsoon.
fluffy or powdery coating on leaves. Some
• Do you know, why farmers plough the
discolouration also could be caused by
field and leave it for sometime under the
bacteria or viral infectiones. Root
sun?
infections like boring worms, insects or
Some insects like aphids and the white
fungus are not seen above the ground. But
fly besides sucking plant sap also carry viral
they lead to wilting of plants.
infections.
A
Fig-13(a) : Aphids (b) : Viral Disease (c) : Tikka Disease
AN
Other crop pests might be carried by ! DoDo
you know?
you know?
mammals like rats, bats, monkeys, rabbits
In 1960 Rachael Carson wrote a book
and squirrels etc. and even by mites, bugs,
G
called ‘silent spring’ in which she pointed
crabs, millipedes, snails and slugs.
AN out the dangers of pesticides. Pesticides
A wide variety of agricultural and garden
get into the bodies of microscopic plants
pesticides are available. A few derived from
and animals in the soil and water. When
plants like neem, tobacco and
these plants and animals are eaten by fish
L
chrysanthemum are less dangerous to other
the traces of pesticides get into their
TE
living things. Others are inorganic

bodies. Even if the fish are not seriously
pesticides like compounds of arsenic, zinc,
poisoned with each successive meal,
sulphur, phosphorous and fluorine. A wide
pesticides buildup inside their bodies.
variety of organic synthetic pesticides are
T,
commonly used. DDT (Dichloro diphenyl A bird that eat these fish might get a
ER
trichloro ethane), BHC (Benzene hexa concentrated lethal dose. DDT also
chloride), Chlordane, Endrin, Aldrin, accumulates in the egg shells weakening
Endosulfan and Diazinon pesticides are them and making the shells break before
SC
usually dusted or sprayed on crops while hatching. There are just two, out of the
some types are put in the soil. numerous ways that pesticides are eaten,
Some pesticides act on particular passed down the food chain, and
species of pests, but many pesticides are accumulate in the bodies of higher
harmful to other harmless and useful animals including human beings causing
insects. Using pesticides, is very harmful sickness and sometimes death. Think,
to our environment. how dangerous the pesticides are...!
How do farmers get high yield? Nitrobacter decompose it into manure
In addition to control pests and diseases which contain nutrients. This manure when
proper manuring is also an important added to the soil, provides nutrients to the
activity in agriculture. plants.
Artificial Manure/Chemical fertilizers
Supptlying manure
These are prepared in factories. These
We know that plants require nutrients to
are also called chemical fertilizers. These
grow, which are obtained from soil. Our
A
are sold in the market by the names Urea,
present agricultural lands have been in use
D.A.P, Superphosphate, Potassium which
since long time. Guess, what would happen
AN
are enriched with Nitrogen, Phosphorus
if a farmer grows same type of crop, in the
and Potassium.
same field every year?
G
If you do so, the nutrients in the soil Think and discuss
decrease and soil becomes infertile. Nature AN
of soil is also changed. In order to Have you ever heard or read in the
overcome this problem, farmers add newspapers that farmers doing strikes for
manure to the soil. Manure is needed for fertilizers. Why does this happen? Why
L
healthy growth of the plants. Manure do farmers want to get more bags of
contains Nitrogen, Phosphorous, Potash fertilizers? Do you have any solution for
TE
(N P K) etc. this? Make a note on your ideas about

this and display in the wall m agazine.
• How do farmers manure the crop?
What type of tools do they use? Look at the picture given and write
T,
• Do you have a compost pit in your the constituents and their quantity
school / house? What material you put present in it?
ER
in it?
Manure is of two types
1. Natural Manure (Bio fertilizers) Nitrogen
SC
2.Artificial Manure (Chemical fertilizers) Phosphorus

Natural Manure (Bio fertilizers)
Potassium
These fertilizers are formed by
decomposing plant and animal wastes. In
rural areas farmers dump plant and animal Nitrogen ( %) Fig-14 : Chemical
wastes outside the village in an open space. Phosphorus ( %) Fertilizers
Some bacteria like Azatobacter and Potassium ( %)
Which manure is better?
Table - 9
Chemical fertilizers Natural fertilizers
1. These are made up of inorganic salts These are made by the decomposition of
plants and animal (organic) wastes.
2.These are prepared in factories These are prepared in open places.
3. Humus is not deposited in soil. Deposits of humus layer is found in the
A
soil.
4. More amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus Less amount of Nitrogen, phosphorus and and
AN
Potassium deposits in the soil. Potassium deposit in the soil.
5. Gradully decrease the health of soil. Soil is healthy forever.
G
Observe the table carefully, discuss with your 8.3.4 Irrigation
teacher and conclude which fertilizer is best to
the farmers and why?
AN The process of watering crop plants in
the field is known as irrigation. The
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
source of water should be more and at a
L
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ higher level. So that each and every part of
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_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ the field gets water. Wells and canals are

common sources of water. Farmers irrigate
What would happen if over dosage of their fields either manually using bullocks
manure is added to soil?
T,
or by using pumps. There are three methods

of irrigation which are commonly practised
Generally, farmers should use
ER
in our country.
fertilizers keeping in view the nature of the
soil and the crops he wants to grow. But 8.3.4.1 Furrow Irrigation
some times in order to get more quantity
SC
of crops he uses more amounts of

fertilizers. In turn, this leads to soil
pollution and water pollution. After some
time soil becomes either acidic or alkaline.
Thus it brings only grief to the farmers.
Fig-15: Furrow irrigation
In this method of irrigation, the water is the plants.Therefore provision should be
allowed to enter the field through channels made for draining the excess amount of
or furrows made between two rows of crop. water from the fields. Farmers learn from
Which crops are irrigated in this experience as to when and how many times
method? Discuss with your friends and to irrigate a field.
write in your note book. • When do farmers irrigate the land?
8.3.4.2 Basin Irrigation • List out the water resources of your village.
In this method of irrigation the field is • Are they useful to farmers?
A
just filled with water as in the case of paddy. • In what way the farmers of your village
AN
Canals, tanks and wells are the water get water to the fields?
resources in most of the areas of our state. Why water is essential for plants?
Farmers dig small canals from tank to
Have you ever observed the plants
G
fields to supply water.
blossom if you water them properly? How
Preparing of canal bunds and removing
water is useful to plants?
of water flow barriers like water hyacinth
AN
plants is a major job in irrigation. Do you The nutrients in the soil should be
know about ‘Saagu Neeti Sahakara transported to the plants properly. For this
it should be dissolved in water. When
L
Sangham’ (W.U.A) in your village?
nutrients are in dissolved state, only then
• Ask your village elders about the
TE
they are absorbed by roots and transported

activities taken up by the water users
to all the plant body. That’s why farmers
association in your village and make a
water their field after adding manure to it.
report on it.
T,
Activity-12
When should farmers irrigate the field?
ER
Consult the farmers and fill the table with

the information on how and when they
provide water to various crops.
Table-10
SC
Name of the crop Stages of providing water
Fig-16: Sri Vari

Sometimes field gets excess water
which the soil is unable to absorb. This
condition is called water logging. Water
logging is harmful to most crops as it does
not allow the roots to breathe. This harms
• Are all the crops provided with equal methods in different regions, for taking it
amount of water and in same number to the fields. Cattle or human labour is used
of times? in these methods. So, these methods are
Providing water to fields in different cheaper, but less efficient.
stages is called irrigation. Irrigation Nowadays motor pumps are commonly
should be done according to nature of the used for lifting water. Diesel, bio gas,
soil, and the type of crop to be grown. electricity and sloar energy are used to run
these pumps.
! DoDo
you
youknow?
A
know?
What are the ways that the farmers of
AN
Paddy requires high quantity of water. your place supply water to the fields?
That is why paddy is grown in areas where
plenty of water is available. Because of 8.3.4.3 Modern methods of Irrigation
marketing and supporting price, paddy is
G
During irrigation large amount of water
grown all over the country irrespective is absorbed by the canal soil before
of water availability. For this farmers dig
bore wells and use ground water wherever
AN
reaching to the plant. Do you have any idea
to protect this water loss?
water is not sufficient. Farmers may be
at loss due to low yeild. There is a need
L
to shift to those crops which require less
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water. In some areas, recently farmers

grow fishes in paddy growing fields.
Why do farmers provide more water to
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the summer crops? Fig-18 : Sprinkler

A modern device of watering plants is
Observe the following pictures
called Sprinkler. It is used for conserving
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water in Agriculture in the areas where

water is scarcely available, these sprinklers
are handy to use. It provides uniform
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watering all over the field. It works on the

principle of force of water. Observe a
Fig-17 : Ancient irrigation techniques
sprinkler if possible or ask your teacher,
How does it works? It is beneficial in the
In the Ancient practices of agriculture, way that every drop of water reaches every
farmers used to cultivate lands by using plant in a field. It is mainly beneficial in
mota bavi, yatam, chain pump etc. sandy soil. Government encourage
The Water available in wells, lakes and sprinklers, drip irrigation systems by giving
canals and ditches is lifted up by different huge subsidy.
8.3.4.4 Drip irrigation 8.3.5 Weeding
This method is employed when the If you observe a field with a standing
availability of water is poor. As the water crop of plants you will find that some other
reaches the plants drop by drop this is called plants growing there side by side. These
Drip irrigation. It consists of a long tube are undesirable plants, called "Weeds". They
should be removed immediately.
followed by small tubes attached to a
motor. Holes are made in the tubes. So that
• Why should weeds be removed?
A
The weeds compete with the primary
water comes out from the holes. The holes
crops for nutrients, water and light.
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are arranged in such a way that it provide
Because of these plants the prime plants
water exactly at the place where plant roots may not grow properly.
could receive water. Discuss the uses of
Besides competition for food, light and
G
drip irrigation. water they also work as carriers for different
AN
diseases. They also serve as a host for
different pests. Some weeds disperse pollen
grains to air which in turn cause respiratory
diseases. Hence, they should be removed.
L
TE
Parthenium harmful to environment

T,
Fig-19 : Drip irrigation system

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Activity-13
Activity-13
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Fig-20 : Parthenium
Visit a nearby field and observe
See the plants. Have you seen such
sprinklers and drip system. Prepare your
plants in your surroundings? This is
own report. This should contain apparatus,
Parthenium plant. Do you know that some
instruments used, water supplying process,
of your friends may have got allergy
water resource, investment and because of the pollen grains of this plant.
maintenance, merits and demerits. For this Incidentally, this weed was imported along
project you need to talk with the farmer and with wheat from America long before. It
collect information. is wide spreading weed.
Can you name any weed that you see in Sometimes weeds are removed with the
paddy field? Generally some weeds help of weed harrow. Dante or Guntaka is
commonly grow with some crops. generally used by the farmers to remove
weeds from the fields. Do you know, why
Garika, Wanza, Varipilla Gaddi, Sukha
farmers keep weight (stone) on it?
Bhogi, Dharaka, Buradha Thunga grow
along with paddy. We can see plants like
Celosia, Tridax, Amaranthus, Golagandi,
A
Typha, Jeeluga grow as vegetable crop
weeds. Pogaku Malle in tobacco, Puli
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Chinta in Mirchi and Cotton fields are the
common weeds.
Fig-22: Weeding
Activity-14
Activity-14
G
Draw the diagrams of the material used
Ask your nearby farmers and know the AN
by the farmers to remove the weeds in your
weeds that grow in different crops. Make a village? Write their names.
table in your notebook.
When the crop is fully grown the above
How is weeding done?
L
methods may not be suitable for uprooting
weeds. So, farmers use weedicides like
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Weeding is done by different methods

by the farmers. Most of the weeds are up 2,4-D (2,4 -Di Chloro Phenoxy acetic acid)
to control the dicot weeds. But these
rooted at the time of tilling or ploughing.
weedicides do not work on monocots.
Those which still remain after tilling are
T,
manually uprooted. It is better to root out By spraying weedicides, weeds are

killed, but not the crop plants why?
the weeds before flowering. Why?
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8.3.6 Harvesting
How do farmers harvest the crop?
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This is the most important task in

agriculture. Collecting grains from the crop
by cutting the matured plant is called
Harvesting. During harvesting crops are
either pulled out or cut close to the ground.
After cutting they are dried in the sunlight.
After the moisture has evaporated, farmers
Fig-21 : Weed harrow
collect the seeds. Harvesting is done either
manually or by using machines.
8.3.6.1 Harvesting of paddy 8.3.6.2 Threshing
For a paddy crop harvesting can be done
The dry plants' stocks are tied in to
by hand, using a sickle. After cutting , the
crop is spread out to dry in the field for 2 bundls and are beaten on a hard surface of
to 3 days. rocks or on wooden table to remove the
• If the paddy is not dried well enough. grain. Threshing is also done with the help
What will happen? of bullocks, which trample the grain. By
• Why farmers go for machinary for this, seeds get separate from plants.
A
harvesting crops?
AN
First crop for best friends.
Before harvesting, paddy farmers
collect riped grain (Pachi Kankulu). They
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make a bundle and hang it at the roof of
the varanda. Do you know, for whom is AN
this? Yes- this is for farmer’s family
friend, ‘sparrow’. The little bird sparrow
makes a nest in the roof and eats those Fig-23 : Thrashing
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grains. And say thanks to the family by its
8.3.6.3 Winnowing
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chirping. Farmers love the nature, they

conserve biodiversity. They are doing In winnowing the grains are poured out
great work! of a basket or tray held high up, the wind
blows the chaff, dust and lighter seeds aside
! DoDo youknow?
you know?
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while the heavy grains collect below. Like

To meet the food requirement of
this they separate seeds and collect.
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growing population there should be an

increase in the cultivated land. But now a
days parts of the agricultural land in rural
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areas remain uncultivated land because of

non availability of seeds, power, water
supply, market problems. Farmers thinking
that agriculture is a non profitable task.
Actually agriculture is the backbone of
our country. Young generations should
develop more passion towards agriculture
which would be the only beneficial
profession in near future. Fig-24 : Winnowing
Activity-15
Activity-15
Find out the methods of harvesting in and around your village and fill in the table.
Table-11
Name of the crop Type of harvesting Tools used
A
AN
8.3.6.4 Modern harvesting machine • Where do farmers harvest the crops in
(Harvester) your village ?
Now a days it is a common practice to • Is harvesting method same for all crops?
G
harvest the crop with the help of a harvester.
After the collection of seeds farmers AN
separate the grain and chaff by the method
called winnowing. For this they use a
manual winnower by using chaata and fan
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or winnowing machine.
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Fig-26 : Harvesting on roads
Harvesting is also an important task in

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agriculture. Farmers generally use

traditional methods to harvest.
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8.3.7 Storage of grains

Where does your mother store Rice,
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Fig-25 : Modern Harvester

Bengal gram, Jowar, Wheat ? How does she
store them?
• Have you ever seen farmers harvesting
Usually in our houses the grains are
the crops on roads?
stored in a tin after drying them in hot
In some villages farmers harvest their sunlight. Storage of grain is an important
crops on the roads insted of using bullocks task, because we do not consume the entire
or machines. It is a dangerous practice. crop at a time. Farmers store the food and
Some times accidents may occur. wait for the reasonable market price.
How do farmers store the grain? Few decades back, farmers used to store
There are different storage practices in the grains in metallic and bamboo bins. Now
our state. Naturally food produce can be a days, specific chemical treatments are
damaged by fungi, pests, rats and bacteria. employed for storage of grains in order to
If moisture is also there in the grains it protect them from pests and micro
helps to develop moulds (fungi). Such organisms.
grains neither germinates nor suitable to
eat.
A
To overcome this problem farmers dry
AN
the grains for 2 to 3 days in sun. After drying
they keep the grains in a jute bags and
preserve them in a godown.
G
AN Fig-28 : Cold storage unit
It is a Cold storage unit. Here the

L
vegetables, fruits, tamarind, chillies and
other products that are usually damaged
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and decoloured within a short time are

stored. As the temperature is very low here,
the vegetables and fruits can be kept for a
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longer time without spoilage.

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Fig-27 : Godown
Key words
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Crop, Agriculture, Crop production, Long term crops, Short term crops, Kharif .
Rabi , Night duration, Global grain, Ploughing, plots, Levelling, Sowing, Selection, Seed
crisis, Sprouting, Seed dispersal (broadcasting), Seed drill, Nursery plot, Manure,
Pesticides, Paddy planter, Bio fertilizers, Chemical fertilizers, Basin Irrigation,
Sprinklers, Drip irrigation, Weeding, Weedicides, Harvesting, Threshing, Winnowing,
Godowns, Cold storage units.
• Crops that take 180 days and above for harvesting are called long term crops.
• Crops that take 100 days and below for harvesting are called short term crops.
• The crops grown in the rainy season are termed as Kharif crops. It starts from June
to September.
• The crops grown in winter season are called Rabi crops. It starts from October to
A
January/April.
• In some plants flowering depends on the duration of night.When the night duration
AN
is more than 12½ hours, flowering will be better.
• In some plants night duration is not at all a reason for flowering. They can flower
through out the year.
G
• Preparation of soil is fundamental practice in Agriculture.
AN
• Ploughing makes soil loosen and soft, so that air and water can be transported easily.
• Levelling the soil is useful for irrigation of fields.
• Farmers sow the seeds after testing and treating with fungicides.
L
• Manure is of 2 types. 1. Natural manure ( Bio fertilizers) 2. Artificial Manure
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(Chemical fertilizers).
• Sprinklers and Drip irrigation techniques are used in drought prone areas.
• Weeding increases crop yield. 2,4- Di Chloro phenoxy acetic acid is used for
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removing Dicot weeds.

• Proper storage of grains reduces the damage of grain by bacteria, fungi, pests, rats, etc,
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1. State reasons why wheat is cultivated in Rabi season only? ( AS 1)

2. Ramaiah levelled his field. Somaiah’s field has many up and downs.
Who will get more crop yeild? Why? ( AS 1)
3. What are the advantages of ploughing? ( AS 1)
4. Treating with fungicides before sowing the seed is necessary. Why? ( AS 1)
5. Why do farmers dry the paddy crop after cutting them from fields? ( AS 1)
6. Give some examples of crops that are grown in plots and then seedings are
transplanted? ( AS 1)
7. Rahim removed weeds in his crop field, but David did not.Guess who get more
yield. Why? ( AS 2)
8. What is natural manure? How to prepare it? Give two examples? ( AS 1)
9. Why do farmers plough their fields during summer? ( AS 1)
10. Rajendar cultivated cotton crop in his field. He did not get sufficient yield. Can you
guess the reasons? ( AS 2)
11. Place a fist full of Bengal gram (or any other seeds) seeds in a bowl of water. Do
A
you find some seeds float while others sink? ( AS 3)
- Why do some seeds float and others sink?
AN
- Which seeds do you think will germinate and why?
- Which seeds do you think will not germinate and why?
G
- Which seeds do you think farmers should use for sowing in the field.
12. I am a plant. I grow in crop fields. Farmers pluck me as soon as they see me. Can
AN
you tell who am I? ( AS 2)
13. Go to your nearest fertilizer shop and collect the information about chemical
fertilizers and fill the table. ( AS 4)
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Name of the fertiliser % of Nutrients Name of the crops used
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N P K
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14. Prepare a flow chart from ploughing to yielding in paddy (AS 5)

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15. How do you appreciate the irrigation systems used in the drought prone areas? (AS 6)
16. Narendra sprayed over dose of pesticides on his cotton crop. Ramesh says it is a
hazard to bio diversity and crop yield.Can you support Ramesh? How? ( AS 7)
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17. Venkatesh observed the irrigation method for paddy field. He wanted to follow the
same practice for his Maize crop.What suggestions do you give him. ( AS 7)
18. Take some paddy grains and soak them in water for one day and then sow them in
soil. After that observe the radicle and plumule with the help of hand lens and draw
the picture of it. ( AS 3)
19. What is the relation between night duration and crop field? ( AS 1)
20. In a village all farmers have grown same type of crop. What are the disadvantages of
this practice? ( AS 6)
Chapter
PRODUCTION OF
9 FOOD FROM ANIMALS
A
We eat varieties of food in our
AN
daily life. Our food habits differ a lot. Some
persons prefer to consume food obtained
from plants and some from animals.
G
What are the food items that are AN Fig-1 : Dairy farm
obtained from animals? Are they obtained
Since long time, we have been using
directly from animals or processing is
animals not only for obtaining food but also
required? We rear a number of animals for
L
for agriculture, transportation etc. We
food. realized their importance and domesticated
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Do we get our food only from them.

domesticated animals? List out the food Do you know the period from which wild
animals were being tamed? See the
that is obtained from animals? Discuss in
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following table.
groups and tabulate your discussion in your Table-1
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note book. Name of the animal Period of Domestication
Dog 30,000 – 7000 BC

9.1 Animal Husbandry
Sheep 11,000 – 9000 BC
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Farmers adopt different

Pig 9000 BC
methods of management for
Goat 8000 BC
getting better yields in agriculture. In the
same way, care is also required in the • Why did we domesticated only some
management of rearing animals. Providing of the animals?
food, shelter, protection and breeding of
• Discuss and write in groups about
animals is called ‘Animal husbandry’.
things to be taken into consideration,
while domesticating animals.
PRODUCTION OF F OOD FROM A NIMALS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 139
We domesticate only such of these 9.2 Cattle Rearing
animals which are helpful to us. Buffalo, People living in rural areas used to
cow etc are reared for milk. Hens, goats, domesticate animals like cows, buffaloes,
sheep for meat and ox, bulls, horse, donkeys bullocks, goats, sheeps, pigs, hens, etc.
for agriculture and transportation. Food Supplying of nutritious food,
production is the main aim in rearing the accommodating clear and hygienic shelters
animals. for animals are very important issue in
animal husbandry. Generally villagers send
A
Can we get all nutrients required for our
their animal to graze at the places where
AN
body by eating only plants? grass is easily available.
We get our food from plants. But food
production from plants alone does not fulfil
G
all our needs, so we need food from animals
too. Production of food from animals is as
AN
important as agriculture in our country.
• Do all the persons who own agricultural

L
fields also rear cattle and other
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animals?
Fig-2 : Cattle grazing
• Is there any relation between
agriculture and rearing of animals? • Where do people rear their animals in
T,
your village?
Collect the following information from
Have a talk with them and collect
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your class friends.

information about cattle rearing. For this
• No. of families in agriculture .................. you need a questionnaire. Following
• No. of families in agriculture along with questions may be helpful to you. You can
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animal husbandry .................................... add some more questions.
• No. of families in animal husbandry • What are the cattle reared here?
alone ……………................
• At what places fodder is available?
In our country farmers believe that
animal husbandry is part and parcel of • What are the places where water is
agriculture. available?
140 PRODUCTION OF F OOD FROM ANIMALS GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
• What is the necessity of rearing cows, Galikuntu (foot and mouth disease) is a
buffaloes, goats and sheep? common and dangerous disease generally
• What are the major problems that seen in cows and buffaloes. Sheep and
animal rearers generally face? goats suffer from worm infections (Nattala
Vyadhi).
Earlier, villagers used to appoint a person
Some parasitic diseases cause damage to
for cattle rearing and was paid by them. This
liver and intestine. Viral and bacterial diseases
kind of practice is gradually disappearing
also affect milk production. Particularly in
from our villages. Some of the farmers keep
A
rainy season, cattle are disturbed by mosquito
their cattle in the sheds. They do not take bite. Cattle can be protected by covering
AN
their cattle to the fields. They supply fodder mosquito nets. Veterinary doctors provide
in those sheds. Rearing cattle like bulls, treatment and give suggestions about health
cows and buffaloes in large scale is also in care for these cattle.
G
sheds. Generally the farmers in our country
• Where is the veterinary hospital located
are cultivating the land area of less than one AN in your area?
hectare. Even though mechanization is
• Who are working there and what do they do?
increasing in agriculture, farmers use
bullocks for ploughing and other Meet a nearby veterinary doctor, collect
agricultural practices. information about common diseases in cattle
L
and prepare a note on them.
• Make a list of agricultural practices by
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using bullocks and the buffaloes. 9.3 Milk Production

Rearing of goats and sheep is also related Our government treats producing milk
to agriculture. Besides agriculture, cattle as an industry. We get milk mainly from
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rearing and sheep rearing are beneficial to cows and buffaloes. Let us observe the
farmers. During off season for cropping following pie diagram.
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cattle rearers make fences in the fields and

Cows
keep their sheeps and goats in them.
Buffaloes
Think in which way this practice is
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helpful to the farmer as well as field crops. Donkeys,

Camels, Goats,
Taking care of animal health is equally Sheep
important task in animal husbandry. Most
Fig-3 : Milk production
of the times cattle sheds become unclean
because of the remains of fodder, dung and • From which animal do we get maximum
urine. Dump these wastes away from the milk?
shed. Care should be taken to prevent the • Apart from cows and buffaloes, which
growth of lice and mytes on cattle’s body. other animals provide milk?
Generally farmers rear 1 to 5 cattle in (England) and Holstein (Denmark) are the
small scale at their homes to produce milk. Foreign varieties. They give 25 liters of milk
They supply fodder from their agricultural per day. These foreign varieties are cross
fields only. bred with our native or local varieties
• What are the types of fodder, farmers produce hybrid varieties. They give 8 to 20
use at your village? liters milk per day. Cows play vital role in
total milk production of our country.
• How farmers preserve fodder for cattle
A
after harvesting?
AN
Let us observe the following graph. It
Shows the rate of milk production in
various countries. Observe the position of
G
our country. Discuss in your class, why we
are lagging behind in comparison to other AN
countries.
Milk production
Fig-4 : Holstein cow
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Milk Production per year
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T,
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Countries
Fig-5 : Jersy cow
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Graph-1
Among cows, traditional species give 2 Out of milk produced in our country
– 5 liters of milk per day. Murra, species 60% is used to prepare cheese, khova, ghee,
are reared in most of the districts in our curd, milk powder and other milk products.
state. They give up to 8 liters of milk per There are number of goverment and private
day. Haryana, Jaferabad, Nagapuri are the dairy farms in our state. The milk in dairy
traditional varieties of cows in our country farm is collected from households and
which give good quantity of milk. Jersy pasteurized. Milk is preserved in packets
and transported.
You might have studied about HTST
method in story of micro organisms II
lesson.
Pasteurization
The process of destructing disease
causing micro-organisms is called
Pasteurization. In this method, milk is
Fig-7 : Milk chilling center
A
boiled at 630C (1450F) for a period of 30
Uttar pradesh is the highest milk
minutes. After that it is immediately
AN
producing state in India. Our state is taking
cooled to below 100C and stored. This many steps to produce milk in higher
process is used in milk chilling centres. quantities.
• Do you know in which month the rate
G
of milk production is high? Why?
AN Milk production is higher particularly in
some months compared with remaining
months. Let us observe the graph showing
milk production in our state.
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Fig-6 : Milk collection
Month-wise Milk Production
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• Is there a milk collecting centre in your

village?
Milk Production
• How do they collect milk and export?

• Do you know how they decide cost of
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milk?
• Where is milk chilling center located
ER
in your area? Months

(For this you need to observe milk
Graph-2
packets which are sold in your area)
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There are private and government milk • Why the milk production is higher
collecting and chilling centers in our state. during some months? Discuss in your
class and find out the reasons.
Prof. J.K. Kurian, father of white revolution in India, worked a lot
in increasing milk production through co-operative societies to fulfil
the needs of our country. He proposed innovative activities in
producing hybrid varieties of cows and buffaloes, animal health, milk
collection and preservation. There is a great improvement in
Prof. J.K. Kurian production of milk under the scheme – Operation flood.
60 to 70% of expenses in maintaining Do you know?
animals is for feeding them. Animals need
! Now a days adulterated milk is being
food for two purposes. One is to maintain
sold in the market. Urea, flour and
themselves healthy and other is for
different types of substances are used to
reproduction. We provide green and dry
produce milk. These are packed and sent
grass, oil seed cakes of groundnut etc. used
in to the market. How do you recognise
as fodder for cattle. These nutritious food
the original milk? What are the tests
helps to produce more milk.
A
administered to know the pureness of milk
know from your teacher.
AN
! Doyou
Do youknow?
know?
Milk production in cattle start with the birth of a calf. It is often suggested that
G
after 2-3 days of delivery, milk may be collected for human use. Thereafter a cow may
produce milk for a period of upto 10 months. Milk contains fat, proteins,
AN
carbohydrates,minerals and vitamins (mainly A, B and E). Nowadays cattle rearers and
dairy farmers are using hormone injections to get high quantity of milk.
L
9.4 Selection procedure for dairy
Some of our rural people are experts
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cattle
in identifying high producing varieties. Ask
Care should be taken while buying cattle
those people how they identify and write a
for milk production. The following points
report on their experiences.
T,
should be kept in mind.
1. Select high milk producing varieties,

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9.4.1 Practices in livestock keeping

either traditional or hybrid.
Rearing high milk yielding traditional
2. Observe 2 to 3 days for average milk
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varieties is very important. Traditional

production.
livestock are becoming depleted because
3. Observe number of yields (younger
of hybrid varieties. Let us read the
ones), their growth and health.
following case study to know how local
4. Observe their capacity of eating fodder.
breeders conserve their livestock.
5. Consult a veterinary doctor or
officials.
I am Komuraiah. My family has been
maintaining local breed of bullock called
‘Kangayam’. It is suitable to rear for
drought areas. There are no other good
bulls in our area. Kangayam is a strong
and healthy local variety. These bulls
have small or short horn, wider shoulder
bone and larger hump. We select these
A
calves and feed them to become bulls.
AN
One bull is able to serve 20 to 30 cows
reproduction in a month. The conceiving
rate is more than 80%. Very few cows are brought for second time for mating. We charge
G
Rs.300 per mating. We have three cows too. Each of them produces upto 20 litres of milk.
Our income has reduced because only a few people bring their cows for mating.
AN
! Do Do
youyou know?
know?
In Odisa traditional livestock – The bones of animals are grinded and
L
Chilka buffalows are reared. They take used as manure. Leather is another animal
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care to avoid cross breeding with Murra.

produce. Leather is used for manufacturing
They graze during night times in brackish
water of Chilka lake. They return home many products like bags, belts, footwear
in the morning give milk without any etc.
T,
extra feed. This milk tastes a bit salty and

Biogas: The excreta of animals reared
kept up to 7 days without refrigeration.
ER
is used to produce biogas. Is there any

In our country people believe that the
biogas plant in your village?
cattle rearing is not the only economic
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source. Cattle are part and parcel of our

culture. They treat them as their family
members. During some festivals they
decorate their cattle on. What occasions
they decorate their cattle in your village?
Some people call them by names also. Do
they respond when called by names? Do you
have any such experience with your pets? Fig-8 : Bio gas plant
Collect information about biogas 7th position in the production of meat about
production from your school library or 3000-5000 million kgs per annum.
internet and write a note on it. Then display • Are the hens reared in the poultry is
it on wall magazine. same as our traditional varieties reared
Meat production from animals is another by farmers in the villages?
side of animal wealth. Production of meat Generally poultry farms are of two
in large scale takes place in slaughter types. One is for production of eggs and
houses (Kabela). Beef, pork and mutton are other for meat. Broilers are commonly
A
the prominent meat varieties. used variety in poultry. They are reared for
AN
Rearing of sheeps and goats are meat. Layer are reared for the production
more in the districts of Mahabubnagar, of eggs.
Nalgonda and Warangal. Discuss the causes
G
in your classroom and write.
9.5 Poultry
Production and rearing of
AN
hens on a large scale is
generally called poultry.
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Fig-10 : Broiler, Layer
Billions of hens are reared
Natural, wild varieties grow fully in
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worldwide for eggs and

5 to 6 months. But broilers grow fully in
chicken. We know that farmers
just 6 to 8 weeks. This happens due to
rear cocks and hens in villages. Most of
these are local varieties (Natukollu). genetic modification in the hens.
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New Hampshire, white Plymouth, Rhode

Island Red, white leg horn, Anoka are the
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foreign varieties of meat giving species.

• Think and discuss – Is genetically
modified food useful or not?
Some hens are reared only for
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Natu kodi Guinea fowl production of eggs. Some hens are able to
(Seema kodi) lay 300 to 350 eggs in their life span. But,
Fig-9 : Local varieties
one has to follow proper management
We get around 74% chicken and 64% techniques up to 21 to 72 weeks for getting
of eggs only from poultry farms. Poultry eggs.
has emerged as one of the major industries
After a period, the capacity of laying eggs
in last two decades. India achieved 3rd
decreases. This is one of the reasons why
position in the world by producing 90
people are more interested in rearing broilers.
million eggs per annum. And also placed in
Country varieties are good for hatching
purpose. Aseel, Kadaknath, Chittagang,
Longshan, Bursa are the pure local varieties.
But the rate of production of eggs is lower
than varieties mentioned earlier.
• Aseel (Berasa kodi) the Indian
traditional variety is meant for fighting
A
because of its fighting spirit high
stamina and other characters.
AN
Fig-12 : Hatching
G
• Prepare a detailed note on how eggs
AN are hatched?
During January to April, egg prices are
high. Do you know what is the reason? This
is because of most of the eggs are used for
L
hatching. In this period, rate of hatching is
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more. Hatchability of eggs is generally

influenced by 37 to 38°C temperature. In
Fig-11 : Aseel poultry industry hen wastes (litter) is used
as nutritional manure in agriculture.
T,
Have you heard about cock fight during

some festival seasons? Think and discuss Egg is a nutritious food. Collect
ER
in your class about this type of practices information about various nutrients in egg
which show human cruelty towards animals. and write a note on them in your note book.
We are rearing hens for eggs and meat.
Local chicken breeders rear both varieties
SC
of hen.
By using incubaters chicken breeders
produce chicks in large scale. Hatching of
eggs is an interesting job. Our rural
practioners hatch eggs by placing them
under broody hen.
• Do you know how many days a hen
Fig-13 : Poultry form
spends to hatch its eggs?
NECC (National Egg Co-ordination Committee)
If you want to be a healthy person eat egg every day. This is the
slogan of National Egg Co-ordination Committee. Egg is a good
nutritious food which is easily available for all at low cost.
Activity-1
Activity-1
Form a group of 5 or 6 students. Observe different types of hens and find their characters.
A
If you want to know more details, you need to ask hen rearers or poultry farm in your
AN
village. Do not forget to collect information about the feed and diseases, treatment by
using local technology.
! DoDo
you
youknow?
know?
G
Emu culture
AN Emu is the flight less bird from Australia. It
is the second largest bird in the world after
Ostrich. This amazing bird weights nearly 50
kg. and run at 40 miles per hour. Emu farming
L
is also a commercial practice like hen.
TE
Recently farmers of Adilabad, Medak,

Nalgonda and some other districts of
Telangana, started the Emu farming. Meat, eggs, chicks, skin,
T,
leather, oil, feathers are the main products in the Emu culture.
Its meat and eggs are costly. The Emu market is not so good
ER
at present in our state.
9.6 Apiculture Worker

SC
Culture of Honey bees (Apis)

is called Apiculture. It is the
most beneficial and eco friendly
activity. Development of
apiculture is not only for honey production
but also very much useful for crop
Queen
pollination. Honey bees are best pollinators
Drone
of many agricultural crops.
Fig-14: Honey bees
• In what way honey bees are helpful in There is only one queen bee in a colony.
pollination? The primary function of a queen is to lay eggs.
Presently there are six well known The life span of queen is two to three years, a
species of honey bees in India. Apis worker has 5-6 weeks of life span and the
drone has 57 days only. There are sterile
dorsata, Apis indica, Apis florea, Apis
females which are called Workers in the hive.
melipona, Apis trigona, Apis cerana are
These bees attend to indoor duties during first
the species which are available in our
three weeks of their lives such as secretion
country. Apis cerana honey bee hive of royal jelly, feeding of the brood etc. After
A
produces 3-10 kgs of honey per annum. A three weeks they attend outdoor duties like
AN
bee hive of Apis mellifera an European collecting nectar, pollen and water. Drones
honey bee produces 25-30 kgs of honey per are the male members of the colony. They
annum. are very lazy and unable to gather food. Their
main duty is participating in mating. Mating
G
! DoDo
you
youknow?
know? takes place in the open when the queen is in
flight. The Drone dies during the act or
Honey has probably been associated
AN
immediately as their abdomen burst open
with man since very early days. The first
during this process.
proof of this association is evident from
the rock paintings made by the primitive
L
9.6.1 Sources of nectar
man thousands of years ago. Man knows Plants which contain nectar and pollen
TE
about the art of bee keeping in the regions liked by bees are called bee flora.
of early civilization. The Egyptians were The following are some of the more
well acquainted with bee husbandry 4000 important plants either wild or cultivated.
T,
years ago as they practised migratory Fruit trees like citrus, apple, guava, tamarind;
beekeeping. The Rigveda, probably Cultivated field crops like mustard, gingelly,
ER
written between 3000 B.C. and 2000 B.C, wheat, cotton, sunflower; Vegetable plants
contains many references to bees and like beans, lady's finger, brinjal; Timber
honey. They named honey as a divine food. yielding trees like acacia, neem, sal and
bushes, shrubs and natural and ornamental
SC
It was during the Nineteenth century that flower plants are all the sources of nectar.
bee keeping, as a result of scientific
research, became a commercial activity.
Honey bee species are social insects
like ants which lives in colonies. A honey
bee colony consists of three types of bees.
One queen, several thousands of workers
and few hundreds of drones. Fig-15 Bee hive
The bees of a colony sometimes rob • Try to find out the differences between
another colony especially during drought these two hives.
period.
• Generally where do you find honey bee To get more yielding of honey from the
hives in your surroundings? colonies, a bee keeper has to follow some
• In which seasons we find honey bee management techniques. Various pests and
hives?
predators attack the honey bee colonies.
• Collection of honey from hive is a
A
Wax moths, wasps, robber flies, dragon
careful activity. Write a note on how
people collect honey from hives. What flies attack honey bee colonies. King crow,
AN
precautions did they take for this? Bee eater are more harmful during swamp
The bee wax and bee venom are other period. Bee keepers should protect bee
products in Apiculture. Bee venom is used hives from the pests and predators.
G
for the preparation of ‘Apis tincture’. It is
• Ask your parents / teacher how a bear
AN
used in Homeopathic treatment. The major
hunts bee hives for honey.
uses of bee wax are production of polish
cream, nail polish, etc,. 9.7 Fisheries
L
Production of honey in large scale is by
Fish constitute an important
TE
providing artificial bee hives. The hive

and rich sources of high quality
consists of floor board, brood chamber,
animal protein. India has a
super chamber, top cover, inner cover,
coast line of about 7500km and
frames and entrance rod. These parts can
T,
the total available area for

easily be separated.
fishing both inshore and offshore is nearly
ER
This may be double walled or single

0.48 million square meter. In addition there
walled. These artificial hives are not similar
are extensive inland water areas comprising
to natural hives.
SC
of numerous rivers, fresh water and

brackish water lakes, reservoirs, tanks,
ponds, swamps, etc. are suitable for fish
culture.
Fig-16 Artificial bee hive

Nowadays fish and prawn culture is a large scale • Do you know how to catch fish in a
industry in the coastal districts of our country.
pond?
Most of the farmers convert their agricultural
fields into fish and prawn culture ponds. • How to catch fish in a large scale?
The marine water is the big source of fish. It 9.7.1 Marine Fisheries
is constituted by several groups of varying India’s marine fisheries sources include
magnitude and importance. The sardines,
7500 km of coastal line and deep seas
mackerel, crustaceans, tunas, molluscs, catfish,
ribbon fishes are some of the marine varieties. beyond it. Marine fish are caught using
A
Besides these, the sea weeds may be included many kinds of fishing nets through fishing
which form an important living source from the boats. With the introduction of synthetic
AN
sea. Prawns, lobsters, and crabs together fiber nets, there has been revolution in
constitute the crustacean fishery. fishing gear material. Fishermen catch fish
Murrel(korramenu), katla (jalla), katrana
by using machines is called mechanized
G
(bochalu), rohu (mosu), seer (Vanjiram) are the
fishing. They catch tons of fish everyday.
fresh water varieties. AN
Prawn
L
Fish
TE
Fig-18 Mechanized fishing

T,
• Think what will happen if mechanized

Crab
fishing continue for a long run.
ER
Fig-17 Some marine fishes of high economical

value are also found in sea water. This
Cultivating fish and prawn is a large scale include finned fish like Mullets, Bhetki and
industry in our state. In our state cultivating
SC
Peral spots, Crabs, Prawns, Mussels and

fish is done in lakes, rivers and reserviors. Fish
breed are collected suitable to these water and Oysters as well as sea weed. This is
reared. Fish larvae or fish eggs are called as recognised as a good economical source.
fish seeds (breed). Selection of fish breed, • Ask your teacher what are the uses of
collecting fish seed and catching fish are Oysters?
important activities in fish culture.
• Tuna is an important fish which is
• Write a list of fishes that are available in
available in our marine area. Display the
your surroundings. Just write local names
information on wall magazine.
only.
9.7.2 Inland fisheries These species are selected so that they do
not compete for food among them and have
Fresh water resources include canals,
different types of food habits. As a result,
ponds, rivers and reservoirs . Brackish water the food available in all the parts of the pond
resources, where seawater and fresh water is used. As Catlas are surface feeders.
mix together, such as estuaries and lagoons Rohus feed in the middle zone of the pond,
Mrigals and common carps are bottom
are also important fish reservoirs. Fishing
feeders, and Grass Carps feed on the weeds.
is also done in such inland water bodies,
A
This species can use all the food in the pond
but the yield is not high. without competing with each other. This
AN
increases the fish yield from the pond. Even
if one species of fishes are infected with
disease it is not spread to others.
G
• What is blue revolution? What are its
AN effects? Discuss in your class room.
! DoDo
you
youknow?
know?
L
Sea weeds constitute an important
TE
marine resource and are found along the

Rocky intertidal and sub tidal regions of
the coasts of India.
T,
The Sunderbans, the

Fig-19 Fish pond Chilka lake, the
ER
deltas of Godavari
Generally farmers rear only one type of
and Krishna, Gulf of
fishes or Prawns. More intensive fish Sea weed
Mannar, Palkbay,
SC
farming can be done in composite fish

Gujarat coast and around Lakshadweep,
culture systems. Both local and imported
Andamon and Nikobar Island are the
fish species are used in such systems.
areas rich in sea weeds. They are used
In such a system, a combination of five
for human consumption and also as cattle
or six fish species are used in a single
and poultry feed, as manure and for
fishpond.
industrial purposes as the sources of
Phyco colloids like Agar-agar.
One problem with such composite fish culture is that many of these fishes breed only
during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild, it can be mixed with that of
other species as well. So, a major problem in fish farming is the lack of availability of good
quality seed. To overcome this problem, we have now been worked out to breed these fish
in ponds using hormonal stimulation. This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desired
quantities.
! DoDo youknow?
you know?
A
Estuaries are a part of the river systems. These are extremely interesting areas. The
AN
environmental conditions are in state of flux and the Fauna also is a combination of fresh
and salt water species which can tolerate considerable variations in salinity.
Fish culture is sometimes practised in combination with a rice crop, so that fish are
G
grown in the water in the paddy field. Growing fish in paddy field is also multi utilitarian
practice. The reason for this is increasing use of inorganic fertilizers and insecticides in
AN
paddy fields which cause deleterious effects on fish and predation for birds, snakes etc.
Cultivating fish in paddy fields lower pests like stem borers on paddy and reduces the use
of chemicals. Environment can be saved.
L
• Make list of fish preservation practices
TE
Fish is highly perishable. The processing

and transport of fish is very important in in your area.
fish culture. There are several traditional Animal husbandry, poultry, fish culture,
methods of curing fish depending upon the
T,
bee culture etc. are the major practices in

local demands and export. Sun drying, semi food production. Our government provides
ER
drying, smoking, salting and drying, opportunities to improve animal food

pickling and pit curing are some of the production to fulfill the food requirement
common methods employed in our State. of growing population.
SC
Key words
Animal husbandry, livestock, jersy, Holstein, biogas, poultry, hatching, incubator,
apiculture, honey bee hive, bee wax, queen bee, drone, aqua culture, marine fisheries,
inland fisheries, breeding, food processing.
• Providing food, shelter and protection to cattle to get milk, meat and other purposes
collectively called animal husbandry.
• Rearing cattle in rural areas is a traditional practice.
• During the month of October and November milk production is higher than
remaining year.
A
• Broilers are meat yielding varieties whereas Layers are egg yielding varieties.
AN
• Incubators are useful for hatching eggs artificially.
• One should take milk and egg daily as it is the only source of cheap and easily
available food with all nutrious values.
G
• Production of honey is otherwise called apiculture.
• Bee venom is used for preparation of apis tincture which is used in Hemeopathic
AN
medicine.
• Cultivating fish in fresh and salt water is called aqua culture.
• Because of aqua culture many agricultural lands converted into fish ponds in the
L
coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh.
TE
• Marine and inland fisheries meet the global food needs.

T,
1. One honey bee hive consists of different types of bees. What

are they? How they differ from each other? ( AS 1)
ER
2. Make a list of characters of local variety of buffaloes which

give good quantity of milk in your village? ( AS 1)
SC
3. Explain the process of hatching eggs in rural areas? ( AS 1)
4. Write about the accessory products produced in animal husbandry. ( AS 1)
5. What is estuaries, how they are suitable for both marine and river fish to live. ( AS 1)
6. If you have a chance to visit milk chilling center, what doubts would you like to
clarify? Please list out them. ( AS 2)
7. Poultry / Emu culture / Fish forms /Cattle / Apiculture. Visit any one of the above
and get the information from formers and prepare a note on this. (AS 3)
8. Collect news from news papers about milk production and impurities in milk.
Prepare a note and display it on wall magazine. ( AS 4)
9. Collect information about sea weeds, sea kelp from your school library and write a
note with examples. ( AS 4)
10. Observe nearby poultry farm and find out how do they export eggs to market? What
A
material is used for transportation? ( AS 4)
AN
11. Observe a dry honey bee hive and how the bees built it. Draw a picture. How does it
look like? ( AS 5)
12. Agriculture and animal husbandry are both sides of the same coin. How can you
G
justify this? ( AS 6) AN
13. How do you appreciate the uses of cattle? ( AS 6)
14. What makes you amazing in division of work in Honey bee colony. Support your
answer. ( AS 6)
L
15. Conversion of agricultural lands into fish ponds leads to food crisis and
TE
environmental pollution. Write your opinion to conduct a in debate on this

issue. (AS 7)
16. Raju stated that there is a relationship between Animal husbandry and Agriculture.
T,
How do you support this statement? (AS 7)

ER
SC
Chapter
NOT FOR BREATHING
10 NOT FOR DRINKING
A
O ne day Akshay and his father
AN
In the evening when Satyam returned
Satyam went to Bazaar on Motor home, Akshay wanted to see the pollution
bike. A traffic constable stopped them and under control certificate. You can also see
asked his father to show his driving license that certificate. Here it is.
G
and other documents. He showed the Observe this certificate and try to find
driving license and other documents. Then AN
the constable asked Satyam to show the
certificate of pollution check. He did not
have one. The traffic constable fined him
L
and asked him to go to any certified
pollution check centre for pollution under
TE
control certificate or the pollution check

certificate.
Satyam went to the pollution check up
T,
centre. There the emissions from his

motor bike were checked and a pollution Fig-2 : Pollution control certificate
under control certificate was issued with
ER
details of amount of pollutants in the out answers for the following questions:
emissions.
1. Which department issues the
pollution under control certificate?
SC
2. For how much time is it valid?

3. For which type of vehicle has it
been issued?
4. What is emission test? What
components are tested in the
Fig-1 : Pollution control checkup pollution check up center?
156 NOT FOR BREATHING NOT FOR DRINKING GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS
5. What will happen if Carbon Now, we will study about the harmful
monoxide (CO) and Hydrocarbons (HC) changes taking place in our surroundings
readings are higher than the permissible
and their effects on our lives.
limits?
Discuss these issues in the class room. 10.1 What is Environmental
• In your opinion, what is the need of Pollution ?
“Pollution Under Control Certificate?” The environment is made up of living
With a rapid increase in the number of and non-living components which are inter
A
vehicles, the problem of automobile dependent. When everything is working the
way it should be, all the components of the
AN
pollution has assumed greater significance.
Since the emission of smoke from motor environment will be functional, healthy and
vehicles is a major source of air pollution, balanced in the nature.
specific standards for the permissible • What will happen if harmful organisms
G
limits for such emission have been or substances enter your body? How
prescribed in the Motor Vehicles Act 1988
and Central Motor Vehicles Rules 1989.
AN do you feel?
In the same way if something harmful
All vehicles which are in operation for is introduced into the environment and it
gets disrupted it can cause a chain of
L
more than a year should undergo emission
tests every six months to obtain the problems affecting all the resources, plant
TE
certificate of pollution under control. and animals life. These changes really hurt
the health and well being of living
The word pollution might not be new organisms. Pollution therefore can be
for us. Our elders talk about the blue sky, described as the disturbance of
T,
clean water and fresh air that was available environmental balance caused by human
in their times. activities. It can also be caused by chemical
ER
substances, biological species or by

Scientists regularly report on the dangerous radiations including sound and
falling quality of the environment. We heat.
ourselves feel the impact of the air and
Pollution is the addition to the
SC
water pollution in our lives. Number of environment (air, water, land) of harmful
people are suffering from diseases of the substances or energy in quantities that are
respiratory system, for example lung harmful to life.
cancer, Asthma are steadily rising.
10.2 What is Air pollution?
If we do not control pollution clean air
The composition of air in the
and water may no longer be available! You
atmosphere comprises four major gases
have learnt about the importance of air and namely nitrogen, oxygen, argon and carbon
water in earlier classes. dioxide. They are called basic elements.
NOT FOR BREATHING NOT FOR DRINKING GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 157
Other substances are present in a very little amount and hence, they are collectively
known as trace components. Let us observe the composition of air in the atmosphere
shown in the in the graph and table below:
Table - 1
Componet Symbol Volume

Nitroten N2 78%
Total Volume of
gases = 100%
A
Oxygen O2 20.947%
Argon Ar 0.923%
AN
Carbon
Dioxide CO2 0.03%
Other Traces - 0.1%
G
Water Vapour H2O 1%
AN
Activity-1
Activity-1
The atmosphere contains about 21% of
Oxygen which is an essential element for Natural Disasters - Pollution
L
survival of all living organisms. • Collect information from your school
TE
It is also important for the combustion, library for the following natural
we read about this in the chapter disasters in the world.
‘Combustion, flame and fuels’. Carbon - Volcanic eruptions
dioxide which is 0.03% is essential for the
T,
- Forest fires
process of photosynthesis in plants.
- Sand storms
All the other components have their
ER
- Tsunamis
own importance and all are in a naturally
These natural disasters lead to air
balanced state. When this composition or
pollution. But the majority of pollutants
the state of balance in air is disturbed either
are added to the air because of human
SC
by any natural phenomenon or by human

activities.
activities, it is then called Air Pollution
and the substances responsible for Think and discuss
disturbing this naturally occurring balance
in air are said to be Air Pollutants.
There are some air pollutants that enter
• If tyres or dried leaves are burnt at
a place, where does the smoke and
the air by natural disasters, such as volcanic
eruptions, forest fires, dust and sand ash go?
storms.
Airborne pollutants make it tough to These pollutants are of two types : Primary
breathe and can even cause diseases like and Secondary pollutants.
breathing disorders, cancer etc. One
Pollutants are also defined as primary
problem is the way winds criss-cross the
pollutants resulting from combustion of
globe, picking up pollutants and carrying
them all over the world. This is how areas fuels and industrial operations and
far away from where the actual pollution is secondary pollutants, those which are
created can become affected, too. Air produced due to reaction of primary
A
pollution is not just a local concern. It is a pollutants in the atmosphere.
major global problem.
AN
10.4 Natural Calamities - Air
Activity-2
Activity-2 Pollution
Oil Paper Experiment • Forest fires release carbon particles
G
(ash) into the air and pollute the air.
Take three square pieces of white paper
•
of 5 X 5cm size dipped in oil. Hang these
AN Volcanic eruption releases various
gases and ash into the atmosphere.
oil dipped papers at three different
locations, say, your backyard, your school,
L
near a park, or a parking lot, etc. Let the
TE
papers be there for 30 minutes. Later

observe and compare all the papers.
• What did you find on those papers
T,
dipped in oil?
• Is there any difference in appearance
ER
among the papers?

• Try to find out the reason for this Fig-3 : Volcanic eruption
difference? • Decay of organic matter releases
SC
• What do you conclude from Ammonia gas into the air and it
observations? pollutes the air.
10.3 Air Pollutants • Decay of organic matter lying under

water releases Methane gas and it is a
As we discussed above, air pollutants
pollutant.
arise from both man made and natural
processes.
• The pollen grains released by plants
remain suspended in the air and pollute
it.
10.5 Air pollution due to human Chernobyl. Nuclear waste is dangerous
activities because it can cause cancer and other
health problems. The radioactive wastes
10.5.1 Burning fuels: Burning fuels
possess radio activity for at least one
pollute the air producing pollutants like
million years. The other problems are melt
carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide
downs. Melt downs are provoked by too
(SO2), smoke, soot and ash.
much heat in the power plant. During a melt
• Name the fuels burnt generally in day to down the power plant makes more
day activities in both rural and urban areas.
10.5.2 Vehicles: Exhaust gases emitted by Radioactive pollution.
A
motor vehicles pollute air by producing the 10.5.5 Chernobyl Disaster
harmful pollutants like sulphur dioxide, The biggest meltdown of Nuclear
AN
nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, power reactor in the world was in
unburnt hydrocarbons, lead compounds and
soot. Chernobyl, Soviet Union in 1986. After the
10.5.3 Industries: Various industries like melt down of chernobyl, there was an
G
granite, lime, cement etc., pollute air by explosion and formation of radioactive
releasing pollutants such as sulphur AN cloud. The radiation released during this
dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorine, fly ash, disaster directly killed hundreds of people
asbestos, dust etc.
and affected around 5 million more. About
• Name the factories located nearby. How 125,000km 2 of fields were unusable
do they affect the air and water?
L
10.5.4 Nuclear power plants: The two because of the radioactive clouds. The
TE
problems of nuclear power are radioactive forest area was damaged by the radioactive
waste and the possibility of disasters like clouds.
! Do you know?
T,
Cement industries are in Mella cheruvu,

Matampally of Nalgonda district and Tandoor,
ER
Karankot of Vikarabad district. Cement industries

release granite powder, cement dust, limestone
dust into the air causing air pollution.
Cement industry
SC
Thermal power plants in Ramagundam of

Peddapalli, Palvancha of Khammam districts are
releasing the pollutants like fly ash, Sulphur dioxide,
and radioactive substances causing the air, water and
land pollution. People are suffering from lung cancer
and skin allergies due to the pollutionThe people
living near the granite factory have faced several
Thermal power plant
health problems like respiratory bronchitis and
asthma. Thermal power plants pollute air by emitting pollutants like sulphur dioxide,
radio-active substances and fly ash.
10.5.6 Power Generation Plants 10.5.8 Deforestation
There are a number of power generation
plants in our country. Some produce power It is the destruction of forests and
by using water (Hydro electric power woods. It has resulted in the reduction of
plants), by using coal and gas (Thermal indigenous forests. Forests now cover
power plants), by using Radioactive
elements like Uranium (Nuclear power only 19% of the earth’s land surface. Plants
plants). Electricity is also produced from use carbon dioxide (CO2) for the process
the air and tides of the oceans. Ash dust
of photosynthesis. Due to lack of forests
A
and sulphur dioxide from the thermal power
plants are polluting the environment. the concentration of carbon dioxide is
AN
Activity-3
Activity-3 increasing day by day resulting in global
warming. Discuss about the adverse
Information of power generation plants
effects of Global warming?
G
Go to your school library and collect
information to make a list of different AN
power generation plants and where they
are located in our country.
Collect information on power
generation plants in our country and write
L
the information in a tabular form as shown
TE
below.
Table - 2
S. Name of the Location in
No. power plant India
Fig-6 : Deforestation
T,
1. Mundra thermal
power station 10.5.9 Chloro Flouro Carbons (CFC)
ER
2.
CFCs are released from in
3. refrigerators, Air conditioners and aerosol
SC
Discuss about the pollutants released sprays. Use of CFCs pollutes air by
and the pollution caused by the power plant
listed above. depleting the ozone layer as a result of
10.5.7 Fertilizers and Pesticides which, harmful ultraviolet rays reach the
Use of fertilizers and pesticides in
agriculture pollute not only air but also land earth.
and water. You already learnt these issues
• What ill effects do we suffer from
in the chapter ‘Production of food from
plants’. Discuss its effects in the class exposure to UV rays?
room.
10.5.10 Mining
Mining of coal and stone releases
coal dust and stone dust that cause air
pollution.
Let us read about pollutants and their
sources with the help of Table-3.
Fig-7 Mining
A
10.6 Common pollutants and their sources
AN
Table - 3
Pollutants Sources
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) Automobile, power plants, boilers,
Industries requiring crushing and grinding
G
such as quarry, cement.
Chlorine (Cl2)
AN Sea-salt production, de-chlorination,
biomass burning, pulp & paper mills.
Fluorides Fertilizer, Aluminium refining
L
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) Power plants, boilers, sulphuric acid
manufacture, ore refining, petroleum
TE
refining.
Lead (Pb) Ore refining, battery manufacturing,
automobiles.
T,
Oxides of nitrogen (NO, NO2) Automobiles, power plants, nitric acid

manufacture, also a secondary pollutant
ER
Peroxy Acetyl Nitrate, (PAN) Secondary pollutant

Formaldehyde (HCHO) Secondary pollutant
Ozone (O3) Secondary pollutant
SC
Carbon monoxide (CO) Automobiles, incomplete fuel

combustion.
Hydrogen sulphide(H2S) Pulp and paper, petroleum refining.
Hydrocarbons Automobiles, petroleum refining
Ammonia (NH3) Fertilizer plants, decomposition of dead
plants and animals.
From the table, identify the gaseous pollutants and particulate pollutants and then make
a list of both, in your notebook.
Let us understand the effects of air to drive to the Taj Mahal but the battery-
pollution not only in human beings but also run buses or horse-drawn carriages are
to the historical monuments. For this we allowed to reach the monument. The
need to study about Taj Mahal. Do you know Archeological department of India
currently the cars and buses are not allowed declared that 21/2 km around Taj Mahal is
'No drive zone'.
Case Study: The Taj Mahal
A
The Taj Mahal, one of the seven wonders
of the world is located in Agra. It is made of
AN
white marbles. The effect of pollutants on it
has become a matter of concern for archeologists
and environmentalists.
G
Motor vehicles and the industries located
in and around Agra for rubber processing,AN
Chemicals, Iron foundries, Mathura oil refinery have been responsible for producing
pollutants like SO2 , NO2 , smoke, dust, soot etc.
These gases react with the rain to form acid rain. Acid rains corrode the marble of
the Taj Mahal. Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), such as the soot particles emitted
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by Mathura oil refinery has turned the marble from white to yellow.
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Taking this in to account, the Supreme Court of India has suggested several steps
to save the Taj. These are:
• Switch over to cleaner fuels like CNG and LPG.
T,
• Use unleaded petrol in vicinity of Taj Mahal.

• Shift polluting industries to the outside of Agra city.
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Bhopal Gas Tragedy Unforgettable Human Sin

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Industries are the symbols of development. But other side of the coin is lack of
safety measures and irresponsibility of emitting pollutants. On second December
1984 about 3000 human beings died, about 5000 were paralyzed in Bhopal gas tragedy.
thousands of cattle, birds, dogs and cats died in just one night. This mass death was
due to the leakage of Methyle Isocyanate (MIC) into the air from an insecticide factory
managed by Union Carbide. Thousands of lives helplessly, crushed under the cruel
foot of inhuman activity. This is the unforgettable industrial tragedy towards air
pollution.
10.7 What are the effects of air 10.8.2 Hydrogen Sulphide
pollution? Tarnishes silver objects and blackens
Air pollution continues to evoke a lead paints and painting. It has a smell like
great deal of interest worldwide due to its Rotten Eggs. It causes head ache in humans
when inhaled in a large quantity.
negative impacts on human health and
10.8.3 Carbon monoxide
welfare.
It is a poisonous gas. If it combines
It causes certain diseases including with haemoglobin in our blood, it forms a
shortness of breath, sore throat, chest pain, stable compound called carboxy
nausea, asthma, bronchitis and lung cancer. haemoglobin. Due to the formation of this
A
Extreme effects of air pollution include compound haemoglobin is unable to carry
high blood pressure and cardiovascular oxygen to various parts of our body. This
AN
problems. leads to respiratory problems. It causes
The World Health Organization states suffocation and may cause even death.
that 2.4 million people die each year from Air pollution causes ozone depletion,
Green House effect, Global warming and
G
causes directly attributable to air pollution
(WHO, 2007). Acid rain. We will read these effects in
higher classes.
In addition to its negative health
AN Thinkand
and discuss
Discuss
impacts, air pollution is known to cause Think
injuries to animals, forests and vegetation,
and aquatic ecosystems. Its impacts on When we go on a busy road in the
L
evening where a dense smoke is spread in
metals, structures, leather, rubber, fabrics,
the surroundings. We get cough and feel
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cracks, soil deterioration, soil erosion

uneasy even when we close the nose with
etc. napkins.
Some of the negative effects caused
• Why do we feel such discomfort?
by these pollutants are discussed below. Think about it.
T,
10.8 Various harmful effects of • If these symptoms continue, what

pollutants happens?
10.8.1 Particulate Matter
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Dust and smoke spoil our cloths, Air pollution is like a slow poison. The
reduce visibility and affect the buildings; effects of air pollution are not seen
dust and smoke get deposited on the leaves immediately. But over a long period of time,
the pollutants present in air damage our
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of the plants. Thus affects the rate of

photosynthesis and transpiration. They also health and property.
cause Bronchitis, Asthma in human beings. Activity-4
Activity-4
Particles of lead oxide present in
automobile exhaust can cause Anaemia, Field visit
Brain damage and even death. Particles of Visit nearby factory, industry (boiled
mercury cause Minimata disease which
rice mill, Brick making kiln, oil mill, food
affect the nervous system and can cause
processing mill, etc.)
death.
• Are they polluting air and water? If yes, • Improve the quality of fuel in automobiles
How? and use catalytic converters in them.
• Is there any green belt around the factory? • Make use of Renewable alternative
Name the trees they are growing. source of energy like Solar Energy,
• What precautions dothey take to prevent Wind Energy and Hydro Energy.
pollution? • All motor vehicles should be maintained
properly so that they comply with
10.9 What can we do to reduce
pollution norms.
air pollution?
A
• Use unleaded petrol
Air pollution cannot be totally Plant and grow more and more trees in
AN
•
eliminated, it can however be controlled. your surroundings.
Some of the methods for controlling air • We should protect plants and trees .Do
pollutions are: you know about Vanmahotsav, Haritha
G
• Tall chimneys should be installed in Haram and Swachh Patashala where
all factories to reduce air pollution AN lakhs of Saplings are planted in July
at the ground level. every year? But how many saplings are
• The 'Fuel burning equipment' which surviving? Discuss, think about the
burns the fuel completely should be reasons and solutions.
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used in homes and industries. 10.10 Water Pollution
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• Install electrostatic precipitators in Air is the important resource for human

the chimneys of industries. survival. In the same way water
• Reduce vehicular emissions by using plays a vital role our lives.
non polluting fuels like CNG.
T,
• Use LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) for

domestic use.
ER
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The history of human civilization z What are the issues discussed in this
explains that they develop on the banks of news paper clipping?
rivers, because water is a main resource for z What are its causes and effects?
human development. After industrial z How does the problem arise?
revolution water resources are being z Are you also facing this type of
polluted. Water pollution is another hazard problems in your area? Can you
caused by greedy human being activities. explain reasons behind?
A
Let us read the following news paper In the previous class we have already
discussed water, its usage and sewage water
clipping given in previous page understand
AN
treatment. Let us see class VII Science
it and answer the following questions : Textbook. Just go through the chapter
z What do you understand after reading ‘Water too little to waste’. Now we will
discuss water pollution, it causes and
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the news paper clipping?
AN effects.
Case Study : Patancheru - Air and Water Pollution

Patancheru is a suburban mandal headquarters in Sangareddy district, located about
25km from Hyderabad. It is a major industrial hub of Telangana State. It is one of the
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most polluted areas in India where the villages in the sorrounding areas of 14 km radius
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were badly affected by the diseases like cancer, respiratory diseases and heart diseases,
because of poisining (pollution) of air, water and land.”
The presence of pharmaceutical and chemical industries, pesticide units, steel rolling
industries, distilleries are releasing the dangerous gaseous pollutants like Chlorine,
T,
Hydrogen sulphide which enter the Atmosphere. Most of the agricultural lands became
barren. The lives of people there depend on agriculture and animal husbandry. They
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became helpless. Most of the people converted themselves as workers in the factories.
By observing all situations, for the sake of people and environment, the Supreme
Court of India has released Interim orders as follows:
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1. Stoppage of effluent flowing into air & water bodies immediately.

2. Provide drinking water to the affected villages.
3. Rectification of CETP (Common Effluent Treatment
Plant).
4. Medical care to pollution victims.
5. Sustained continuous vigilance in discharge of effluents.
6. Discharge of treated effluents in to sewage line.
LabLab
Activity
Activity z pH of water samples can be
determined by using litmus paper .
Aim: Observation of pollutants in If blue litmus paper turns to the red
local available water samples. color, that water sample is acidic in
Material required: Glass tumblers, nature and if red litmus turns to blue,
water samples from tap, pond, river, well, water sample is basic in nature.
lake, Red and Blue litmus papers, soap. z Hardness of water can be determined
using a soap. If water produces lesser
Procedure: Collect water samples
A
foam, it is referred to as hard water.
from a tap, pond, river, well and lake. Pour
If water produces more foam, it is
AN
each into separate glass tumblers. called soft water.
Compare these for smell, color, pH and Observations : Record your
hardness.
Table - 4 observations in the following table.
G
AN pH Hardness of water
Water Sample Smell Colour
Acidic Basic More Less
Tap water
Pond water
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River water
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Well water
Lake water
Think
Thinkand
anddiscuss
Discuss
T,
Precautions: While conducting the

experiment you need to follow the
• Do you find any relation between pH following precautions.
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and hardness of water?

• Which water sample is colorless? • Observe carefully change in colour
of litmus paper.
• Which water sample is suitable for
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drinking and why? • Wash your hands each time.

• Do you find any change in colour and • Don’t taste any water sample.
smell of water in some water
samples? What are your reasons? • If you have followed any more
• Which water sample of your precautions add to the list. Discuss the
collection is basic in nature? findings drawn from the contents of the
table and record.
• Are there any visible pollutants in the
water sample?
10.11 What do we mean by water 10.11.1 Sad Story of River Moosi
pollution?
As Hyderabad has grown
Water is a unique substance, because it in size and is emerging as a
can naturally renew and cleanse itself, by global mega city. Its growing
allowing pollutants to settle down (through water requirements have been
the process of sedimentation) or break met by under taking long
down, or by diluting the pollutants to a point distance water projects over
A
where they are not in harmful the years. These projects are dependent on
concentrations. However, this natural Musi River. Thousands of people depend on
AN
process takes time, and is difficult when it for their daily needs and livelihood. The
excessive quantities of harmful Musi has been polluted for many years. The
people living near the Musi River throw
contaminants are added to the water. And
G
large quantities of garbage, untreated
humans are using more and more materials AN sewage, industrial waste, dead bodies,
that are polluting the water. Thus, the
polythene bags, hot water and statues of
contamination of water with unwanted and deities and many other materials directly
harmful substances such as sewage, toxic in to the river .
L
chemicals, industrial wastes etc. is casuing
The ‘Musi reservoir action plan project’
water pollution and the substances that
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was undertaken to reduce the pollution level

pollute water are called water pollutants. in the river. Pollution control activities
Normal water is colorless without any include under the project are.
smell or any unwanted substances. Thus,
T,
• Solid waste management.

water suitable for drinking is called potable
• Installation of sewage treatment plant.
water.
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• Provision of low cost sanitary

Most of the water resources like rivers, facilities.
tanks and canals are being polluted by adding
• Development of River front.
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various pollutants from factories and by

adding garbage. River with great historical • Efforts to develop public awareness
background and good resource for drinking Although we still have a long way to
and agriculture are now becoming water cover to make Musi River absolutely free
stagnated dumping garbage. Let us read from pollution, this programme helped in
reducing Musi river pollution to a
about the sad story of river Musi.
significant extent.
Industrial wastes are casuing water
pollution in many rivers, ponds of our state.
Acitivity-5
Activity-5 Non-definite sources are more difficult to
Visit your nearby pond/ lake or river identify, as they cannot be traced back to a
and find out the material being discharged particular location. Landfills can also be a
into it. Prepare a Biography on it. non-definite source of pollution, if
substances leach from the landfill into
10.12 From where are all these
water supplies.
pollutants coming from?
Water pollutants thus can be divided into
A
There are two main sources of water the following categories:
AN
pollution; definite and non-definite
10.12.1 Biodegradable waste
sources. Definite source pollution is due
This consists mainly of human and
to discharges from a single source, such
animal waste. The biodegradable waste
G
as an industrial site. It includes factories,
enters the water supply and thus pollute the
wastewater treatment facilities, septic AN
water. The waste provides an energy source
systems, and other sources that are clearly
(organic carbon) for bacteria. Organic
discharging pollutants into water sources.
carbon is converted to carbon dioxide and
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water, which can cause atmospheric
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pollution and acid rain; this form of

pollution is far more widespread and
problematic than other forms of pollutants
T,
as a large supply of organic matter in the

water provides an opportunity for oxygen-
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Fig-8 : Polluted water stream

consuming (aerobic) bacteria to multiply
quickly, consume all available oxygen, and
Non definite-source pollution involves kill all other aquatic life.
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many small sources that combine to cause

• Ask your teacher about aerobic bacteria
significant pollution. For instance, the
and write a note on it with few examples.
movement of rain or irrigation water over
10.12.2 Plants nutrients
land picks up pollutants such as fertilizers,
Phosphates and nitrates, chemical
herbicides and insecticides carries them
fertilizers from agriculture run-off due to
into rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal
rain and industrial waste enter into water
waters, or groundwater.
through sewage and pollute the water.
It helps algae to bloom, weeds to grow 10.12.4 Sediment
and bacteria to spread. As a result water turn It is one of the most common
green and cloudy and smell bad.
sources of water pollution. Sediment
Decomposing plants use up the oxygen in
consists of mineral or organic solid matter
water, disrupting aquatic life, reducing
biodiversity and even killing aquatic life. that is washed from land into water
Thus, this enrichment of water by nutrients sources. Sediment pollution is difficult to
leading to excessive plant growth and identify, because it comes from non-
A
depletion of oxygen is known as definite sources such as constructional,
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‘Eutrophication’ This affects aquatic life agricultural, logging, flooding, and city
badly.
runoff. Sediment can cause large
problems, as it can clog municipal water
G
systems, smoother aquatic life, and cause
AN
water to become increasingly turbid. Turbid
water can cause thermal pollution, because
it absorbs more solar radiation.
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10.12.5 Hazardous and toxic chemicals
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Fig-9 : Chemical pollutants These are usually human-made

materials that are not used or disposed of
• Do you know oil slick on sea water? In
properly. The industrial waste contains a
T,
what way it is dangerous to aquatic life?

large number of harmful chemicals like
10.12.3 Heat
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acids, alkali and metals such as arsenic,

It can be a source of pollution in water.
As the water temperature increases, the lead, mercury and cadmium leading to
amount of dissolved oxygen decreases. toxicity. Domestic and personal use of
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Thermal pollution can be natural, in case chemicals also significantly contribute to

of hot springs and shallow ponds during
chemical pollution. Household cleaners,
summer. The discharge of water that has
been used to cool power plants or other dyes, paints and solvents are also toxic, and
industrial equipment is another reason. can accumulate when poured down drains
Fish and plants require certain temperatures or flushed down the toilet.
and oxygen levels to survive. So thermal
pollution often reduces the aquatic life
diversity in the water.
In fact, one drop of used motor oil can • Dead bodies of human beings and
animals should not be thrown in to rivers.
pollute 25 litres of water! And, people who
• The excreta and other garbage should be
use pesticides in their gardens and lawns
treated in a biogas plant to get fuel as
tend to use ten times more pesticide per
well as manure.
acre than a farmer would! • The water of rivers, ponds, streams and
10.12.6 Pharmaceuticals lakes should be purified or cleaned. This
Pharmaceuticals and personal care can be done both by the industries and
A
products including medications, lotions and the govt. For example Ganga action plan
soap, are being found in increasing launched by the Indian Government.
AN
concentrations in lakes and rivers causing • Trees and shrubs should be planted along
the banks of the rivers.
water pollution.
• There should be general awareness
Hazardous substances like fluorine among the masses regarding the harmful
G
mixed in ground water cause dangerous effects of water pollution and the ways
diseases called fluorosis. See annexure for
AN of prevention. Waste paper, polythene
more details. bags, waste food materials and rotten
10.13 Prevention And Controlling food and vegetables should not be thrown
of Water Pollution in to open drains.
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• Follow 4R’s to control pollution
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Water pollution can be prevented or (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover)

minimized by adopting following and recover resources.
measures. • Reduce the usage of non-renewable
• Toxic industrial wastes should be treated materials to the extent possible. Go for
T,
chemically to neutralize the harmful the alternate energy resources that can
substances present in it before replenish themselves without affecting
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our environment.
discharging into rivers and lakes.
• Once the materials are used for their
• The sewage should not be dumped in to
primary purpose, reuse them for some
the rivers directly. It should first be secondary purpose. e.g if you have got
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treated at the sewage treatment plant to your print outs on a plain white paper,
remove the organic matter from it in the you can use the other side of the paper
form of manure. once the project is over and the papers
• The use of excessive fertilizers and are no longer needed for printing. In this
pesticides should be avoided. manner you can save considerable
• The use of synthetic detergent should amount of trees to be cut down to meet
be minimized or biodegradable the demand of papers.
• Discuss in your classroom how to
detergents should be used.
control the usage of paper.
Natural resources are the divine gift for us by nature. We can use these resources in a
meaningful way which will help us. If we destroy these resources human life will become
an unsolvable puzzle. We should keep these resources clean and healthy not only for us but
also for future generations.
Key words
Polllution, air pollution, polluants, volcanic eruption, thermal power plants, Chloro
Fluro Carbons (CFCs), water pollution, potable water, toxic industrial wastes, fertilizers
A
& pesticides, eutrophication, biodegradation, reduce, reuse, recycle suspended
particulate matter (spm), biomagnification, carboxy Haemoglobin.
AN
G
• Pollution is any undesirable change in physical, chemical or biological characteristics
AN
of air, water or soil.
• Air pollution is the contamination of Environment by impurities which may have harmful
impacts on the living organisms and the nonliving components of the environment.
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• Pollutants are the substances which contaminate the environment. Main pollutants are
suspended particulate matter, Carbon monoxide, excess carbon dioxide, oxides of sulfur
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and nitrogen, CFCs, heavy metals and dust particles in air.

• Causes of Air pollution: Burning of fuels, vehicles, industries, thermal power plants,
Nuclear power plants, Fertilizers and pesticides, deforestation, CFCs and mining.
T,
• Air pollution causes various diseases like respiratory diseases, cancer, etc.
• The contamination of water with unwanted and harmful substances such as sewage,
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toxic chemicals, and industrial waste is known as water pollution.

• Industrial wastes, sewage waste, fertilizers, and pesticides are releasing pollutants
that cause water pollution.
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• Water borne diseases like typhoid, cholera, dysentery, jaundice, and diarrhea are some
of the effects of water pollution.
• Environmental pollution can be controlled taking preventive measures using 4R’s.
1. How does air pollution lead to water pollution? ( AS 1)

2. What steps can be taken up to control air pollution and water
pollution? ( AS 1)
3. Why does the increased level of nutrients in the water affect the survival of aquatic
organisms? ( AS 1)
4. Road side plants cannot grow properly - Find your own reasons and explain with your
argument. ( AS 1)
5. Sudheer is a traffic constable. What do you think about his health. Give some
suggestions to protect his health during duty period. ( AS 2)
6. Write a short note on the effects of water pollution in your village. Suggest precautions
A
(AS 4)
7. Visit a pollution check centre nearby. Observe the process of conducting a pollution
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check and record your findings. You may consider the following areas for your record:
Average number of vehicles checked in a certain time period, time taken to check each
vehicle, pollutants checked for, the process of testing, permissible limits of emission
G
of various pollutants, measures taken if the emitted gases are above the permissible
limits. ( AS 4) AN
8. Organize a field visit to a pond / lake / river present in or near to your village with the
help of your teachers.
Observations followed by discussion could focus on... The history of the pond or lake
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or river, Water resources available other than that river/ pond/ or lake, Cultural traditions,
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Pollution concerns, Source of pollution, Effects of pollution on the people

living by the river side as well as those living far away. ( AS 4)
9. What is air pollution? Make a flowchart to describe its causes and effects. ( AS 5)
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10.Clear and transparent water is always suitable for drinking. Comment. ( AS 6)

11. If our monument like Taj Mahal is effected by air pollution, what is your advice to
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protect it? ( AS 6)
12.Reshma going to talk about controlling measures of soil pollution. Prepare a write up
for her. ( AS 6)
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13.To conduct a quiz program on air and water pollution, prepare five thought provoking
questions. ( AS 6)
14.‘Use Bicycle – Avoid motor bikes and cars.This slogan is prepared by Sravani. Prepare
some more slogans on pollution. ( AS 7)
15.If you are a general manager of a chemical industry what precautions would you take to
control air and water pollution? ( AS 7)
16. How to minimize the usage of paper in daily life? (AS 7)
forms, they should be considered as the
ANNEXURE-1
villages with high endemicity . Low
endemicity cases only need calcium,
What is fluorosis? magnesium and vitamin supplementation to
children and adolescents to prevent Genu
Look at this picture.
valgum deformities occurring.
Do you know how and
All children living in affected areas of
why is he looking so?
fluorosis and consuming water containing
Yes, he is suffering from more than 1.5 PPM of fluoride would
a dangerous disease
A
develop dental fluorosis. Permanent teeth
called fluorosis, which is are affected which become rough, opaque
AN
caused by intake of and chalky white. Pitting and chipping of
fluorinated food and the teeth are also same. Brown, black or
water. Most of the places yellow pigmentation is deposited on the
A boy suffering
in Nalgonda, Medak, from Fluorosis teeth.
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Khammam and Genu valgum is the deformities of limb
Mahaboobnagar districts bones, which are notably seen in weight
AN
of our state are affected by fluorosis. bearing lower limbs in children in endemic
Fluorosis is a disease caused by areas of fluorosis. These occur only in
poorly nourished children whose diet is low
excessive ingestion of fluoride through
in calcium intake.
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water and food. The upper limit of
Bony changes occur due to excessive
optimum fluoride level in drinking water
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ingestion of fluoride over a long period of

for a tropical country like India is 0.5 PPM
time. This leads to crippling in people in
(parts per million) or 0.5 Mg/l. It is the endemic regions beyond the age of 30
total daily intake through water and food years. In these places river water is good
that determines the development of
T,
for drinking than well or borewell water.

fluorosis. These deformities are to be prevented
Endemic skeletal fluorosis was by providing adequate diet containing
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identified in Yellareddyguda, Batlapally, optimum amounts of calcium in growing

Yedavalli villages of Nalgonda. children. Milk is a good source of calcium
Yellareddyguda, Naibai and Yedavalli but it is expensive. There are many
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villages of Nalgonda district are known to vegetables which are rich source of
have a very high (2.0 to 7.5ppm) incidence calcium, magnesium and vitamin C Eg:
of fluorosis. Fluoride in take came from Agathi, Amaranth, Colacasia leaves
food. (Chamakura), Ragi, Curry leaves, Poppy
Fluorosis diseases are of four forms seed, Jaggery, Seasame seeds, Jowar,
Cumin, Amla, Green chilly, etc. School
dental, genu valgum, skeletal and
children are provided milk and leafy
neurological. Low endemicity in those
vegetables in their midday meal and safe
villages, which have only cases of dental
supplying safe drinking water. The people
fluorosis. In addition if there are cases of living in flourine rich areas need not use
Genu valgum, Skeletal and Crippling flouride toothpaste.
Chapter
WHY DO WE FALL ILL?
11
A
G ram panchayat wrote some
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Drinking boiling water, protecting
slogans about healthy habits on walls. Let food from reach of the flyes and avoiding
us read them. mosquito bites will help us to remain
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z Drink boiled water only. healthy. But what is health and when do we
z Use mosquito nets.
fall sick?
AN
z Keep your surroundings neat and
clean. 11.1 The significance of ‘Health’
z Do not leave water to stagnate.
We have heard the word
Eat food when it is hot
L
z
‘health’ being used quite
z Wash hands before eating food.
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z Wash hands after toilet. frequently. We use it ourselves

z Do not deficate in open, use toilets as well as for people around us
only. when we say things like ‘my
T,
z Keep food vessels covered with lids. grandmother’s health is not good’. Our
z Wash vegetables before cooking. teachers use it when they scold us saying
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‘this is not a healthy attitude’. Now, the

z Why local Panchayats display such question what exactly does the word ‘health’
instructions on the wall?
mean? If we think about it, we realise that
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z What do we come to know from such it always implies the idea of ‘being well’.
instructions? We can think of this well-being as ability
z What would happen if we do not follow for effective functioning. Incase of our
the instructions? grandmothers, their being able to go out to
z In which season do we generally find the market or to visit neighbours is ‘being
more mosquitoes? How do they affect well’, and not being able to do such things
us? is ‘poor health’.
WHY DO WE FALL ILL? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS' PROGRESS 175

Being interested in following the z Are all the people in your locality able
teaching in the classroom so that we can to access this?
understand the world would be called a
‘healthy attitude’; while not being interested z If they do not have a discussion on it?
would be called the opposite. Activity-2
Activity-2
‘Health’ is therefore a state of being
well enough to function physically, • Find out how your local authority
mentally and socially with optimum
manages the solid waste generated
efficiency.
in your neighbourhood.
A
11.1.1 Personal and community issues, • Are these measures adequate?
both matter for health
AN
If health means a state of physical, • If not, what improvements would
mental and social well-being, it cannot be you suggest?
something that each one of us can achieve
entirely on our own. The health of all • What could your family do to reduce
G
organisms will depend on their the amount of solid waste generated
surroundings or environment. The AN during a day/week from your house?
environment includes the physical We need food for health, and this
environment. For example every one’s
health is at risk in a cyclone. But even more food will have to be earned by doing work.
importantly, human beings live in societies. For this, the opportunity to do work has to
L
Our social environment, therefore, is an be made available. Proper economic
important factor in our individual health.
TE
conditions and jobs helps one to be happy.

We live in villages, towns or cities. In such
This leads to healthy conditions. By
places, even our physical environment is
decided by our social environment. illtreating each other and being afraid of
Consider what would happen if no agency each other, we cannot be happy or healthy.
T,
is ensuring that garbage is collected and Social equality and harmony are
disposed. What would happen if no one
therefore necessary for individual health.
takes responsibility for clearing the drains
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and ensuring that water does not collect in We can think of many other such examples
the streets or open spaces? So, if there is a of connections between community issues
great deal of garbage thrown in our streets, and individual health.
or if there is open drainwater lying stagnant
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around where we live, the possibility of ill 11.2 Distinctions between

health. Therefore, cleanliness of ‘Healthy’ and ‘Disease free’
surroundings is very important for If this is what we mean by ‘health’,
individual health. what do we mean by ‘disease’? The word is
Activity-1
Activity-1 actually self-explanatory – we can think of
it as disturbed ease. Disease, in other
z Find out what provisions are made by
words, literally means being
your local authority (panchayat/
uncomfortable. However, the word is used
municipal corporation) for the supply of
in a more limited meaning.
clean drinking water.
176 WHY DO WE FALL ILL? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS' PROGRESS
We talk of disease when we can find 11.3 Disease and its causes
a specific and particular cause for
What does disease look like ?
discomfort. This does not mean that we
have to know the absolute final cause; we
Activity-3
Activity-3
can say that someone is suffering from Form a group with five students. List
diarrhoea without knowing exactly what has out some diseases and their symptoms. Let
caused the loose motions. us now think a little more about diseases.
In the first place, how do we know that there
We see that some people looks
A
is a disease? In other words, how do we
weak and in poor health without actually know that there is something wrong with
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suffering from a particular disease. Simply the body?
not being diseased is not the same as being There are many tissues in the body.
healthy. ‘Good health’ for a dancer may These tissues make up physiological
G
mean being able to stretch his/her body into systems or organ systems that carry out
difficult but graceful positions. On the body functions. Each of the organ systems
AN
other hand, good health for a musician may has specific organs as its parts, and it has
mean having enough breathing capacity in particular functions. So, the digestive
his/her lungs to control the notes from his/ system has the stomach and intestines, and
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it helps to digest food taken in from outside
her flute. To have the opportunity to realise
the body. The musculoskeletal system,
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the unique potential in all of us is also

which is made up of bones and muscles,
necessary for good health. So, we can be
holds the body parts together and helps the
in poor health without there being a simple body move.
cause in the form of an identifiable disease.
T,
When there is a disease, either the

This is the reason why, when we think about functioning or the appearance of one or
health, we think about societies and
ER
more systems of the body will change for

communities. On the other hand, when we the worse. These changes give rise to
think about disease, we think about symptoms and signs of disease. Symptoms
individual sufferers. of disease are the things we feel as being
SC
‘wrong’. So, we have headache, cough,

z State any two conditions essential loose motions and wound with pus; these
for good health. are all symptoms.
z State any two conditions essential These indicate that there may be a
for being free of disease. disease, but they do not indicate what the
z Are the answers to the above disease is. For example, a headache may
mean just examination stress or, very
questions necessarily the same or
rarely, it may mean meningitis, or any one
different? Why?
of different diseases.
Signs of disease are what physicians 11.4.1 Acute, Chronic diseases and poor
will look for on the basis of the symptoms. health
Signs will give a little more definite As we can imagine, acute and chronic
indication of the presence of a particular diseases have different effects on our
disease. Physicians will also get laboratory health. Any disease that causes poor
tests done to pinpoint the disease further. functioning of some part of the body will
affect our general health as well. This is
11.4 Acute and chronic diseases
because all functions of the body are
The manifestations of disease will be
necessary for general health. But an acute
A
different depending on a number of factors. disease, which is terminated very soon, will
One of the most obvious factors that
AN
not have time to cause major effects on
determine how we perceive the disease is general health, while a chronic disease will
its duration. Some diseases last for only do so.
very short periods of time, and these are
As an example, think about a cough
G
called acute diseases. We all know from and cold, which all of us have from time to
experience that the common cold lasts only time. Most of us get better and become well
AN
a few days. Other ailments can last for a within a week or so. And there are no bad
long time, even as much as a lifetime, and effects on our health. We do not lose
are called chronic diseases. An example is weight, we do not become short of breath,
L
the infection causing elephantiasis, which we do not feel tired all the time because of
is very common in some parts of India. a few days of cough and cold. But if we get
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Activity-4
Activity-4 infected with a chronic disease such as
z Survey your neighbourhood to find out: tuberculosis of the lungs, then being ill
over the years does make us lose weight
1) How many people did suffer from acute
and feel tired all the time. We may not go
T,
diseases during the last three months?

to school for a few days if we have an acute
2) How many people did develop chronic
disease. But a chronic disease will make it
ER
diseases during this same period?

difficult for us to follow what is being
3) And finally, what is the total number of
taught in school and reduce our ability to
people suffering from these diseases
learn. In other words, we are likely to have
in your neighbourhood?
SC
prolonged ill health if we have a chronic

z Are the answers to questions (1) and
disease. Chronic diseases therefore, have
(2) different? very drastic, long-term effects on people’s
z Are the answers to questions (2) and
health as compared to acute diseases.
(3) different?
z What do you think could be the reason 11.4.2 Causes of diseases
for these differences? What do you What are the causes for diarrhoea,
think would be the effect of these T.B.? How do they spread?
differences on the general health of the
population?
When we think about causes of It will now be obvious that all diseases will
diseases, we must remember that there are have immediate causes and contributory
many levels of such causes. Let us look at causes. Also, most diseases will have many
an example. If there is a baby suffering from
causes, rather than one single cause.
loose motions, we can say that the cause
of the loose motions is an infection with a • How do the individual and Environmental
virus. So the immediate cause of the disease cleanliness acts as disease causing
is a virus. factors. Think your self.
But the next question is – where did 11.5 Infectious and non-infectious
A
the virus come from? Suppose we find that
causes
the virus came through unclean drinking
AN
water. But many babies must have had this As we have seen, it is important to
unclean drinking water. So, why is it that keep public health and community health
one baby developed loose motions when factors in mind when we think about causes
G
the other babies did not? of diseases. We can take that approach a
One reason might be that this baby is little further. It is useful to think of the
AN
not healthy. As a result, it might be more immediate causes of disease as belonging
likely to have disease when exposed to such to two distinct types. One group of causes
risk, whereas healthier babies would not. is the infectious agents, mostly microbes
Why is the baby not healthy? Perhaps or micro-organisms.
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because it is not well nourished and does
Diseases where microbes are the
not get enough food. So, lack of good
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nourishment becomes a second level cause immediate causes are called infectious
of the disease the baby is suffering from. diseases. This is because the microbes can
Further, why is the baby not well nourished? spread in the community, and the diseases
Perhaps because it is from a household they cause will spread with them.
T,
which is poor. z Do all diseases spread to people

It is also possible that the baby has coming in contact with a sick person?
ER
some genetic difference that makes it more

z What are the diseases that are not
likely to suffer from loose motions when
spreading?
exposed to such a virus. Without the virus,
the genetic difference or the poor z How would a person develop those
SC
nourishment alone would not lead to loose diseases that do not spread by contact
motions. But they do become contributory with a sick person?
causes of the disease. On the other hand, there are also
Why was there no clean drinking diseases that are not caused by infectious
water for the baby? Perhaps because the agents. Their causes vary, but they are not
public services are poor where the baby’s external causes like microbes that can
family lives. So, poverty or lack of public
spread in the community. Instead, these are
services become third-level causes of the
baby’s disease. mostly internal, non-infectious causes.

For example, some cancers are In treatment studies, Marshall and
caused by genetic abnormalities. High Warren showed that patients could be
blood pressure can be caused by excessive cured of peptic ulcer only when the
weight and lack of exercise. You can think bacteria were killed off from the stomach.
Thanks to this pioneering discovery by
of many other diseases where the
Marshall and Warren, peptic ulcer disease
immediate causes will not be infectious. is no longer a chronic, frequently
disabling condition, but a disease that can
be cured by a short period of treatment
with antibiotics.
A
For this achievement, Marshall and
Warren (seen in the picture) received the
AN
Nobel prize for physiology and medicine
in 2005.
The ways in which diseases spread,
and the ways in which they can be treated
G
and prevented at the community level
would be different for different diseases.
Research on peptic ulcers Warren This would depend a lot on whether the
and Marshall
AN
immediate causes are infectious or non-
For many years, everybody used to infectious.
z List any three reasons why you would
think that peptic ulcers, which cause
think that you are sick and ought to see
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acidity– related pain and bleeding in the a doctor. If only one of these
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stomach and duodenum, were because of symptoms were present, would you
lifestyle reasons. Everybody thought that still go to the doctor? Why or why not?
a stressful life led to a lot of acid z In which of the following case do you
think the long-term effects on your
secretion in the stomach, and eventually
health are likely to be most
T,
caused peptic ulcers. unpleasant?

Then two Australians made a a. if you get jaundice,
ER
discovery that a bacterium, Helicobacter b. if you get lice,

pylori, was responsible for peptic ulcers. c. if you get acne. Why?
Robin Warren (born 1937), a pathologist 11.6 Infectious Diseases
Infectious agents
SC
from Perth, Australia, saw these small

curved bacteria in the lower part of the We have seen that the entire
diversity seen in the living world can be
stomach in many patients. He noticed that classified into a few groups. This
signs of inflammation were always present classification is based on common
around these bacteria. Barry Marshall characteristics between different
(born 1951), a young clinical fellow, organisms. Organisms that can cause
disease are found in a wide range of such
became interested in Warren’s findings categories of classification. Some of
and succeeded in cultivating the bacteria them are viruses, some are bacteria, some
from these sources. are fungi, some are single-celled animals
or protozoans.
Some diseases are also caused by Taxonomically, all bacteria are closely
multicellular organisms, such as worms and related to each other than to viruses and
insects of different kinds. vice versa. This means that many important
life processes are similar in the bacteria
group but are not shared with the virus
group. As a result, drugs that block one of
these life processes in one member of the
group is likely to be effective against many
A
Staphylococci bacteria Trypanosoma
other members of the group. But the same
AN
drug will not work against a microbe
belonging to a different group.
As an example, let us take antibiotics.
G
They commonly block biochemical
SARS virus Leishmania Ascaris pathways important for bacteria. Many
AN
bacteria, for example, make a cell-wall to
Common examples of diseases
caused by viruses are the common cold, protect themselves. The antibiotic
influenza, dengue fever and AIDS. Diseases penicillin blocks the bacterial processes
L
like typhoid fever, cholera, tuberculosis and that build the cell wall. As a result, the
TE
anthrax are caused by bacteria. Many growing bacteria become unable to make
common skin infections are caused by
cell-walls, and die easily. Human cells do
different kinds of fungi. Microorganisms
like protozoan cause diseases like Malaria not make a cell-wall anyway, so penicillin
cannot have such an effect on us. Penicillin
T,
(Plasmodium) and Kala-Azar (Leish-

mania). All of us have also come across will have this effect on any bacteria that use
intestinal worm infections, as well as
ER
such processes for making cell-walls.

diseases like elephantiasis caused by Similarly, many antibiotics work against
different species of Helminths worms.
many species of bacteria rather than simply
Why is it important that we think of
working against one.
SC
these categories of infectious agents? The

answer is that these categories are important But viruses do not use these pathways
factors in deciding what kind of treatment at all, and that is the reason why antibiotics
to use. Members of each one of these groups do not work against viral infections. If we
– viruses, bacteria, and so on – have many have a common cold, taking antibiotics does
biological characteristics in common.
not reduce the severity or the duration of
All viruses, for example, live inside
the disease.
host cells, whereas bacteria very rarely do.
Viruses, bacteria and fungi multiply very
quickly, while worms multiply very slowly.
However, if we also get a bacterial We all have had the experience of
infection along with the viral cold, taking sitting near someone suffering from a cold
antibiotics will help. Even then, the
and catching it ourselves. Obviously, the
antibiotic will work only against the
bacterial part of the infection, not the viral more crowded our living conditions are, the
infection. more likely it is that such airborne diseases
will spread.
Activity-5
Activity-5
Air-transmitted diseases: The closer we
z Find out how many of you in your are to the infected person the easier to
A
class had cold/cough/fever.
catch air-transmitted diseases. However, in
How long did the illness last?
AN
z
closed areas, the droplet nuclei recirculate
z How many of you took antibiotics
(ask your parents if you had and pose a risk to everybody. Overcrowded
antibiotics)? and poorly ventilated housing is therefore
G
z How long did they suffer who took a major factor in the spread of airborne
antibiotic pills? diseases.
AN Ventilation
z How long did they suffer who did
not take antibiotic pills?
z Is there a difference between these
L
two groups?
z If yes, why? If not, why not?
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11.7 Means of spread

How do infectious diseases spread?
Many microbial agents can commonly
T,
move from an affected person to someone

else in a variety of ways. In other words, Fig-1: Spread of disease causing microbes
ER
they can be ‘communicated’, and so are also

called communicable diseases. Diseases can also be spread through
water. This occurs if the excreta from
Such disease-causing microbes can
SC
someone suffering from an infectious gut

spread through the air. This occurs through
disease, such as cholera, get mixed with the
the little droplets thrown out by an infected
drinking water used by people living nearby.
person who sneezes or coughs. Someone
The cholera causing microbes will enter
standing close by can breathe in these
new hosts through the water they drink and
droplets, and the microbes get a chance to
cause disease in them. Such diseases are
start a new infection. Examples of such
much more likely to spread in the absence
diseases spread through the air are the
of safe supplies of drinking water.
common cold, pneumonia and tuberculosis.
The sexual act is one of the closest The commonest vectors we all know are
physical contact which spreads same types mosquitoes. In many species of
of disease. Not surprisingly, there are mosquitoes, the females need highly
microbial diseases such as Syphilis, nutritious food in the form of blood in
Gonorrhoea, AIDS etc. that are transmitted order to be able to lay mature eggs.
by sexual contact from one partner to the Mosquitoes feed on many warm-blooded
other. However, such sexually transmitted animals, including us. In this way, they can
diseases are not spread by casual physical transfer diseases from person to person.
A
contact. Casual physical contacts include 11.8 Organ-specific and Tissue
handshakes and sports, like wrestling, or by specific manifestations
AN
any of the other ways in which we touch each
The disease-causing microbes enter
other socially. Other than the sexual contact,
the body through these different means.
the AIDS virus can also spread through blood-
Where do they go then? The body is very
G
to-blood contact with infected people or from
large when compared to the microbes. So
an infected mother to her baby during AN
there are many possible places, organs or
pregnancy or through breast feeding. Now a
days medicines are available to prevent tissues, where they could go. Do all
transmission of HIV from affected mother microbes go to the same tissue or organ,
or do they go to different ones?
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to baby.
Different species of microbes seem
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We live in an environment that is full

of many other creatures apart from us. It is to have evolved to home in on different
inevitable that many diseases will be parts of the body. In part, this selection is
transmitted by other animals. These animals connected to their point of entry. If they
T,
carry the infecting agents from a sick enter from the air via the nose, they are
person to another potential host. These likely to go to the lungs. This is seen in the
ER
animals are thus the intermediaries and are bacteria causing tuberculosis. If they enter
called vectors. through the mouth, they can stay in the gut
lining like typhoid causing bacteria. Or they
can go to the liver, like the viruses that
SC
cause jaundice.
But this need not always be the case.
An infection like HIV, that comes into the
body via the sexual organs, will spread to
lymph nodes all over the body. Malaria-
causing microbes, entering through a
mosquito bite, will go to the liver, and then
Fig-2: Common methods of transmission of to the red blood cells.
diseases.
The virus causing Japanese It is also important to remember that
encephalitis, or brain fever, will similarly the severity of disease manifestations
enter through a mosquito bite. But it goes depend on the number of microbes in the
on to infect the brain. body. If the number of microbes is very
The signs and symptoms of a disease less, the disease manifestations may be
will thus depend on the tissue or organ minor or unnoticed. But if the number of
which the microbe targets. If the lungs are the same microbe is large, the disease can
the targets, then symptoms will be cough be severe enough to be life-threatening.
and breathlessness. If the liver is targeted, The immune system is a major factor that
there will be jaundice. If the brain is the determines the number of microbes
A
target, we will observe headaches, surviving in the body. We shall look into
this aspect a little later in the chapter.
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vomiting, fits or unconsciousness. We can
imagine what the symptoms and signs of
an infection will be if we know what the
11.9 Principles of treatment
target tissue or organ is, and the functions What are the steps taken by your
family when you fall sick? Have you ever
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that are carried out by this tissue or organ.
thought why you sometimes feel better if
In addition to these tissue-specific
you sleep for some time? When does the
AN
effects of infectious disease, there will be
treatment involve medicines?
other common effects too. Most of these
common effects depend on the fact that the Based on what we have learnt so far,
body’s immune system is activated in it would appear that there are two ways to
treat an infectious disease. One would be
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response to infection. An active immune
system recruits many cells to the affected to reduce the effects of (or control) the
TE
tissue to kill off the disease-causing disease and the other to kill the cause of
microbes. This recruitment process is the disease. For the first, we can provide
called inflammation. As a part of this treatment that will reduce the symptoms.
process, there are local effects such as The symptoms are usually because of
inflammation. For example, we can take
T,
swelling and pain, and general effects such

as fever. medicines that bring down fever, reduce
pain or loose motions. We can take bed rest
In some cases, the tissue-specificity
ER
so that we can conserve our energy. which

of the infection leads to very general-
may be directed to healing.
seeming effects. For example, in HIV
infection, the virus goes to the immune But this kind of symptom-directed
system and damages its function. Thus, treatment by itself may not kill the
SC
many of the effects of HIV-AIDS are infecting microbe go away and the disease
because the body can no longer fight with may not be cured. For that, we need to kill
many infections that we face every day. the disease causing microbes.
Instead, even common cold can become How do we kill microbes? One way
pneumonia. Similarly, a minor gut infection is to use medicines that kill microbes. We
can produce major diarrhoea with blood have seen earlier that microbes can be
loss. Ultimately, it is these other infections classified into different categories. They
that kill people suffering from HIV-AIDS. are viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa.

Each of these groups of organisms The first is that once someone has a
will have some essential biochemical life disease, their body functions are damaged
and may never recover completely. The
process which is peculiar to that group and
second is that treatment will take time,
not shared with the other groups. These which means that someone suffering from
processes may be pathways for the a disease is likely to be bedridden for some
synthesis of new substances or medication. time even if we can give proper treatment.
Over a period of time the third is that the
These pathways will not be used by person suffering from an infectious disease
us either. For example, our cells may make
A
can serve as the source from where the
new substances by a mechanism different infection may spread to other people. This
AN
from that used by bacteria. We have to find leads to the multiplication of the above
difficulties. It is because of such reasons
a drug that blocks the bacterial synthesis
that prevention of diseases is better than
of pathway without affecting our own. This their cure.
G
is what is achieved by the antibiotics that How can we prevent diseases? There
we are all familiar with. Similarly, there are are two ways, one general and one specific
AN
drugs that kill protozoa such as the malarial to each disease. The general ways of
parasite. preventing infections mostly relate to
preventing exposure. How can we prevent
One reason why making anti-viral exposure to infectious microbes?
L
medicines is harder than making If we look at the means of their
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antibacterial medicines is that viruses have spreading, we can get some easy answers.
few biochemical mechanisms of their own. For airborne microbes, we can prevent
exposure by providing living conditions that
They enter our cells and use our machinery
are not overcrowded. For water-borne
T,
for their life processes. This means that microbes, we can prevent exposure by
there are relatively few virus-specific providing safe drinking water. This can be
ER
targets to aim at. Despite this limitation, done by treating the water to kill any
there are now effective anti-viral drugs, for microbial contamination. For vector-borne
infections, we can provide clean
example, the drugs that keep HIV infection
environments for example, free of breeding
SC
under control. ground of infectious disease causing

organisms and their vectors. In other words,
11.10 Principles of prevention public hygiene is one basic key to the
All of what we have talked about so prevention of infectious diseases.
far deals with how to get rid of an infection In addition to these issues that relate
in someone who has the disease. But there to the environment, there are some other
general principles to prevent infectious
are three limitations of this approach to diseases. To appreciate those principles,
dealing with infectious disease. let us ask a question we have not looked
at so far.

Normally, we are faced with z Is there any difference between the
infections every day. If someone is groups? If yes, why?
suffering from a cough and cold in the z If there is no difference, do you think
class, it is likely that the children sitting
that your findings mean that being
around will be exposed to the infection. But
well-off or poor does not matter for
all of them do not actually suffer from the
disease. Why? health?
This is because the immune system These are the general ways of
of our body is normally fighting off preventing infections. What are the
microbes. We have cells that specialise in specific ways? They relate to a special
A
killing infecting microbes. These cells go property of the immune system that usually
AN
into action each time infecting microbes fights off microbial infections. Let us cite
enter the body. If they are successful, we an example to try and understand this
do not actually come down with any property.
disease. The immune cells manage to kill These days, there is no smallpox
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off the infection long before it assumes
anywhere in the world. But as recently as
major proportions. As we noted earlier, if
50 years ago, smallpox epidemics were not
the number of the infecting microbes is
controlled, the manifestations of disease
AN
at all uncommon. In such an epidemic,
will be minor. In other words, becoming people used to be very afraid of coming
exposed to or infected with an infectious near someone suffering from the disease
since they were afraid of getting infected.
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microbe does not necessarily mean
developing noticeable disease. However, there was one group of
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A severe infectious diseases people who did not have this fear. These
represents a lack of success of the immune people would provide nursing care for the
system. The functioning of the immune victims of smallpox. This was a group of
system, like any other system in our body, people who had smallpox earlier and
T,
will not be good if proper and sufficient survived it. In other words, if you had
nourishment and food is not available. smallpox once, there would be no chance
Therefore, the second basic principle of
ER
of suffering from it again. So, having the

prevention of infectious disease is the
disease once was a means of preventing
availability of proper and sufficient food
for everyone. subsequent attacks of the same disease.
SC
Activity-6
Activity-6 This happens because when the
immune system first “recognises”an
Conduct a survey in your locality. infectious microbe, it “responds” against
Talk to ten families who are well-off
it and then “remembers” it specifically. So
and ten who are very poor (in your
estimation). Both sets of families the next time that particular microbe, or its
should have children who are below five close relatives enter the body, the immune
years of age. Measure the heights of system responds with even greater vigour.
these children. Draw a graph of the This eliminates the infection quickly than
height of each child against its age for the first time around. This is the basis of
both sets of families. the principle of immunisation.

Traditional Indian and Chinese Of course, such a programme can be
medicinal systems sometimes deliberately useful only if such health measures are
rubbed the skin crusts from smallpox available to all children. Can you think of
victims into the skin of healthy people. reasons, why this should be so?
They thus hoped to induce a mild form of Some hepatitis viruses, which cause
smallpox that would create resistance jaundice, are transmitted through water. There
against the disease. is a vaccine for one of them, hepatitis A, in
Two centuries ago, an English the market. But the majority of children in
physician named Edward Jenner, realized many parts of India are already immune to
A
that milk maids who had cowpox did not hepatitis A by the time they are five years old.
catch smallpox even during epidemics. This is because they are exposed to the virus
AN
Cowpox is a very mild disease. Jenner tried through water. Under these circumstances,
deliberately giving cowpox to people and would you take the vaccine?
found that they were now resistant to
smallpox. This was because the smallpox Activity-7
Activity-7
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virus is closely related to the cowpox virus. Rabies virus is spread by the bite of
‘Cow’ is ‘vacca’ in Latin, and cowpox is infected dogs and other animals. There are
AN
‘vaccinia’. From these roots, the word
anti-rabies vaccines for both humans and
‘vaccination’ has come into our usage.
animals. Find out the plan of your local
We can now see that, as a general authority for the control of rabies in your
principle, we can ‘pool’ the immune system neighbourhood. Are these measures
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into developing a memory for a particular adequate? If not, what improvements would
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infection by putting something, that mimics you suggest?

the microbe we want to vaccinate against, • Why are we normally advised to
into the body. This does not actually cause take nutritious food when we are
the disease but this would prevent any sick?
subsequent exposure to the infecting
T,
• What are the different means by

microbe from turning into actual disease.
which infectious diseases are
Many such vaccines are now available spread?
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for preventing a whole range of infectious • What precautions can you take in
diseases, and provide a disease-specific your school to reduce the
means of prevention. There are vaccines incidence of infectious diseases?
against tetanus, diphtheria, whooping • What is immunisation?
SC
cough, measles, polio and many others. • What are the immunisation
These form the public health programme programmes available at the
of childhood immunisation for preventing nearest health centre in your
infectious diseases.
locality? What frequently seen are
the health problems in your area?
Key words
Health, disease, acute disease, chronic disease, vectors, infective disease, non
infective disease, manifestation, immunization.

• 'Health' is a state of physical, mental and social well-being.
• The health of an individual is dependent on his/her physical surroundings and his/
her economic status.
• Diseases are classified as acute or chronic, depending on their duration.
• Disease may be due to infectious or non-infectious causes.
• Infectious agents belong to different categories of organisms and may be unicellular
A
and microscopic or multicellular.
• The category to which a disease-causing organism belongs decides the type of
AN
treatment.
• Infectious agents are spread through air, water, physical contact or vectors.
• Prevention of disease is more desirable than its successful treatment.
• Infectious diseases can be prevented by public health hygiene measures that reduce
G
exposure to infectious agents.
• Infectious diseases can also be prevented by using immunisation.
AN
• Effective prevention of infectious diseases in the community requires that everyone
should have access to public hygiene and immunisation.
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1. A doctor/nurse/health-worker is exposed to more sick people than

others in the community. Find out how she/he avoids getting sick
herself/himself. ( AS 1)
2. Differentiate the infective and non infective diseases? ( AS 1)
T,
3. Why acute disease become chronic disease? ( AS 1)

4. Draw the figure of leishmania and trypanosome and label them. ( AS 5)
ER
5. Ramu was affected with small pox. What advice do you give Ramu for not spreading
the disease? ( AS 6)
6. How do you appreciate the role of vaccine in preventing disease? ( AS 6)
7. Prepare a questionnaire to collect the information from your local health worker
SC
about spreading of diseases? ( AS 6)

8. How many times did you fall ill in the last one year? What were the illnesses? (AS 7)
a) Think of one change you could make in your habits in order to avoid any of/most
of the above illnesses.
b) Think of one change you would wish for in your surroundings in order to avoid
any of/most of the above illnesses.
9. Conduct a survey in your neighbourhood to find out what the three most common
diseases are. Suggest three steps that could be taken by your local authorities to
bring down the incidence of these diseases. (AS 7)

ACADEMIC STANDARDS
S.No. Academic Standards Explanation
1. Conceptual understanding Children are able to explain, cite examples, give reasons,
compare and write differences, explain the process of
given concepts in the textbook. Children are able to
A
develop their own brain mappings.
AN
2. Asking questions and Children are able to ask questions to understand, to
making hypothesis clarify the concepts and to participate in discussions.
They are able to make hypothesis on experimental results
and given issues.
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3. Experimentation and field To understand given concepts in the textbook, children
AN
investigation. are able to do experiments on their own. They are able
to arrange the experimental materials, note their
observations, collect alternate expermental materials,
take precautions, participate in field investigation and
L
make reports on them.
TE
4. Information skills and Children are able to collect information (by using
Projects interviews, checklist, questionaire) and analyses
systematically. They are able to conduct their own
project works.
T,
5. Communication through Children are able to explain their conceptual

drawing, model making understanding by drawing figures labelling, describing
ER
the parts and making models. They are able to plot graphs
by using given information or collected data.
SC
6. Appreciation and aesthetic Children are able to appreciate man power and nature,
sense, values and have aesthetic sense towards nature. They are also
able to follow constitutional values.
Application to daily life, Children are able to utilize scientific concept to face
7.
concern to bio diversity. their daily life situations. They are able to show concern
towards bio diversity.

A
AN
G
L AN
TE
T,
ER
SC

Dear Teachers...
New Science Text Books are prepared in such a way that they develop children’s observation
power and research enthusiasm. It is a primary duty of teachers to devise teaching- learning
processes which arouse children’s natural interest of learning things. The official documents of
National& State Curriculum Frameworks and Right to Education Act are aspiring to bring grass
root changes in science teaching. These textbooks are adopted in accordance with such an
aspiration. Hence, science teachers need to adapt to the new approach in their teaching. In view
of this, let us observe certain Dos and Don’ts:
A
• Read the whole text book and analyze each and every concept in it in depth.
AN
• Develop activities for children which help understand concepts presented in text.
• Textual concepts are presented in two ways: one as the classroom teaching and the other
as the laboratory performance.
G
• Lab activities are part and parcel of a lesson. So, teachers must make the children conduct
all such activities during the lesson itself, but not separately.
AN
• Children have to be instructed to follow scientific steps while performing lab activities
andrelevant reports can be prepared and displayed.
• In the text some special activities as boxed items- ‘think and discuss, let us do, conduct
L
interview, prepare report, display in wall magazine, participate in Theatre Day, do field
TE
observation, organize special days’ are presented. To perform all of them is compulsory.
• ‘Ask your teacher, collect information from library or internet’- such items must also be
considered as compulsory.
• If any concept from any other subject got into this text, the concerned subject teacher has
T,
to be invited into the classroom to elucidate it.

• A.S. indicates Academic Standerds in ‘Improve Your Learning’.
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• Collect info of relevant website addresses and pass on to students so that they can utilize
internet services for learning science.
• Let there be science magazines and science books in the school library.
SC
• Motivate every student to go through each lesson before it is being actually taught and
encourage everyone to understand and learn independently, with the help of activities such
as Mind Mapping and exciting discussions.
We believe, you must have realized that the learning of science and scientific thinking
are not mere drilling of the lessons but, in fact, a valuable exercise in motivating the children
to explore solutions to problems all around by themselves systematically and preparing
them to meet life challenges properly.

DearDear
Students...
st u dent s ...
Learning science does not mean scoring good marks in the subject. Competencies like
thinking logically and working systematically, learned through it,have to be practiced in daily
life. To achieve this, instead of memorizing the scientific theories by rote, one must be able to
study them analytically. That means, in order to understand the concepts of science, you need
to proceed by discussing, describing, conducting experiments to verify, making observations,
confirming with your own ideas and drawing conclusions. This textbook helps you to learn in
that way.
A
What you need to do to achieve such things:
•
AN
Thoroughly go through each lesson before the teacher actually deals with it.
• Note down the points you came across so that you can grasp the lesson better.
• Think of the concepts in the lesson. Identify the concepts you need to know further, to
G
understand the lesson in depth.
• Do not hesitate to discuss analytically about the questions given under the sub-heading
AN
‘Think and Discuss’ with your friends or teachers.
• You may get some doubts while conducting an experiment or discussing about a lesson.
Express them freely and clearly.
L
• Plan to implement experiments/lab periods together with teachers, to understand the
concepts clearly. While learning through the experiments you may come to know
TE
many more things.

• Find out alternatives based on your own thoughts.
• Relate each lesson to daily life situations.
T,
• Observe how each lesson is helpful to conserve nature. Try to do so.

• Work as a group during interviews and field trips. Preparing reports and displaying
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them is a must.
• List out the observations regarding each lesson to be carried through internet, school
library and laboratory.
SC
• Whether in note book or exams, write analytically,expressing your own opinions.

• Read books related to your text book, as many as you can.
• You organize yourself the Science Club programs in your school.
• Observe problems faced by the people in your locality and find out what solutions you
can suggest through your science classroom.
• Discuss the things you learned in your science class with farmers, artisans etc.

Text Book Development Committee
Sri A. Satyanarayana Reddy, Director, Sri B. Sudhakar, Director,

S.C.E.R.T. , Hyderabad. Govt. Textbook Press,
Hyderabad.
Dr. Nannuru Upendar Reddy,

Professor & Head C&T Dept.,
S.C.E.R.T., Hyderabad.
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Writers
Dr. TVS Ramesh, SA, Sri Sanjeev Kumar, SA,

C&T Dept.,SCERT, Hyderabad. ZPHS Amdapur, Nizamabad.
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Sri S. Thirumala Chaitanya, Lecturer,AN Sri Noel Joseph, HM,
DIET Omaravalli, Srikakulam. St. Joseph’s High School,
Ramagundam Karimnagar.
Sri Ch. Keshava Rao, Lecturer
DIET Hanumakonda, Warangal. Sri Pramod Kumar Padhy, SA,
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ZPHS B.R.C Puram, Srikakulam.
Dr. S. Vishnuvardhan Reddy, SA,
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ZPHS Kadtal, Mahaboobnagar. Sri Sk. Taj Babu, SA

ZPHS Chilkur, Rangareddy.
Sri Meda. Hari Prasad, SA,
ZPHS Akumalla, Kurnool.
T,
Sri S.V. Ramaraju, SA

ZPHS Veluminedu, Nalgonda.
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Sri E.D. Madhusudhan Reddy, SA,

ZPHS Boys, Kosgi,
Mahbubnagar Dist.
SC
Cover page, Graphics & Designing
Sri K. Sudhakara Chary, SGT, Sri Kishan Thatoju, Computer Operator,

UPS Neelikurthy, Warangal. C&T Dept., SCERT, Hyderabad.
Sri Kurra Suresh Babu, B.Tech, MA., MPhill. Sri Md. Ayyub Ahmed, S.A.,
Mana Media Graphics, Z.P. H.S U/M, Atmakur,
Hyderabad. Mahbubnagar.

Editors
Dr. Kamal Mahendroo, Professor,

Vidya Bhawan Educational Resource Centre,
Udaipur, Rajastan.
Dr. Snigdha Das, Professor,

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Udaipur, Rajastan.
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Dr. Yashodhara Kaneria, Professor,
Udaipur, Rajastan.
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Dr. Nannuru Upendar Reddy,
Professor & Head C&T Dept.,
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SCERT., Hyderabad.
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Co-ordinators
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Dr. TVS Ramesh, Smt M. Deepika

Co-ordinator, C&T Dept., Lecturer,
SCERT, Hyderabad. SCERT, Hyderabad.
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SC
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Published by The Government of Telangana, Hyderabad.

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS i

First Published 2013

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

of School Education, Hyderabad, Telangana.

This Book has been printed on 90 G.S.M. Maplitho,

Government’s Gift for Students’ Progress 2023-24

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS ii

teaching methods and assessment methods.

Place : Hyderabad Director,

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS iii

“India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS iv

1 What is Science? 10 June 1

5 The Age of Adolescence 15 August 68

6 Biodiversity - Conservation 15 September 81

7 Different Ecosystems 10 October 101

8 Production of Food from Plants 10 November 112

9 Production of Food from Animals 12 December

10 Not for Breathing Not for Drinking 12 January 156

11 Why do we fall ill? 12 February 175

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS v

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY

HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO

GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS vi

history of the natural world and how the

through experimentation that tries to spoiled soon. Why?

WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 1

particle in the circular path. Both the

people have gained using that method. Less

experimenting to find patterns of behavior. knowledge gained from it.

lives to develop new knowledge? economic future.

models for the prediction of weather or for

Aravind is using this scientific method

Step - 1 Observe, and ask questions. I need to find out more

potting soils. Each

light. So, I'll be

of water and light.

WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 5

3 1.8 cm 1.5 cm 1.8 cm

Step-5 Draw conclusions and

• Analyze the data you gathered. My hypothesis is not

your data. and sandy soil. They

• Decide whether your hypothesis is

6 WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS

1.6.1 What Saketh plans to investigate?

1.6.2 How Saketh uses process skills?

their size, shape, and colours. He classify

shape. Compare – identify characteristics of

WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 7

Charitha is interested in learning what • Interpret- Interpret data by drawing

She plans an experiment to find out whether shows.

1.6.4 How Charitha uses process skills?

sand and water. She shakes the rocks every

8 WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS

Infer : time exactly.

and draw conclusions based on Hypothesize – make a statement about an

identify and perform the steps necessary

WHAT IS SCIENCE? GOVERNMENT’S GIFT FOR STUDENTS’ PROGRESS 9