PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Chemistry 12
1
H 2
Hydrogen He
Helium
1.0
4.0
14
14 Atomic Number
3 4 Si
Si Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Silicon
Silicon Name B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium 28.1
28.1 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Atomic Mass
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266)

58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Values in parentheses 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
are the masses of the most Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
stable or best known isotopes for Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium

elements which do not occur naturally. 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)

Data Page 1
 ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.
Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best
known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally.

Atomic Atomic Atomic Atomic

Element Symbol Element Symbol
Number Mass Number Mass

Actinium Ac 89 (227) Mercury Hg 80 200.6

Aluminum Al 13 27.0 Molybdenum Mo 42 95.9
Americium Am 95 (243) Neodymium Nd 60 144.2
Antimony Sb 51 121.8 Neon Ne 10 20.2
Argon Ar 18 39.9 Neptunium Np 93 (237)
Arsenic As 33 74.9 Nickel Ni 28 58.7
Astatine At 85 (210) Niobium Nb 41 92.9
Barium Ba 56 137.3 Nitrogen N 7 14.0
Berkelium Bk 97 (247) Nobelium No 102 (259)
Beryllium Be 4 9.0 Osmium Os 76 190.2
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0 Oxygen O 8 16.0
Boron B 5 10.8 Palladium Pd 46 106.4
Bromine Br 35 79.9 Phosphorus P 15 31.0
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4 Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Calcium Ca 20 40.1 Plutonium Pu 94 (244)
Californium Cf 98 (251) Polonium Po 84 (209)
Carbon C 6 12.0 Potassium K 19 39.1
Cerium Ce 58 140.1 Praseodymium Pr 59 140.9
Cesium Cs 55 132.9 Promethium Pm 61 (145)
Chlorine Cl 17 35.5 Protactinium Pa 91 231.0
Chromium Cr 24 52.0 Radium Ra 88 (226)
Cobalt Co 27 58.9 Radon Rn 86 (222)
Copper Cu 29 63.5 Rhenium Re 75 186.2
Curium Cm 96 (247) Rhodium Rh 45 102.9
Dubnium Db 105 (262) Rubidium Rb 37 85.5
Dysprosium Dy 66 162.5 Ruthenium Ru 44 101.1
Einsteinium Es 99 (252) Rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)
Erbium Er 68 167.3 Samarium Sm 62 150.4
Europium Eu 63 152.0 Scandium Sc 21 45.0
Fermium Fm 100 (257) Selenium Se 34 79.0
Fluorine F 9 19.0 Silicon Si 14 28.1
Francium Fr 87 (223) Silver Ag 47 107.9
Gadolinium Gd 64 157.3 Sodium Na 11 23.0
Gallium Ga 31 69.7 Strontium Sr 38 87.6
Germanium Ge 32 72.6 Sulphur S 16 32.1
Gold Au 79 197.0 Tantalum Ta 73 180.9
Hafnium Hf 72 178.5 Technetium Tc 43 (98)
Helium He 2 4.0 Tellurium Te 52 127.6
Holmium Ho 67 164.9 Terbium Tb 65 158.9
Hydrogen H 1 1.0 Thallium Tl 81 204.4
Indium In 49 114.8 Thorium Th 90 232.0
Iodine I 53 126.9 Thulium Tm 69 168.9
Iridium Ir 77 192.2 Tin Sn 50 118.7
Iron Fe 26 55.8 Titanium Ti 22 47.9
Krypton Kr 36 83.8 Tungsten W 74 183.8
Lanthanum La 57 138.9 Uranium U 92 238.0
Lawrencium Lr 103 (262) Vanadium V 23 50.9
Lead Pb 82 207.2 Xenon Xe 54 131.3
Lithium Li 3 6.9 Ytterbium Yb 70 173.0
Lutetium Lu 71 175.0 Yttrium Y 39 88.9
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3 Zinc Zn 30 65.4
Manganese Mn 25 54.9 Zirconium Zr 40 91.2
Mendelevium Md 101 (258)

Data Page 2 Chemistry 12

 NAMES, FORMULAE, AND CHARGES OF SOME COMMON IONS
* Aqueous solutions are readily oxidized by air.
** Not stable in aqueous solutions.

Positive Ions
(Cations)

Al3+ Aluminum Pb4+ Lead(IV), plumbic

NH4+ Ammonium Li+ Lithium
Ba2+ Barium Mg2+ Magnesium
Ca2+ Calcium Mn2+ Manganese(II), manganous
Cr2+ Chromium(II), chromous Mn4+ Manganese(IV)
Cr3+ Chromium(III), chromic Hg22+ Mercury(I)*, mercurous
Cu+ Copper(I)*, cuprous Hg2+ Mercury(II), mercuric
Cu2+ Copper(II), cupric K+ Potassium
H+ Hydrogen Ag+ Silver
H3O+ Hydronium Na+ Sodium
Fe2+ Iron(II)*, ferrous Sn2+ Tin(II)*, stannous
Fe3+ Iron(III), ferric Sn4+ Tin(IV), stannic
Pb2+ Lead(II), plumbous Zn2+ Zinc

Negative Ions
(Anions)

Br– Bromide OH– Hydroxide

CO32– Carbonate ClO– Hypochlorite
ClO3– Chlorate I– Iodide
Cl– Chloride HPO42– Monohydrogen phosphate
ClO2– Chlorite NO3– Nitrate
CrO42– Chromate NO2– Nitrite
CN– Cyanide C2O42– Oxalate
Cr2O72– Dichromate O2– Oxide**
H2PO4– Dihydrogen phosphate ClO4– Perchlorate
CH3COO – Ethanoate, acetate MnO4– Permanganate
F– Fluoride PO4 3– Phosphate
HCO3– Hydrogen carbonate, bicarbonate SO42– Sulphate
HC2O4– Hydrogen oxalate, binoxalate S2– Sulphide
HSO4– Hydrogen sulphate, bisulphate SO32– Sulphite
HS– Hydrogen sulphide, bisulphide SCN– Thiocyanate
HSO3– Hydrogen sulphite, bisulphite

Chemistry 12 Data Page 3

 SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER
The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25°C.

Negative Ions Positive Ions Solubility of

(Anions) (Cations) Compounds

All Alkali ions: Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, Fr+ Soluble

All Hydrogen ion: H+ Soluble

All Ammonium ion: NH4+ Soluble

Nitrate, NO3– All Soluble



Chloride, Cl– All others Soluble

or
–
Bromide, Br
or
Iodide, I– Ag+, Pb2+, Cu+ Low Solubility

All others Soluble



2–
Sulphate, SO4

Ag+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Pb2+ Low Solubility

Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Be2+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+ Soluble


2–
Sulphide, S
All others Low Solubility

Soluble
Alkali ions, H+, NH4+, Sr2+


–
Hydroxide, OH
All others Low Solubility


Phosphate, PO43– Soluble

or Alkali ions, H+, NH4+
2–
Carbonate, CO3
or
Sulphite, SO32– All others Low Solubility

Data Page 4 Chemistry 12

 SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25°C

Name Formula K sp

Barium carbonate BaCO3 2.6 10–9

Barium chromate BaCrO4 1.2 10–10
Barium sulphate BaSO4 1.1 10–10
Calcium carbonate CaCO3 5.0 10–9
Calcium oxalate CaC2O4 2.3 10–9
Calcium sulphate CaSO4 7.1 10–5
Copper(I) iodide CuI 1.3 10–12
Copper(II) iodate Cu(IO3)2 6.9 10–8
Copper(II) sulphide CuS 6.0 10–37
Iron(II) hydroxide Fe(OH)2 4.9 10–17
Iron(II) sulphide FeS 6.0 10–19
Iron(III) hydroxide Fe(OH)3 2.6 10–39
Lead(II) bromide PbBr2 6.6 10–6
Lead(II) chloride PbCl2 1.2 10–5
Lead(II) iodate Pb(IO3)2 3.7 10–13
Lead(II) iodide PbI2 8.5 10–9
Lead(II) sulphate PbSO4 1.8 10–8
Magnesium carbonate MgCO3 6.8 10–6
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 5.6 10–12
Silver bromate AgBrO3 5.3 10–5
Silver bromide AgBr 5.4 10–13
Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 8.5 10–12
Silver chloride AgCl 1.8 10–10
Silver chromate Ag2CrO4 1.1 10–12
Silver iodate AgIO3 3.2 10–8
Silver iodide AgI 8.5 10–17
Strontium carbonate SrCO3 5.6 10–10
Strontium fluoride SrF2 4.3 10–9
Strontium sulphate SrSO4 3.4 10–7
Zinc sulphide ZnS 2.0 10–25

Chemistry 12 Data Page 5

 RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRØNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES
in aqueous solution at room temperature.

Name of Acid Acid Base Ka

Perchloric HClO 4 → H+ + ClO 4 − very large

STRONG

Hydriodic HI → H+ + I− very large

Hydrobromic HBr → H+ + Br − very large
Hydrochloric HCl → H+ + Cl − very large
Nitric HNO 3 → H+ + NO 3 − very large
Sulphuric H 2 SO 4 → H+ + HSO 4 − very large
Hydronium Ion H 3O + → H+ + H2O 1.0
←

WEAK
Iodic HIO 3 → + −
1.7 × 10 −1
← H + IO 3
Oxalic H2C2O4 → + −
5.9 × 10 − 2
← H + HC 2 O 4
Sulphurous (SO 2 + H 2 O) H 2 SO 3 → + −
1.5 × 10 − 2
← H + HSO 3
Hydrogen sulphate ion HSO 4 − → + 2−
1.2 × 10 − 2
← H + SO 4
Phosphoric H 3 PO 4 → + −
7.5 × 10 − 3
← H + H 2 PO 4
Hexaaquoiron ion, iron( III ) ion Fe(H 2 O)6 3 + → + 2+
6.0 × 10 − 3
← H + Fe(H 2 O)5 (OH)
Citric H 3C 6 H 5O 7 → + −
7.1 × 10 − 4
← H +H C H O2 6 5 7

Nitrous HNO 2 → + −
4.6 × 10 − 4
← H + NO 2
STRENGTH OF ACID

Hydrofluoric HF → + −
3.5 × 10 − 4
← H +F
Methanoic, formic HCOOH → + −
1.8 × 10 − 4
← H + HCOO
Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium( III ) ion Cr(H 2 O)6 3 + → + 2+
1.5 × 10 − 4
← H + Cr(H 2 O)5 (OH)
Benzoic C 6 H 5COOH → + −
6.5 × 10 − 5
← H + C 6 H 5COO

STRENGTH OF BASE
Hydrogen oxalate ion HC 2 O 4 − → + 2−
6.4 × 10 − 5
← H +C O 2 4
Ethanoic, acetic CH 3COOH → + −
1.8 × 10 − 5
← H + CH 3COO
Dihydrogen citrate ion H 2 C 6 H 5O 7 − → + 2−
1.7 × 10 − 5
← H + HC 6 H 5O 7
Hexaaquoaluminum ion, aluminum ion Al(H 2 O)6 3 + → + 2+
1.4 × 10 − 5
← H + Al(H O) (OH) 2 5
Carbonic (CO 2 + H 2 O) H 2 CO 3 → + −
4.3 × 10 − 7
← H + HCO 3
Monohydrogen citrate ion HC 6 H 5O 7 2 − → + 3−
4.1 × 10 − 7
← H + C 6 H 5O 7
Hydrogen sulphite ion HSO 3 − → + 2−
1.0 × 10 − 7
← H + SO 3

Hydrogen sulphide H 2S → + −
9.1 × 10 − 8
← H + HS
Dihydrogen phosphate ion H 2 PO 4 − → + 2−
6.2 × 10 − 8
← H + HPO 4
Boric H 3BO 3 → + −
7.3 × 10 −10
← H + H BO 2 3
Ammonium ion NH 4 + → +
5.6 × 10 −10
← H + NH 3
Hydrocyanic HCN → + −
4.9 × 10 −10
← H + CN
Phenol C 6 H 5OH → + −
1.3 × 10 −10
← H + C 6 H 5O
Hydrogen carbonate ion HCO 3 − → + 2−
5.6 × 10 −11
← H + CO 3
Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 → + −
2.4 × 10 −12
← H + HO 2
WEAK

Monohydrogen phosphate ion HPO 4 2 − → + 3−

2.2 × 10 −13
← H + PO 4
STRONG

Water H2O → + −
1.0 × 10 −14
← H + OH
Hydroxide ion OH − ← H + + O2 − very small
+ −
Ammonia NH 3 ← H + NH 2 very small

Data Page 6 Chemistry 12

 ACID-BASE INDICATORS

pH Range in Which Colour Change

Indicator
Colour Change Occurs as pH Increases

Methyl violet 0.0 – 1.6 yellow to blue

Thymol blue 1.2 – 2.8 red to yellow

Orange IV 1.4 – 2.8 red to yellow

Methyl orange 3.2 – 4.4 red to yellow

Bromcresol green 3.8 – 5.4 yellow to blue

Methyl red 4.8 – 6.0 red to yellow

Chlorophenol red 5.2 – 6.8 yellow to red

Bromthymol blue 6.0 – 7.6 yellow to blue

Phenol red 6.6 – 8.0 yellow to red

Neutral red 6.8 – 8.0 red to amber

Thymol blue 8.0 – 9.6 yellow to blue

Phenolphthalein 8.2 – 10.0 colourless to pink

Thymolphthalein 9.4 – 10.6 colourless to blue

Alizarin yellow 10.1 – 12.0 yellow to red

Indigo carmine 11.4 – 13.0 blue to yellow

Chemistry 12 Data Page 7

 STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS
Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25°C.

Oxidizing Agents Reducing Agents E° (Volts)

F2 (g) + 2 e − → −
+ 2.87
← 2F
2− − → 2−

WEAK
S2 O 8 + 2e ← 2SO 4 + 2.01
STRONG

H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e − → +1.78
← 2H 2 O
MnO 4 − + 8H + + 5e − → 2+
← Mn + 4H 2 O +1.51
Au 3+ + 3e − → Au (s) +1.50
←
BrO 3 − + 6H + + 5e − →
← 2 Br2 () + 3H 2 O +1.48
1

ClO 4 − + 8H + + 8e − → −
← Cl + 4H 2 O +1.39
Cl 2 (g) + 2 e − → −
+1.36
← 2Cl
2−
+ 14H + + 6e − → 3+
Cr2 O 7 ← 2Cr + 7H 2 O +1.23
1
O 2 (g) + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H2O +1.23
2
MnO 2 (s) + 4H + + 2 e − → 2+
← Mn + 2 H O 2 +1.22
IO 3 − + 6H + + 5e − →
← 2 I 2 (s) + 3H 2 O +1.20
1

→
Overpotential
Br2 () + 2 e − ← Br
2 −
+1.09
Effect
AuCl 4 − + 3e − → Au (s ) + 4Cl − +1.00
←
NO 3 − + 4H + + 3e − →
← NO(g) + 2 H 2 O + 0.96
Hg 2 + + 2 e − → + 0.85
← Hg()
1
2 O 2 (g) + 2 H (10
+ −7
M) + 2e − →
← H O 2 + 0.82
2 NO 3 − + 4H + + 2 e − →
← N 2 O 4 + 2H 2 O + 0.80
Ag + + e − → + 0.80
← Ag(s)
1
Hg 2 2 + + e − → + 0.80
2 ← Hg()
Fe 3+ + e − → 2+
+ 0.77

STRENGTH OF REDUCING AGENT

← Fe
→
STRENGTH OF OXIDIZING AGENT

O 2 (g) + 2 H + + 2 e − ← H 2O2 + 0.70

MnO 4 − + 2 H 2 O + 3e − → −
← MnO 2 (s) + 4OH + 0.60
I 2 (s) + 2 e − → −
+ 0.54
← 2I
Cu + + e − → + 0.52
← Cu(s)
H 2 SO 3 + 4H + + 4e − →
← S(s) + 3H 2 O + 0.45
Cu 2 + + 2 e − → + 0.34
← Cu(s)
SO 4 2 − + 4H + + 2 e − →
← H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O + 0.17
Cu 2+
+e − → +
+ 0.15
← Cu
Sn 4 + + 2 e − → Sn 2+
+ 0.15
←
S(s) + 2 H + + 2 e − → + 0.14
← H S(g)
2

2H + + 2e − → + 0.00
← H 2 (g)
Pb 2 + + 2 e − → − 0.13
← Pb(s)
Sn 2 + + 2 e − → − 0.14
← Sn(s)
Ni 2 + + 2 e − → − 0.26
← Ni(s)
H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O − 0.28
Co 2 + + 2 e − → − 0.28
← Co(s)
Se(s) + 2 H + + 2 e − → − 0.40
← H 2 Se
Cr 3+ + e − → 2+
− 0.41
← Cr
2H 2 O + 2e − →
← H + 2 OH − (10 −7 M )
2 − 0.41

Fe 2+
+ 2e − → − 0.45
← Fe(s)
Overpotential Ag 2 S(s) + 2 e − → 2−
← 2 Ag(s) + S − 0.69
Effect →
Cr 3+ + 3e − ← Cr(s) − 0.74
Zn 2 + + 2 e − → − 0.76
← Zn(s)
Te(s) + 2 H + + 2 e − → − 0.79
← H 2 Te
2H 2 O + 2e − → −
← H 2 (g) + 2 OH − 0.83
Mn 2 + + 2 e − → −1.19
← Mn(s)
Al 3+ + 3e − → −1.66
← Al(s)
Mg 2 + + 2 e − → − 2.37
← Mg(s)
Na + + e − → − 2.71
← Na(s)
Ca 2 + + 2 e − → − 2.87
← Ca(s)
Sr 2 + + 2e − → − 2.89
← Sr(s)
STRONG

Ba 2 + + 2e − → − 2.91
← Ba(s)
K+ + e− → − 2.93
← K(s)
WEAK

Rb + + e − → − 2.98
← Rb(s)
Cs + + e − → − 3.03
← Cs(s)
Li + + e − → − 3.04
← Li(s)

Data Page 8 Chemistry 12