Networking

By Tanay Raj Gowda, Class 7E

Contents
● What is Networking?
● Section 1 - Types of network
● Section 2 - Components of a network
● Communication channels
● URL’s, IP Addresses.
● DNS & Client Server Architecture.
What is Networking?
Networking is the interaction between
devices,and they communicate by transmitting
data and information.

We need networking to communicate and share

data instantly and easily.
Section 1- Types of
networks.
 PAN (Personal Area Network)
There are three main types of networks: PAN (Personal Area Network), LAN (Local
Area Network) & WAN (Wide Area Network)

1. PAN:
PAN is a network that
connects personal devices
and has a very small
network coverage area of
about 10 meters. An
example would be a
Bluetooth connection.
LAN (Local Area Network)

LAN:

LAN is a network where many devices

within one organisation are connected in a
network. An example would be all the
desktops within an office space.
WAN (Wide Area Network)

WAN:

WAN is many devices spread all over the

world connecting on one network. It’s
network coverage covers the entire world.
A WAN consists of many LAN’s connected
from all over the world. An example of
WAN is the Internet, or a business with
multiple branches across the world.
PAN: LAN: WAN:
❖ Network area coverage ❖ Network area coverage ❖ Network area coverage
of radius 10 m of radius 10 km spanning entire world.
❖ Very low cost ❖ Not very expensive ❖ Expensive
❖ High bandwidth ❖ Low bandwidth ❖ Very low bandwidth
Section 2- Components
of a Network.
Hub’s

The components of a network are:

Hub’s:
Hub

A hub is a device that helps other devices

on a network communicate with each other
and transmit data, by plugging in a cable.

Hubs are lesser efficient as they transmit

data to every client in the network, so if you
want to transmit private information from Sender Receiver Receiver Receiver
one client to the other, you would not be
able to as every single connected client
would receive the private information, an

{
encryption would be necessary.

Clients
Switches

Switches are devices on which many clients can

connect on and transmit data to each other.

They are a more efficient device for creating a

LAN/PAN because it can send individual data
packets to a specific client, meaning private
information will not be sent to every connected
client.

They can send and receive data at the same time,

unlike hubs.
Routers

Router’s are devices which guide data packets to the IP address given. They send data to clients within a network who
requested it.

You could think of it like this: Think of a router as an air traffic controller and data packets as aircraft headed to different
airports (or networks). Just as each plane has a special destination and follows its own route, each packet needs to be
guided to its destination as efficiently as possible. In the same way that an air traffic controller ensures that planes reach
their destinations without getting lost, a router helps direct data packets to their destination IP address.
Section 3- Communication
channels
Types of communication channels:

Communication channels

Guided Media Unguided Media

Guided Media sends Unguided media sends

data through a data through free space
physical path using signals.
Guided
Media
Twisted pair cable

A twisted pair cable is a cable which has two copper

wires covered by insulation, twisted in a “braid” manner to
avoid interference. They usually feature four pairs of
these twisted pairs.

● Two types: Shielded and Unshielded

● Low bandwidth
● Cheapest and most popular
● 10 MBPS Data transfer speed
Coaxial cable

The coaxial cable features a copper conductor,

which transmits the information, covered by
insulation. The braided shield prevents interference,
or electric “noise” from interrupting transmissions.

● Average bandwidth
● Data transmission speed of 750MHz
● More expensive than twisted pair.
Fiber Optic Cable

A fiber optic cable or optic fibre cable features a

glass strand the diameter of a human hair, and a
laser light will be reflected through it, carrying the
data transmission. This cable has a very high
bandwidth because it uses light, which travels at
immense speeds.

● Has two types: multimode and single-mode.

● High bandwidth
● More costly than coaxial and twisted pair
● Data transmission speed of 1GBPS
Unguided
Media
Radio waves

It works like this: The sender sends radio waves at

different frequencies and amplitudes, a bit like
making a code, to the receiver, and at the receivers
end the “code” is decrypted into desired output.

● Two types: Analog and digital

● Low bandwidth
● 300 GHz
Microwaves

Microwave transmission involves sending a signal

in a straight line from one transmitter to another. It
is the most commonly used transmission for long -
distance.

● Two types: satellite and terrestrial

● Low
● Cheaper
● 1GBPS Data transmission speed
●
Infrared

Infrared data transmissions is when an infrared link

is sent by the sender to the receiver, in which it
continuously blinks a line of infrared light at
different time intervals, like a “code”, and the
receiver decrypts and views the data.

● Two types: near and far infrared

● High bandwidth
● 430 THz data transmission speed
URL’s, and
IP
Addresses.
URL’s and IP addresses
URL:
URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator.
Since we cannot remember so many numbers and IP
addresses the way computers do, we give names or
“domains” to the Ip address. A website’s URL consists of
the domain name, and type of website, for example .gov
means a government website.
IP Addresses:
It is the particular number from which data can be
requested and received from, or sent from.
To visualise, imagine you are posting a letter to your
friend. You would send it to a particular address right?
Like this, when sending data, we send it to a particular
IP address of the device we are sending it to.
DNS & Client Server
Architecture

Client Server architecture

DNS (Domain Name System):
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n ay.co
w.t a
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We learnt about IP addresses and domains.

To convert a domain name into an IP

address to find the requested webpage, the
dns system is like a lookbook. of 13. 3
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Tanay Solutions Solutions
“All one needs is a network
connection and an initiative
to learn, and they can do
wonderful things.”
- Don Tapscott, Chancellor of Trent university.
 Thanks!
By Tanay Raj Gowda 7E