ADC - Finalmanual - Instruction Manual (1) 722

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING ANDTECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NAAC
with ‘A’ Grade)
COIMBATORE - 641 008
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
22EC405
ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION
LAB 2023-2024
NAME :
REGISTER NUMBER :
CLASS & SECTION :
ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, COIMBATORE-641 008
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
22EC405 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
PRACTICAL RECORD
Name : ………………………… Reg. no: …………………….
Class : ………………………… Branch: ……………………..
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
Certified bonafide record of work done by Mr. /Ms ……………………....

during the academic year 2023-2024.
Staff-In Charge
Submitted for the Autonomous Practical Examination held on …………..........
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

OVERALL OBJECTIVES
 To demonstarte a system or process as per needs and specification.

 To use modern engineering tools, software and equipment to analyze problems.
 To identify, formulate and solve engineering problems in Communication domain.
COMMON INSTRUCTIONS
1. Be regular to the lab.

2. Follow proper dress code.
3. Know the theory behind the experiment before coming to the lab.
4. Know the current and voltage rating of the IC’s before using them in the experiment.
5. Mount the IC properly on the bread board.
6. After the completion of the experiments, switch off the power supply and return
the apparatus.
7. Arrange the chairs/stools properly before leaving the lab.
8. Do not throw the connecting wires in the floor.
9. Record of work completed in the previous lab session should be submitted in
the subsequent lab session for correction.

SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
(An Autonomous Institution Accredited by NAAC with ‘A’
Grade)
COIMBATORE - 641 008
Name of Lab Course Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory

Semester & Year 4th & 2nd year
Name of the student
Class
Name of the Evaluator

Marks scored out of 100
RUBRIC ASSESSMENT FOR ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

Objective & Equipment Required
/Software Required (15)
Needs
Items Excellent Good Satisfactory
Improvement
(7-6) (5-4) (3-2) 1
Objectives are Objectives are Objectives are Poor explanation
explained well with explained in Explained in for the objectives
Detailed
data sheets descriptive manner satisfactory and poor
Specification
correlating with with data sheets manner but knowledge about
of equipment theory and along with values short of the equipment.
/ Software
experiment along but not extensive. description and Direct copy from
(7) with appropriate Written in neatwith illustrations. Not the book or
values. Written in relevant enough argument manual. Poor
neat and with good argument. though writing is writing
flow argument. sufficient. presentation.
( 8-6) (5-2) (3-2) 1
Knowledge
Thorough Poor knowledge
about the Better knowledge Good knowledge
knowledge about about the
experiment about the operation about the operation
operation of the operation of the
(8) experiment
of the experiment of the experiment
experiment
Circuit Diagram/ Source Code (20)
(15-13) (12-11) (10-6) (5-1)

Circuit should be With neat circuit With better circuit With improper
drawn neatly and diagram and diagram and proper circuit diagram
Operational legibly with proper proper connections connections with and poor
circuit /Code connections andhas along with goodidea better idea knowledge
for the
excellent idea regarding the circuit regarding the circuit regarding the
experiment
regarding the operation/code operation/code circuit
(15)
circuit operation/code
operation/code
5 4 3 (2-1)
Model graphs are Model graphs are Model graphs are Poor
drawn in neat and drawn in neat and drawn in neat and representation of
legible manner legible manner legible manner with model graph and
with proper with proper proper markings of X Tabulations were
Model graph markings of X and markings of X and and Y axis. not drawn well
and Y axis. Tabulation Y axis. Tabulation Tabulations werenot with appropriate
Tabulation should be drawn should be drawn drawn well with units.
(5) with proper with proper appropriate units.
notations alongwith notations but with
units. Eachreadings no units or
has to benumbered inappropriate units.
in order. Each readings has to
be numbered in
order.
Connection & Experiment/ Compiling
and Debugging (35)
(20-14) (15-11) (10-6) (5-1)
Circuit With correct circuit With correct With appropriate With poor circuit
Connection connection along circuit connection circuit connection connection and
/compiling with along with along with Readings/
and readings accurate appropriate appropriate compiling are
(20) readings/compiling. Readings/ readings/ compiling. taken wrong/.
compiling.
(10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)
Graphs are drawn Graphs are drawn Graphs are drawn Graphs are not
Graph based neatly with proper neatly with neatly with no scale drawn neatly
on readings scale and with improper/no scale and with readings with
(10)
readings matched and with readings not matched with inappropriate
with tabulation matched with tabulation. readings.
accurately. tabulation
accurately.
5 4 3 (2-1)

Excellent Better knowledge Good knowledge Poor knowledge
knowledge about about the about the about the
Application of
the the applications applications applications applications
experiment (5) correlating with correlating with correlating with the correlating with
the experiment. the experiment. experiment. the experiment.
Result & Viva (20)
Inference (10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)

about the Proper Inference Proper Inference Proper Inference No Proper
experiment with respect to the with respect to the with respect to the Inference with
(10) readings obtained readings obtained readings obtained respect to the
from the graph. from the graph. from the graph. readings obtained
Analysis with Analysis with Analysis with from the graph.
respect to the respect to the respect to the
inference should inference is good inference is not good.
be perfect.
Viva (10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)
(10) Thorough Poor knowledge
Better knowledge Good knowledge
knowledge about the about the
about the about the
experiment experiment
experiment experiment
Documentation (10)
(10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)

All important All important Conclusions Conclusions
Overall conclusions have conclusions have regarding major missing or
performance, been clearly made, been represented points are missing the
observation student shows and could be better mentioned, butmany important points.
and good stated. are misstated, Presentation is
presentation understanding with indicating a lack of poor
(10) neat presentation understanding.
Presentation is not
good.
Signature of Evaluator

22EC405 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY 0/0/2/1
Nature of Course: M (Practical application)
Course Objectives:
1. To learn about the performance of Analog and Digital modulation circuits and to experience the
use of simulation tools for the communication circuits.
2. To analyze error performance of aAnalog and Digital communication system in presence of

noise and other interferences.
Course Outcomes
C405.1 Construct and analyse the performance of various continuous modulation and [AN]
demodulation circuits.
C405.2 Demonstrate and Analyse the circuit for intermediate frequency. [AN]
C405.3 Build and verify the circuits for different pulse modulation techniques. [AP]
C405.4 Construct, analyze and simulate the performance of digital modulation circuits. [AN]
C405.5 Simulate and analyze the performance of error control codes. [AN]
Course Content:
CO
S.No List of Experiments RBT
Mapping
1 Demonstrate amplitude modulation system with envelope detection and C405.1 [AN]
study its (a) signal handling and (b) frequency response characteristics.
2 Implement Frequency modulation. C405.1 [AN]

3 Study and test a mixer stage for translating AM signal to IF frequency C405.2 [AN]
stage.
4 Implement PAM, PPM and PWM. C405.2 [AN]
5 Simulation of AM, FM, Sampling Process C405.3 [AP]
6 Demonstrate and test a BFSK AND BPSK circuits C405.4 [AN]
7 Simulation of BFSK, BPSK C405.4 [AN]
8 Simulate and test the circuit of QPSK and DPSK C405.4 [AN]
9 Signal Constellation of QPSK and QAM C405.5 [AN]

10 Error Control Coding using MATLAB C405.5 [AN]
Total Hours 30
Reference Books:
1. Simon Haykins and Michael Moher, “Communication Systems”, 5th Edition, John Wiley and sons,
2021.
2. H. Taub and D. L. Schilling, Principles of Communication Systems, 4th edition, McGraw Hill, 2017.
3. S. Haykin, Digital Communication Systems, John Wiley & Sons, 2013
4. A. B. Carlson, Communication Systems: An Introduction to Signals and Noise in
Electrical Communication, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill, 2010.
Web References:
1. www.nptel.ac.in
2. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/education/
3. shop.a1-cbiss.com/digital_communication_lab_manual_2010.pdf

Continuous Assessment
Total End Semester
Formative Summative Total
Total Continuous Examination
Assessment Assessment
Assessment
75 25 100 60 40 100
Assessment based on Continuous and End Semester Examination

Continuous Assessment (60%)
End Semester Practical
[100 Marks]
Examination
Bloom’s Level
FA SA (40%)
(75 Marks) (25 Marks) [100 Marks]
Remember
Understand
Apply
Analyse 30 20 20
Evaluate 30 40 40
Create 40 40 40
Course Articulation Matrix

PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PSO PSO
CO PO 12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 - - - - - - 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 1 1 - - - - - - 1 2 1
3 2 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - 1 2 1
4 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 2 1
5 2 2 2 2 2 - - - - - - 1 2 1
1 Reasonably agreed 2 Moderately agreed 3 Strongly agreed

INDEX
Page
S.No Date List of Experiments Marks Signature
No.

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment
Evaluation by Faculty Member
Criteria Maximum Marks Marks scored by student

Objective& Equipments /Software Required 15
Circuit/ block diagram& Design/Source Code 20
Connection & Experimentation/Compiling and 35
Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

AMPLITUDE MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
Objective
To construct an amplitude modulation circuit to generate its modulation signal and to

retrieve the signal using diode (envelope) detector and also, to plot its corresponding waveforms.
Components/Equipments required
S.No Components Range Quantity
1 Transistor BC107 1
2 Diode 1N4001 1
3 Resistors 1.2kΩ,22kΩ,10kΩ,100kΩ 3,1,2,1
4 Capacitor 0.01µF,0.1µF,22 µF 4,1,1
5 Function generator - 2
6 Power supply (0-12)V 1
7 CRO - 1
Theory
Modulation is the process of varying the characteristics of the carrier signal with
accordance to message signal. Amplitude modulation refers to the varying the amplitude of the
carrier signal in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating signal keeping
frequency and phase constant. The modulation index of the AM wave should be less than one or
in other words, the amplitude of the message or the modulating signal must be less than the
amplitude of the carrier signal.
In its basic form, amplitude modulation produces a signal with power concentrated at the
carrier frequency and in two adjacent sidebands. Each sideband is equal in bandwidth to that of the
modulating signal and is a mirror image of the other. Thus, most of the power output by an

AM transmitter is effectively wasted: half the power is concentrated at the carrier frequency,
which carries no useful information (beyond the fact that a signal is present); the remaining
power is split between two identical sidebands, only one of which is needed.
To increase transmitter efficiency, the carrier can be removed (suppressed) from the AM
signal. This produces a double-sideband suppressed carrier (DSSC) signal. The simplest form of
envelope detector is the diode detector. To construct a diode detector, simply connect a diode
between the input and 'carrier is only partially suppressed, a double-sideband reduced carrier
(DSRQ signal results. DSSC and DSRC signals need their carrier to be regenerated (by a beat
frequency oscillator, for instance) to be demodulated using conventional techniques.
Over-modulation is the condition that prevails in telecommunication when the

instantaneous level of the modulating signal exceeds the value necessary to produce 100%
modulation of the carrier. Over modulation results in spurious emissions by the modulatedcarrier,
and distortion of the recovered modulating output of a circuit, and connect a resistor and capacitor
in parallel from the output of the circuit to the ground. If the resistor and capacitor are correctly
chosen, the output of this circuit should approximate a voltage-shifted version of the original
signal. A simple filter can then be applied to filter out the DC component.
Experimental Procedure
To measure modulation indices:
1. Connections are given in bread board as per circuit diagram.
2. Set message signal frequency= 270 Hz and Carrier frequency= 2.72KHz.
3. The output, namely the amplitude modulated signal is obtained in the collector terminal.
4. For demodulation, the given diode detector circuit is used.
5. The input to demodulator is amplitude modulated signal and output recovered from it is
original modulating signal.
6. The graphs are plotted for different cases of modulation index.
To generate trapezoidal patterns:
1. Connect the modulating signal (message) to channel 1 of CRO and modulated signal to
channel 2 of CRO.
2. Switch the oscilloscope to X-Y mode
3. Measure the modulation index as, m = Em/Ec = Emax-Emin / Emax+Emin

Circuit Diagram
AM Modulation circuit

AM Demodulation circuit
Trapezoidal Pattern

Tabulation
Amplitude Modulation
fm= Hz; fc = KHz
Input Amplitude (V) Output Amplitude (V)

Sl. Type of Output Time
No. Modulation Period (S)
Em Ec Emax Emin
1. Under
2. Perfect
3. Over

Amplitude Demodulation
Sl. Type of
Amplitude (V) Time Period (S)
No. Modulation
1.
Model Graph

Applications
Common Emitter Follower
1. Low Frequency Voltage Amplifier
2. Radio Frequency Circuits
AM Modulator
1. Broadcast Transmissions
2. Air Band radio
3. Single Sideband and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Inference
Result
Thus the signal was amplitude modulated and retrieved and its corresponding waveforms
are plotted.

Viva Questions
1. Compare low level and high level modulation.
2. What are the virtues and limitations of AM Modulation?
3. Give the significance of modulation index.
4. What are the limitations of square- law modulator?
5. Compare linear and nonlinear modulators?
6. What are the different types of distortions that occur in an envelop detector? How
can they be eliminated?
7. Which modulation technique is used for speech transmission?
8. Compare AM, DSBSC, SSBSC.

Experiment No. 02
Title of Experiment Frequency Modulation
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

FREQUENCY MODULATION
Objective
To modulate a signal using frequency modulation using XR 2206 and to plot

the corresponding waveforms.
Components/Equipments required
1. IC XR2206 - 1
2. Resistor 10kΩ,4.7kΩ, 3,2
3. Variable Potentiometer 10 kΩ 1
4. Capacitor 0.1µF,1µF,10µF 1,1,1
5. Power supply 0-12 V 1
6. CRO - 1
Theory
In frequency modulation the amplitude is kept constant and the frequency is modulated
by the amplitude of the modulating signal. FM signal can be represented as
V = Ac sin(wct + m sin wmt )
The information-bearing signal (the modulating signal) changes the instantaneous

frequency of the carrier. Since the amplitude is kept constant, FM modulation is a low-noise
process and provides a high quality modulation technique which is used for music and speech in
hi-fidelity broadcasts. the bandwidth is determined (empirically) to be
Although it may not be quite as straightforward as amplitude modulation, nevertheless

frequency modulation, FM, offers some distinct advantages. It is able to provide near interference
free reception, and it was for this reason that it was adopted for the VHF sound broadcasts. These
transmissions could offer high fidelity audio, and for this reason, frequency

modulation is far more popular than the older transmissions on the long, medium and short wave
bands.
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

2. The inputs are the modulated signal and the carrier signal.
3. The output FM modulated signal is obtained.
4. The graphs are plotted for the given input and corresponding output was obtained.
Circuit Diagram
FM Modulation circuit

Tabulation
Sl.
Signal Amplitude (V) Time Period (S) Frequency (Hz)
No.
1. Message
2. Carrier
3. FM Modulated
Model Graph

Applications
FM Modulation
1. Used at Audio frequencies to synthesize sound (TV)
2. Used to carry Stereo Signals
3. Used at VHF radio frequencies ( for high fidelity broadcasts of music and speech)
4. Used at Imtermediate frequencies by analog VCR Systems
5. Broadcast of analog video signal by Satellite TV Transmissions
XR 2206
1. Waveform generation
2. Sweep generation
3. AM/FM generation
4. Voltage- to- Frequency (V/F) Conversion
5. FSK generation
6. Phase Locked loops (VCO)
Inference
Result
Thus the signal was Frequency modulated using XR 2206 and corresponding waveforms
were plotted.

Viva Questions
1. Define FM and PM.
2. What are the advantages of angle modulation over amplitude modulation?
3. Compare AM and FM.
4. In commercial FM broadcasting, what is highest value of frequency deviation and
audio frequency to be transmitted?
5. What is the bandwidth requirement of FM radio, TV sound and Satellite TV?

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment
Criteria Maximum Marks

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

MIXER CIRCUIT
Objective
To construct mixer circuit and to calculate.
Components/Equipment’s required
1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Resistors 1KΩ,10KΩ, 6.8KΩ,22KΩ Each 1
3. Capacitor 0.1µF 1
4. Inductor 1mH 1
5. Function generator - 2
6. Power Supply 0-30V 1
7. CRO - 1
Theory
The Mixer is a nonlinear device, with two input terminals and one output terminal.In
electronics a mixer or frequency mixer is a nonlinear electrical circuit that creates new
frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals
atfrequencies f1 and f2 are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum f1 + f2 and
difference f1 - f2 of the original frequencies, called heterodynes. Other frequency components may
also be produced in a practical frequency mixer.
Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process
known as heterodyning, for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example,
a key component of a super heterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a
common intermediate frequency. Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier signal
in radio transmitters.
The mixer circuit can be used not only to shift the frequency of an input signal as in a
receiver, but also as a product detector, modulator, phase detector or frequency multiplier.

An LC circuit, also called a resonant circuit, tank circuit, or tuned circuit, is an electric
circuit consisting of an inductor, represented by the letter L, and a capacitor, represented by the
letter C, connected together.
LC circuits are used either for generating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a
signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. They are key components in many
electronic devices, particularly radio equipment, used in circuits such asoscillators, filters, tuners
and frequency mixers.
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram for all the three modulations.
2. The reading are noted down and corresponding graphs are drawn for the obtained
readings.
Circuit Diagram
Mixer circuit

Tabulation
Sl.
No.
1. Input Signal 1
2. Input Signal 2
3. Output Signal
Model Graph

Applications
1. Used to shift the frequencies from range to another
2. Used to modulate a carrier in radio transmitters
3. Used as product modulator, phase detector/ frequency multiplier.
Inference
Result
Thus, the mixer circuit was constructed and its output frequency was measured.
Frequency = Hz

Viva Questions
1. What is the need for a frequency mixer?

2. What is heterodyning?
3. Which filter is used at the o/p of transistor circuit in a frequency mixer?
4. What are the frequency components that appear at the collector of the transistor in the
mixer circuit?
5. Why is the transistor operated in the nonlinear region in a frequency mixer?
6. How can we use mixer circuit to generate AM signal?
7. What is the roll of tank circuit?

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

PULSE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (PAM), PULSE WIDTH
MODULATION (PWM) AND PULSE POSITION
MODULATION (PPM)
1. Objective
To construct a PAM, PPM and PWM circuit and to plot the corresponding
waveforms.
2. Components/Equipment’s required
1. Transistor BC107 1
2. Resistors 22KΩ,10KΩ 1,2
3. Resistors 10KΩ,3.3KΩ 1,2
6. Function generator - 3
7. CRO - 2
8. IC 555 1
9. Pulse generator - 1
10. Power supply (0-12)V 1
3.Theory
3.1 Pulse Amplitude modulation
Pulse-amplitude modulation, acronym PAM, is a form of signal modulation where the

message information is encoded in the amplitude of a series of signal pulses. Example: A two bit
modulator (4-PAM) will take two bits at a time and will map the signal amplitude to one of four

possible levels, for example -3 Volts, -1 Volt, 1 Volt, and 3 Volts. Demodulation is performed by
detecting the amplitude level of the carrier at every symbol period.
3.2 Pulse width modulation
In pulse width modulation, the width of the pulses varies according to the amplitude of the
input modulating signal. It is basically a monostable multivibrator with modulating input signal
applied at the control voltage input. Pulses of various lengths (the information itself) will be sent at
regular intervals (the carrier frequency of the modulation).
3.3 Pulse position modulation
The amplitude and width of the pulse is kept constant in the system. The position of
each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse, is varied by each instantaneous
sampled value of the modulating wave. PPM has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter
power since the pulses are of constant amplitude and duration. It is widely used but has the
disadvantage of depending on transmitter-receiver synchronization. PPM is also known as Pulse
Time Modulation; PPM is a scheme where the pulses of equal amplitude are generated at a rate
controlled by the modulating signal's amplitude. Again, the random arrival rate of pulses makes this
unsuitable for transmission using TDM techniques
4. Experimental Procedure
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram for all the three modulations.
2. The reading are noted down and corresponding graphs are drawn for the obtained
readings.

5. Circuit Diagram
PAM modulation
circuit
PAM Demodulation circuit

PWM circuit
PPM circuit

6. Tabulation
6.1 Pulse Amplitude Modulation
Sl.
No.
1. Message
2. Carrier
PAM Modulated
output
3.
Horizontal Step
-
Size
PAM Demodulated
4.
Output
6.2 Pulse Width Modulation
Sl.
No.
1. Message
2. Carrier
PWM Modulated
3.
output

6.3 Pulse Position Modulation
Sl.
No.
1. Message
2. Carrier
PPM Modulated
3.
output
7 Model Graph

8 Applications
PAM
1. Used to generate additional pulse modulations.
2. Signal generation for QAM transmission
( In practical telecommunication applications, PAM- rare use technology)
555 Timer
1. Oscillators
2. Pulse Generators
3. Ramp and Square wave generator
4. Mono-shot Multivibrator
5. Burglar Alarm
6. Traffic Light Control
7. Voltage Monitor
Pulse Width Modulation
1. Used to control Servomechanisms
2. Used to control the amount of power delivered to load, without loss
3. Voltage regulators
4. Audio effects and amplification
5. Robotics (to control the speed of robot by controlling motors)
Pulse Position Modulation
1. Radio control systems
2. ISO/IEC 15693 contactless smart card
3. HF implementation of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) Class 1 protocol
for RFID tags.
Result:
Thus PAM, PPM and PWM circuit was constructed and its waveforms are plotted.

Viva Questions
1. What is the minimum rate at which a speech signal can be sampled for the purpose of
a. PAM?
2. Which is better, natural sampling or flat-topped sampling and why?
3. If the emitter follower in the modulator section saturates for some level of input signal,
then what effect it will have on the output?
4. Derive the mathematical expression for frequency spectrum of PAM signal.
5. What should be minimum value of RA and what it determines?

6. What are the advantages of Pulse time modulation over other pulse modulations?
7. Compare PAM, PWM and PPM
8. What is the use of 5th Pinn in IC 555 timer?
9. Define Duty cycle, D.
10. Give methods for obtaining symmetrical square wave.

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

DESIGN AND TEST A BFSK AND BPSK CIRCUITS
1. Objective
To generate BPSK and BFSK signal and to plot its corresponding waveform .
2. Components/Equipment’s required
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
3.Theory
Binary Frequency shift keying
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is frequency modulation in which the modulating signal shifts the
output frequency between predetermined values. Usually, the instantaneous frequency is shifted
between two discrete values termed the "mark frequency" and "space frequency". This is a non-
coherent form of FSK. Coherent forms of FSK exist in which there is no phase discontinuity in the
output signal.
Binary Phase shift keying
In digital transmission, angle modulation in which the phase of the carrier is discretely varied in
relation either to a reference phase or to the phase of the immediately preceding signal element, in
accordance with data being transmitted. In a communications system, the representation of characters,
such as bits or quaternary digits, by a shift in the phase of an electromagnetic carrier wave with
respect to a reference, by an amount corresponding to the symbol being encoded.
For example, when encoding bits, the phase shift could be 0' for encoding a "0," and 180' for
encoding a "I," or the phase shift could be -90' for "0" and +90' for a it I'll thus making
therepresentations for "0" and "I" a total of 180' apart. In PSK systems designed so that the carrier can
assume only two different phase angles, each change of phase carries one bit of information, i.e., the

bit rate equals the modulation rate. If the number of recognizable phase angles is increased to 4, then 2
bits of information can be encoded into each signal element; likewise, 8 phase angles can encode 3
bits in each signal element.
1. The connections are given in the breadboard as per the circuit diagram.
2. The inputs are given and their corresponding readings are noted for the digital
modulation techniques, namely BFSK, BPSK.
3. The graphs have been plotted for the inputs and outputs of the above said techniques.
Circuit Diagram

Model Graph:
Tabulation of BFSK:
Time period
S.No Types of Signal Amplitude (V) Frequency (Hz) (s)
1 Signal 1
2 Signal 2
3 BFSK output

Tabulation of BPSK:
Time period
S.No Types of Signal Amplitude (V) Frequency (Hz) (s)
1 Signal 1
2 Signal 2
3 BPSK output
Result:
Thus the BPSK and BFSK signal was generated Successfully.

Viva Questions
1. What type of receiver is used for BFSK reception?

2. Is BPSK and BFSK same?
3. What is the maximum bandwidth of BPSK system?
4. What is the minimum bandwidth required for BFSK?
5. What are the advantages of BPSK?
6. What is PSK problem?

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100

SIMULATION OF AM and FM SAMPLING PROCESS USING MATLAB
1. Objective
To simulate various analog modulation techniques such as AM and FM using MATLAB.
2. Software Required
MATLAB Simulation tool
Theory
Amplitude Modulation:
Amplitude modulation (AM) is a one of the conventional modulation technique to transmit signals
using a carrier wave. The amplitude or the strength of a high frequency carrier wave is changed in
accordance with the amplitude of message signal.
Carrier signal (Sc) =Acsin(2πfct)
Message signal (Sm) =
Amsin(2πfmt)
Where,
 Ac – Amplitude of the carrier signal

 Am – Amplitude of the message signal
 fc – frequency of the carrier signal
 fm – frequency of the message signal
When the signal is amplitude modulated, the amplitude of the high frequency carrier is varied in
accordance with the amplitude of message signal.
Modulated Signal = (Ac+ Amsin(2 πfmt))*sin(2 πfct)
Modulation Index or Modulation Depth is the one of the most common term that used along with
modulation techniques. Here in AM, it is the measure of amplitude variation surrounding an unmodulated
carrier. It is the ratio of the amplitude of message signal to the amplitude of carrier signal.
61

In terms of modulation index (m=Am/Ac) the equation of the modulated signal becomes,
Modulated signal = (1+ msin(2 πfmt))*Acsin(2 πfct)
Frequency Modulation:
Frequency modulation (FM) is the encoding of information in a carrier wave by varying the instantaneous
frequency of the wave. The amount of frequency variation is proportional to the Modulation index. A major
advantage of FM as compared with AM, is improved Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The improvement depends on
modulation leveland deviation. For typical voice communications channels, improvements are typically 5-15 dB.
Program
%AM Modulation
62

%FM Modulation
63

Model Graphs
AM Modulation
64

FM Modulation
Result
The program for AM and FM modulation has been simulated and necessary graphs are
plotted.
65

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
66

SIMULATION OF BPSK AND BFSK
Aim:
To generate and demodulate binary phase shift keying and binary frequency shift keying Signals.
Software Required:
MATLAB Software tool
Theory
Generation of PSK signal
PSK is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of a
reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a unique
pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits
forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator, which is designed
specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase of the received signal
and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data.
In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signals S1(t) and S2 (t) used to represent binary
symbols 1 & 0 are defined by
S1 (t) = √2Eb/ Tb Cos 2πfct

S2 (t) =√2Eb/Tb (2πfct+π) = - √ 2Eb/Tb Cos 2πfct where 0 ≤ t< Tb
and Eb = Transmitted signed energy for bit
The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n.
Generation of FSK
Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital information is
transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest FSK is binary FSK
(BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s and 1s) information. With
this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is called the
space frequency.
In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one of
the two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.
Si (t) = √2E/T b cos 2πf 1 t 0≤ t ≤T b
67

Where i=1, 2 & E b =Transmitted energy/bit
Transmitted freq= ƒi = (nc+i)/T b , and n = constant
(integer), T b = bit interval
Symbol 1 is represented by S1(t)
Symbol 0 is represented by S0(t)
Program for BPSK
68

Modal Graphs
Program for BFSK
69

Model Graph
70

Output for BPSK
71

Output for BFSK
Result
The program for BPSK and BFSK modulation and demodulation has been simulated in MATLAB tool and the
necessary graphs are plotted.
72

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
73

SIMULATION OF QPSK AND DPSK
Aim:
To generate and demodulate quadrature phase shift keying and Differential phase shift keying signal.
Software Required:
Theory
Generation of Quadrature phase shift keyed (QPSK) signal
QPSK is also known as quaternary PSK, quadriphase PSK, 4-PSK, or 4-QAM. It is a phase
modulation technique that transmits two bits in four modulation states.
Phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced values such as π/4, 3π/4, 5π/4 and
7π/4.
Si(t) = √2E/T cos {2 πƒct + (2i – 1) π/4} , 0≤ t ≤T
0 , elsewhere
Where i = 1,2,3,4, & E= Tx signal energy per symbol

T= symbol duration
Each of the possible value of phase corresponds to a pair of bits called dibits.
Thus the gray encoded set of dibits: 10,00,01,11
Si (t) = √2E/T cos [(2i – 1)π/4] cos (2πfct) - √2E/T sin [(2i –1) π/4)] sin (2πfct) ,0≤ t ≤Tb
0 , else where
There are two orthononormal basis functions
c1 (t) = √2/T cos 2πƒct, 0≤ t ≤Tb
c2 (t) = √2/T sin 2πƒct, 0≤ t ≤Tb
QPSK receiver consists of a pair of correlators with common I/P & supplied with locally
generated signal c1 (t) & c2 (t). The correlator output, x1, & x2 are each compared with a
threshold of zero volts.If x1 > 0, decision is made in favour of symbol ‘1’ for upper channel
and if x1 > 0, decision is made in favour of symbol 0. Parallely if x 2 >0, decision is made in
favour of symbol 1 for lower channel & if x2 <0, decision is made in favour of symbol 0.
These two channels are combined in a multiplexer to get the original binary output.
74

Program
75

Model Graph
Program for DPSK
76

Model Graph
Result
The program for DPSK and QPSK modulation and demodulation has been
simulated and necessary graphs are plotted.
77

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
78

SIGNAL CONSTELLATION OF QPSK AND QAM
Aim
To plot the constellation diagrams of digital modulation systems QPSK & QAM using
MATLAB.
Software Required
Signal Constellation of QPSK
In M-ary modulation, we can preserve bandwidth if we keep the symbol rate the same and
increase the number of bits per symbol. For example, instead of transmitting just 2 possible
phase shifts (0˚and 180˚), we could transmit one of 4 possible phase shifts per symbol. This
is called quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). In QSPK, there are 4 symbols (M = 4) and
there are 2 bits per symbol (N = 2 = log2M). Two of the possible constellation diagrams for
QPSK are shown in the following figure1, and the four symbols from QPSK Constellation
#2 are shown to the right of this constellation. The carrier with a phase of 0˚ is plotted in a
dashed line with each symbol for reference. The four symbols in the right-hand
constellation are:
Vc.cos(2πfc t +45°),
Vc.cos(2πfc t +135°),
Vc.cos(2πfc t -135°)
and Vc.cos(2πfc t-45°).
79

Signal Constellation of QAM
In order to increase the distance between symbols in a constellation, another option is to

modulate both the amplitude and the phase of the carrier. This is called Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM). An 8-QAM constellation is shown below (one of many
possible 8-QAM constellations). The eight symbols along with the 3-bit digital words
corresponding to each are shown to the right of the constellation. This system uses 2
possible amplitudes and 4 possible phases. In 8-QAM, the duration of a symbol is three
times the duration of a bit (since each symbol carries 3 bits). Note that there are both
phase and/or amplitude changes for each symbol. For the system with the constellation
shown below, the eight output symbols might be 2 cos(2πfc t ±45°), 2 cos(2πfc t
±135°), 4
cos(2πfc t ±45°), and 4 cos(2πfc t ±135°).
80

Algorithm
Initialization commands
QPSK & QAM Constellation
1. Generate the carrier signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal in polar form
4. Generate the BER of QPSK & QAM signal.
5. Plot the constellation of QPSK & QAM signal.
6. End FOR loop.
Program
#CONSTELLATION OF 16-QAM
81

#CONSTELLATION OF QPSK & PI/4 SHIFTED QPSK
82

Model Graphs
83

Observations & Output
#CONSTELLATION OF 16-QAM
84

#CONSTELLATION OF QPSK & PI/4 SHIFTED QPSK
Result
Thus the constellation diagrams of BPSK, QPSK & QAM were plotted.
85

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
86

ERROR CONTROL CODING
Aim
a. To generate parity check matrix & generator matrix for a (7,4) Hamming code.
b. To generate parity check matrix given generator polynomial g(x) = 1+x+x3.
c. To determine the code vectors.
d. To perform syndrome decoding
Software required:
Program
Generation of parity check matrix and generator matrix for a given (7,4) Hamming code
[h,g,n,k] = hammgen(3);
Generation of parity check matrix for the generator polynomial 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝒙𝟑
h1=hammgen(3,[1 0 1 1]);
Computation of code vector for the cyclic code
87

Syndrome decoding
88

OUTPUT
Result
Thus encoding and decoding of block codes are performed.
89

Viva Questions
1 What is hamming distance?
2 Define code efficiency.
3 What is meant by systematic and non-systematic codes?
4 What is meant by linear code?
5 What are the error detection and correction capabilities of hamming codes?
6 What is meant by cyclic codes?
90

Additional Experiments
91

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
92

EYE PATTERN OF AN ELECTRIC LINK
Aim
To analyze the eye pattern of an electric link.
Software Required
Virtual Lab: https://www.etti.unibw.de/labalive/experiment/qam
Theory
93

93

94

Result
Thus the eye pattern of the electric signal has been analysed
95

Experiment No.
Title of Experiment
Date of Experiment

Debugging
Result & Viva 20
Documentation 10
Total Marks 100
96

LINE CODING AND DECODING
Aim:
To analyze line coding and decoding techniques.
Software required:
MATLAB
Theory:
NON-RETURN TO ZERO signal are the easiest formats that can be generated. These
signals do not return to zero with the clock. The frequency component associated with these
signals are half that of the clock frequency. The following data formats come under this category.
Non- return to zero encoding is commonly used in slow speed communications interfaces for
both synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Using NRZ, logic 1 bit is sent as a high value
and a logic 0 bit is sent as a lowvalue.
Line Coding Waveform
97

 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-LEVEL(NRZ-L)
This is the most extensively used wave form in digital logics.All ones‟ are represented by
High and all zeros by low. The data format is directly available at the output of all digital data
generation logics and hence very easy to generate. Here all the transitions take place at the rising
edge of the clock.
 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-MARK(NRZ-M)
These waveforms are extensively used in tape recording. All ones are marked by change in
levels and all zeros by no transitions and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock.
 NON-RETURN TO ZERO-SPACE(NRZ-S)
This type of wave form is marked by change in levels for zeros and no transition for ones
and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock. This format is also used in
magnetic tape recording.
 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR
Unipolar signals are those signals, which have transition between 0 to +VCC. Bipolar
signals are those signals, which have transition between +VCC to –VCC.
 BIPHASE – LINE CODING (BIPHASE-L):
With the Biphase – L one is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the
first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of the bit interval.
 BIPHASE MARK CODING(BIPHASE-M):
With the Biphase-M, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A „one‟
is represented by a second transition, half bit later, whereas a zero has no second transition.
 BIPHASE SPACE CODING(BIPHASE-S):
With a Biphase-S, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A zero is
marked by a second transition, one half bit later; one‟ has no second transition.
 RETURN TO ZEROSIGNALS:
These signals are called “Return to Zero signals” since they return to „zero‟ with the
clock. In this category, only one data format, i.e, the unipolar return to zero(URZ); With the
URZ a „one‟ is represented by a half bit wide pulse and a „zero‟ is represented by the
absence of pulse.
98

 MULTILEVELSIGNALS:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits, one
an zero–instead of normal highs and lows Return to zero–alternative mark inversion (RZ -
AMI) is the most commonly used multilevel signal. This coding scheme is most often used in
telemetry systems. In this scheme, one‟ are represented by equal amplitude of alternative
pulses, which alternate between a +5 and -5. These alternating pulses return to 0 volt, after
every half bit interval. The zero are marked by absence of pulses
 NONRETURN TO ZERO-SPACE(NRZ-S)
This type of wave form is marked by change in levels for zeros and no transition for ones
and the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock. This format is also used in
magnetic tape recording.
 UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR
Unipolar signals are those signals, which have transition between 0 to +VCC. Bipolar
signals are those signals, which have transition between +VCC to –VCC.
 BIPHASE – LINE CODING(BIPHASE-L):
With the Biphase – L one is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned during the
first half of the bit interval and a zero is represented by a half bit wide pulse positioned
during the second half of the bit interval.
 BIPHASE MARK CODING(BIPHASE-M):
With the Biphase-M, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A „one‟
is represented by a second transition, half bit later, whereas a zero has no second transition.
 BIPHASE SPACE CODING(BIPHASE-S):
With a Biphase-S, a transition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval A zero is
marked by a second transition, one half bit later; one‟ has no second transition.
 RETURN TO ZEROSIGNALS:
These signals are called “Return to Zero signals” since they return to „zero‟ with the
clock. In this category, only one data format, i.e, the unipolar return to zero(URZ); With the
URZ a „one‟ is represented by a half bit wide pulse and a „zero‟ is represented by the
absence of pulse.
 MULTILEVELSIGNALS:
Multilevel signals use three or more levels of voltages to represent the binary digits one
99

and zero–instead of normal highs and lows. Return to zero–alternative mark inversion
(RZ - AMI) is the most commonly used multilevel signal. This coding scheme is most
often used in telemetry systems. In this scheme, one is represented by equal amplitude
of alternative pulses, which alternate between a +5 and -5. These alternating pulses
return to 0 volt, after every half bit interval. The Zeros are marked by absence of
pulses.
Program
10

Output
NRZ UNIPOLAR MAPPING:
NRZ BIPOLAR MAPPING:
10

NRZ POLAR MAPPING
MANCHESTER POLAR LINE CODING:
10

UNIPOLAR LINE CODING:
BIPOLAR LINE CODING:
10

POLAR LINE CODING:
Result
Thus the line coding and decoding techniques were analyzed and observed and the graph is plotted.
10

Viva Question
1 How can the loss of timing occur in NRZ line coding?

2 In NRZ code, does the presence of a high-light level in the bit duration represent a
binary 1 or a binary 0?
3 What are the common types of line coding used in communication?
4 What is line Coding?
5 What is a digital signal?
6 Explain unipolar and bipolar signals?
7 What is NON-RETURN TO ZERO-LEVEL (NRZ-L)?

8 Explain BIPHASE – LINE CODING?
9 Explain BIPHASE MARK CODING?

10 Explain BIPHASE SPACE CODING?
10

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SRI KRISHNA COLLEGE OF

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

CLASS & SECTION :

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

22EC405 - ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

Name : ………………………… Reg. no: …………………….

Class : ………………………… Branch: ……………………..

Certified bonafide record of work done by Mr. /Ms ……………………....

Submitted for the Autonomous Practical Examination held on …………..........

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

 To demonstarte a system or process as per needs and specification.

1. Be regular to the lab.

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Name of Lab Course Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory

Name of the Evaluator

RUBRIC ASSESSMENT FOR ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Result & Viva (20)

Inference (10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)

(10-9) (8-6) (5-3) (2-1)

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

2. To analyze error performance of aAnalog and Digital communication system in presence of

2 Implement Frequency modulation. C405.1 [AN]

9 Signal Constellation of QPSK and QAM C405.5 [AN]

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Assessment based on Continuous and End Semester Examination

Course Articulation Matrix

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Evaluation by Faculty Member

Criteria Maximum Marks Marks scored by student

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

To construct an amplitude modulation circuit to generate its modulation signal and to

S.No Components Range Quantity

3 Resistors 1.2kΩ,22kΩ,10kΩ,100kΩ 3,1,2,1

4 Capacitor 0.01µF,0.1µF,22 µF 4,1,1

6 Power supply (0-12)V 1

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Over-modulation is the condition that prevails in telecommunication when the

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Input Amplitude (V) Output Amplitude (V)

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

Evaluation by Faculty Member

Criteria Maximum Marks Marks scored by student

ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LAB /ECE/SKCET/2023-2024

To modulate a signal using frequency modulation using XR 2206 and to plot

S.No Components Range Quantity

2. Resistor 10kΩ,4.7kΩ, 3,2

4. Capacitor 0.1µF,1µF,10µF 1,1,1