Prof.

Ramon

Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

MATERIALS
Prof. Ramon
IMPERFECTIONS
IN THE in solids
NEXT
CLASS...
IMPERFECTIONS
in solids
IMPERFECTIONS
IMPERFECTIONS
IMPERFECTIONS

Al2O3 + Cr3+
IMPERFECTIONS

Al2O3 + Cr3+
IMPERFECTIONS
in solids

Al2O3 + 1% Cr3+
 IMPURITIES
99%
there is no impurities or maximum purity
pure material different atoms will
always be present

Materials of common use = ALLOYS

 IMPURITIES
there is no
pure material
 IMPURITIES
there is no impurities or
pure material different atoms will
always be present
 IMPURITIES
99%
there is no impurities or maximum purity
pure material different atoms will
always be present
 IMPURITIES
99%
there is no impurities or maximum purity
pure material different atoms will
always be present

Materials of common use = ALLOYS

 Atoms of "impurities"
are intentionally
added to confer
specific characteristics.

Results in a SOLID
SOLUTION or formation
of a SECOND PHASE.
example of alloy

STERLING
SILVER
STERLING SILVER

Ag (Silver)
Cu (Copper)
STERLING SILVER
Ag 92,5%
corrosion-resist.
but soft

Ag (Silver)
Cu (Copper)
STERLING SILVER
Ag 92,5%
corrosion-resist.
but soft

Ag (Silver) Cu 7,5%
Cu (Copper) increases mec. strength,
does not lose corrosion
resist.
VACANCY/INTERSTITIAL

every solid
possesses
VACANCY/INTERSTITIAL

every solid balance the

possesses system's
energy
VACANCY/INTERSTITIAL

every solid balance the

possesses system's
energy

increases in
quantity with
temperature rise
VACANCY/INTERSTITIAL

every solid balance the

possesses system's
energy

increases in in metals, introduces

quantity with distortions in the
temperature rise lattice
 CONCEPTS:
SOLID
SOLUTION
solute

solvent solution
CONCEPTS:
SOLID
SOLUTION
 VS
Uma solução sólida ilimitada se forma a medida
liquid solid
que átomos de soluto são adicionados ao material
hospedeiro e a estrutura cristalina é MANTIDA.
 VS
Uma solução sólida ilimitada se forma a medida
liquid solid
que átomos de soluto são adicionados ao material
hospedeiro e a estrutura cristalina é MANTIDA.
An unlimited solid solution forms as solute atoms are added to the host
material, and the crystalline structure is MAINTAINED.
(OR, IF it changes, it should be HOMOGENEOUS.)

VS solid
liquid
 SOLID SOLUTION
how it occurs:

NICKEL
COPPER
SOLID SOLUTION
how it occurs:
 THE STRUCTURE SOLID SOLUTION
WAS MAINTAINED! how it occurs:
In solid solutions, two types of "defects" can be found:
Substitutional and Interstitial
DISLOCATIONS

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

Created during solidification or when metals

undergo deformation

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

Created during solidification or when metals

undergo deformation

Has a direct connection to the plastic deformation of metals

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

Created during solidification or when metals

undergo deformation

Has a direct connection to the plastic deformation of metals

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

Created during solidification or when metals

undergo deformation

Has a direct connection to the plastic deformation of metals

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
DISLOCATIONS
All crystalline materials have this type of defect

Created during solidification or when metals

undergo deformation

Has a direct connection to the plastic deformation of metals

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DW96k-iEwYA - Edge Dislocations {Texas A&M: Intro to Materials}
compression stress

tension stress
 Edge

Screw

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aFgLJcVyaQ - Edge, screw and mixed dislocations
 Mixed

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
Imagens da internet
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aFgLJcVyaQ - Edge, screw and mixed dislocations
CHARACTERISTICS
They involve the introduction of an
extra plane of atoms into the
perfect crystal, causing significant
distortion in the crystal lattice
Influence the
deformation of
metals
Influence the
deformation of
metals

5%
During deformation, part
of the energy is
transformed into heat,
caused by dislocations
With deformation, extra
planes are either anchored
or create a perfect plane
With deformation, extra
planes are either anchored
or create a perfect plane

During plastic
deformation, the density
of dislocations increases,
leading to anchoring
This mechanism is a cumulative
effect of dislocation slip
(providing ductility to metals)
This mechanism is a cumulative
effect of dislocation slip
(providing ductility to metals)

Without them, materials

couldn't be shaped, as
they would break brittlely
 GRAIN
BOUNDARIES

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOafZRdOjA - Grain Boundary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tsd5YwiFUQ - Grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ecxI5YSvM0 - Overview of 2D defects, grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqe_M4M7QM - Loyola Bubblez - Grain Boundaries
 GRAIN are the regions that divide the grains. Each
region has the same crystal structure, but the
BOUNDARIES crystallographic orientation is different.

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOafZRdOjA - Grain Boundary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tsd5YwiFUQ - Grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ecxI5YSvM0 - Overview of 2D defects, grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqe_M4M7QM - Loyola Bubblez - Grain Boundaries
 GRAIN are the regions that divide the grains. Each
region has the same crystal structure, but the
BOUNDARIES crystallographic orientation is different.

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOafZRdOjA - Grain Boundary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tsd5YwiFUQ - Grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ecxI5YSvM0 - Overview of 2D defects, grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqe_M4M7QM - Loyola Bubblez - Grain Boundaries
 GRAI N
BOUNDARIES
are the regions that divide
the grains. Each region has
the same crystal structure,
but the crystallographic
orientation is different.

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOafZRdOjA - Grain Boundary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tsd5YwiFUQ - Grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ecxI5YSvM0 - Overview of 2D defects, grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqe_M4M7QM - Loyola Bubblez - Grain Boundaries
 GRAI N
BOUNDARIES
are the regions that divide
the grains. Each region has
the same crystal structure,
but the crystallographic
orientation is different.

CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQOafZRdOjA - Grain Boundary
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3tsd5YwiFUQ - Grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ecxI5YSvM0 - Overview of 2D defects, grain boundaries
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqqe_M4M7QM - Loyola Bubblez - Grain Boundaries
CALLISTER, W.D. Ciência e Engenharia de Materiais: Uma introdução. 7°ed. Editora LTC. 2008.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjljUOG88D8 - Dislocation/grain boundary interaction - back emission
METALLOGRAPHY procedure:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc8zrgYJCJw -Metallography Part I - Macroscopic Techniques

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuHofNW40Yw - Metallography Part II - Microscopic Techniques
METALLOGRAPHY procedure:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fc8zrgYJCJw -Metallography Part I - Macroscopic Techniques

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UuHofNW40Yw - Metallography Part II - Microscopic Techniques
1. Material
removal
1. Material
removal
2. Embedding
of the sample
2. Embedding
of the sample
3. Grinding
and polishing
4. Chemical
etching
4. Chemical
etching
5. Microscopic
analysis
5. Microscopic
analysis
IN THE NEXT CLASS...

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