2

1 (a) Explain three characteristics of traditional education.

1. It is mostly practical as it involves learning traditional jobs such as thatching, hunting,

wood carving, basket weaving, crop production.
2. Knowledge is passed orally e.g. Children are taught how to greet elders and how to do
household chores.
3. It is gender based e.g. There are separate initiation schools for boys and girls - (bogwera)
for boys and (bojale) for girls.
4. It has no age limit e.g. Learning takes place from birth until death.
5. It involves informal teachers as those who impart knowledge and skills are not certificated,
they use experience they have accumulated over the years
6. Takes place everywhere: there are no specialised buildings where learning specifically
takes
7. uses local language: the media of communication is any local language which understood
by people

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss how education can promote healthy living.

1. allows people to make informed choices on issues of nutrition or a healthy diet which can
help in preventing some diseases such as hypertension, diabetes or people can learn
how to treat early symptoms of diseases.

2. It is an instrument of positive behavioural change because it provides people with

behavioural ethics such as being aware of the dangers of having multiple concurrent
partners and as a result helps to curb the spread of diseases such as HIV/AIDS.

3. People can learn the importance of physical and mental fitness which reduces chances
of being affected by diseases associated with being overweight therefore reducing
mortality rate/ prolong life

4. Equips people with first aid skills – In cases of emergency people know what to do before
the doctor arrives and this helps to save lives.

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for its expansion, 1 mark for conclusion
– max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effort of Non-Governmental Organisations in the development of human

resource in Botswana.

1. Equips people with life skills e.g. Young Women Christian Association (YWCA) help in
the development of manpower by offering courses which give skills in dress making,
cooking, typing and this gives people an opportunity to open their own businesses or
create self employment. However there is inadequate provision of practical skills because
there are only few NGOs providing courses on life skills and YWCA alone cannot absorb
all students/ may not be able to reach rural areas

2. Give financial support/sponsorship e.g. Emang Basadi finances and facilitates

educational workshops and seminars aimed at empowering and educating women.
However Emang Basadi does not create equal empowerment opportunities as their
empowerment is mostly targeting women and this may disadvantage men in the long run.

3. Provides training facilities where courses and seminars can be carried out aimed at
improving performance in the work place for both private and government employees.
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However most NGOs do not reach rural areas and this delays improvement of workers in
rural areas.

4. NGOs like churches inculcate positive ethical behaviour essential for daily living e.g.
churches provide lessons on how to live a positive life and become a successful person
who is responsible to the society. However some spend too much at church and thus
compromising productivity at work

5. NGOs offer employment to Batswana and as such employees acquire on-job experience,
skills and competences which helps improve productivity. However some skills are not
relevant to the job market.

(1 mark for a point 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for conclusion

(positive or negative) – max 8 marks)

2 (a) Outline any six of the ten stages that a bill goes through before it becomes a law
in Botswana.
1. Approved recommendations are written in government white paper
2’. The ministry concerned writes a memorandum
3. The memorandum is taken to Attorney General Chambers where bills are drafted
4. The drafted bill is published in the Government Gazette for 30 days
5. 1st reading in the parliament – no discussion of bill at this stage
6. 2nd reading in the parliament – MPs debate principles of a bill
7. Committee stage – where MPs examine the bill in detail, clause by clause
8. 3rd reading in the parliament – where Minister responsible moves that the bill be passed
and MPs vote for or against passing of the bill
9. If voted for, the bill becomes an Act of Parliament awaiting the president to sign
10. If the president signs it becomes the law / an Act
11. If the president refuses to sign the bill, it is returned to parliament to undergo the stages
again

(1 mark for a point – max 6 marks)

(b) Explain three reasons why the National Anthem is important in nation building in
Botswana.

1. Instils a sense of identity/belonging/pride e.g. It identifies Batswana who positively

contribute to the development of Botswana by representing the country during national
and international events such as Olympics, World cup sports.

2. Promotes cooperation to preserve national heritage e.g. The song acknowledges that the
land of Botswana was inherited from their forefathers as a gift from God so the citizens
must work together towards the country’s development.

3. Advertises the country to the international community e.g. Messages such as Botswana
being known as a peaceful country and that there is social harmony “Ka kutlwano le
kagisano, e bopagantswe mmogo” are contained in the anthem.

4. Conveys important message about the nation e.g. It communicates the history of the
country, its goals, ownership of the country and reminds the nation of the important
values such as peace.

5. It encourages Batswana to keep peace in the country and remain united to pave way for
a conducive environment for developments to take place.
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6. Encourages self-reliance as it implores people to stand up and do things for themselves

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the role of government in promoting economic diversification in Botswana.

POSITIVE

1. Economic empowerment of youth – Ministry of Education has introduced courses on

entrepreneurship at all levels of education to try to make the youth grow up appreciating
entrepreneurship. As a result young people are venturing into businesses such as hair
salon, car wash, internet cafe and tuckshop which also create self
employment/benchmarking on other programmes

2. Provision of financial schemes for those who want to venture into business enterprises
such as Local Procurement Programme (LPP) which is an incentive for locals that
reserves 30% of government purchases for local manufacturing enterprises. Therefore
many local businesses are unlikely to collapse as they will be sustained.

3. Provision of infrastructure such as tarred roads, water and electricity and with good
infrastructure people are able to open businesses of their choice anywhere they want as
they will be able to operate businesses smoothly.

4. Encouraging local participation in trade and industry - Through a policy called Business
Reservation Policy some small businesses such as butcheries, bottle stores etc. are
only reserved for Batswana. This has helped to reduce competition from foreign
companies/ import substitution*

5. Provision of mentorship programme e.g. Through LEA people who venture into business
are equipped with entrepreneurial skills which helps them develop viable businesses.

6. Foreign direct investment: the country embarks on policies that attempt to lure foreign
investors into the country in order to create new employment or Batswana.

7. Reinvestments of funds generated from the mining sector to promote other non-mining
related industries

NEGATIVE

8. Insufficient infrastructural development especially in the remote rural areas makes it

difficult for local communities to venture into businesses of their choice. As a result they
may venture into businesses which are not profit generating.

9. Lack of monitoring of projects by government e.g. No strong supervision of businesses

funded by CEDA resulting in the collapse of these projects. This has led to only a few
local manufacturing enterprises operating in the country and the local market being
saturated by foreign businesses.
10. Attraction of fly by night industries which set up businesses in Botswana and then
disappear to their home countries without paying back the loans they acquired from
government
11. Attempts to promote local participation in trade and industry often because of unfair
awarding of tenders which ultimately lead to substandard projects hence loss of money
by the government/some local companies awarded tenders lack professionalism or
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commitment, therefore do not complete projects and government ends up overspending

on such projects

(1 mark for a point identified 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for

conclusion (positive or negative) – max 8 marks)

3 (a) Describe three factors that are necessary for the establishment of the mining industry.

1. Human Resource – Skilled people are needed to extract minerals and process them into
good quality goods.
2. Stable political environment – Enables investors in the mining industry to feel
comfortable to open up industries in a peaceful environment.
3. Availability of capital – To buy appropriate machinery, train and pay workers.
4. Corruption free country makes investors comfortable to invest in a country.
5. Availability of infrastructure – Serviced land, electricity, tarred roads attract investors to
come and open mining industries in a country.
6. Availability of minerals – Minerals such as diamonds, coal, copper are to be exploited in
order to be turned into finished products.
7. availability of markets where products can be sold
8. Entrepreneurship: need people who can invest into the new mining business
9. Appropriate technology to increase productitvity

(1 mark for a point and 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss two issues that threaten to break up the family institution in Botswana and
globally.

1. Natural disasters e.g. In 2004 in Indonesia many people lost family members when
Tsunami killed around 200 000 people, and in the process families lost their loved
ones, breadwinners which then led to poverty.

2. Wars – Many families are separated during wars as some family members may run to
peaceful countries. This eventually break family ties as some never come back home.

3. Diseases e.g. Cancer, HIV/AIDS may lead to death of family members such as parents.
This has left many children as orphans who end up being taken to orphanage
homes while some may become street children and as a result this may
break family bond.

4. Divorce - Problem such as adultery, drug and alcohol abuse may lead to divorce. When
the other parent leaves home the family is affected as the children are left with one
parent and this may leave them emotionally disturbed.

5. Homosexuality – Family conflicts may arise as some members consider it immoral and
unacceptable hence they will not accept gays and lesbians in their families
because they feel that it makes the family lose value. It also leads to lack of
children which may threaten continuity of family from one generation
to another.

6. Migration – Family may be split geographically with one or more members migrating to
find employment while the other family members remain in the country of origin. However
some members who migrated may decide not to come back which leaves children not
knowing their relatives.
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7. Religious intolerance: family intolerance of other member’s religions resulting in conflicts

8. Gender based violence which may force other members to abandon the family

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for its expansion, 1 mark for conclusion
– max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effectiveness of measures used to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS.

1. Abstinence – People are encouraged to abstain from sexual activities and this has
succeeded in lowering the risks of spreading HIV/AIDS. It may still spread to people who
abstain because it can be transmitted through other ways such as use of unsterilised
needles and they may die on the other hand abstinence seems too difficult for some
people to maintain.

2.Education – The government has availed literature in clinics to educate people about
using condoms properly and this has helped to reduce the rate of infection. But there is a
problem of inadequate resources which prevents implementation of HIV/AIDS
awareness programmes e.g. Hospitals and clinics are poorly equipped and health
workers are few to conduct awareness campaigns. As a result such awareness
campaigns may fail to reach the targeted population.

3.Implementation of Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programme - Pregnant

women can enrol in prevention of Mother to Child Transmission Programme to avoid
infecting their children. However there is shortage of knowledge and experience to
implement and sustain large scale prevention strategies such as Prevention of Mother to
Child Transmission Programme. Such initiatives may in the long run collapse because of
lack of capacity for effective prevention.

4.Free provision of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ARVs) results in diminished viral load in the body
which leads to reduced chances of infection. Provision of free ARVs is expensive so
keeping people on ARVs for the rest of their lives may in the future become
unsustainable. Therefore if they stop this may result in high viral load in the body which
leads to increased chances of infection.
5.Provision of condoms to reduce the spread of the virus however some people are shy or
scared to get them
6. Regular testing for the virus so that people may know their status and enrol into ARV
treatment however some people are reluctanct to go for testing and hence the spread of
the virus.
(1 mark for a point 2 marks for expansion, 1 mark for
conclusion, (positive or negative) – max 8 marks)

4 (a) Describe three political effects of Mfecane Wars on the lives of Batswana.

1. Military alliances were borne – Tswana kingdoms came together for common defence
against external enemies e.g. Bangwaketse and Bakgatla helped Bakwena fight the
Boers during the battle of Dimawe and this led to improved cooperation between Tswana
groups which marked the beginning of the process of nation building.

2. Introduction of Kgamelo system - e.g. Kgosi Kgari introduced Kgamelo system to give
cattle to poor people who were impoverished by the wars and this strengthened his
leadership and this created unity in his morafe which was very important for nation
building.

3.Loss of powerful leaders e.g. Kgosi Makaba II died while trying to defend his morafe and
this left his morafe vulnerable to breaking apart.
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4. Loss of power by Tswana dikgosi as some groups broke up and joined stronger ones
e.g. Bakaa were assimilated into Bangwato and as a result they lost their cultural
identity.

5. New military tactics were learned e.g. using mountain tops for defence helped Batswana
to build larger political units that lasted to date such as Shoshong and Kanye.

6. Emergence of strong kingdoms such as Bangwato, Bakwena, Bangwaketse who

successfully defended their morafe against enemies.

7. Realisation of the importance of guns which later proved important in resisting Boer attempts
to take over the lands of Batswana

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Suggest three ways in which the government of Botswana could resolve conflict
arising from the use of scarce resources.

1. Through Legislation – The government should formulate laws that guide in the use of
natural resources such as law on the harvesting of veld products e.g. phane,
sengaparile. As a result conflict between NGO’s who take care of natural resources and
the people who harvest them will be reduced as the people will not overharvest.
2. Through encouraging the establishment of Community Based Resource Management
System so that they become more responsible for their natural resources.
3. By enforcing strict government policies – Disciplinary measures should be taken against
those who overharvest e.g. firewood.
4. Through encouraging sacrifice – Communities, government as well as individuals must
make sacrifices on how natural resources can be used in order to avoid unnecessary
conflict between them e.g. if individuals have in their possession land which the
government may want to use for the benefit of the nation, those individuals may sacrifice
that land by opting to sell it to the government, and this will enhance peace.
5. Holding dialogue / negotiations – the government should dialogue with the communities
face to face (consultation) before deciding on how natural resources can be used so as
to instil a sense of ownership to the communities. Through consultation national unity
and peace are enhanced hence reducing conflict between government and the
communities.
6. Funding NGOs that are concerned with environmental conservation e.g. Funding NGOs
such as Somarelang Tikologo to help them intensify and spread out the environmental
conservation projects.
7.Through equal distribution of resources such as water, land, grazing areas and to ensure
speedy allocation of such resources.
8. compensation by government to people whose property has been damaged by wildlife
9. Environmental education to teach people about appropriate ways of using the
environment

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effects of rapid population growth on resources.

1. Too much pressure on government budget which may plunge the government into debt
as it may be forced to borrow money in order to cater for many people. However
increasing population reduces investment risk as greater number of people can create a
market for locally produced goods.
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2. Creates shortage of employment as people compete for too few jobs and as a result
people may resort to crime. This will now force the government to put more money into
fighting crime. However increasing population on the other hand may promote
establishment of more facilities and industries in order to cater for the large population
and in the process people’s lives will be improved due to better resources.

3. Also there will be a wide pool of human resource – growing population offers
opportunities for development as it leads to increased human resource / increase
labour force resulting in increased productivity. However not all of the people may
be employed or others may not be having the necessary skills

4. Pressure or increased demand on the use of natural resources such as land, wood,
thatching grass resulting in extinction of natural resources/ slums or
squatter settlements. However , people are encouraged tom use environmentally
friendly technology

5. Pressure on social amenities / infrastructure such as health and educational facilities

this will lead to poor service delivery hence lowering the standards of living.
However higher population can lead to increased social amenities to cater
for high population.

6. Increased pollution which leads to global warming which may result in diseases such
as skin cancer or eye diseases leading to death/high mortality rate.
However it will bring cooperation between countries in trying to resolve the issue

(1 mark for a point, 2 marks for expansion 1 mark for conclusion –

max 8 marks) negative or positive

5 (a) Explain three ways through which global citizenship is acquired.

1 By becoming aware of global policies and programs – learning policies and programs
which have been developed to help govern the emerging world community, these
policies range in scope from international treaties that ban the spread of nuclear
weapons to administrative rules governing the internet.

2. By engaging with the organisations that are trying to govern the world – Global
citizens should try and work with different international agencies which are making
policies shaping the world community such as United Nations, IMF, International Criminal
Court in order to make sure that they are operating in accordance with the values
perceived to be important.

3. By participating in an advocacy effort for global change – Global citizens join together
and advocate for change e.g. sign petitions, join demonstration, contribute funds to
express the fact that people across the planet share common views when it comes
to basic values such as human rights, environmental protection etc.

4. By adopting environmentally responsible behaviour – A global citizen nurtures a

lifestyle that supports sustainable global development e.g. types of food, transport
used which can have an impact on the quality of life on the planet.

5. By supporting world art, music and culture - Being a global citizen is a celebration of
many different arts and cultures of people all over the world and learning ways in
which different cultures give expression to the human spirit is very
important/cultural tolerance
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6. By participation in world issues or activities e.g. humanitarian assistance, poverty

reduction, protection of the environment to help improve the standard of living of
world communities.

7. By diplomatic assignments / diplomatic missions – People like Ambassadors and

High Commissioners working for their countries internationally and people working
for multinational companies are given the status of international citizens.

(1 mark for a point 1 mark for its expansion – max 6 marks)

(b) Discuss two changes that have occurred in Botswana’s culture since independence.

1. Some Batswana have changed from traditional way of dress to modern clothes e.g.
Some Batswana who used to wear clothes made from animal skins now wear clothes
made from cotton which they buy from shops and as a result some of the traditional attire
is slowly disappearing/ dress

2. Batswana have adopted some foreign languages. As a result they mix their local
languages with foreign languages such as English, Afrikaans. e.g. Setswana has
borrowed and acquired words from English such as “motorokara” for motorcar/ can lead
to disappearance/enriching of the language

3. There has been a shift from traditional foods to western foods e.g. Indigenous food such
as (logodu, logala, kabu) were made from the home but in the modern days
Batswana prefer to buy imported foods from the shops such as rice,
macaroni and spaghetti. These modern foods have led to emergence of some
diseases associated with obesity such as diabetes, hypertension. However some
of the modern food is healthy and help strengthen immune system/ food

4. Traditional music, games and dance have been enriched by modern music because
there has been introduction of electronic guitars and other instruments to add to the
sound of traditional songs which makes it more appealing.

5. Technology has changed from simple tools to modern tools – Traditional tools such
as pottery, sledges, calabash were made from cheap local material but now they
have disappeared because they have been replaced by modern gadgets
such as cars, cups and buckets which are imported and very expensive.

6. Religion/beliefs shift from ATR to modern religions

7. Human rights issues e.g. marriage practices, division of labour, leadership, education etc

(1 mark for a point, 1 mark for expansion, 1 mark for conclusion

max 6 marks)

(c) Assess the effort made by the United Nations in promoting international relations.

1. UN promotes world peace by sending UN peace keeping forces to war torn countries to
restore peace e.g. during Rwandan genocide. However the use of UN peace keeping
forces has in some cases led to loss of innocent lives and ill-treatment of people and this
is a clear indication of violation of right to life / human rights..Delayed intervention by UN
peacekeeping forces because of countries with Veto power

2. UN promotes world security through Security Council which ensures monitoring of

manufacturing of nuclear weapons. But there are still some countries which refuse to
comply with UN resolutions e.g. North Korea is still making nuclear weapons and this
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threatens world peace and this has even created a belief that UN is a toothless
organisation.
3. UN ensures countries uphold human rights. E.g. through International Criminal Court it
ensures that leaders who are involved in human killings are tried. However in some
cases UN does not treat issues in a fair manner e.g. ICC is quick to try African leaders
who are at fault while it does not extend the same treatment to the other world leaders
and this makes Africa lose trust on UN.

4. UN undertakes election observer missions to ensure that elections are free and fair.
As a result civil wars are prevented and lives are saved. However there are still many
countries in the world which are failing to embrace democracy as some voters still
lose their lives during the voting process.
5. Humanitarian aid or assistance- through agencies such as UNHCR the UN can assist
people affected by disasters such as wars
6. Diplomacy/mediation: the UN can send a delegation of offcials to go and negotiate for
peace with warring factions however their efforts may not be successful as conflicting
parties are not obliged to abide by their demands and some may not be members of
the UN.

(1 mark for point (positive or negative), 2 marks for expansion, 1

mark for conclusion (positive or negative) – max 8 marks)