a.

Definition of listening
1) Listening comprehension is the process of one individual perceiving another via sense,
(specifically aural) organs, assigning a meaning to the message and comprehending it. It is the
fundamental and indispensable prerequisite of individual communication in the social life.
DeVito (1995) defines listening as “the efficient process of perception, comprehension,
recognition, evaluation and reaction in communication”.
2) It is the psychological process of receiving, attending to constructing meaning from and
responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.
3) “Listening is a skill and any help we can give students in performing that skill will help them to
be better listeners” (Harmar, 1998:98).
4) Venkateswaran (1995:76) says that listening is an invisible mental process and also is an
interactive process where the listeners work with their background knowledge and also with the
current knowledge.
5) Thus listening does not mean hearing only, but it also involves comprehension and at the same
time acts as a bridge in the learning process (Abedin et al., 2009).
6) Rost (2002) describes listening as a process of hearing what the speaker says (receptive
orientation); constructing and reflecting meaning (constructive orientation); negotiating
meaning with the speaker and reacting (collaborative orientation); and generating meaning
through interaction, creativity, and empathy (transformative orientation).
7) Vandergrift (1999) defines listening as “A complex, active process in which the listener must
discriminate between sounds, understand vocabulary and grammatical structures, interpret
stress and intonation, retain what was gathered in all of above as the largest socio-cultural
context of the utterance” (p. 168)
8) Listening is a skill, which involves receiving message in spoken form and therefore often referred
as receptive skill (Harmer, 1991, p.16).
9) Listening is the Cinderella skill in second language learning (Nunan, 1997, p. 47).
10) According to Devine (1982) “Listening is the primary means by which incoming ideas and
information are taken in”.
11) Vandergrift (2002) said that listening is a complex and active process of interpretation which
listeners matched what they hear with what they already know. According to Vandergrift (2002)
said that listening is complex and active process of interpretation which listeners match what
they hear with what they already know. Thus, listening is part of communication need listeners
to participate the process.
12) According to Helgesen in Nunan (2003), listening is an active process of not only what people
hear but also how people connect it to other information they have already known. It is ability
to understand what people say include understanding about accent, grammatical,
pronunciation, and also finding his meaning. There are many various of listening media such as
movie, music, cartoon, etc.
13) Based on Underwood (1989) listening is the activity of paying attention to and trying to get
meaning from something we hear.
14) Yagang (1993) argued that it is the ability to identify and understand what people are saying.
This include understanding a speakers’ accent, his grammar, his vocabulary and the main part is
to taking his meaning.
15) Based on theory of communication, Rost (2002) views listening as a part of transactional process
in which all participants are simultaneously ‘sending’ and ‘receiving’ messages. He said listening
consist of four part based on the perspective or orientations. First, from the perspective of
receptive, listening is viewed as receiving what the speaker said. Second, from the perspective
of constructive, listening can be defined as constructing and representing meaning. Third,
looked from collaborative perspective, listening is negotiating meaning with speakers and
responding it. The last, from the transformative perspective, it means making meaning about
involvement, imagination and empathy. Looking by the definitions, listening was categorized
based on the perspective mentioned above.
16) Tomlinson (1984, cited by Hamouda 2013, p. 117) and Rost (2013, p. 2) defined listening as the
process in which the listener recognizes the sounds that someone else is producing. That
process includes understanding pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. The speaker, then,
plays an important part in this process because a good listening depends on how the speaker
produces the sounds and words. In this regard, the listener can easily decode the message being
communicated by the speaker.
17) Brown (1994) defines listening as a psychomotor process of receiving sound waves through ears
and transmitting the sound through nerve impulses to brain.
18) Gulec and Durmus (2015) indicate that listening means making choices from among what is
heard, organizing them, integrating what is transferred them with background knowledge by a
speaker, and structuring them mentally.
19) Sayeekumar (2013) states that listening as a conscious sense of hearing which meanings of
message are understood and interpreted.
20) Steil (1997) explains that listening is a complex of human’s process of sensing, interpreting,
evaluating, storing, and responding to oral messages.
21) Wang (2012) indicates listening as one of important language inputs in classroom, particularly,
in English as second language or foreign language context.
22) Helgesen(2003,p.24)States that listening is an active, purposeful process of making sense of
what we hear. More often we hear, more we can understand something. Regarding that
citation, although listening is receptive,it is very active because listeners can think and
understand things at higher levels than what they have heard. As they listen, they process not
only what they hear but also connect it with other information they have already known. Since
listeners combinewhat they have listened to their existing knowledge and experiences, in a very
real sense,they are figuring or creating some kinds of meaning in their own mind.
23) Rost (2002,p.177) defines listening, in its broadest sense, as a process of receiving what the
speaker actually says (receptive orientation) ;constructing and representing meaning
(constructive orientation); negotiating meaning with the speaker and responding (collaborative
orientation); and, creating meaning through involvement, imagination and empathy
(transformative orientation). Listening, then, is a complex, active processes of interpretation in
which listeners match what they hear with what they have already known.
24) Riversin Hasyuni (2006,p.8)States that listening is a creative skill. It means we comprehend the
sound falling on our ears,and take the raw material of words, arrangements of words, and the
rise and fall the voice, and from this material we create significance.
25) The first, Nunan (2003) "listening is an active, purposeful process of making sense of what we
hear." It means that listening is an active process in which someone can listen to new languages
 other than the first language. Listening is the process that aims to understand the meaning of
what students are listening. Listening is very important for an attacker when he/she wants to
know what the speaker is talking about the conversation.
26) The second, Nation and Newton (2008) define listening is the natural precursor to speaking; the
early stages of language development in a person's first language (and in the naturalistic
acquisition of other languages) are dependent on listening. It means that listening is one of the
natural precursors that humans have to speak. In this stage, a person can develop his first
language. A person can develop a daily language by listening to the word on going seems to be
miswritten. Consider replacing it. Listening who can also be someone can master other
languages besides their first language.
27) Flowerdew (2001) it means that listening is a dominant activity in daily communication (40%),
35 % for speaking, 16 % for reading, and 9 % on writing. It means that listening is a very
dominant activity that is done by someone in increasing listening ability about 40% of people
use their hearing to continue communication with others. The program of the four skills
someone mastered listening to is one of the skills commonly used to receive or listen to
information conveyed by others. Based on the theory above, the writer can conclude that
listening is the process of a person to understand the information given by others to listeners.
Listening is also one stage of the students in developing the language they get besides their
native language. Listening is one of the activities of the student done almost every day.
28) According to Nation and Newton (2008, p.38), Listening is the natural precursor to speaking;
the early stages of language development in a person‟s first language (and in naturalistic
acquisition of other languages) are dependent on listening8 .
29) According to Mandelson (1998), listening is widely acknowledged as a neglected skill due to
insufficient pedagogical development and perhaps even teacher training
30) Listening is a receptive skill. This skill is used to receive the information from spoken language.
Rost (2002: 279) defines that listening as the mental process of constructing meaning from
spoken input.
31) In more extended definition, Rubin (1995: 7) states that listening is conceived of as an active
process in which listeners select and interpret information which comes from auditory and
visual clues in order to define what is going on and what the speakers are trying to express
32) According to Nation, Listening is the natural precursor to speaking; the early stages of language
development in a person‟s first language (and in naturalistic acquisition of other languages) are
dependent on listening8 . listening is not only to establish communication, but also to develops
learning, understanding and mental skills. Listening is a series of psychological activities to
understand what is heard. It is not just the process of hearing sounds correctly. It means making
decisions based on what you hear, organizing them, combining the content delivered by the
speaker with prior knowledge and psychologically structuring it. Listening is not as it were
understanding, getting informed and appreciating, but it is additionally a behavior.
8 I. S. P Nation and J. Newton, Teaching ESL/EFL Listening and Speaking(London: Taylor & Francis
e-Library,2008), P. 37. 9 Mendelsohn, D. (1998). Teaching listening. Annual Review of Applied
Linguistics 18: 81-101
33) According to Mandelson, listening is widely acknowledged as a neglected skill due to insufficient
pedagogical development and perhaps even teacher training 9 . Listening is not as it were
understanding, getting informed and appreciating, but it is additionally a behavior. Both in daily
 life and working life and social life, establishing a healthy and good environment depends on the
presence of people knowing how to listen. Listening training from early ages is a process that
constitutes all stages of individual learning.
34) According Rost, listening is defined as one of the process of communication which includes four
types of orientation, which are receptive , constructive, collaborative, and transformative
orientation. The term “receptive orientation” means receiving what the speaker actually says
while the terms “constructive orientation” means constructing and representing meaning.
Meanwhile the term “ collaborative” means negotiating meaning with the speaker and
responding while the term “Transformative” means creating meaning through involvement,
imagination and empathy10 . Michael Rost, Teaching and Researching Listening, (London:
Pearson Education Limited, 2011 ), 2nd edition, pp. 2-4

Devine (1982) Listening is the primary means by which incoming

ideas and information are taken in”.
Underwood (1989) listening is the activity of paying attention to and
trying to get meaning from something we hear.
Harmer (1991, p.16) Listening is a skill, which involves receiving
message in spoken form and therefore often
referred as receptive skill.
Yagang (1993) it is the ability to identify and understand what
people are saying. This include understanding a
speakers’ accent, his grammar, his vocabulary
and the main part is to taking his meaning.

Brown (1994) defines listening as a psychomotor process of

receiving sound waves through ears and
transmitting the sound through nerve impulses to
brain.

Rubin (1995: 7) listening is conceived of as an active process in

which listeners select and interpret information
which comes from auditory and visual clues in
order to define what is going on and what the
speakers are trying to express

DeVito (1995) listening as “the efficient process of perception,

comprehension, recognition, evaluation and
reaction in communication”.
Venkateswaran (1995:76) says that listening is an invisible mental process
and also is an interactive process where the
listeners work with their background knowledge
and also with the current knowledge.

Steil (1997) explains that listening is a complex of human’s

process of sensing, interpreting, evaluating,
storing, and responding to oral messages.
(Nunan, 1997, p. 47). Listening is the Cinderella skill in second language
learning
(Harmar, 1998:98). “Listening is a skill and any help we can give
students in performing that skill will help them to
be better listeners”

Mandelson (1998), listening is widely acknowledged as a neglected

skill due to insufficient pedagogical development
and perhaps even teacher training
listening is widely acknowledged as a neglected
skill due to insufficient pedagogical development
and perhaps even teacher training 9 . Listening is
not as it were understanding, getting informed
and appreciating, but it is additionally a behavior.
Both in daily life and working life and social life,
establishing a healthy and good environment
depends on the presence of people knowing how
to listen. Listening training from early ages is a
process that constitutes all stages of individual
learning.

Vandergrift (1999) defines listening as “A complex, active process in

which the listener must discriminate between
sounds, understand vocabulary and grammatical
structures, interpret stress and intonation, retain
what was gathered in all of above as the largest
socio-cultural context of the utterance” (p. 168)

Flowerdew (2001) it means that listening is a dominant activity in

daily communication (40%), 35 % for speaking, 16
% for reading, and 9 % on writing. It means that
listening is a very dominant activity that is done
by someone in increasing listening ability about
40% of people use their hearing to continue
communication with others. The program of the
four skills someone mastered listening to is one
of the skills commonly used to receive or listen to
information conveyed by others. Based on the
theory above, the writer can conclude that
listening is the process of a person to understand
the information given by others to listeners.
Listening is also one stage of the students in
developing the language they get besides their
native language. Listening is one of the activities
of the student done almost every day.

Rost (2002) describes listening as a process of hearing what

 the speaker says (receptive orientation);
constructing and reflecting meaning (constructive
orientation); negotiating meaning with the
speaker and reacting (collaborative orientation);
and generating meaning through interaction,
creativity, and empathy (transformative
orientation).

views listening as a part of transactional process

in which all participants are simultaneously
‘sending’ and ‘receiving’ messages. He said
listening consist of four part based on the
perspective or orientations. First, from the
perspective of receptive, listening is viewed as
receiving what the speaker said. Second, from
the perspective of constructive, listening can be
defined as constructing and representing
meaning. Third, looked from collaborative
perspective, listening is negotiating meaning with
speakers and responding it. The last, from the
transformative perspective, it means making
meaning about involvement, imagination and
empathy. Looking by the definitions, listening
was categorized based on the perspective
mentioned above.

defines listening, in its broadest sense, as a

process of receiving what the speaker actually
says (receptive orientation) ;constructing and
representing meaning (constructive orientation);
negotiating meaning with the speaker and
responding (collaborative orientation); and,
creating meaning through involvement,
imagination and empathy (transformative
orientation). Listening, then, is a complex, active
processes of interpretation in which listeners
match what they hear with what they have
already known.

Listening is a receptive skill. This skill is used to

receive the information from spoken language.
Rost (2002: 279) defines that listening as the
mental process of constructing meaning from
spoken input.

Vandergrift (2002) said that listening is a complex and active process

of interpretation which listeners matched what
 they hear with what they already know.

listening is complex and active process of

interpretation which listeners match what they
hear with what they already know. Thus, listening
is part of communication need listeners to
participate the process.

Helgesen in Nunan (2003), listening is an active process of not only what

people hear but also how people connect it to
other information they have already known. It is
ability to understand what people say include
understanding about accent, grammatical,
pronunciation, and also finding his meaning.
There are many various of listening media such as
movie, music, cartoon, etc.

Helgesen(2003,p.24) States that listening is an active, purposeful

process of making sense of what we hear. More
often we hear, more we can understand
something. Regarding that citation, although
listening is receptive, it is very active because
listeners can think and understand things at
higher levels than what they have heard. As they
listen, they process not only what they hear but
also connect it with other information they have
already known. Since listeners combine what
they have listened to their existing knowledge
and experiences, in a very real sense, they are
figuring or creating some kinds of meaning in
their own mind.

Nunan (2003) "listening is an active, purposeful process of

making sense of what we hear." It means that
listening is an active process in which someone
can listen to new languages other than the first
language. Listening is the process that aims to
understand the meaning of what students are
listening. Listening is very important for an
attacker when he/she wants to know what the
speaker is talking about the conversation.

Riversin Hasyuni (2006,p.8) States that listening is a creative skill. It means we

comprehend the sound falling on our ears,and
take the raw material of words, arrangements of
words, and the rise and fall the voice, and from
this material we create significance.
Nation and Newton (2008) define listening is the natural precursor to
speaking; the early stages of language
development in a person's first language (and in
the naturalistic acquisition of other languages)
are dependent on listening. It means that
listening is one of the natural precursors that
humans have to speak. In this stage, a person can
develop his first language. A person can develop
a daily language by listening to the word on going
seems to be miswritten. Consider replacing it.
Listening who can also be someone can master
other languages besides their first language.

Listening is the natural precursor to speaking; the

early stages of language development in a
person’s first language (and in naturalistic
acquisition of other languages) are dependent on
listening.

listening is not only to establish communication,

but also to develops learning, understanding and
mental skills. Listening is a series of psychological
activities to understand what is heard. It is not
just the process of hearing sounds correctly. It
means making decisions based on what you hear,
organizing them, combining the content
delivered by the speaker with prior knowledge
and psychologically structuring it. Listening is not
as it were understanding, getting informed and
appreciating, but it is additionally a behavior.

(Abedin et al., 2009). listening does not mean hearing only, but it also
involves comprehension and at the same time
acts as a bridge in the learning process
Rost (2011) listening is defined as one of the process of
communication which includes four types of
orientation, which are receptive , constructive,
collaborative, and transformative orientation.
The term “receptive orientation” means receiving
what the speaker actually says while the terms
“constructive orientation” means constructing
and representing meaning. Meanwhile the term “
collaborative” means negotiating meaning with
the speaker and responding while the term
 “Transformative” means creating meaning
through involvement, imagination and empathy
Wang (2012) indicates listening as one of important language
inputs in classroom, particularly, in English as
second language or foreign language context.

Sayeekumar (2013) states that listening as a conscious sense of

hearing which meanings of message are
understood and interpreted.

Gulec and Durmus (2015) indicate that listening means making choices
from among what is heard, organizing them,
integrating what is transferred them with
background knowledge by a speaker, and
structuring them mentally.