Name : Ketut Rona Pratiwi

NIM : 2112021031
Class : 4D
Morphosyntax

Language Typology
Language typology is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their
common structural features and forms. The aim is to identify general patterns and structures
across languages and to understand how these features vary and what factors contribute to such
variations. It involves comparing languages to determine which features are universally present,
which features tend to co-occur, and which features are rare or unique.
Types of Language Typology
1) Morphological Typology
 Analytic (Isolating) Languages: These languages use very few morphemes per
word and rely heavily on word order and auxiliary words to convey
grammatical relationships. Examples include Mandarin Chinese and
Vietnamese.
 Synthetic Languages: These languages use multiple morphemes per word.
They can be further divided into:
o Agglutinative Languages: Words are formed by stringing together
morphemes, each with a distinct meaning and function. Examples
include Turkish and Swahili.
o Fusional (Inflectional) Languages: Morphemes can convey multiple
grammatical meanings, and boundaries between morphemes may not
be clear. Examples include Spanish, Russian, and Latin.
 Polysynthetic Languages: These languages use very complex words, often
incorporating several morphemes that can represent entire sentences or
complex ideas. Examples include Inuit languages.
2) Syntactic Typology:

 Word Order Typology: Focuses on the order of the subject (S), verb (V), and
object (O) in declarative sentences.
o SVO (Subject-Verb-Object): Examples include English and
Mandarin Chinese.
o SOV (Subject-Object-Verb): Examples include Japanese and
Turkish.
o VSO (Verb-Subject-Object): Examples include Classical Arabic
and Welsh.
 o Other orders include VOS, OVS, and OSV, which are less
common.
3) Phonological Typology :
Studies the sound systems of languages, including the presence and distribution of
phonemes (vowels and consonants), tone, stress patterns, and syllable structures.
4) Lexical Typology:
Examines the vocabulary of languages, focusing on how different languages
categorize and lexicalize concepts such as color, kinship terms, body parts, and
spatial relations.