Pradepa New Course

8/42
Chemistry
(ii) Both are electropositive and very reactive.
(ii) Both exhibit magnetic and spectral properties. lanthanets.
Actinoids exhibit actinoid contraction like lanthanoid contraction shown by
(iV) their characteristics as follows :
They show differences in some of
Differences.
Actinoids
Lanthanoids
() Besides +3 oxidation state, they show
() Besides +3 oxidation state, they
and +4 Oxidation states only in
show +2
few cases.
oxidation states of +4, +5, +6, +7 tigher
also.
(i) Most of their ions are coloured
colourless.
(ii) Most of their jons are (iüi) They have greater tendency towards
(iii) They have less tendency towards
complex formation. complex
formation.
basic. (iv) Actinoid oxides and hydroxides are more basicl
and hydroxides are less
(iv) Lanthanoid oxides (v) Form oxocations e.g. Uo,*,Pu0+ and UO;
oxocation
(v) Do not form (vi) They are all radioactive.
non-radioactive
Except promethium, they are (vii) Their magnetic properties cannot be explained
(vi)
properties can be explained easily, as they are more complex.
(vi) Their magnetic
easily.

lanthanoid is 'cerium' which constitutes about 3 x 104o

RETAIN 1. The most commonly occurring
of earth's crust. sand'. It is mainly lanthanoid
IN
most common mineral containinglanthanoidsis Monazite
MEMORY 2.The
orthophosphate.
ELEMENTS
USEFUL INFORMATION ABOUT d AND BLOCK
8.12. SOME ADDITIONAL
Transition Metals
1.Some Common Alloys of Uses
Percentage Composiion
Alloy
A. ALLOYS OF COPPER
machinery
For making utensils, parts of tubes etc.
1. Brass Cu = 80%, Zn = 20% (screws, nuts, bolts etc.), condenser
medals, ship's
Cu=90%. Sn = 10%
For making statues, coins,
2. Bronze propeller etc.
Cu = 90%, Sn = 6-8%, Zn = 2-4%
For making gun barrels
3. Gun metal For making bells and gongs
4. Bell metal Cu = 80%, Sn = 20%
Cu = 30%, Ni= 67%, Fe and For making corrosion resistant pumps,
5. Monel metal containers for strong acids
Mn =3%
utensils and
6. German silver Cu= 60%, Zn = 20%, Ni = 20% For making resistance wires,
ornaments
switches
7. Phosphor bronze Cu = 95%, Sn = 4-8%, P = 0-2% For making springs and electric
B. ALLOYS OF SILVER

1. Coinage silver Ag = 90%, Cu = 10% For making silver coins

2. Silver solder Ag = 63%, Cu = 30%, Zn = 7% For soldering
3. Dental alloy Ag =33%, Hg =52%, Sn = 12:5%, For filling of teeth
Cu = 2%, Zn = 0-5%
 Alloy Percentage Compositlon Uses
8
C. ALLOYS OF IRON
1. Steel Fe = 99 - 99-8%,C= 0-2 - 1% For construction of machinery, knives,
etc.
razors
2. Stainless steel Fe = 73%, Cr = 18%, Ni = 8%, For making cutlery, utensils, surgical
C= 1% instruments, blades etc.
3. Nickel steel Fe = 96-98%, Ni = 2-4% For making automobile and aeroplane parts,
armour plates, gears and drilling machines
4. Chrome steel Fe = 98%, Cr = 2% For making axels, ball bearings, files and
cutting tools
5. Alnico Fe = 60%, Ni = 20%, Al = 12%, For making permanent magnets
Co = 8%

2. Some Common Alloys of Non-transition elements

Composition Uses
Alloy
1, Duralumin Al = 95%, Cu =4%, Mg =0-5%, Por making automobile and aeroplane parts,
Mn = 0-5% pressure cooker etc.
Al= 95%, Mg = 5% For making light weight instruments and
2. Magn¡llum balance beams

Al= 95%, Cu = 5% For making coins, picture frames and cheap

3. Aluminium bronze
jewellery
4. Solder Pb = 50%, Sn = 50% For joining electrical wires together
Pb = 60%, Sb = 30%, Sn= 10%
Making type for printing as it gives a sharp cast
5. Type metal
Metals and their Special names
3. Some Important Compounds of Transition
Special name
Formula
S. No. Compound Green vitriol
1 Ferrous sulphate FeSO,. 7H,0
Mohr salt
2 Ferrous ammonium sulphate FeSO4. (NH),SO,. 6H,0| Blue vitriol
3 Copper (I) sulphate pentahydrate CuSO4. 5H,0 Malachite (green)
4. Basic çopper carbonates CuCO,.u(OH), Azurite (deep blue)
2CuCO,. Cu(OH),
Cu (CH,COO),. Cu(OH), Verdigris
5, Bordeaux mixture (fungicide)
Basic copper (1) acetate
6. Copper sulphate + slaked lime CuSO, + Ca(OH), Lunar caustic
Silver nitrate AgNO3 Philospher's wool
8. Zinc oxide ZnO Lithopone (whitepigment)
9, ZnS + BaSO4
Zinc sulphide + Barium sulphate Titanox
10. Tio, + BaSO4 White vitriol
Titanium oxide + Barium sulphate
11. ZnSO,.7H,O
Zinc sulphate Calomel
12.
13
Mercury () chloride Hg,Cl, Litharge
Redlead (Sandhur)
14.
Lead (II) oxide PbO
Trilead tetraoixde Pb,04
 Pradeeks New Course Chemistry (XID Von
8/44
containing Compounds of Transition Metals
ASome Common Reagents
Compositlon and Use
Reagent
A dilute solution of alkaline KMnO, used for testing unsaturation
1. Baeyer's reagent
A mixture of CuSO4, NaOH and Roschelle's salt (sodium potassium
2. Fehling solution
tartarate) used to distinguish aldehydes and ketones
miror test for
An ammoniacal solution of silver nitrate used in silver
3. Tollen's reagent
aldehydes
distingujsh
Asolution of CuSO4, sodium citrate and Na,CO, used to patients.
4. Benedict's reagent diabetic
between aldehydes and ketones and to detect sugar in
used to distinguish between
A mixture of conc. HCland anhydrous ZnCl,
5. Luca's reagent alcohols.
primary, secondary and tertiary
oxidize alcohols toaldehydes
Amixture of FeSO4 and H,O, used to
6. Fenton's reagent CCl, used to convert toluene to
Chromyl chloride (Cr0,Cl,) dissolved in
7. Etard's reagent
benzaldehyde
for testing NH ion and NH,
An alkaline solution of K,Hgl, used
8. Nesseler's reagent
mercurous nitrate used to detect the presence
A solution of mercuric and
9. Millon's reagent
of soluble proteins.
complex [Cu(NH)4]SO4 used for
10. Schweitzer's reagent Ablue coloured solution of the
manufacture of artificial silk.
dissolving cellulose in the

Catalysts containing Transition metals or Their Compounds

5. Some Common Compositionand Use
Catalyst manufacture of
Used for oxidation of SO, to SO, in contact process for
1. Vanadium pentoxide (V,0-)
H,SO4 small amount of S or
Palladium (Pd) deposited over BaSO, along with a
2. Lindlar's catalyst chloride with H, to obtain aldehydes
quinoline, used in the reaction of acid
(called Rosenmund's reduction)
complex of rhodium chloride with triphenyl phosphine having the
3. Wilkinson's catalyst A hydrogenation of alkenes
formula [RhC1(PPh,),] used for the selectivethe chain).
(hydrogenation of double bond at the end of
used for low temperature
4. Zeigler-Natta catalyst Trialkyl aluminium (R¡Al) mixed with TiCI,
polymerisation of alkenes
5. Adams catalyst Pt + PtO used for reductions
(room temperature)
6. Raney nickel Finely divided nickel used for low temperature
hydrogenation of oils (unsaturated) into fats (saturated)
6. Some Typical Problems Based on Reactions of KMnO, and K,Cr,0,
solution
P.1. Pyrolusite on heating with KOH in the presence of air gives dark green compound (A). Thefollowing
of (A) on treatment with H,SO, gives a purple coloured compound (B) which gives the
reactions :
(0) Alkaline solution of B on reaction with KI changes it into compund (C).
() The colour of the compound (B) disappears on treatment with acidic solution of FesO4
 ELEMENTS 8
d- AND f-BLOCK
which can decompose
(ii) On reaction with conc. H,SO4, compound (B) gives another compound to(D)(E) and write balanced
(A)
to nroduce compound (E) along with oxygen gas. Identify compounds
case.
chemical equations involved in each
formation of A:
Sol. Chemical equation for the
2 K,MnO4 + 2 H,o
2 MnO, +4 KOH + O, (A)
Pyrolusite Potassium manganate

of Bfrom A:
Chemical equation for theformation
2 KMnO4 + MnO, + 2 K,SO, + 2 H,0
3K,MnO4 + 2 H,S04 (B)
Potassium permanganate

reactions of compound B:
Chemical equations of
KIO,
+ H,O+ K I 2MnO, + 2 KOH + (C)
() 2KMnO, Potassium iodate

+5 Fe,(SO), + 8 H,0
FeSO, + 8 H,SO,’ K,SO4 + 2 MnSO4
(i) 2 KMnO4 + 10
+ H,SO4 ’ Mn,O, + K,SO, + H,0
(ii) 2 KMnO4
(D)
(B)
’ 4MnO, +3 O,
2Mn,O, (E) and concentrated
sulphuric
(D) with common salt H,0, to
crystalline compound(A) was heated
solution of the compound (A) reacts with through
P. 2. When an orange
(B) was evolved. Acidified compound (C). The gas (B) on passing acetate
gas
acld, an orange red solution due to the formation of solution of lead
with an aqueous
produce a deep blue (D). The solution on reacting
NaOH solution gave asolution ppt.).
(present as
gave a yellow precipitate of (E). (present in the solution)and E + 3 H,0
Name the compounds A, B, C, D 2C0,Cl,
H,SO, 2 KHSO,+4 NaHSO4 + (B)
Sol. +4 NaCl+ 6 Chromylchloride
K,Ct,0,
(A)
Potassium dichromate
K,SO, +5 H,0
2Cr0, +
K,Cr,0, + H,S0, + 4 H,0; (C) compound, CrO(02)2
Peroxo
H,0
Na,Cro, + 2 NaCl + 2
Cro,CI, +4 NaOH (D)
(B) Sodium chromate
CH,COONa
Na,CrO4 +(CH,CO0),Pb ’ PbCrO, + 2
(E)
Lead chromate areddish
(Yellow ppt.) concentrated H,SO,
solution of Bis
P3, When a heated with K,Cr,O, andyellowcoloured
lead acetate,
a
Drown gas Ais white
Crystalline compound Xis
into causticsoda
solution, a
subseguent
addition of
is evolved
evolved.
On passing A acetic acid and on solution, a colourless gas
yelobtlaoiwned.
IdentifyA, B,
and on pre Neutpitatrealizing
ci
the solution B with with NaOH
Cis obtained. When Xis heated brown precipitate Dis
formed.

C,D andpassingthis gas

X. Write the nto K,Hgl, solution, a reddish
equations of the reactions involved.
8/46 Dradeep s New Course
Hg Gnemistry (Xn vo
B=Na,Cro, C= PbCrO, D=
Sol. X=NH,CI, A= CrO,CI,
Hg
follows :
(lodide of Million's base)
The chemical reactions involved are as
4NH,CI +KCr,0, +6H,SO,
, ’ 2Cro,Cl, +4NH, HSO, +
Reddish brown 2KHSO,+3H,0
CrO,Cl, +2NaOH Na,CrO, + 2HCI
Yellow sol.
Na,CrO, +Pb(CH,CO0), PbCHO, + 2CH,COONa
Yellow ppt.
NH,CI +NaOH’ NaCl+NH, +H,0
2K,Hgl, +NH,+ 3KOH NH,HgO Hgl +7Kl +2H,0.
P.4. Amixed oxide of iron and chromium, Fe0.Cr,04, is fused with sodium carbonate in presence of air
toform a yellow coloured compound (A). On acidification, the compound (A) forms an orue
coloured compound (B) which is a strong oxidizing agent.
() Identify the compounds (A) and (B)
() Write balanced chemical equations for each step.
Sol. 4 FeO.Cr,0,+0,’2 Fe,0, +4 Cr,03
4Na,CO,+ 2Cr,0,+ 30,4 Na,Co, +4CO,] x2
4 FeO.Cr,0,+ 8Na,CO, +70,’ 8Na,CrO4 + 2Fe,0, +8CO,
(A)
Sodium chromate

2Na,CrO, + H,SO, ’ Na,Cr,0, +Na,sO, +H,0

(B)
Sodium dichromate
presence of al,
P. 5. (a) A blackish brown çoloured solid A' when fused with alkali metal hydroxides inalkaline
in medium
produces a dark green coloured compound B', which on electrolytic oxidationreactions involved.
gives a dark purple coloured compound C. Identify A, B and C and write the
allowed to stand for somte
(b) What happens when an acidic solution of the green compound (B) is
time ? Give the equation involved. What is this type of reaction called ?
Fuse
Sol. (a) MnO, + 4 KOH + O, 2 K,MnO, + 2 H,0
Pyrolusite Potassium manganate
(A) Blackish brown (B) Green coloured
Alkaline
2K,MnO4 + H,0 + (0) 2KMnO4 + 2 KOH
medium
(B) Potassium permanganate
(C)- Purple coloured
MnO? ’ MnO, +e for some
(b) When acidic solution of green compound (B), i.e., potassium manganate is allowed to stand
time, it disproportionates to give permanganate as follows :
3MnO? +4H+ ’ 2Mn07 +Mn0, +2H,0
This reaction is called disproportionation reaction.

*Millon's base is O Hg NH,OH.The iodide is obtained by replacing OH group by iodine atom.

Hg
 ELEMENTS
with one mole of 8/47
-BLOCK
d AND number of moles of KMnO, needed to react completely
P6
Calculate the medium.
acidic a
ferrous
Oxalatein
2KMnO, +3 H,SO K,s04 +Z MnsO4 +3 H,0 + 5 (0) y
H,C,O4] x 10
Sol.
FeC,0, +H,SO4eso4+ H,0] x 5
(0)’Fe,(SO)3 +
2FeSO4 +H,SO4 +
H,C,0, + (0)’2 CO, + H,0] x 10
6
H,SO, + 10 FeC,O4’3 KyS04 + MnSO4 +5 Fe,SO)3 + 20 C0, + 24 H,0
6KMnO4 + 24
moles of KMnO.
react with 6
Thus. 10 moles of ferrous oxalate
3
with KMnO, mole = -mole
.1mole of ferrous oxalate willreact 10 5