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    STD-AUWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OSOWSLS 14S mm ‘American Water Works Association ANSVAWWA C208-96 (Revision of C208-83(R89)) a AWWA STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS (AMERICAN NATIONAL) ISTANDARDI Effective date: Mar. 1, 1997. First edition approved by Board of Directors Jan. 26, 1959, This edition approved June 23, 1996. Approved by American National Standards Institute Nov. 29, 1996, AMERICAN WATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666 West Quincy Avenue, Denver, Colorado 80235 STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1994 MM 0783350 OSO4SL9 081 mm AWWA Standard ‘This document is an American Water Works Association (AWWA) standard. It is not a specification. AWWA standards describe minimum requirements and do not contain all of the engineering and administrative information normally contained in specifications. The AWWA standards usually contain options that must be evaluated by the usor of the standard. Until each optional feature is specified by the user, the product or service is not fully defined. AWWA publication of a standard does not constitute endorsement of any product or product type, nor does AWWA test, certify, or approve any product. The use of AWWA standards is entirely voluntary. AWWA standards are intended to represent a consensus of the water supply industry that the product described will provide satisfactory service ‘When AWWA revises or withdraws this standard, an official notice of action will be placed on the first page of the classified advertising section of Journal AWWA. The action hecomes effective on the first day of the month following the month of Journal AWWA publication of the official notice. American National Standard ‘An American National Standard implies a consensus of those substantially concerned with its seope and provisions. An American National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the ‘consumer, and the general public. The existence of an American National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether that person has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procodures not conforming to the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic review, and users are cautioned to obtain the atest editions. Producers of goods made in conformity with an American National Standard are ‘encouraged to state on their own responsibility in advertising and promotional materials or on tags or labels that the goods are produced in conformity with particular American National Standards. Caution Notice: The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) approval date on the front cover of this standard indicates completion of the ANSI approval process. This American National ‘Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. ANSI procedures require that action be taken to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10036; (212) 642-4900. Copyright © 1997 by American Water Works Association Printed in USA STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OS04570 873 mm Committee Personnel ‘The Steel Water Pipe Manufacturers Technical Advisory Committee (SWPMTAC) ‘Task Group on Fittings for Steel Pipe, which developed this revision, had the following personnel at the time: James R. Davenport, Chair Clifford J. Anderson Marvin Mintz Kenneth Caldwell Ram N. Satyarthi Robert J. Card Kirby L. Shaddixt Delbert H. Eaton John C. Taylor Samuel W. Eskew Donald R. Wagner Clifford R. McCormick ‘The Standards Committee on Steel Pipe, which developed this standard, had the following personnel at the time of approval: George J. Tupac, Chair John H. Bambei Jr., Vice-Chair Dennis Dechant, Secretary Consumer Members GA. Andersen, NYC Bureau of Water Supply, Corona, N.Y. (AWWA) Ergun Bakall, San Diego County Water Authority, San Diego, Calif. (AWWA) J.H. Bambei Jr, Denver Water Department, Denver, Colo. (awWwA) J.L. Doane, Portland Water Bureau, Portland, Ore. (AWWA) Rv. Frisz, US Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo. (USBR) WM. Kremkau, Washington Suburban Sanitation Commission, Laurel, Md. (AWWA) ‘LA, Larson, Tacoma Water Division, Tacoma, Wash. (AWWA) R.T. Menlove, Los Angeles Department of Water & Power, Los Angeles, Calif. cawwa) GM. Snyder, Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif, cawwa) MLL. Young, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Stockton, Calif. (AWWA) General Interest Members GE. Block Jr., Rizzo Associates Inc., Natick, Mass. (NEWWa) WR. Brunzell, Brunzell Associates Ltd., Skokie, I. cawwa) BR. Bullert,” Council Liaison, City of St. Paul Water Utility, St. Paul, Minn. (AWWA) “Liaison, nonvoting STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1995 Ml 0783350 OSO4S7L 737 Mm RL. Coffey, R.W. Beck and Associates, Seattle, Wash. BR. Elms,’ Standards Engineer Liaison, AWWA, Denver, Colo. LJ. Farr, CH2M Hill Inc., Redding, Calif. SN. Foellmi,’ Black & Veatch Engineers, Irvine, Calif. J.W. Green, Alvord Burdick & Howson, Chicago, Ill. KD. Henrichsen, HDR Engineering Inc., Denver, Colo, G.K. Hickox, Engineering Consultant, Houston, Texas MB. Horsley, Black & Veatch Engineers, Kansas City, Mo. J.K. Jeyapalan, American Ventures Inc., Bellevue, Wash. RY. Konyalian, Engineering Consultant, Irvine, Calif. Earl Smock,t J.M. Montgomery Construction Engineers, ‘Walnut Creek, Calif, RLV. Stokes, J.M. Montgomery Engineers, San Diego, Calif. HLR. Stoner, Henry R. Stoner Associates Inc., North Plainfield, N.J. Chris Sundberg,’ CH2M Hill Inc., Bellevue, Wash. G.J. Tupac, G.J. Tupac & Associates, Pittsburgh, Pa. LW, Warren, KCM Inc., Seattle, Wash. WR. Whidden, Post Buckley Schuh & Jernigan, Winter Park, Fla, RE. Young, Robert E. Young Engineers, Sacramento, Calif. Producer Members HLH. Bardakjian, Ameron Pipe Products Group, Rancho Cucamonga, Calif. ‘TR. Brown, Smith-Blair Inc. Uniontown, Pa. LH, Burton, Baker Coupling Company Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. RJ. Card, Thompson Pipe & Steel Company, Englewood, Colo. JR. Davenport, California Steel Pressure Pipe, Riverside, Calif, Dennis Dechant, Northwest Pipe & Casing Co., Portland, Ore. GM. Harris, Harris Corrosion Specialists, Longboat Key, Fla. JAR, Pegues, American Cast Iron Pipe Co., Birmingham, Ala. Bruce Vanderploeg,* Northwest Pipe & Casing Co., Portland, Ore. JA. Wise, Canus Industries Inc., Burnaby, B.C. “Liaison, nonvoting *Alternate (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (aws) cawwa) (AWWa) cawwa) cawwa) cAwwa) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) cawwa) cawwa) (SPFA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (AWWA) (ss) (AWWA) (AWWA) STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OSO4S72 b7b Mm Contents AIL AWWA standards follow the general format indicated subsequently. Some variations from this format may be found in a particular standard, SEC, IA IB 1c 0 ML LA IB see. PAGE 4 Requirements 4.1 Fittings.. 5 Verification 1 6 Delivery. 1 Figures 1 Recommended Dimensions for Water Pipe Fittings (Except Elbows) 9 2 Recommended Dimensions for Water Pipe Elbows. 3 Tangent-Type Outlet. 4 Lateral Less Than 30°. 5 Computation Method and Formulas for Compound Elbows... 14 6 Reducing Elbow Formulas.. Table Dimensions of Steel Water Pipe Fittings. STD-AWWA C20B-ENGL 1995 Ml 0783350 OSO4S73 S02 mm Foreword This foreword is for information only and is not a part of AWWA C208. 1. Introduction LA. Background. Steel pipe has been used for waterlines in the United States since the 1850s. With the development of the Bessemer process in 1855 and the open hearth process in 1861, steel, the strongest and most versatile refinement of iron, became available for water pipe. Available records disclose installations of steel water pipe as early as 1858. The pipe was first manufactured by rolling steel sheets or plates into shape and riveting the seams. This method of fabrication continued with improvements into the 1930s. In 1905, lock-bar pipe was introduced and, by 1930, had nearly supplanted riveted pipe. By the early 1930s, both riveted and lock-bar methods were gradually phased out ‘and welding dominated the pipe-making process. As welding became more universal in pipeline construction and manufacturing, varying steel shapes able to accommodate pipeline hydraulics and locations became more prevalent. Over the years, rigid specifications have been developed and new product developments and improvements in. manufacturing techniques and processes have been established to ensure the pur- chaser a product of high standards. LB. History. This standard was first proposed in 1955 to provide standard dimensions for steel water pipe fittings. It was approved as a “tentative” standard on July 14, 1955. Revisions in the text were approved on Dec. 31, 1957, and were incorporated in the fourth and later printings. The revisions consisted of the addition of an explanatory paragraph, changes in the table for fittings for service in transmis- sion and distribution mains, and clarification of the figures detailing the various fittings. The standard was approved without further revision on Jan. 26, 1959. Revisions to the text were approved on June 21, 1983, and incorporated in the sixth and later printings. These revisions include the following: Addition of a foreword to provide the history of a standard and major revisions. Revision of Table 1, deleting 4-in. pipe size and extending pipe sizes to 144 in. Revision of Table 2. Expansion of Figure 3 to include sizes to 144 in, Deletion of Table 4. Deletion of alternate Table 3. Deletion of Table 5. Addition of reducing tees and deletion of smooth 90° elbow category from Figure 1 and Table 1. ‘The information in Table 1 was changed from a tabular format to a formula format in order to ascertain dimensions for tees, crosses, wyes, laterals, and reducers. A factor f was introduced in the new Table 1 to facilitate the use of formulas for com- puting fitting dimensions and furnished formulas for elbow layout to facilitate the design of elbows not tabulated. ‘Addendum C208-84 was approved on June 4, 1984, The addendum added a note of caution to Tables 24 though 2p concerning hoop tension concentration in elbows with a radius of less than 2.5D. ANSVAWWA C208-83, including C208-84, was reaffirmed without revision on June 18, 1989. ANSVAWWA (208-96 was ap- proved by the Board of Directors on June 23, 1996. Paegpeyye STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OSO4S74 449 mm LC. Acceptance. This standard has no applicable information for this section. I. Special Issues. This standard has no applicable information for this section. ILL Use of This Standard. AWWA has no responsibility for the suitability or compatibility of the provisions of this standard to any intended application by any user: Accordingly, each user of this standard is responsible for determining that the standard’s provisions are suitable for and compatible with that user's intended application. TILA. Purchaser Options and Alternatives. ‘The following items should be covered in the purchaser's specifications: 1. Standard used—that is, ANSVAWWA C208, Standard for Dimensions for Fabricated Stee) Water Pipe Fittings, of latest revision. 2. ‘Type of fitting required (i.e, elbow, tee, reducer, wye, lateral, etc.) 8, Radius of elbows (ie., 1D, 1.5D, 2.5D, or other). 4, Number of pieces or segments for elbows. 5. Design pressure and specifications for pipe to which the steel fitting will connect (i.e., ANSVAWWA C200, AWWA M11). 6. ‘Type of end connection required (ie, plain, beveled end for field butt welding, bell or spigot for field lap welding, bell or spigot O-ring, and flanged or mechanical coupling). 7. Submittal of shop detail and assembly drawings. 8. Special handling, inspection, or testing requirements, 9. Lining and coating required. IILB. Modification to Standard. Any modification to the provisions, definitions, or terminology in this standard must be provided in the purchaser's specifications. IV. Major Revisions. Major revisions made to this standard in this edition include the following: 1. The format has been changed to AWWA standard style. 2. The definitions of parties (Sec. 3) have been revised to approved wording. 3, Sec. 1.1.1, Conditions Not Covered (previously Sec. 1.2), has been revised to clarify that this standard is a dimensional guide only and that all design of fittings should be made in accordance with the applicable sections of AWWA Manual M1I. 4, Sec. 4.12 has been added and includes all symbols used in tables and formulas within the standard. 5. Sec. 4.1.3, Tees and Crosses (previously Sec. 2.2), has been revised to include a formula for calculating dimensions for any pipe outside diameter. 6. Sec. 4.1.4, Reducing Tees and Reducing Crosses (previously Sec. 2.3), has been revised to include reducing crosses. 7. Sec. 4.15, Laterals (previously Sec. 2.4), has been separated into Sec. 4.1.5 for Case I (equal diameters) and Sec. 4.1.6 for Case II (unequal diameters) with new symbols Gr and Go and new formulas added. 8. Sec. 4.1.7, Wyes (previously Sec. 2.5), now includes dimensions for 90° wyes, which are given in Table 1, and formulas to calculate other diameters and degrees. 9, Sec. 4.1.9, Tangential Outlets (previously Sec. 2.8), has been revised and ‘Table 3 has been replaced with a formula and a caution about keeping dimension L short to avoid damage in handling and shipping. 10. Sec. 4.1.10, Miter End Cuts, has been added. 11, Sec. 4.1.11, Elbows (previously Sec. 2.7), has been changed; dimensional tables have been deleted and formulas have been added for calculating dimensions STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OSOWS75 385 mm for any diameter. Current philosophy for fabricating elbows into pipe lengths instead of individual short pieces is also discussed. 12. Figure 2 has been added to present recommended dimensions for water pipe elbows, including two-piece elbows (0° to 22.5°), three-piece elbows (more than 22.5° to 45°), four-piece elbows (more than 45° to 67.5°), and five-piece elbows (more than 67.5° to 90°). V. Comments. If you have any comments or questions about this standard, please call the AWWA Standards and Materials Development Department, (303) 794-7711 ext. 6283, FAX (303) 795-1440, or write to the department at 6666 W. Quincy Ave., Denver, Colorado 80235. STD. AWWA C208-ENGL 1994 MM 0783350 OSO4S7L 211 mm American Water Works Association \ ANSI/AWWA C208-96 (Revision of C208-83(R89)) AWWA STANDARD FOR DIMENSIONS FOR FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE FITTINGS SECTION 1: GENERAL Sec. 1.1 Scope This standard provides overall dimensions for fabricating steel water pipe fittings for sizes 6 in. through 144 in. (150 mm through 3,600 mm)’ for water transmission and distribution facilities. Many configurations of fittings are possible and alternatives to this standard may be agreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer. The fitting dimen- sions shown in Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 and in Table 1 are the minimum dimensions for fittings with plain ends. In practice, fittings are seldom furnished as individual pieces as shown, but are shop fabricated into full or special lengths of pipe or fabri- cated into assemblies, combining a number of fittings. L.L1 Conditions not covered in this standard. This standard is intended to serve as a dimensional guide only. It is not intended to be a standard for wall thickness, pressure ratings, and structural or hydraulic design. Reinforcement of fittings, which may include increased wall thickness, collars, wrapper plates, or crotch plates, is not covered in this standard. The design of fittings should be made in accordance with the applicable section in AWWA Manual MII, Steel Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation. ‘Metric conversions given in this standard are direct conversions of US customary units and are not those specified in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1994 Ml 0783350 OSO4S7? 155 mm 2 AWWA .c208.96 Sec. 1.2 Purpose ‘The purpose of this standard is to provide the minimum requirements for the dimensions of fabricated steel water pipe fittings. Sec. 1.3 Application This standard or sections of this standard can be referenced in specifications for dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings. The stipulations of this standard apply when this document has been referenced and then only to dimensions for fabricated steel water pipe fittings. SECTION 2: REFERENCES This standard references the following documents. In their latest editions, these documents form a part of this standard to the extent specified within this standard. In any case of conflict, the requirements of this standard shall prevail. ANSI’ B16.9—Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings. ANSU/AWWA C200—Standard for Steel Water Pipe—6 In. (150 mm) and Larger. ASME‘ Sec. VIII D1—Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. ASME Sec. IX Pt A—Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes. ASTM! A53—Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-Dipped, Zine-Coated, Welded and Seamless. ASTM A234—Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and Elevated Temperatures. AWWA Manual Mil—Steel Water Pipe—A Guide for Design and Installation cass). AWSS D1.1—Structural Welding Code Steel. SECTION 3: DEFINITIONS ‘The following definitions shall apply in this standard: 1. Manufacturer: The party that manufactures, fabricates, or produces materi- als or products. 2. Nominal diameter: The commercial designation or dimension by which pipe is designated for simplicity. 3. Purchaser: The person, company, or organization that purchases any materi- als or work to be performed. “American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., New York, NY 10086, ‘American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th St., New York, NY 10017. american Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Dr, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. SAmerican Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Rd., Miami, FL 33135. STD-AWWA C2U8-ENGL 1994 Ml 0783350 OS04578 O94 mm FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE 3 SECTION 4: REQUIREMENTS Sec. 4.1 Fittings 4.1.1 General. All dimensions for fittings in Table 1 of this standard are based on the nominal diameter being the actual outside diameter (OD) of the pipe, Actual outside diameters may be larger than the nominal pipe diameter. If the outside diameter of the pipe is larger than the nominal diameter, the dimensions can be calculated from the appropriate formulas. ‘Tangent dimensions provided in Table 1 or calculated by the formulas are minimum dimensions for fittings with plain ends or beveled ends for field welding. Additional length may be necessary for other types of joint connections such as mechanical couplings, bells, spigots, flanges, ete., or to maintain adequate distance from the reinforcement saddle to the pipe end. 4.12 Symbols. Symbols used in formulas and dimensions in this standard are as follows: ‘@ = Additional length as required to meet joint requirements or for locating tthe point of intersection (PI) of the elbow at the desired spot (Figures 2c, 20, 28, and 2F). Length of tee or cross from centerline to end (Figures 14, 1B, and 10). Length of reducing tee from centerline to end (Figure 10). Centerline length from point of intersection of wye to the segmental weld at wye branch (Figure 12). Outside diameter of steel cylinder. Outside diameter of steel cylinder of a branch outlet of a reducing tee or lateral of unequal diameter. D, and Dz = Outside diameter of steel cone at ends of reducer as shown in Outside diameter of reinforcing collar. One half of elbow segment length on centerline equals centerline length from miter weld to tangent line (Figure 2). F = Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to the end of the pipe (Figure 1£ and Table 1). f = Formula factor (Table 1). f- = Formula factor (Table 1) corresponding to D of a tee or lateral. fo = Formula factor (Table 1) corresponding to Dp of a tee or lateral. G Centerline length from the point of intersection of wye to crotch intersection along the branch leg of wye (Figure IF and Table 1). G, = Centerline length of leg in lateral from point of intersection of lateral to end of leg (Figure 1D). G,, = Centerline length of run in lateral from point of intersection of lateral to end of run (Figure 1D). Hy, = Overall length of run ina lateral (Figure 1p), Hy = Overall length of branch leg of wye from the point of intersection to end (Figure 12 and Table 1). L_ = Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow to the miter weld on the inside of the elbow segment as shown in Figure 2. Ly = Centerline distance from the point of intersection of the elbow to the end. of the pipe (Figure 2). L, = Length of a reducer of diameters D; and Do. STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 19956 MM 0783350 OSO4S79 T20 mi 4° AWWA C208.98 Length of tangential type outlet, centerline to end of pipe (Figure 3). Length of outlet from centerline of run to intersection of reinforcing collar and top of outlet (Figure 3). Radius to centerline of elbow (Figure 2). Length of inside segment of fabricated elbow (Figure 2). Thickness of pipe or fitting wall, ‘Thickness of outlet or nozzle (Figure 3). Elbow length from point of intersection to tangent line (Figure 2). ‘Thickness of reinforcement collar (Figure 3). Distance from the end of the pipe to crotch intersection on wye as shown in Figure 12. Za = Distance from end of pipe to miter weld on the inside of the elbow seg- ment as shown in Figures 2c, 2p, and 28. Zs = Length of a tangent-type outlet, from the intersection at the top of the outlet and reinforcing collar to the end of the outlet. @ = Angle developed between vertical centerline of pipe run and intersection of outside diameter of reinforeing collar and top of outlet (Figure 3). Angle of the fitting being designed, as defined in Figures 1 or 2. ‘Total elbow deflection angle as shown in Figure 2. 4.1.3 Tees and crosses. Minimum dimensions for tees and crosses are given in Table 1. (Refer to Figures 14 and 18.) Dimension A can be calculated using the fol- lowing formula: A=05D+f 4.14 Reducing tees and reducing crosses. Minimum dimensions for reducing tees and reducing crosses are given in Table 1. (Refer to Figure 1C.) Dimensions A and B can be calculated using the following formulas: A=05D + fy B=0.5Dp+ fr 4.15 Laterals, Case 1 (equal diameters). Minimum dimensions for laterals of equal diameters and suitable for angle @ of 20° to 70° are given in Table 1. (Refer to Figure 1p, Case 1 [equal diameters). For an angle @ greater than 70°, use the dimen- sion given for tees. (Refer to Figure 14.) For an angle @ less than 30°, use 30° lateral wye plus an elbow. (Refer to Figure 4.) Dimensions G,, Go, and Hz, can be calculated for other outside diameters and a specific angle between run and outlet using the following formulas: D (ana}*% D (Fenaa)** ie) “Round up to whole number. STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 1956 MM 0783350 OSO4S80 742 Mm FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE 5 4.16 Laterals, Case I (unequal diameters). Minimum dimensions for laterals of unequal diameters and suitable for angle @ of 30° to 70° are given in Table 1. (Refer to Figure 1p, Case II (unequal diameters]). For angles greater than 70°, use the dimension given for tees. (Refer to Figure 1c.) For angle @ less than 30°, use 30° lateral wye plus an elbow. (Refer to Figure 4.) When the outlet diameter (D,) is less than the run diameter (refer to Figure 1D, Case I, unequal diameters), minimum dimensions G,, Gp, and Hf, can be calculated using the following formulas: D Do Or= Fano * Psind +f, Hy =Gr+fr D Do =Zsind * 2tand +% 4.1.7 Wyes. Minimum dimensions for 90° wyes are given in Table 1. (Refer to ‘Figure 1E.) Other angles from 90° to 30° may be used. Minimum dimensions F, G, Zy, and H, can be calculated using the following formulas: ‘Where @ = angle of the fitting as defined in Figure 18. 4.1.8 Concentric and eccentric reducers. The length of reducers L, is calcu lated by the following formula. (Refer to Figure 1F.) L,=4D2-D) Nore: If length is less than the prior formula, consult AWWA Manual M11 for design stress considerations. 4.1.9 Tangential outlets. In special circumstances where a standard nozzle and 90° elbow cannot be used, a tangent nozzle may be used. Recommended dimen- sions are shown in Figure 3. Dimension Z; should be kept as short as possible to avoid damage during shipping and handling but long enough to allow for flange clearance. If necessary to enable the valve operator to clear the outside diameter of the run pipe, a flanged nipple should be used to extend the connection as required. STD-AWWA C208-ENGL 2996 MM 0783350 0504581 689 mm 6 AWWA.C2896 Minimum dimension L; can be calculated using the following formulas: 0.6D ~Do_ e051 D+ t+ Th M=(05D+t+T,)sina sina Ly=M+Z3 4.1.10 Miter end cuts. 4.1.10.1 Welded lap joints. Deflection angles up to 5° can be taken in welded Jap joints using miter cut bell ends, provided that bell and spigot tolerances are maintained. In this procedure, the pipe end is miter cut and then the bell is expanded ‘square with the face of the miter cut (see Figure 28). Spigot ends may also be miter cut, provided that bell to spigot tolerances are maintained. A combination of stand- ard miter cuts and pulled joints may also be used. 4.1.10.2 Welded butt joints. Deflection angles up to 5° can be taken in welded butt joints using miter end cuts of one or both pipe ends, provided that the difference in circumference of the true circle and the ellipse formed by the miter end cut does not result in a joint fit-up that would exceed the allowable plate edge offset (see Figure 24). 4.1.11 Elbows. 4.1.11.1 In specifying dimensions of elbows, the designer should consider the hydraulic characteristics, space requirements, manufacturing restraints, stress con- siderations, and the cost-benefit ratio over the expected life of the pipeline. The optimum radius for a fabricated elbow based on these considerations is 2.5 pipe diameters. This radius is recommended as a standard for water transmission lines where space requirements permit. For elbows in plant piping, where space is limited, a radius of one pipe diameter or 1.5 pipe diameters is suggested as a standard, provided stress intensification factors are used. If the radius is less than 2.5D, the thickness of the shell must be calculated using the equation in Sec. 9.2 of AWWA Manual M11. 4.1,11.2 Wrought steel. In small diameters (4-in. to 24-in.), steel butt-welding fittings in accordance with ANSI B16.9 conforming to ASTM A234 are available in schedules and grades suitable for the waterworks service and are often an economical alternative to fabricated elbows. 4.1.11.3 Fabricated elbows. Most waterworks pipe manufactured today is pro- duced to a nominal inside diameter after lining. This results in many different outside diameters, making a standard table of dimensions impractical and of little value. Consequently, Tables 2s, 28, and 2c from the previous (1983) edition of this standard have been eliminated. The following guidelines for dimensioning fabricated steel pipe elbows are recommended: Referring to Figure 2, 1. Recommended radius R = 2.5D; minimum radius R = D. 2. Minimum Zp = Formula Factor f from Table 1. Nore: This represents good practice that will assist in maintaining the roundness of pipe ends. 3, Minimum § = 1.5 in. or 6¢, whichever is greater. STD-AUWA C208-ENGL 1996 MM 0783350 OSO4S82 S15 mm FABRICATED STEEL WATER PIPE 7 NOTE: This represents good practice to control welding stresses and dimen- sional tolerances. 4, Recommended maximum deflection angle, A = 22.5° per miter weld. ‘The maximum deflection angle, A = 30° per miter weld. 5. For two-piece elbows: or

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