1.

Applied English Grammar – Answer Key

by Vern De Melt

First Steps: Diagnostic Test, pages 13-14:

1. X 2. X 3. C 4. X 5.C 6.C 7.X 8.C 9.X 10.X 11.X 12.C 13.X 14.C 15. X 16.X 17.X 18.X 19.C 20.C 21.C 22.C
23.X 24.C 25.X 26.C 27.C 28.X 29.C 30.X 31.X 32.X 33.X 34.C 35.C 36.C 37.X 38.C 39.C 40.C 41.X 42.X
43.C 44.C 45.C 46.C 47.X 48.C 49.X 50.X 51.X 52.C 53.X 54.C 55.C 56.X 57.C 58.C 59.X 60.X 61.X 62.X
63.X 64.X 65.X

Chapter 1 : Analysing Words and Sentences

Parts of Speech, p.27 – noun: student, library, college, language; verb: write, ask, read, borrow; article: an, the, a; adjective:
young, expensive, easy, excellent, intelligent; adverb: very, easily, carefully, quickly; pronoun:: she, it, they, them;
conjunction: although, so, and, because, but; preposition: from, on at, in: interjection: ouch, oh
Sentence Parts, p.29: 1. subjects 2. verbs 3. objects/complements 4. modifiers
Analysing Sentences, p. 32: 1. Throughout history/, many people have wanted a universal language. 2. A universal language
could aid science, business, and diplomacy. 3. No one proposes the same language. 4. Some people want a new language. 5.
Other people want a current language. 6. A universal language could simplify communication/ among nations and people/.
Types of Sentences, p.34: A. 1.c 2.a 3.a B. Answers vary C. 1.4 2.0 3.5 D. Answers vary.
Spoken English to Written English, p.36: 1. “What are you doing?”. Possible Answer: I’m studying for my exams. 2. “Are
you ready to finish writing this chapter?” Possible Answer: Yes, I’m ready to finish writing this chapter. 3. “Do you want to
have lunch to talk later?” Possible Answer: No, I have got to get to class early today.
Simple Sentences, p.38 : 1. Children and adults communicate /through language/. 2. Most people speak and write at least one
language. 3. /In the U.S./, students often study a second language /in school/. 4. This second language is usually French,
Spanish, or German. 5. Some students study ESL /in universities/ /in the U.S./.

Compound Sentences – pp. 40-42

1. S1- the age of learner Begin 2- a 2. S1- Young children Begin 2 - they
V1- influences S 2 - a new language V1- imitate S2 - they
End 1 – ability V2 – is End 1 – them V2 – learn
Connect - , and Connect - , and
3. S1 – a child Begin 2 – a 4. S1 – children Begin 2 – some
V1 – had learned S2- a second language V1 – learn S2 – some schools
End 1 – patterns V2 – requires End 1 – easily V2- start
Connect - , and Connect - , so
5. S1 – many adult learners Begin 2 – they
V1 – study S2 – they
End 1 – college V2 -learn
Connect - , but
Compound Sentences, pp. 42-45
1. S1 – linguistics Begin 2 – linguistics 2. S1 – the ancient Greeks and Romans Begin 2 – their
V1 – is S2- linguistics V1 – studied S2 – their students
End 1 – language V2 – is End 1 – language V2 – lacked
Connect - ; furthermore, Connect - :however,
3. S1 – few people Begin 2 – the 4. S1 – FB, JG, and FVS Begin 2 – they
V1- questioned S2 – the scientific study.. V1- examined S2- they
End of 1- language V2- did not start End 1- language V2- identified
Connect - ;in fact, Connect - ; in addition,
5. S1- Ferdinand de Saussure Begin 2 – Bopp
V1 – established S2 –B,G, and VS
End of 1- languages V2- became
Connect - ;indeed,

Complex sentences, p.65: A : 1. Although people learn a second language for many reasons, one important reason is
communication. 2. If someone speaks English or Spanish, the person can communicate with millions of people. 3. People
can learn about the customs of other people when they learn another language. 4. People who learn another language
increase their ability to communicate with others. 5. Many scholars learn several languages because they want to read
research in the original language.
Compound-Complex Sentences, pages 48-49 : 1. Although some Indian languages were similar, many were different, and
some groups developed writing systems. 2. The Mayan Indians used dots and dashes for numbers, and they created a calendar
that was more accurate than the systems of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. 3. The Mayan system of writing
had become extinct before the Spanish arrived, but it was an early system for recording events. 4. The picture writing of the
Aztec Indians was in use when the Spaniards arrived in Mexico, and the Spaniards learned to read Aztec writing. 5.
Because the Indian tribes spoke many different languages, they needed a way to communicate with each other, so sign
language, pictures, smoke signals, and drum beats became popular.
“Language”,pp 49-51: 1. S – people, DO – their culture, OP – generation, OP – generation, OP – language 2. V- is, V-
have identified and have 3. Sentence 7 = 3, Sentence 9 = 3, 4. Sentence 4 = and, Sentence 5 = but 5. Sentence 7 = when,
Sentence 8= as, Sentence 9 = when, Sentence 10 = after 6. have / are 7. Simple 1,2,3 / Compound 4,5,6 / Complex 7,8,9 /
CC 10
“Language Change”, pp. 52-53: 1. S = languages, C= the same, OP = long periods, OP = time 2. V = change/ do not
notice, V = will probably continue 3. Sentence 2 = 2, Sentence 8 = 2 4. Sentence 6 = and, Sentence 8 = so 5. Sentence 3 =
when, Sentence 10 = if 6. Simple 1, 2, 9, 11 / Compound 6, 7 / Complex 3,4,5,10 / CC 8

Chapter 2: Past

“Early Mail Service”, pp.63-64: 1. increased 2. demanded 3. carried 4. were 5. carried 6. took 7. began 8. left 9. rode
10. was 11. arrived 12. rode 13. wore 14. met 15. rode 16. lasted 17. refused 18. marked
“The Richest Man”,pp.64-65: 1. left 2. arrived 3. learned 4. started 5. had 6. formed 7. extended 8. entered 9. traded 10.
invested 11. owned 12. died 13. was 14. totalled 15. donated
“Bell: Educator and Inventor”, pp.65-66: 1. was 2. attended 3. worked 4. immigrated 5. settled 6. taught 7. started 8.
was 9. experimented 10. continued 11. combined 12. developed 13. transmitted 14. patented 15. received 16. financed
17. invented 18. gave 19. disliked 20. interrupted
Past Perfect, pp.67-68: A. First: had eaten, had studied, had turned off, had gone to bed, had listened, had played
“Mount Rushmore”, pp. 68-69: 1. proposed 2. visualized 3. had completed 4. asked 5. decided 6. took 7. are/visit
“Columbus: A Life of Change and Disappointment”, pp.70-71: 1. went 2. spent 3. wanted 4. needed 5. agreed 6. has
asked 7. had refused 8. sailed 9. commanded 10. had stopped 11. sailed 12. reached 13. called 14. returned 15. had
discovered 16. did not last 17. were 18. arrested 19. faced 20. had lost 21. died
“Carnegie: A Famous American Immigrant”,pp.72-73: 1. emigrated 2. met 3. had worked 4. was working 5. learned 6.
had borrowed 7. purchased 8. continued 9. was 10. had devoted 11. transformed 12. sold 13. retired 14. spent 15.
established 16. built
“Changes in Rural America”, p.74: 1. in 1987 2. before 1920 3. in 1959 4. last year 5. earlier in the decade 6. a few years
ago
Present Perfect, p.78: A. 1. has held 2. had been 3. has worked 4. has delivered 5. has not made 6. has not had 7. has been
8. has read 9. has written 10. have had
Present Perfect, p.78: D. 1. indefinite 2. specific 3. specific 4. indefinite 5. indefinite 6. specific
“Space Travel”, pp.79-80: 1. have travelled, 2. made 3. circled, 4. carried, 5. were / landed / made 6. Launched / orbited /
distintegrated, 7. developed, 8. began / launched, 9. have launched, 10. has provided / have performed / have photographed
Past Time, pp.81-85: B. 1. a 2. b, d 3. b, c 4. c 5. b 6. d C 1. a 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. b 7. a 8. d 9. a 10. b D.
MORGAN - 9 verbs – 1 irregular (wore); JONES - 12 verbs – 2 irregular (held / was); JOHNSON - 6 verbs – 3 irregular (is /
is / was); BOYKIN – 6 verbs – 1 irregular ( have had); TRICE – 7 verbs – 3 irregular (has spent / is / is)
“Geronimo”,pp.86-87: 1. recalls 2. fought 3. had died 4. spread 5. abandoned 6. settled 7. were 8. were 9. had married
10. was 11. moved 12. led 13. raided 14. returned 15. left 16. travelled 17. rode 18. sent 19. was 20. enlisted 21.
returned 22. decided 23. imprisoned 24. became 25. rode 26. died
“Types of Writing Materials”, pp.89-90: 1. have recorded 2. drew 3. pressed 4. baked 5. invented 6. began 7. constructed
8. made 9. tied 10. became 11. experimented 12. invented 13. used 14. knew 15. spread 16. reached 17. came 18.
invented 19. have changed
“The Moon”,pp.90-91: 1. has fascinated 2. have written 3. recorded 4. predicted 5. measured 6. explained 7. made 8.
began 9. launched 10. became 11. have taken 12. (have) gathered 13. have given
Chapter 3 : General Truth

“Snow Facts”, pp.95-96: 1. 11 2. 4 3. 7 4. a. falls b. form c. combine d. exceeds e. occur f. creates

“Library of Congress”,p.98: 1. 13 2. Singular: is, serves, includes, includes, houses, doubles, has 3. Plural: provide,
represent, include, stretch
“Human Teeth”p.99: 1. Singular: consists, is, is, emerges, is, is, has, possesses, is, is 2. Plural: are, are, begin, continue,
indicate
“Environment of the Moon”,p.103: 1. have gazed, 2. (have) tried, 3. is 4. is 5. appears 6. gives 7. reflects 8. seems 9. is
10. is 11. exists 12. has 13. are 14. is / become 15. is / becomes 16. are 17. continue
Subject-Verb Agreement, pp.104-109: 1. 1. costs 2. studies 3. speak 4. thinks, tastes 5. does not know 2. 1. pack 2.
provides 3. eat (ate) 4. are 5. continues 3. 1. costs 2. talk 3. hires 4. has 5. seems 4. 1. is 2. is 3. are 4. are 5. is 5. 1. is
2. is 3. are (were) 4. is 5. is 6. 1. knows 2. uses 3. need 4. wants 5. opens 7. 1. seems 2. seem 3. is 4. are 5. attend
8. physics mumps 9. 1. seems 2. continue 3. is 4. seems 5. keep
economics AIDS
ethics laryngitis
calculus sinus
mathematics politics
“The Mississippi River”,p.110: 1. is 2. originates 3. is 4. ends 5. discharges 6. is 7. include 8. increases 9. empty
“The Greenhouse Effect”, pp.110-111: 1. define 2. are 3. allow 4. protects 5. provides 6. allow 7. escapes 8. picture 9.
acts 10. passes 11. heats 12. rises 13. passes 14. absorb 15. send 16. increases 17. burn 18. release
“Changes in Family Relationships”, pp.111-112: 1. is 2. are 3. give 4. receive 5. transmit 6. find 7. become 8. is / causes
F. 1. simple 2. simple 3. simple 4. simple 5. simple 6. complex 7. simple 8. compound
“Healthy Eathing”, pp.112-113 : 10. singular 13. plural
“Why Do People Work?”,pp.114-115: 1. works 2. work 3. work 4. work 5. like 6. is 7. need 8. is 9. is 10. are 11. come
12. seems 13. make 14. meet 15. is 16. involve 17. have 18. look 19. find 20. want 21. permits 22. seek 23. is 24.
choose 25. give 26. have 27. promotes 28. are 29. work 30. is 31 need 32. is 33. identify 34. think 35. is not 36. look
37. are 38. find
“Crossword Puzzles”,pp.117-118: Present: 1. are, 2. are 3. provide, fill 4. wants, writes, starts 11. appear Past: 6.
developed 7. appeared 8. fascinated 9. appeared, spread 10. became Modal: 5. can use 13. will continue Perfect: 12. have
become, have continued Past Progressive: 8. were appearing

Chapter 4: Present

Present Progressive, pp.123-124: 1. finishing 2. trying 3. coming 4. helping 5. deciding 6. opening 7. begging 8.
beginning 9. starting 10. working 11. remembering 12. enjoying 13. planning 14. sleeping 15. completing 16. riding 17.
solving 18. raining 19. writing 20. reading 21. watching 22. drawing 23. dating 24. hiding 25. studying 26. making 27.
hopping 28. answering 29. stopping 30. running 31. buying 32. becoming 33. sitting 34. considering 35. hoping 36.
beginning
Questions,pp.125-126: 1. Who is sharpening her pencil now? 2. How many students are currently studying Applied English?
3. What is Sean studying this term? 4. Where is Tuan working today? 5. What is Cynthia doing right now?
“The Library”,pp.126-127: 1. _____ 2. is talking 3. is helping 4. are studying 5. are reading 6. is using 7. are sitting 8. is
working
“Comparisons”,p.127: 2. is driving, drives 3. drinks, is drinking 4. is doing, does 5. sits, is sitting
“Contrasts”,p.128: 1. speaks, is speaking 2. is studying, studies 3. work, are working 4. solves, is solving 5. reads, is
reading
“Carol and Sylvia”,pp.128-129: 1. studies 2. is taking 3. begins 4. is sitting 5. have 6. are studying 7. are walking 8. go
“Mohammad and Rudy”,p.129: 1. present 2. present 3. future 4. present 5. future
“Different Students”,p.132: 1. are 2. is sitting, needs, is having 3. is thinking, believes 4. likes, prefers, wants, is planning
5. are, are taking, is
Present Time,p.134: B. 1. is reading / right now 2. is studying / at the moment 3. are taking / this term 4. are sitting / today
5. are / currently / planning / later
Present Time,p.134: C. 1. yesterday 2. since last week 3. every day 4. since last week 5. yesterday 6. right now / for 30
minutes 7. every day 8. right now / for 30 minutes
“Our Universe and Its Creation”,pp.136-137: 1. present perfect: 4 2. present: 3 3. present continuous: 4 4. past: 6
“A View of the United States”,pp.138-139: 1. present continuous: 7, 2. stative/present: 9, 3. passive: 1 4. present perfect: 1
5. future: 2
Chapter 5: Modals

“Suggestions for Keeping your Body Healthy”,pp.145-146: 1. would like 2. must keep 3. must eat/ will provide 4. should
not eat 5. can help 7. must exercise 8. might jog or lift weights 10. might ruin 11. should not smoke / should not 12. could
live / might enjoy
“Final Exams”,pp.154-155: 1. must not 2. do not have to 3. do not have to 4. must not 5. must not 6. does not have to 7.
do not have to 8. must not
“Will and Can”,pp156-157: 1. future 2. general 3. future 4. general 5. general 6. future 7. general 8. future 9. general
10. general
“Cultural Differences in the ESL Classroom”,pp.163-165: “You might move your chair…” “You should stop visiting…”
“Seafood”,p.162: should be refrigerated; (should be) frozen; should be stored; can be baked, broiled, poached, steamed, or
fried; would rather bake; (would rather) poach or steam; can be broiled or barbecued; can be simmered
“The American Way of Eating…Grazing”pp.163-165: (Answers are from the original article, but others are possible) 1.
might 2. can 3. must 4. may 5. should 6. may 7. may 8. should 9. can 10. may 11. may 12. should 13. will 14. can 15.
can 16. should 17. will 18. must
“A Goal for the United States”, pp.165-166: (Answers are from the original text, but others are possible) 1. should 2. must
3. must 4. must 5. should 6. should 7. should 8. should 9. should 10. should

Chapter 6: Future

Future Time, p.174: B. 1. general truth 2. future 3. future 4. future 5. general truth 6. future 7. present time 8. future
“Plans”p.174: 1. are 2. are going 3. will study 4. is planning 5. going to go
Future Time,pp.174-175: D. 2 will learn / is going to lecture / is lecturing 3. will be / am going to be 4. will explain / is
going to explain / is explaining 5. will study / will be studying / am going to study / am studying 6. is / will be 7. are going
to attend / are attending / will attend 8. answers / will answer 9. will return / is going to return 10. will take / will be taking /
am taking
Future Time, p.175: E. 2. Juan is going to speak to his professor after class. 3. The students are going to write….tomorrow.
4. The class members are going to read…in three weeks. 5. Carol is going to get to class on time tomorrow. 6. We are going
to a lecture tonight. 7. The students are going to read ….tomorrow. 8. I am going to see the dean in two days. 9. Mansoo is
going to sell his calculator and buy a new one next week. 10. Rudy is going to learn how to use…tomorrow.
“Life in the Twenty-First Century”,pp.176-177: will be, will live, will have developed, will power, will produce, will be
irrigated and transformed, might be living, may be, will be developed, will be able to understand, will have, will be, will
make
“Space Voyages”,pp. 177-178: (Answers may depend on the year of use.) 1. have lived and worked / since 1957 2. (have)
walked 3. have also contributed / since 1957 4. launched / in 1977 5. gave 6. launched 7. will explore / mid-1990s 8. will
travel 9. will make 10. will send 11. will be 12. will not send 13. will be able to 14. will be

Chapter 7: Questions and Commands

Yes-No Questions,pp.183-184: A. 1. Has the university planned..? 2. Is the library going to close…? 3. Has Dr. Jones been
president…? 4. Will students who complete the ESL sequence receive…? 5. Will students who can speak Spanish as well as
English have many opportunities…?
Yes-No Questions, p.184: B. 1. Does the university offer a degree in biophysics? 2. Do the computer laboratories give free
lessons for students? 3. Does the library have a computerized catalogue? 4. Did the textbook for chemistry cost $50? 5. Does
the university’s swimming pool open at 8:30 A.M.? 6. Did the new students attend an orientation session? 7. Did the
president give a reception for new students? 8. Do most universities require medical insurance…? 9. Did the soccer team
lose its first five games? 10. Does a student have to have a current D to check out a book?
Yes-No Questions, pp. 185-186: A. 1. Can Juan speak French? 2. Will you go to the library after class? 3. Has Maritza
lived in Mexico City? 4. Have you done all the homework? 5. Is Marcus living with his family? 6. Are we having a
test tomorrow? 7. Is today Monday? 8. Is Ali from Egypt? 9. Are irregular verbs important to learn? 10. do irregular verbs
take a long time to learn? 11. Did you study Spanish when you lived in Mexico City? 12. Did you go to the bookstore after
you left the library? 13. Do you have trouble with mathematics? 14. Does the university have many international students?
15. Does Peter live with his brother? 16. Does Peter have a car? 17. Will irregular verbs be on the test? 18. Do you speak
Spanish? 19. Did you make an ‘A’ on the midterm? 20. Do you live close to campus? 21. Do you live with your family?
Information Questions, p.189: A 1. Who can you talk to about your problem? (informal) / To whom can you talk to about
your problem? (formal) 2. What will you have for dinner? 3. Where will you go after class? 4. When have you studied in
the library? 5. Why are you taking English grammar this term? 6. Where is your apartment? 7. How much is your rent?
Information Questions, p.191: 1. What did you give to your sister for her birthday? 2. Where does your sister work? 3.
where do your brother and your sister work? 4. When do you study in the library? 5. Who do you study with? With whom
do you study? 6. Who did you meet in the cafeteria? 7. Why did you go to the library?
Tag Questions: p. 192 : 1. won’t we? 2. can’t we? 3. can we? 4. will we? 5. don’t you? 6. can you? 7. don’t we? 8.
doesn’t it? 9. isn’t it? 10. isn’t he? 11. is he? 12. aren’t you? 13. aren’t you? 14. are you ? 15. didn’t she? 16. wasn’t it?
17. was it? 18. are we?
Embedded Questions, p.195: 1. I asked what Maria should study next quarter. 2. He asked why we should take biology. 3.
He asked why he should study in the library. 4. Maria asked if they should study Chapter One for the test. 5. We asked when
the final examination would be given. 6. I asked where Juan lives. I asked where Juan lived. 7. He told me where Juan lives.
….lived. 8. Juan asked if the teacher had called roll yet.

Chapter 8: Prepositions

Prepositional Phrases, pp.206-207: 1. (After years) (of research) (of a space shuttle) (on April 12, 1981) 2. (of the first
shuttle) (into space) (from the Kennedy Space Center) (at Cape Canaveral, Florida) 3. (After a successful flight) (in space)
(toward land) (to a landing) 4. (from the new space vehicle) (at Edwards Air Force Base) (in California) (on April 14, 1981)
(after lift-off)
Possessives, pp. 208-209: 9. time 10. ownership 11. relationship 12. relationship 13. agent/source 14. time 15. body part
16. amount / value 17. measurement
“Volcanoes”, pp.210-211: 1. (from five famous volcanoes) 2. (In A.D. 69) (near Pompeii) (in the next ten years) 3. (on
August 24) (of Mount Vesuvius) (for eight days) 4. (of Pompeii) (under volcanic ash) (of its inhabitants) 5. (In 1783) (after
a week) (of numerous earthquakes) (in Iceland) (on June 8) 6. (until mid-August) (for several months) 7. (from the volcano)
8. (In 1815) (of the Tambora Volcano) (on the island) (of Sumbawa) (by man) 9. (in 1812) (of fumes) (at the summit) 10.
(on April 5) (until April 12) 11. (for three days) 12. (of starvation or disease) 13. (In another major volcanic explosion) (in
Alaska) (in 1914) (after a week) ( of numerous earthquakes) 14. (In the afternoon) (in June 6) (of intense explosions) 15.
(into / in the air) (at / in Kodiak) 17. (on the island) (of Heimacy) (for thousands) (of years) (without warning) (at 1:00
A.M.) (on January 23, 1973) (on the town) (of Vestmannaeyar, Iceland) 18. (for four weeks) 19. (by the fire) (under tons)
(of lava and ash) 20. (in order to save lives and property)

Chapter 9: Nouns, Articles, Determiners

Proper Nouns, pp. 216-217 : C. Add the: sentences 1, 3, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 27
Proper Nouns, p.217: D. 1. 14 2. Countries: the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Arab Emirates Canals, etc.: the
China Sea, the Amazon River, the Suez Canal, the Mojave Desert, the Artic Ocean Islands: the Philippine Islands, the
Finger Lakes, the Rocky Mountains Universities: the University of Alabama, the University of Nevada Languages: the
French language
Noun-count Nouns, pp. 218- 219: 1. coffee, hair, sugar, grass 2. money, equipment, baggage 3. economics, physics,
chemistry, history, political science 4. love, friendship, loyalty, patriotism, honesty 5. coke, gasoline, coffee, tea, beer, wine
6. nitrogen, helium, argon, carbon dioxide, neo, radon 7. iron, copper, diamond, silver, sulphur 8. football, basketball,
baseball, bridge, checkers 9. ice, ail, sleet, mist, fog 10. AIDS, laryngitis, flu, cholera, appendicitis
Count and Non-count Nouns, pp.219 – 220: A. Count: book/books, calculator/calculators, computer/computers, desk/desks,
essay/essays, experiment/ experiments, foot/feet, library/libraries, man/men, novel/novels, occupation/occupations,
paragraph/paragraphs, report/reports, storm/storms, student/students, suggestion/suggestions Non-count: advice, air, coffee,
equipment, gold, happiness, homework, information, mathematics, money, news, pollution, rain, rice, honesty, weather. B.
Count: pen/pens, blackboard/blackboards, clock/clocks, bulletin board/ bulletin boards, eraser/erasers, light/lights,
window/windows, chair/chairs, desk/desks, table/tables, waste basket/waste baskets, pencil sharpener/pencil sharpeners,
closet/closets, book/books, calculator/calculators, dictionary/dictionaries, notebook/notebooks, textbook/textbooks Non-
count: chalk, information, homework
Definite Meaning, p.225: B. 2. Setting / Second Mention / Numbers 3. Second Mention / Setting 4. Setting 5. Second
Mention / Second Mention
Indefinite, Definite, and Generic, pp. 226-227: A. 2. generic 3. indefinite 4. indefinite 5. indefinite 6. indefinite 7. definite
8. definite 9. generic 10. indefinite 11. generic
Generic Meaning, p. 229:
A. 1. food/water/shelter (Please note that people is an irregular plural, not a non-count noun) 2. shelter 3. food 4.
government/information
Generic Meaning, p.230: B. 1. food B. 1. food/salt/vinegar/sugar/coffee 2. information 3.
life/shelter/food/water/happiness/love 4. mathematics/physics
Nouns and Articles, pp. 231-232: A. a: school, laboratory, problem, classroom, book, gymnasium, bookstore, calculator, test,
grade, cafeteria, tutor, library, football field, computer, lecture, an: assignment, essay, auditorium
non-count: homework, advice, information, equipment
Nouns and Articles, p. 232: B. 1. a dictionary 2. an hour 3. a very 4. a friend 5. a college 6. a difficult 7. an interesting 8.
an important
Nouns and Articles, p.232: C. 1. class/notebook/pen/dictionary 2. notebook/test/assignment 3. dictionary/class 4. bookstore
5. student
Nouns and Articles, p.233: D. (the determiner his as well as the articles will be used in the exercise; see page 214) 1. his
arm/a question 2. the teacher 3. the answer 4. his arm/the same 5. the teacher/the question 6. the teacher/the question 7. the
teacher/the question
Some and Any, pp. 235-236: A. 1. some = non-count and plural count 2. any = non-count and plural count 3. same nouns
4. any = negative B. 1. a lot of = non-count and plural 2. much = non-count 3. many = plural count 4. a lot of /many/much
5. negative = a lot of/much/many 6. statement = a lot of/ much / many 7. a lot of = much and many
Much and Many, pp. 236-237: MUCH is used with non-count nouns. MANY is used with count plurals. F. 1. many 2.
much 3. much 4. many 5. many 6. many 7. much 8. many
Much and Many, p.237: G. 4. many advisors 5. many ideas 6. much food 7. many computers 8. much rain 9. many
students 10. much courage 11. much water 12. many assignments 13. many appointments 14. much news 15. many
mistakes 16. many tests 17. much information 18. many experiments 19. much intelligence 20. many essays 21. much
advice 22. many reports
Much and Many, p. 238: H. 1. many/ a lot of 2. many / a lot of 3. much / a lot of 4. many / a lot of 5. much / a lot of 6.
many / a lot of 7. much / a lot of 8. many/ a lot of 9. much / a lot of 10. many / a lot of
Little and Few, pp. 238-239: LITTLE = non-count nouns. FEW = count plural nouns. 1. few 2. few 3. few 4. little 5. little
6. few
A Little and A Few, pp. 239-240: A. 1. good 2. bad 3. bad 4. good
Articles and Determiners, pp. 240-241: A. 1. count plural 2. count singular/consonants 3. non-count 4. count
singular/consonants 5. count singular/plural/non-count 6. non-count 7. count plural
“The Acropolis”, pp. 241-243: Singular Count: 1. the word 2. the word 3. the word, a fortification, a hill, a place 4. the
base, the hill, the location, the site, the city 5. the acropolis 6. the most…acropolis 7. a hill, the city 8. the top 9. the fourth
famous part, the entry way Plural Count: 3. attacks 4. residents 5. enemies, residents 6. many acropolises 8. visitors, the
finest examples, the three buildings, 10. structures, visitors Non-count: 3. safety 5. safety 8. architecture, the fame Proper
Nouns: 1. American, Athens, Greece, the Acropolis 6. Greece, the Acropolis, Athens, Americans 8. the Parthenon, the
Erechethium, the Temple, Athens 9. the Proplylaea, the Acropolis 10. Greece Adjectives: 3. enemy 7. limestone
“Languages”, pp. 243-244: 1. the early 3. the family, a single, a parent 4. a(the) parent, the language 6. the same, the same
7. an important 8. the Indo-European 9. the same
“Origami An Important Part of My Life, pp. 244-245: 1. X 2. X, X, X 5. X 7. X, X 8. a 10. a
“Origami a Japanese Craft”, p.245: 2. the 7th century, the 12th century 4. the invention 5. the craft 6. the Japanese language
9. the movement 10. an origami figure, a square piece 11. a pastime, a popular craft, the world, the United States

Chapter 10: Adverbial, Relative, and Noun Clauses

Adverbial Clauses of Time, p.253: 1. after 2. after 3. while/when 4. since 5. when 6. until 7. until 8. when 9. while
Adverbial Clauses for Reasons, p. 254: 1. Because Yoko 2. Kazeem…because he 3. Because the five-page project…,
Mansoo 4. …night because morning 5. …to work because it is quiet
Adverbial Clauses that Show Contrasts, pp. 254-255: 2. Although people…., these resources…. 3. Since/Because millions
of people…., many people…. 4. Although technological advances…, many advances… 5. Although the automobile
engine…, the pollution…. 6. Since/Because all parts of the environment…, one kind…. 7. Although there are about…., only
12 are widely used. 8. Because England, France…, English, French….
“Computer Use by Adults”, p.256: 4 adverb clauses: although, although, because, if
Relative Pronouns, p.261: A. 1. The tutor [who helped me yesterday] is in the …. 2. The pencil [that is lying on the floor] is
mine. 3. The test [that covers adjective clauses] is next week. 4. The student [that speaks five languages] sits next to….
Relative Pronouns, p. 262: B. 2. [who is sitting next to me] 3. [that I borrowed] 4. [who sat next to me yesterday] 5. [that I
bought last week]
Relative Clauses, p. 264: A. 1. The midterm exam [that I took yesterday] was easy. 2. The calculator [that Emanuella wants
to buy] is expensive…. 3. The lesson [that we did yesterday] was not difficult. 4. The student [whom I met at the party last
night] is ….. 5. The teacher [whom students respect very much] gives…(who=informal) (that) 6. Yesterday, Pepe saw the
teacher [whom he had had for algebra last quarter] in the library.
Relative Clauses, p.264: C. 1. [that I did last night] 2. [who/whom/that I met at the library last night] 3. [that I do not want
to forget] 4. [that Dr. Swofford assigned for homework] 5. [that we did for homework]
Relative Clauses Involving Prepositions, p. 266: 1. …from a friend who now lives in another state 2. …with a friend who
gives him advice about his problems 3. …the student from whom Maria bought her books. 4. …the person for whom Maria
bought a birthday present. 5. …a problem that has no easy solutions. 6. The scientists from whom the public gets its
information offer conflicting solutions.
Relative Clauses Using Whose, pp. 267-268: 1. Maria knows a student whose backpack was stolen in the library. 2. The
student whose backpack was stolen in the library was angry. 3. Alexis bought a book whose author lives in Mexico City. 4.
The book whose author lives in Mexico City won an international award. 5. Pepe wants to be like the soccer player whose
skills led him to fame and fortune. 6. The soccer player whose fame is known all over the world gave a scholarship for poor
children to attend school. 7. Many scientists are working on the problem whose solution will increase the world’s food
supply. 8. The problem whose solution will increase the world’s food supply involves making seeds more disease-resistant.
Relative Clauses, pp. 268-269 : A. 1. Abraham Lincoln, who died before the end of the Civil War, was the 16th U.S.
president. 2. John F. Kennedy, whose death saddened millions, was the 35th U.S. president. 3. Martin Luther King, Jr.,
whose birthday is celebrated on January 16, was an important U.S. civil rights leader. 4. George Washington Carver, who
improved methods of agriculture, was a famous U.S. scientist. 5. Geronimo, whose name spread panic in the frontier
settlements of the southwestern United States, was a famous Indian leader.
Relative Clause, pp. 268-269: C. 1. [that I went to last night] 2. [who came from Canada] 3. [who attended
the lecture] 4. [that is sponsored by the International Club] 5. [that come from 22 different countries] 6. [who is the faculty
advisor for the International Club] 7. [which/that will be held in two weeks] 8. [who want to learn more about other cultures]
9. [whose knowledge of this topic] 10. [that this topic will be discussed]
“Supermarket Salad Bars, pp. 269 – 270: 7 relative clauses and 1 adverbial clause
“Computer Use at Work and at Home”, pp. 271-272: 5 noun clauses
“Computer Owners”, pp. 273-274: 1. FR 2. FR 3. RO 4. CS 5. CS 6. FR 7. RO 8. RO
Computer Use, pp274-275: 1. …common if their parents…2. Although persons… 3. …computer because… 4. …women
since they… 5. …homes when the….
Relative Clauses, pp. 275-276 : A. 1. …students who were… 2. ..computers that were… 3. Only 4% of the children whose
parents had only high school degrees had a home computer. 4. In contrast, 30% of the children whose parents had college
degrees had a home computer. 5. Adults who were age 25 to 44, white, male, and single most frequently used computers in
1984.

Chapter 11: Passive Sentences

Passive Verbs, pp. 288-289 : B. 1. A new restaurant was opened yesterday by Mark Jones. 2. The opening was advertised in
the local newspaper. 3. The opening was attended by many people. 4. Many pictures were taken by the local newspaper.
By-Phrase, p. 291: 1. omit 2. keep 3. omit 4. omit 5. omit 6. omit 7. omit/keep 8. omit 9. keep 10. keep/omit
“The British Museum”, pp. 293-294: 1. was established 2. was created 3. decorated 4. was partially destroyed 5. was
removed 6. was discovered 7. provided 8. was signed 9. guarantees/d
“The Louvre”, pp. 294-295: 1. is located 2. was 3. was made 4. is known 5. are classified 6. is 7. is 8. are 9. are 10.
was purchased 11. was found 12. is considered 13. is regarded
“The Laser”, pp. 295-296: was created 2. are used 3. is based 4. is focused 5. used 6. are also used 7. use 8. will burn 9.
was discovered
“Anatomy of a Backache”, pp. 297-299: 1. makes 2. are 3. from 4. have 5. grow/have grown 6. form 7. is called 8. are
9. forms 10. form 11. unites 12. use 13. are called 14. support 15. provide 16. are called 17. are formed 18. (are)
supported 19. are numbered 20. are 21. are not permitted 22. are not injured 23. are 24. are 25. are known 26. are not 27.
rests 28. are viewed 29. secure 30. keep 31. is 32. are 33. contain 34. is connected 35. keep 36. act 37. compress 38. is
put 39. spring 40. is removed 41. contains 42. is 43. is never identified

Chapter 12: Punctuation

Commas and Apostrophes, pp. 306-307: A. 1. I’m 2. he’s 3. he’s 4. aren’t 5. you’re 6. wouldn’t 7. won’t 8. haven’t 9.
hasn’t 10. didn’t 11. it’s 12. it’s 13. they’re 14. there’s 15. I’d 16. isn’t 17. they’re 18. who’s 19. can’t 20. let’s
Commas and Apostrophes, p. 307: B. 1. woman’s/women’s 2. girl’s/girls’ 3. pen’s/pens’ 4. baby’s/ babies’ 5.
brother’s/brothers’ 6. roommate’s/roommates’ 7. anybody’s 8. neighbor’s/neighbors’ 9. child’s/children’s 10.
wife’s/wives’ 11. teacher’s/teachers’
Punctuation, pp. 313-314: B. 1. 50 should be capitalized 2. 6 need the article the
C 1. cities, states, countries: Washington, North Dakota, Miami, Florida, the United States, Los Angeles 2. continents: Asia
3. days, months: November, Monday, Halloween 4. languages: French, English, Chinese 5. mountains: the Rocky
Mountains 6. proper names: Robert Kingsby, Dr. M. L. Johnson, Ms. Sonya Alvarez 7. rivers/oceans: the Nile River, the
Pacific Ocean, the Mississippi River 8. schools: Clarkston High School, the University of Texas, Kansas State University 9.
street addresses: 500 North Main Street 10. titles: Othello, The Theatre of Revolt, “The Killers”

Chapter 13: Nouns, Adjectives, and Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns, pp. 326-327: A. 1. 4 2. 3 3. 2 4. 3 5. 3 6. 4 7. 4

Personal Pronouns, p. 327 (p. 160): 2. you, your, you (student), me (teacher) 3. their (teachers), me, I (author) 6. I (author)
7. you (student) 8. me (author) 9. I, my (author) 10. they, they, they (students), my (author) 11. I (author) , they, they
(students) 12. I (author), their (teachers), they (expectations) 13. their, they, they, their (teachers)
Personal Pronouns, pp. 327-328: C. 1. they (dinosaurs), they (scientists), they (dinosaurs) 2. their, they, their, they
(scientists) 3. it (Cuzco), they (Incas), it, it (the city)

Chapter 14: Adverbs

Adverbs and Adjectives,p. 332: 1. completely 2. complete 3. quickly 4. carefully 5. certainly/quickly 6. systematically
No and Not, pp. 334-335: A. 1. no 2. not 3. no 4. not/not 5. no 6. not 7. not 8. no 9. not 10. no
No and Not, p. 335: B. 1. have not studied 2. are not studying 3. do not like 4. do not eat 5. We will not be…we do not ask
Adverbs, pp. 337-338: B. 1. usually study 2. often meet 3. are rarely full 4. usually manage 5. have sometimes studied 6.
is seldom busy 7. have never been 8. always leaves
Adverbs, p. 338: C. 1. usually gets up 2. is never 3. is often 4. usually leaves 5. often goes 6. rarely does 7. is frequently
8. never hands in
Adverbs, p. 339: D. 1. Pedro has been at the language centre for two years. 2. He was so nervous at his TOEFL… 3. It
would not be fair… 4. He had already taken… 5. He must always keep trying… 6. He sometimes goes…. 7. He always
speaks… 8. He has been here two… 9. He needs to speak English every day. 10. …he already knows….

Chapter 15: Conditional and Hypothetical

B. Conditional with Habitual Meaning, p.343: 1. sleeps 2. walks 3. watches 4. talks 5. eats 6. leaves
B. Conditional with Future Meaning, pp. 344-345: 1. will be able to 2. have 3. will have to get 4. will go 5. meet/will
give 6. works/will have
“The Benefits of Exercise”, pp. 346-347: 2. should burn 5. will keep 7. will keep 8. will lower 9. will be able to 10.
should see
“Calorie Salary”, pp. 347-348: 2. should determine 3. should eat 4. should balance 5. can increase
Conditional Sentences, pp. 348-349: B. 2. rains/future 3. do/future 4. sit/general truth 5. ask/general truth 6. will fill
out/future 7. is/future 8. makes/future 9. will find/finds/general truth 10. gets/says/will get/general truth 11. do not
write/general truth 12. will be/future/are/general truth
Hypothetical for Past Time, p.355: B. 1. would have passed 2. would have helped 3. had known 4. had visited 5. would
have gone
Conditional and Hypothetical, p. 360: B. 2. had known 3. usually corrects 4. had 5. had remembered 6. were 7. would
have volunteered 9. would remember
Conditional and Hypothetical, pp. 360-361: C. 2. hypothetical 3. hypothetical 4. conditional 5. hypothetical 6.
hypothetical 7. hypothetical 8. conditional
Conditional and Hypothetical, p.361: D. 1. would take 2. would have missed 3. had known 4. will stay 5. need 6. had 7.
had known 8. would enrol
Conditional and Hypothetical, pp. 361-362: E. 1. If Juan studies harder, his test grade will be better. If Juan had studied
harder, his test grade would have been better. 2. If he has time, he will watch television. If he had had time, he would have
watched television. 3 He will be happy if he gets a good grade on the midterm test. He would have been happy if he had
gotten a good grade on the midterm test. 4. He will buy a calculator if he has enough money. He would have bought a
calculator if he had had enough money. 5. If he reads the assignment, he will understand the lecture. If he had read the
assignment, he would have understood the lecture.
Conditional and Hypothetical, pp. 362-363: G. 2.had bought/would have gone 3. would study/ had 4. will save / take 5.
find /will return 6. would type / had 7. had known / would have told 8. fail / are
Conditional and Hypothetical, pp. 363-364: H. 1. Hypothetical: General Truth 2. Conditional: Future 3. Conditional:
General Truth 4. Hypothetical: Past
Conditional and Hypothetical, pp. 364-365: I. 1. settle – conditional/general truth 2. takes – conditional/general truth 3.
would have – hypothetical/past influences the present 4. condenses/will condense – conditional / general truth 5. would not
have overcome – hypothetical/past 6. will exhaust – conditional / future

Chapter 16: Gerunds

Gerunds and Infinitives, pp. 369-370: A. a. subject b. direct object c. adjective modifier d. subject e. direct
object f. adverb of reason g. adverb of reason h. direct object i. direct object j. object of a preposition
Gerunds and Infinitives, p.370: B. 1. gerunds: eating, (direct object), overeating (subject), getting (object of
preposition), following (object of preposition) infinitives: to lose (direct object) 2. gerunds: handwriting (object of
preposition), slanting (subject), handwriting (object of preposition), handing (object of preposition) infinitives: to
cause (complement), to write (direct object)
Gerunds nas Direct Objects, p.371: A. 1. taking 2. going 3. loaning 4. holding 5. studying 6. taking
“The Olympics”, pp. 372 – 373: 1. in/of 2. involves, avoids, spend time, anticipate, enjoy, dread 3. preparing 4.
5
Used to and Be Used To, pp. 374-375: A. 1. live 2. living 3. hate 4. driving 5. work 6. working 7. live 8.
living
Prepositions and Gerund, pp.375-376: A. 2. of 3. from 4. in 5. about 6. on 7. to 8. of
Prepositions and Gerunds, p. 376: B. 2. of studying 3. of losing 4. from playing 5. of finishing 6. of completing
7. about losing 8. for replacing 9. in learning 10. of hearing
Adjectives and Infinitives, pp. 378-379: A. 2. difficult to understand 3. eager to improve 4. delighted to help 5.
easy to learn 6. reasonable to give 7. willing to help 8. content to stay
“Needs of Refugee Children”, pp. 379-380: E. 1. Sentence 2: 1 example 2. Sentence 4: 2 examples 3. Sentence
8: Infinitive as a Direct Object 4. preposition
“Communication”, pp. 380-381 : passive : 6, 8 past tense : 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 present : 9, 10 future : 10 infinitives :
1,3,6,7,9,10
Infinitives and Too,pp. 382-383 : B. 1. talks too fast to understand 2. too long to complete 3. too difficult 4. very
difficult 5. too long to read 6. very exciting 7. very happy 8. very sad
Infinitives and Gerunds with Different Meanings, pp. 386-387: A. 1. going 2. to work 3. studying/to study
(either) 4. to bring 5. putting 6. to bring
“Advisement and Registration”, pp. 389-390: 1. to take 2. fill out 3. take 4. choose 5. to take 6. submit 7. pay
8. to loan 9. to give 10. pay
Gerunds and Infinitives, p.391: A. 1. wants to return 2. too busy to do 3. spending her time shopping 4. excited
about going 5. appreciated hearing 6. delayed finding 7. spent time looking 8. excited about moving 10.
expected to finish
Gerunds and Infinitives, pp.391-392: B. 1. promise to return 2. avoids studying 3. finished writing 4. expect to
leave 5. refused to loan 6. considered changing 7. promised to stay 8. postpone giving 9. need to study 10.
practice using
Gerunds and Infinitives, p. 392: C. 1. finished reading 2. suggested studying 3. refused to study 4. wanted to eat
5. considered not eating 6. offered to help 7. excited about registering 8. recommend studying 9. seemed to
understand 10. promised to return
Gerunds and Infinitives, pp. 392-393: D. 1. recommend taking / finish taking 2. offered to lend 3. began to
understand 4. enjoys doing 5. continue to review 6. plans to ask 7. finish reviewing 8. stop writing
Gerunds and Infinitives, p. 393: E. 2. a, b 3. a 4. a 5. a, b 6. a 7. a, b 8. a 9. a 10. a
Gerunds and Infinitives, p. 394: F. 2. Learning passive 3. prepared to pay 4. Writing in English 5. Finding a
parking place 6. Listening in English 7. needs to buy a new car 8. delay taking physics 9. intend to ask him for
help 10. plan to begin studying
Gerunds and Infinitives, pp. 394-396: G. 2. as direct object 3. as object of preposition, as subject 4. as direct
object, as object of preposition 5. as object of preposition
Gerunds and Infinitives, pp. 396-398: H. 1. I: as direct object, G:as object of preposition 2. G:as object of
preposition 3. I:as direct object 4. G:as object of preposition, G:as subject, I:as direct object 5. I:as complement,
I:as direct object 6. G:as object of preposition 7. G:as object of preposition, I:as direct object 8. I:as adverbial
modifier
“Choosing a Career”,pp. 398-399: I 1. subjects: 2, 6, 7, 8, 12 2. after verbs: 3, 6, 7, 10 3. after prepositions: 1
4. involves, means, spend, start 5. infinitives: 3, 5, 7, 8, 10 6. progressive: 1
“Burn Victims”, p.400: 1. pulling 2. knocking 3. playing 4. playing 5. teaching 6. storing 7. using 8. putting
9. using 10. to remove 11. smothering 12. falling asleep 13. to protect 14. becoming
“Astronomy”, pp. 400-401: 2. as object of preposition 3. as object of preposition 4. as object of preposition 5. as
adjectival modifier 6. as object of preposition 7. as adjectival modifier

Practicing the Editing Process

“Trip to the Zoo”, p. 411: 2. was 3. parked/ bought 4. stood 5. fed, touched 6. saw 7. saw 8. was, was 9. was
“Simon Bolivar”, p. 411: 2. lived 4. started 5. visited, heard, decided 6. liberated, needed 7. elected, gave 8. named
“Getting My Driver’s Licence”, pp. 411-412: 2. attempted 3. took, had not driven 5. frightened, failed 6. began 7. taught
8. improved 9. took, practiced 10. walked, passed
“Study Methods”, pp. 412-413: 3. does 4. are, wants 9. needs 10. are 12. needs 15. follows
“Studying in the United States”, p.413: 2. has 3. is 4. wants, has 5. does, has 6. has 7. comes 8. require 9. is, graduates
10. have
“Ways to Learn English”, p. 414: 1. many ways 2. all different kinds, situations 4. Americans, words, words 6. ways 9.
one of the best ways, these tips
“Driving Safely”, pp. 414-415: 1. should follow 3. could cause 4. should stay 5. might cause 6. might – to should 8.
should probably have checked 9. might – to should
“Preparation”, p.415: 2. must be able or has to be able 4. can learn 6. can visit, might learn 8. should – to could 9. must
(should) bring, can help
“My College”, p. 416: 1. was built, is located 3. is easily seen 5. are located, are connected 6. was built, was started 7. is
finished 8. is planned, is finished 9. were built, was designed
“The DeKalb Farmer’s Market”, p.417: 2. is located 3. is usually completely filled 4. is called, is called 7. are located, are
placed 8. can be found 9. is crowded
“King Sae Jong”, p.418: 1. a very wise king, the history of 2. in the fifteenth century, at the age of 3. a very wise leader 4.
the Korean people, under the rule of, the Chinese alphabet 5. the Chinese alphabet, the Korean alphabet 6. the new alphabet
7. a great scientist, the rain gauge, the amount of, the water clock, the time of
“Jeong Hee Park”, p.418: 1. the son of , a Korean farmer 2. in the southern part, at a private school 3. a Japanese military
academy, a major, in the army 4. The Korean government, a military advisor 5. the President, a new government 6. the year
that he ruled 7. the length, a revolution 8. a hero
“My History”, p.419: 1. in Taiwan, on January 4 2. in Atlanta 3. in the United States, in Florida, in Georgia 4. from
Clarkston High school 5. in Atlanta, at 1229 Rockbridge Road 6. in a Chinese restaurant, in January
“The Influences of Jomo Kenyatta on My Life”, pp. 419-420: 1. in a small village, on December 12 2. On that same day,
independent from 3. in Kenya 5. learned about 6. importance of 8. studied at (in) the London School 9. in London 12. in
the United States
“Test Taking”, pp. 420-421: 1. how to take 4. for answering or to answer, avoid spending, spend time thinking 6. read to
determine 7. before returning
“The Library”, p.421: 1. to study or for studying 4. by looking 6. spend time reading, finish typing 7. in locating 8. enjoy
reading 9. for studying, continue going/continue to go
“My First Day”, p.422: 3. minutes, I 4. However, 6. home, I 7. didn’t 10. night, but 13. husband, I/conversation, but 14.
man’s accent/I didn’t 15. people’s
“Frustrations”, pp. 422-423: Sentence 1: 6 capital letters Sentence 2: 7 capital letters Sentence 3: 2 capital letter Sentence
4: 0 capital letters Sentence 5: 5 capital letters Sentence 6: 2 capital letters Sentence 7: 5 capital letters Sentence 8: 2 capital
letters Sentence 9: 2 capital letters Sentence 10: 3 capital letters Sentence 11: 1 capital letter Sentence 12: 2 capital letters
Sentence 13: 1 capital letter.