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RF Steel Ec3 Manual en
RF Steel Ec3 Manual en
Ultimateϕlimitϕstateϕand
serviceabilityϕlimitϕstateϕdesign,
fireϕresistanceϕdesign,ϕand
stabilityϕanalysesϕaccordingϕto
Eurocodeϕ3
User
Manual
Version
February 2020
Short Overview
1 Introduction 4
2 Input Data 7
3 Calculation 49
Dlubal Software GmbH
4 Results 66 AmϕZellwegϕ2
93464ϕTiefenbach
Germany
5 Results Evaluation 80
Telephone:ϕ+49ϕ9673ϕ9203-0
6 Printout 89 Fax:ϕ+49ϕ9673ϕ9203-51
E-mail: info@dlubal.com
7 General Functions 92
Dlubal Software, Inc.
TheϕGrahamϕBuilding
8 Examples 100 30ϕSouthϕ15thϕStreet
15thϕFloor
Philadelphia,ϕPAϕ19102
USA
A Literature 115
Phone:ϕ+1ϕ267ϕ702-2815
E-mail: info@dlubal.com
Allϕrights,ϕincludingϕthoseϕofϕtranslations,
areϕreserved.ϕNoϕportionϕofϕthisϕbookϕmay
beϕreproducedϕ-ϕmechanically,
electronically,ϕorϕbyϕanyϕotherϕmeans,
includingϕphotocopyingϕ-ϕwithoutϕwritten
permissionϕofϕDlubalϕSoftware.
Theϕprogramϕdescriptionϕisϕorganizedϕinϕchaptersϕwhichϕfollowϕtheϕorderϕandϕstructureϕofϕthe
inputϕandϕresultϕtables.ϕTheϕchaptersϕpresentϕtheϕindividualϕtablesϕcolumnϕbyϕcolumn.ϕTheyϕhelp
toϕbetterϕunderstandϕtheϕfunctioningϕofϕtheϕadd-onϕmodule.ϕGeneralϕfunctionsϕareϕdescribedϕin
theϕmanualsϕofϕtheϕmainϕprogramsϕRFEMϕandϕRSTAB.
ThisϕmanualϕalsoϕdealsϕwithϕtheϕmoduleϕextensionsϕRF-/STEELϕWarpingϕTorsion,ϕRF-/STEEL
Plasticity,ϕandϕRF-/STEELϕCold-FormedϕSections.
Hint Topicality
Theϕtextϕofϕtheϕmanualϕshowsϕtheϕdescribed Theϕhighϕqualityϕstandardsϕplacedϕonϕthe
buttonsϕinϕsquareϕbrackets,ϕforϕexample softwareϕareϕguaranteedϕbyϕaϕcontinuous
[OK]. Inϕaddition,ϕtheyϕareϕpicturedϕonϕthe developmentϕofϕtheϕprogramϕversions.ϕThis
left.ϕExpressionsϕappearingϕinϕdialogϕboxes, mayϕresultϕinϕdifferencesϕbetweenϕprogram
tables,ϕandϕmenusϕareϕsetϕin italics toϕclarify descriptionϕandϕtheϕcurrentϕsoftwareϕversion
theϕexplanation.ϕYouϕcanϕalsoϕuseϕthe youϕareϕusing.ϕThankϕyouϕforϕyour
searchϕfunctionϕforϕthe Knowledge Base understandingϕthatϕnoϕclaimsϕcanϕbe
and FAQs to findϕaϕsolutionϕinϕtheϕposts derivedϕfromϕtheϕfiguresϕandϕdescriptions.
aboutϕtheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕadd-onϕmodule. Weϕalwaysϕtryϕtoϕadaptϕtheϕdocumentation
toϕtheϕcurrentϕstateϕofϕtheϕsoftware.
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Table of Contents RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Table of Contents
2 Input Data 7
6 Printout 89
2.1 GeneralϕData 7
2.1.1 UltimateϕLimitϕState 9 6.1 PrintoutϕReport 89
2.1.2 ServiceabilityϕLimitϕState 11 6.2 GraphicϕPrintout 90
2.1.3 FireϕResistance 12
2.1.4 NationalϕAnnexϕ(NA) 13
2.2 Materials 18 7 General Functions 92
2.3 Cross-Sections 20 7.1 DesignϕCases 92
2.4 IntermediateϕLateralϕRestraints 24 7.2 Cross-SectionϕOptimization 94
2.5 EffectiveϕLengthsϕ-ϕMembers 25 7.3 UnitsϕandϕDecimalϕPlaces 96
2.6 EffectiveϕLengthsϕ-ϕSetsϕofϕMembers 29 7.4 DataϕTransfer 97
2.7 NodalϕSupportsϕ-ϕSetsϕofϕMembers 30 7.4.1 ExportingϕMaterialsϕtoϕRFEM/RSTAB 97
2.8 MemberϕHingesϕ-ϕSetsϕofϕMembers 34 7.4.2 ExportingϕEffectiveϕLengthsϕtoϕRFEM/RSTAB 97
2.9 ServiceabilityϕParameters 35 7.4.3 ExportϕofϕResults 98
2.10 FireϕResistanceϕ-ϕMembers 36
2.11 FireϕResistanceϕ-ϕSetsϕofϕMembers 37
2.12 Parametersϕ-ϕMembers 38 8 Examples 100
2.13 Parametersϕ-ϕSetsϕofϕMembers 45
2.14 LocalϕTransverseϕForces 47 8.1 Stability 100
8.2 FireϕResistance 111
3 Calculation 49
9 Literature 115
3.1 DetailedϕSettings 49
3.1.1 UltimateϕLimitϕState 49
3.1.2 Stability 51
3.1.3 Serviceability 54
3.1.4 FireϕResistance 55
3.1.5 WarpingϕTorsion 58
3.1.6 Plasticity 60
3.1.7 Cold-Formed 61
3.1.8 General 63
3.2 StartingϕtheϕCalculation 65
4 Results 66
4.1 DesignϕbyϕLoadϕCase 67
4.1.1 WarpingϕTorsion 69
4.1.2 Plasticity 70
4.1.3 Cold-Formed 71
4.2 DesignϕbyϕCross-Section 72
4.3 DesignϕbyϕSetϕofϕMembers 73
4.4 DesignϕbyϕMember 74
4.5 Designϕbyϕx-Location 74
4.6 GoverningϕInternalϕForcesϕbyϕMember 75
4.7 GoverningϕInternalϕForcesϕbyϕSetϕofϕMembers 76
4.8 MemberϕSlendernesses 77
4.9 PartsϕListϕbyϕMember 78
4.10 PartsϕListϕbyϕSetϕofϕMembers 79
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1 Introduction RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
1 Introduction
Inϕtheϕfollowing,ϕtheϕadd-onϕmodulesϕofϕbothϕmainϕprogramsϕareϕdescribedϕinϕoneϕmanualϕandϕare
referredϕtoϕas RF-/STEEL EC3.
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕperformsϕallϕtypicalϕultimateϕlimitϕstateϕdesignsϕasϕwellϕasϕstabilityϕandϕdeformation
analyses. Inϕtheϕultimateϕlimitϕstateϕdesign,ϕtheϕadd-onϕmoduleϕconsidersϕtheϕeffectϕofϕvariousϕloadings. It
isϕpossibleϕtoϕchooseϕamongϕtheϕinteractionϕformulasϕgivenϕinϕtheϕstandard. Anϕessentialϕpartϕofϕthe
verificationϕaccordingϕtoϕEurocodeϕ3ϕisϕtheϕclassificationϕofϕtheϕcross-sectionsϕtoϕbeϕdesignedϕintoϕthe
classesϕ1ϕtoϕ4. Thisϕway,ϕtheϕlimitationϕofϕtheϕcapacityϕtoϕwithstandϕstressesϕasϕwellϕasϕtheϕrotational
capacityϕdueϕtoϕlocalϕbucklingϕofϕcross-sectionϕpartsϕisϕchecked. RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕdeterminesϕthe
c/t-ratiosϕofϕtheϕcross-sectionϕpartsϕsubjectedϕtoϕcompressionϕandϕcarriesϕoutϕtheϕclassification
automatically.
Inϕtheϕstabilityϕanalyses,ϕyouϕcanϕspecifyϕseparatelyϕforϕeachϕmemberϕorϕsetϕofϕmembersϕwhether
flexuralϕbucklingϕinϕy-ϕand/orϕz-directionϕisϕpossible. Youϕcanϕalsoϕdefineϕadditionalϕlateralϕrestraintsϕin
orderϕtoϕrepresentϕtheϕmodelϕcloseϕtoϕreality. Inϕaddition,ϕtheϕstabilizingϕeffectϕofϕpurlinsϕandϕsheetsϕcan
beϕtakenϕintoϕaccountϕbyϕrotationalϕrestraintsϕandϕshearϕpanels. Basedϕonϕtheϕboundaryϕconditions,
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕdeterminesϕtheϕslendernessϕratiosϕandϕelasticϕcriticalϕbucklingϕloads. Theϕelasticϕcritical
momentϕforϕlateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕrequiredϕforϕtheϕlateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕanalysisϕcanϕbe
determinedϕautomaticallyϕorϕspecifiedϕmanually. Theϕprogramϕtakesϕintoϕaccountϕtheϕloadϕapplication
pointϕofϕtransverseϕloads,ϕwhichϕhasϕaϕdecisiveϕeffectϕonϕtheϕtorsionalϕresistance.
Theϕserviceabilityϕlimitϕstateϕrepresentsϕanϕimportantϕdesignϕforϕstructuresϕwithϕslenderϕcross-sections.
Loadϕcases,ϕloadϕcombinationsϕandϕresultϕcombinationsϕcanϕbeϕassignedϕtoϕdifferentϕdesignϕsituations.
TheϕlimitϕdeformationsϕareϕpresetϕbyϕtheϕNationalϕAnnexesϕandϕcanϕbeϕadjusted,ϕifϕnecessary. In
addition,ϕitϕisϕpossibleϕtoϕspecifyϕreferenceϕlengthsϕandϕprecambersϕthatϕareϕconsideredϕaccordinglyϕin
theϕdesign.
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕalsoϕallowsϕyouϕtoϕdesignϕstructuralϕcomponentsϕmadeϕofϕstainlessϕsteelϕaccordingϕto
ENϕ1993-1-4 [4] .
Theϕadd-onϕmoduleϕprovidesϕanϕautomaticϕcross-sectionϕoptimizationϕwithϕtheϕpossibilityϕtoϕexport
modifiedϕcross-sectionsϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB. Separateϕdesignϕcasesϕallowϕforϕtheϕflexibilityϕtoϕanalyze
individualϕstructuralϕcomponentsϕinϕcomplexϕstructures.
Likeϕotherϕadd-onϕmodules,ϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕisϕcompletelyϕintegratedϕinϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕprogram.
Thus,ϕtheϕdesign-relevantϕinputϕdataϕisϕpresetϕwhenϕyouϕhaveϕstartedϕtheϕadd-onϕmodule. Afterϕthe
design,ϕyouϕcanϕuseϕtheϕgraphicalϕuserϕinterfaceϕofϕtheϕmainϕprogramϕtoϕevaluateϕtheϕresults. Asϕthey
areϕalsoϕincludedϕinϕtheϕglobalϕprintoutϕreport,ϕtheϕentireϕverificationϕcanϕbeϕpresentedϕinϕaϕconsistent
andϕappealingϕform.
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1 Introduction RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
ThisϕmanualϕalsoϕdescribesϕtheϕfollowingϕtwoϕmoduleϕextensionsϕforϕRF-/STEELϕEC3:
YourϕDlubalϕSoftwareϕteam
Theϕdescriptionsϕinϕthisϕmanualϕfollowϕtheϕsequenceϕandϕstructureϕofϕtheϕmodule'sϕinputϕandϕresult
windows. Theϕtextϕofϕtheϕmanualϕshowsϕtheϕdescribed buttons inϕsquareϕbrackets,ϕforϕexample [View
Mode]. Atϕtheϕsameϕtime,ϕtheyϕareϕpicturedϕonϕtheϕleft. Expressionsϕappearingϕinϕdialogϕboxes,
windows,ϕandϕmenusϕareϕsetϕin italics toϕclarifyϕtheϕexplanation.
Menu
ToϕstartϕtheϕprogramϕonϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕmenuϕbar,ϕselect
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1 Introduction RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Navigator
ToϕstartϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕinϕthe Data navigator,ϕselect
Panel
IfϕanyϕresultsϕfromϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕareϕalreadyϕavailableϕinϕtheϕmodel,ϕyouϕcanϕopenϕtheϕdesignϕmodule
inϕtheϕpanel:
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
2 Input Data
Whenϕyouϕhaveϕstartedϕtheϕadd-onϕmodule,ϕaϕnewϕwindowϕappears. Inϕthisϕwindow,ϕaϕnavigatorϕis
displayedϕonϕtheϕleft,ϕmanagingϕtheϕavailableϕmoduleϕwindows. Theϕdrop-downϕlistϕaboveϕthe
navigatorϕcontainsϕtheϕdesignϕcases (see Chapter 7.1 ).
Theϕdesign-relevantϕdataϕmustϕbeϕdefinedϕinϕseveralϕinputϕwindows. Theϕfollowingϕparametersϕare
importedϕautomaticallyϕwhenϕyouϕopenϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕforϕtheϕfirstϕtime:
Membersϕandϕsetsϕofϕmembers
Loadϕcases,ϕloadϕcombinations,ϕandϕresultϕcombinations
Materials
Cross-sections
Bucklingϕlengths
Internalϕforces (in background,ϕif calculated)
Toϕselectϕaϕwindow,ϕclickϕtheϕcorrespondingϕentryϕinϕtheϕnavigator. Toϕgoϕtoϕtheϕpreviousϕorϕsubsequent
moduleϕwindow,ϕuseϕtheϕbuttonsϕshownϕonϕtheϕleft. Youϕcanϕalsoϕuseϕtheϕfunctionϕkeysϕtoϕselectϕtheϕnext
[F2] orϕprevious [F3] window.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Design of
Whenϕyouϕdesignϕaϕsetϕofϕmembers,ϕtheϕprogramϕdeterminesϕtheϕextremeϕvaluesϕofϕtheϕdesignsϕofϕall
membersϕcontainedϕinϕthisϕsetϕofϕmembersϕandϕtakesϕintoϕaccountϕtheϕboundaryϕconditionsϕdueϕto
connectedϕmembersϕforϕstabilityϕanalyses. TheϕresultsϕareϕshownϕinϕtheϕresultsϕWindows 2.3 Design by
Set of Members, 3.2 Governing Internal Forces by Set of Members, and 4.2 Parts List by Set of
Members.
Inϕtheϕdrop-downϕlistϕinϕtheϕupper-rightϕcornerϕofϕtheϕwindow,ϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtheϕNationalϕAnnexϕwhose
parametersϕapplyϕtoϕtheϕdesignϕandϕtoϕtheϕdeformation'sϕlimitϕvaluesϕ.
Comment
Inϕthisϕtextϕbox,ϕyouϕcanϕenterϕuser-definedϕnotesϕdescribing,ϕforϕexample,ϕtheϕcurrentϕdesignϕcase.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Figure 2.5 Window 1.1 General Data, tab Ultimate Limit State
AsϕcommonϕforϕWindowsϕapplications,ϕselectingϕseveralϕloadϕcasesϕisϕpossibleϕbyϕclickingϕthemϕoneϕby
oneϕwhileϕholdingϕdownϕthe [Ctrl] key. Thus,ϕyouϕcanϕtransferϕseveralϕloadϕcasesϕatϕtheϕsameϕtime.
Belowϕtheϕlist,ϕseveralϕfilterϕoptionsϕareϕavailable. Theyϕhelpϕyouϕassignϕtheϕentriesϕsortedϕbyϕloadϕcase,
loadϕcombination,ϕorϕactionϕcategory. Theϕbuttonsϕhaveϕtheϕfollowingϕfunctions:
Selectsϕallϕloadϕcasesϕinϕtheϕlist.
Invertsϕselectionϕofϕloadϕcases.
Youϕcanϕassignϕtheϕloadϕcases,ϕloadϕandϕresultϕcombinationsϕtoϕtheϕfollowingϕdesignϕsituations:
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Toϕchangeϕtheϕdesignϕsituation,ϕuseϕtheϕlistϕwhichϕyouϕcanϕaccessϕbyϕclickingϕthe buttonϕatϕtheϕendϕof
theϕtextϕbox.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Figure 2.7 Window 1.1 General Data, tab Serviceability Limit State
Itϕisϕpossibleϕtoϕassignϕdifferentϕlimitϕvaluesϕforϕdeflectionϕtoϕtheϕloadϕcases,ϕloadϕandϕresult
combinations. Theϕfollowingϕdesignϕsituationsϕcanϕbeϕselected:
Characteristic
Frequent
Quasi-permanent
Toϕchangeϕtheϕdesignϕsituation,ϕuseϕtheϕlistϕwhichϕyouϕcanϕaccessϕbyϕclickingϕthe button atϕtheϕendϕof
theϕtextϕbox (see Figure 2.7 ).
TheϕlimitϕvaluesϕofϕtheϕdeformationsϕareϕdefinedϕinϕtheϕNationalϕAnnex. Theyϕcanϕbeϕadjustedϕforϕthe
designϕsituationsϕinϕthe National Annex Settings dialogϕbox (see Figure 2.10 ) thatϕyouϕopenϕwithϕthe
[Nat. Annex] button.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Fireϕprotectionϕdesignsϕareϕalsoϕpossibleϕforϕcombinedϕcross-sections.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Base
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Inϕtheϕfirstϕstep,ϕtheϕcalculationϕisϕcarriedϕoutϕseparatelyϕforϕtheϕmainϕandϕsecondaryϕload-bearing
plane. Simultaneously,ϕtheϕmomentϕfactor qMz isϕdeterminedϕaccordingϕto Figure 2.12 .
Finally,ϕtheϕdesignϕisϕperformedϕbyϕsummingϕupϕtheϕdesignϕratiosϕofϕtheϕmainϕandϕsecondaryϕload-
bearingϕplaneϕandϕcomparingϕthemϕtoϕtheϕdesignϕcriterion ΔnR.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Button Function
Resetsϕtheϕprogram'sϕpresettings
Importsϕuser-definedϕdefaultϕsettings
Savesϕmodifiedϕsettingsϕasϕdefault
Deletesϕuser-definedϕNationalϕAnnex
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Figure 2.13 Dialogϕbox National Annex Settings - CEN, tab Stainless Steel (EN 1993-1-4)
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Figure 2.14 Dialogϕbox National Annex Settings - CEN, tab Cold-Formed (EN 1993-1-3)
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
2.2 Materials
Thisϕmoduleϕwindowϕisϕsubdividedϕintoϕtwoϕparts. TheϕupperϕpartϕlistsϕallϕmaterialsϕcreatedϕinϕRFEMϕor
RSTAB. The Material Properties sectionϕshowsϕtheϕpropertiesϕofϕtheϕcurrentϕmaterial,ϕthatϕis,ϕtheϕtable
rowϕcurrentlyϕselectedϕinϕtheϕupperϕsection.
Materialsϕthatϕwon'tϕbeϕusedϕinϕtheϕdesignϕareϕgrayedϕout. Materialsϕthatϕareϕnotϕallowedϕare
highlightedϕinϕred.ϕModifiedϕmaterialsϕareϕdisplayedϕinϕblue.
Toϕadjustϕtheϕunitsϕandϕdecimalϕplacesϕofϕtheϕpropertiesϕandϕstresses,ϕselectϕonϕtheϕmoduleϕmenu
Settings Units and Decimal Places (see Chapter 7.3 ).
Material Description
TheϕmaterialsϕdefinedϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕareϕpresetϕbutϕyouϕcanϕmodifyϕthemϕanytime: Clickϕthe
materialϕinϕcolumnϕAϕtoϕactivateϕtheϕfield. Then,ϕclickϕthe button, orϕpressϕtheϕfunctionϕkey [F7] to
openϕtheϕmaterialϕlist.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Ifϕyouϕchangeϕtheϕmaterialϕdescriptionϕmanuallyϕandϕtheϕnewϕentryϕisϕalreadyϕlistedϕinϕtheϕmaterial
library,ϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕwillϕimportϕtheϕmaterialϕpropertiesϕasϕwell.
TheϕmaterialϕpropertiesϕareϕgenerallyϕnotϕeditableϕinϕtheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕadd-onϕmodule.
Material Library
Manyϕmaterialsϕareϕstoredϕinϕtheϕdatabase. Toϕopenϕtheϕmaterialϕlibrary,ϕclickϕonϕtheϕmoduleϕmenu
orϕuseϕtheϕbuttonϕshownϕonϕtheϕleft.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
2.3 Cross-Sections
Thisϕwindowϕlistsϕtheϕcross-sectionsϕusedϕforϕtheϕdesign. Inϕaddition,ϕyouϕcanϕspecifyϕoptimization
parameters.
Cross-Section Description
Theϕcross-sectionsϕdefinedϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕareϕpresetϕtogetherϕwithϕtheϕassignedϕmaterialϕnumbers.
Toϕmodifyϕaϕcross-section,ϕclickϕtheϕentryϕinϕcolumnϕB.ϕThus,ϕyouϕsetϕtheϕfieldϕactive. Then,ϕopenϕthe
cross-sectionϕtableϕofϕtheϕcurrentϕinputϕfieldϕbyϕclickingϕthe [Cross-Section Library] buttonϕor atϕthe
endϕofϕtheϕbox.ϕYouϕcanϕalsoϕuseϕtheϕfunctionϕkey [F7] (see Figure 2.19 ).
Inϕthisϕdialogϕbox,ϕyouϕcanϕchooseϕaϕdifferentϕcross-sectionϕorϕevenϕaϕdifferentϕcross-sectionϕtable. If
youϕwantϕtoϕselectϕaϕcompletelyϕdifferentϕcross-sectionϕcategory,ϕclickϕthe [Back toϕCross-Section
Library] button.ϕThen,ϕtheϕgeneralϕcross-sectionϕlibraryϕopens.
Youϕcanϕalsoϕenterϕaϕnewϕcross-sectionϕdescriptionϕdirectlyϕintoϕtheϕinputϕfieldϕinϕcolumnϕB. Ifϕtheϕentryϕis
alreadyϕlistedϕinϕtheϕdatabase,ϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕwillϕimportϕtheϕcross-sectionϕproperties. Aϕmodified
cross-sectionϕisϕhighlightedϕinϕblue.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Ifϕcross-sectionsϕsetϕinϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕareϕdifferentϕfromϕtheϕonesϕusedϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB,ϕbothϕcross-
sectionsϕareϕdisplayedϕinϕtheϕgraphicϕtoϕtheϕright. Theϕdesignsϕwillϕbeϕperformedϕwithϕtheϕinternalϕforces
fromϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕforϕtheϕcross-sectionϕselectedϕinϕRF-/STEELϕEC3.
Cross-Section Type
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕcross-sectionϕtypeϕthatϕisϕusedϕforϕtheϕclassification. Theϕcross-sectionsϕlistedϕin
[1] Tableϕ5.2ϕcanϕbeϕdesignedϕplasticallyϕorϕelasticallyϕdependingϕonϕtheϕclass. Cross-sectionsϕnot
includedϕinϕthisϕtableϕareϕclassifiedϕas General andϕcanϕonlyϕbeϕdesignedϕelastically,ϕwhichϕmeans
classϕ3ϕorϕ4.
Classification
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕperformsϕtheϕclassification Automatically. Ifϕthisϕisϕnotϕdesired,ϕyouϕcanϕdefineϕthe
cross-sectionϕclassϕmanuallyϕinϕtheϕdrop-downϕlist. Forϕexample,ϕanϕI-sectionϕembeddedϕinϕconcrete
cannotϕbuckleϕlocally. Byϕclassifyingϕitϕmanuallyϕintoϕclassϕ3ϕitϕisϕpossibleϕtoϕperformϕtheϕdesignϕwithout
takingϕintoϕaccountϕtheϕeffectiveϕwidths.
Optimize
Eachϕcross-sectionϕofϕtheϕlibraryϕcanϕpassϕthroughϕanϕoptimizationϕprocess: Forϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕfrom
RFEMϕorϕRSTAB,ϕtheϕprogramϕsearchesϕtheϕcross-sectionϕthatϕcomesϕasϕcloseϕasϕpossibleϕtoϕaϕuser-
definedϕmaximumϕratio thatϕcanϕbeϕdefinedϕinϕthe General tabϕofϕthe Details dialogϕbox (see Figure
3.13 ).
Toϕoptimizeϕaϕcrossϕsection,ϕopenϕtheϕdrop-downϕlistϕinϕcolumnϕEϕorϕF,ϕandϕselectϕtheϕrelevantϕentry:
From current row or,ϕifϕavailable, From favorites 'Description'. Recommendationsϕforϕoptimizing
cross-sectionsϕcanϕbeϕfoundϕin Chapter 7.2 .
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Remark
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕremarksϕinϕtheϕformϕofϕfootnotes. Theyϕareϕexplainedϕbelowϕtheϕcross-sectionϕlist.
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕalsoϕdesignsϕtaperedϕmembers,ϕprovidedϕthatϕtheϕcross-sectionϕatϕtheϕmember'sϕstartϕhas
theϕsameϕnumberϕofϕstressϕpointsϕasϕtheϕcross-sectionϕatϕtheϕend. Normalϕstresses,ϕforϕexample,ϕare
determinedϕfromϕtheϕmomentsϕofϕinertiaϕandϕtheϕcentroidalϕdistancesϕofϕtheϕstressϕpoints. Ifϕthe
cross-sectionsϕatϕtheϕstartϕandϕendϕofϕaϕtaperedϕmemberϕhaveϕdifferentϕnumbersϕofϕstressϕpoints,ϕthe
intermediateϕvaluesϕcannotϕbeϕinterpolated. TheϕcalculationϕisϕneitherϕpossibleϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕnorϕin
RF-/STEELϕEC3.
Theϕcross-section'sϕstressϕpointsϕincludingϕnumberingϕcanϕbeϕcheckedϕgraphically: Selectϕthe
cross-sectionϕinϕWindowϕ1.3,ϕandϕthenϕclickϕthe button. Theϕdialogϕboxϕshownϕin Figure 2.20
appears.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕbuttonsϕbelowϕtheϕcross-sectionϕgraphicϕhaveϕtheϕfollowingϕfunctions:
Button Function
Displaysϕorϕhidesϕstressϕpoints
Displaysϕorϕhidesϕc/t-parts
Displaysϕorϕhidesϕnumbersϕofϕstressϕpointsϕorϕc/t-parts
Displaysϕorϕhidesϕdimensionsϕofϕcross-section
Displaysϕorϕhidesϕprincipalϕaxesϕofϕcross-section
Resetsϕfullϕviewϕofϕcross-section
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Inϕtheϕupperϕpartϕofϕtheϕwindow,ϕyouϕcanϕassignϕupϕtoϕnineϕlateralϕsupportsϕtoϕeachϕmember. The
Settings sectionϕshowsϕtheϕentryϕdisplayedϕinϕaϕcolumnϕviewϕforϕtheϕmemberϕselectedϕabove.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
YouϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕofϕusingϕintermediateϕlateralϕrestraintsϕinϕourϕKnowledgeϕBase:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001557
TheϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕforϕbucklingϕaboutϕtheϕminorϕaxisϕzϕareϕalignedϕautomaticallyϕwithϕWindow 1.4
Intermediate Lateral Restraints. Ifϕtheϕintermediateϕsupportsϕdivideϕtheϕmemberϕintoϕsegmentsϕof
differentϕlengths,ϕnoϕvaluesϕareϕdisplayedϕinϕcolumnsϕG,ϕK,ϕandϕLϕofϕWindowϕ1.5.
Cross-Section
Length ofϕmember
Buckling Possible forϕmember (corresponds toϕcolumnsϕB,ϕE,ϕand H)
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Itϕisϕalsoϕpossibleϕtoϕdefineϕtheϕeffectiveϕlengthϕofϕaϕmemberϕinϕaϕdialogϕboxϕthatϕyouϕopenϕwithϕthe
button [Select effectiveϕlength factor]. Youϕcanϕfindϕtheϕbuttonϕbelowϕtheϕtable.
Forϕeachϕdirection,ϕyouϕcanϕselectϕoneϕofϕtheϕfourϕEulerϕbucklingϕmodes.ϕYouϕcanϕalsoϕsetϕa
User-defined effectiveϕlengthϕfactor. IfϕanϕeigenvalueϕanalysisϕhasϕbeenϕcarriedϕoutϕbyϕtheϕRF-STABILITY
orϕRSBUCKϕadd-onϕmodule,ϕitϕisϕalsoϕpossibleϕtoϕdefineϕa Buckling mode forϕtheϕdeterminationϕofϕthe
factor.
Buckling Possible
Theϕstabilityϕanalysesϕforϕflexuralϕandϕlateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕrequireϕtheϕabilityϕtoϕabsorb
compressiveϕforces. Therefore,ϕmembersϕforϕwhichϕsuchϕanϕabsorptionϕisϕnotϕpossibleϕdueϕtoϕthe
memberϕtype (for example,ϕtensionϕmembers,ϕelasticϕfoundations,ϕrigid connections) areϕexcludedϕfrom
theϕoutset. Theϕrowsϕareϕgrayedϕoutϕinϕtheϕtable,ϕandϕaϕcorrespondingϕnoteϕisϕshownϕinϕthe Comment
column.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Ifϕbucklingϕisϕpossibleϕaboutϕoneϕorϕbothϕmemberϕaxes,ϕyouϕcanϕenterϕtheϕeffectiveϕlengthϕfactorsϕin
columnsϕCϕandϕF,ϕandϕtheϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕinϕcolumnsϕDϕandϕG.ϕTheϕsameϕisϕpossibleϕinϕthe Settings
tree.
kz =ϕ1.0ϕrestrainedϕagainstϕlateralϕdisplacement uy onϕbothϕmemberϕends
kz =ϕ0.7leϕrestrainedϕagainstϕdisplacement uy onϕbothϕendsϕandϕrestraintϕaboutϕzϕleft
kz =ϕ0.7riϕrestrainedϕagainstϕdisplacement uy onϕbothϕendsϕandϕrestraintϕaboutϕzϕright
kz =ϕ0.5ϕrestrainedϕagainstϕdisplacement uy andϕrestraintϕaboutϕzϕonϕbothϕmemberϕends
kz =ϕ2.0leϕrestrainedϕagainstϕdisplacement uy andϕrestraintϕaboutϕzϕleft;ϕrightϕendϕfree
kz =ϕ2.0riϕrestrainedϕagainstϕdisplacement uy andϕrestraintϕaboutϕzϕright;ϕleftϕendϕfree
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
kw =ϕ1.0ϕrestrainedϕagainstϕrotationϕaboutϕxϕonϕbothϕmemberϕends;ϕfreeϕtoϕwarpϕonϕbothϕsides
kw =ϕ0.7leϕrestrainedϕagainstϕrotationϕaboutϕxϕonϕbothϕendsϕandϕwarpingϕrestraintϕleft
kw =ϕ0.7riϕrestrainedϕagainstϕrotationϕaboutϕxϕonϕbothϕendsϕandϕwarpingϕrestraintϕright
kw =ϕ0.5ϕtorsionϕandϕwarpingϕrestraintϕonϕbothϕmemberϕends
kw =ϕ2.0leϕrestrainedϕagainstϕrotationϕaboutϕxϕandϕwarping ω left;ϕrightϕendϕfree
kw =ϕ2.0riϕrestrainedϕagainstϕrotationϕaboutϕxϕandϕwarping ω right;ϕleftϕendϕfree
Theϕabbreviations le and ri referϕtoϕthe left and right side. Theϕabbreviation le alwaysϕdescribesϕthe
supportϕconditionsϕatϕtheϕmemberϕstart.
Comment
Inϕtheϕfinalϕcolumn,ϕyouϕcanϕenterϕuser-definedϕnotesϕtoϕdescribe,ϕforϕexample,ϕtheϕequivalentϕmember
lengths.
Settingsϕwhichϕhaveϕalreadyϕbeenϕdefinedϕcannotϕbeϕchangedϕsubsequentlyϕwithϕthisϕfunction.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
InϕourϕKnowledgeϕBase,ϕyouϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕofϕenteringϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕforϕsetsϕofϕmembers:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001557
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕcurrentϕtableϕmanagesϕtheϕboundaryϕconditionsϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕthatϕisϕselectedϕonϕtheϕleftϕin
theϕnavigator!
Supportsϕonϕtheϕstartϕandϕendϕnodesϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕareϕpreset. Anyϕotherϕsupports,ϕforϕexample
dueϕtoϕconnectedϕmembers,ϕmustϕbeϕaddedϕmanually. Useϕthe buttonϕtoϕselectϕnodesϕgraphicallyϕin
theϕmainϕprogram'sϕworkϕwindow.
Theϕorientationϕofϕtheϕaxesϕinϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕisϕimportantϕforϕtheϕnodalϕsupportϕdefinition. The
programϕchecksϕtheϕpositionϕofϕtheϕnodesϕandϕinternallyϕdefinesϕtheϕaxesϕofϕtheϕnodalϕsupportsϕfor
Windowϕ1.7ϕaccordingϕto Figure 2.29 to Figure 2.32 . The [Local Coordinate System] button
belowϕtheϕmodelϕgraphicϕcanϕhelpϕyouϕwithϕtheϕorientation: Useϕitϕtoϕdisplayϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕinϕa
partialϕviewϕwhereϕtheϕaxesϕareϕclearlyϕvisible. Youϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕinϕthe Knowledge Base on
ourϕwebsite.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Ifϕtheϕmembersϕofϕaϕsetϕofϕmembersϕdoϕnotϕrestϕonϕaϕstraightϕline,ϕtheyϕstillϕhaveϕtoϕbeϕlocatedϕinϕthe
sameϕplane. In Figure 2.30 , theϕmembersϕrestϕinϕaϕverticalϕplane. Inϕthisϕcase,ϕtheϕX'-axisϕisϕhorizontal
andϕorientedϕinϕtheϕdirectionϕofϕtheϕplane. TheϕY'-axisϕisϕhorizontalϕasϕwellϕandϕdefinedϕperpendicular
toϕtheϕX'-axis. TheϕZ'-axisϕisϕorientedϕperpendicularϕdownwards.
Ifϕtheϕmembersϕofϕaϕbuckledϕsetϕofϕmembersϕrestϕinϕaϕhorizontalϕplane,ϕtheϕX'-axisϕisϕdefinedϕparallelϕto
theϕX-axisϕofϕtheϕglobalϕcoordinateϕsystem. Thus,ϕtheϕY'-axisϕisϕorientedϕinϕtheϕoppositeϕdirectionϕtoϕthe
globalϕZ-axis,ϕandϕtheϕZ'-axisϕisϕdirectedϕparallelϕtoϕtheϕglobalϕY-axis.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕbuttonsϕbelowϕtheϕgraphicϕhaveϕtheϕfollowingϕfunctions:
Button Function
Showsϕmodelϕorϕsystemϕsketch
Showsϕmembersϕasϕ3Dϕrenderingϕorϕwire-frameϕmodel
Showsϕcurrentϕsetϕofϕmembersϕorϕentireϕmodel
Displaysϕirrelevantϕmembersϕofϕmodelϕasϕtransparentϕorϕopaque
Showsϕsetϕofϕmembersϕwithϕlocalϕcoordinateϕsystemϕorϕentireϕmodel
ShowsϕviewϕinϕdirectionϕofϕX-axis
ShowsϕviewϕinϕoppositeϕdirectionϕofϕY-axis
ShowsϕviewϕinϕdirectionϕofϕZ-axis
Setsϕisometricϕview
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Endϕplate
Channelϕsection
Angle
Connectingϕcolumn
Cantileveredϕportion
Materialsϕandϕcross-sectionsϕcanϕbeϕselectedϕbyϕusingϕtheϕlistsϕand [Library] buttons. Withϕthe
button youϕcanϕselectϕthemϕalsoϕgraphicallyϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕmodel.
Here,ϕyouϕdefineϕtheϕsupportϕconditionsϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕsingledϕoutϕfromϕtheϕsystem,ϕwhichϕare
availableϕonϕtheϕnodesϕofϕtheϕmembersϕinvolved. NodalϕsupportsϕdefinedϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕare
preset,ϕasϕwellϕasϕsupportsϕonϕbothϕendsϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembers.
Lateralϕsupportsϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕmustϕbeϕaddedϕinϕtheϕformϕofϕadditionalϕsupports. Inϕthisϕway,
youϕcanϕrepresent,ϕforϕexample,ϕaϕpurlin'sϕeffectϕgivenϕinϕtheϕspatialϕmodelϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB. Ifϕthis
supportϕisϕmissingϕinϕtheϕmodelϕofϕtheϕsingledϕoutϕsetϕofϕmembers,ϕinstabilitiesϕareϕpossible.
Withϕthe button,ϕtheϕsupportedϕnodesϕcanϕbeϕselectedϕgraphicallyϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕwork
window.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
InϕcolumnsϕBϕtoϕN,ϕyouϕspecifyϕtheϕsupportϕconditionsϕofϕtheϕselectedϕnodes. Toϕactivateϕorϕdeactivate
theϕsupportsϕandϕrestraintsϕforϕtheϕcorrespondingϕdegreesϕofϕfreedom,ϕclickϕinϕtheϕcheckϕboxes.
Alternatively,ϕyouϕcanϕenterϕtheϕconstantsϕofϕtheϕtranslationalϕandϕrotationalϕspringsϕmanually.
Youϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕdescribingϕtheϕwarpingϕtorsionϕanalysisϕofϕaϕtaperedϕsingle-spanϕbeamϕinϕan
articleϕofϕour Knowledge Base onϕourϕwebsite.
Theϕtableϕmanagesϕtheϕhingeϕparametersϕofϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕselectedϕinϕtheϕnavigatorϕonϕtheϕleft.
InϕcolumnsϕCϕtoϕF,ϕyouϕcanϕdefineϕtheϕreleasesϕorϕspringϕconstantsϕinϕorderϕtoϕadjustϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembers
modelϕtoϕtheϕsupportϕconditionsϕofϕWindowϕ1.7.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
InϕcolumnϕA,ϕyouϕdecideϕwhetherϕtheϕdeformationϕrefersϕtoϕsingleϕmembersϕorϕsetsϕofϕmembers. Forϕa
setϕofϕmembers,ϕitϕisϕnecessaryϕthatϕaϕuniformϕmemberϕorientationϕandϕrotationϕofϕallϕincludedϕmembers
isϕgiven. Onlyϕinϕthisϕway,ϕtheϕdeformationϕcomponentsϕwillϕbeϕdeterminedϕcorrectly.
InϕcolumnϕB,ϕyouϕenterϕtheϕnumbersϕofϕtheϕmembersϕorϕsetsϕofϕmembersϕthatϕyouϕwantϕtoϕdesign.ϕYou
canϕalsoϕuseϕthe buttonϕtoϕselectϕthemϕgraphicallyϕinϕtheϕmainϕprogram'sϕworkϕwindow. Then,ϕthe
Reference Length appearsϕautomaticallyϕinϕcolumnϕD. Theϕcolumnϕpresetsϕtheϕlengthsϕofϕtheϕmembers
andϕsetsϕofϕmembers. Youϕcanϕadjustϕtheϕvalues Manually afterϕhavingϕselectedϕtheϕcheckϕboxϕin
columnϕC.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
TheϕfireϕresistanceϕdesignϕperformedϕwithϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕisϕdescribedϕinϕtheϕfollowingϕarticleϕofϕthe
Knowledge Base onϕourϕwebsite: In Chapter 8.2 , youϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕdescribingϕtheϕfire
protectionϕdesignϕofϕaϕsteelϕcolumn.
InϕcolumnϕA,ϕyouϕdecideϕforϕwhichϕmembersϕyouϕwantϕtoϕperformϕaϕfireϕresistanceϕdesign. Withϕthe
buttonϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtheϕmembersϕgraphicallyϕinϕtheϕworkϕwindowϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕupperϕsectionϕlistsϕtheϕmembersϕselectedϕforϕdesignϕtogetherϕwithϕtheϕparametersϕaffectingϕthe
lateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕanalysis. Theϕparametersϕareϕinteractiveϕwithϕtheϕspecificationsϕinϕthe Settings -
Member No. sectionϕbelow.
Cross-section
Thisϕrowϕshowsϕtheϕcross-sectionϕdescriptionϕforϕinformation. Forϕaϕtaperedϕmember,ϕtheϕdescriptionsϕof
theϕstartϕandϕendϕcross-sectionϕareϕdisplayed.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Shear Panel
Toϕenterϕtheϕshearϕpanelϕparameters,ϕselectϕtheϕcheckϕboxϕinϕcolumnϕAϕorϕthe Settings table.
Youϕcanϕselectϕtheϕshearϕpanelϕtypeϕinϕtheϕdrop-downϕlist.
Trapezoidal sheeting
Shearϕpanelϕlength lS
Beamϕspacing s
Positionϕofϕtrapezoidalϕsheetingϕonϕsection
Trapezoidalϕsheetingϕdescription
Fasteningϕarrangement
Youϕcanϕenterϕthe Shear panel length andϕthe Beam spacing manually.ϕYouϕcanϕalsoϕselectϕthem
graphicallyϕwith . Thisϕbuttonϕbecomesϕavailableϕasϕsoonϕasϕtheϕcursorϕisϕplacedϕinϕoneϕofϕtheseϕtext
boxes. Then,ϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtwoϕsnapϕpointsϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕworkϕwindow,ϕdefiningϕtheϕshear
panelϕorϕtheϕbeamϕspacing.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Bracing
Toϕdetermineϕtheϕprovidedϕshearϕpanelϕstiffness,ϕtheϕfollowingϕspecificationsϕareϕrequired:
Shearϕpanelϕlength lS
Beamϕspacing s
Positionϕofϕbracingϕonϕsection
Postϕspacing b
Numberϕofϕbracings
Sectionϕofϕdiagonals
Sectionϕofϕposts
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Youϕcanϕenterϕthe Shear panel length, the Beam spacing, andϕthe Post spacing manually.ϕYouϕcanϕalso
selectϕthemϕgraphicallyϕwith . Thisϕbuttonϕbecomesϕavailableϕasϕsoonϕasϕtheϕcursorϕisϕplacedϕinϕone
ofϕtheseϕtextϕboxes. Then,ϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtwoϕpointsϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕworkϕwindow,ϕdefiningϕthe
shearϕpanelϕorϕtheϕspacings.
Theϕeasiestϕwayϕtoϕdefineϕtheϕcross-sectionalϕareasϕofϕtheϕdiagonalsϕandϕpostsϕisϕtoϕselectϕthe Section
Description inϕtheϕcross-sectionϕlibraryϕofϕRFEM/RSTAB. Youϕcanϕaccessϕthisϕlibraryϕwithϕthe button
availableϕatϕtheϕendϕofϕtheϕtextϕbox. Then,ϕthe CS-Area willϕbeϕimportedϕautomatically. Butϕyouϕcan
alsoϕenterϕtheϕvalueϕdirectly.
Toϕdetermineϕtheϕprovidedϕshearϕpanelϕstiffnessϕdueϕtoϕtheϕtrapezoidalϕsheetingϕandϕbracing,ϕthe
followingϕspecificationsϕareϕrequired:
Shearϕpanelϕlength lS
Beamϕspacing s
Positionϕofϕshearϕpanelϕonϕsection
Trapezoidalϕsheetingϕdescription
Fasteningϕarrangement
Postϕspacing b
Numberϕofϕbracings
Sectionϕofϕdiagonals
Sectionϕofϕposts
Thisϕwayϕofϕdefiningϕtheϕshearϕpanelϕcombinesϕtheϕparametersϕofϕtheϕaforementionedϕoptions
Trapezoidal sheeting and Bracing .
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Define S-prov
Rotational Restraint
Toϕenterϕtheϕrotationalϕrestraintϕparameters,ϕselectϕtheϕcheckϕboxϕinϕcolumnϕBϕorϕinϕthe Settings table.
Youϕcanϕselectϕtheϕtypeϕofϕtheϕrotationalϕrestraintϕinϕtheϕdrop-downϕlist.
Toϕdetermineϕtheϕstiffnessϕcomponentsϕfromϕaϕcorrugatedϕsheetϕandϕtheϕconnectionϕdeformation,ϕthe
followingϕspecificationsϕareϕrequired (see Figure 2.46 ):
Materialϕandϕdescriptionϕofϕtheϕcorrugatedϕsheet
Methodϕofϕdetermining CD,A
Beamϕspacing s
Continuousϕbeamϕeffect
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Toϕaccessϕtheϕcorrugatedϕsheetsϕlibrary,ϕclickϕthe buttonϕthatϕisϕdisplayedϕafterϕclickingϕinϕthe
Component description textϕbox (see Figure 2.44 ). Theϕcross-sectionϕlibraryϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB
appears (see Figure 2.42 ) whereϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtheϕcorrugatedϕsheetϕbyϕdouble-clickingϕorϕwith
[OK]. Theϕsectionϕparametersϕof Sheeting thickness t, Position of sheeting, effective Second moment of
area forϕtheϕdownwardϕloadingϕdirection, Distance of ribs bR (corrugation width), and Width of the
flange bT areϕimportedϕautomatically.
Whenϕtheϕcontinuousϕrotationalϕrestraintϕisϕset,ϕyouϕalsoϕhaveϕtoϕconsiderϕtheϕdeformationϕofϕthe
connection. Inϕtheϕentryϕfor Method of determining CD,A, youϕcanϕenterϕtheϕspringϕstiffness C100 forϕthe
individualϕloadϕcasesϕandϕcombinations.ϕItϕisϕalsoϕpossibleϕtoϕdetermineϕitϕbyϕtheϕprogramϕaccordingϕto
[3] Tableϕ10.3. Toϕdetermineϕitϕautomatically,ϕuseϕthe button thatϕappearsϕafterϕclickingϕinϕtheϕtext
boxϕofϕtheϕrow C100. Aϕdialogϕboxϕopensϕwhereϕyouϕcanϕselectϕtheϕappropriateϕcoefficient.
Figure 2.47 Dialogϕbox Import of Coefficient C-100 from Table 10.3, EN 1993-1-3
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Toϕdetermineϕtheϕstiffnessϕcomponentϕfromϕsingleϕsupports,ϕforϕexampleϕpurlins,ϕtheϕfollowing
specificationsϕareϕrequired:
Materialϕandϕdescriptionϕofϕtheϕcross-section
Purlinϕspacing e
Beamϕspacing s
Continuousϕbeamϕeffect
The Material andϕthe Cross-section description canϕeachϕbeϕselectedϕinϕtheϕlibraryϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB
thatϕyouϕaccessϕwithϕthe button. Activateϕtheϕrelevantϕtextϕboxϕbyϕclickingϕinϕit.
Define Manually
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Basedϕonϕtheϕboundaryϕconditions,ϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕdeterminesϕtheϕeigenshapesϕofϕtheϕsetsϕofϕmembers
beforeϕtheϕactualϕcalculationϕisϕcarriedϕout. Theyϕwillϕbeϕconsideredϕaccordinglyϕforϕfurtherϕanalysis.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕlocalϕtransverseϕforceϕdesignϕisϕonlyϕpossibleϕforϕcross-sectionsϕwithϕnon-stiffenedϕwebsϕaccording
to [3] 6.1.7.2ϕandϕ6.1.7.3. Webϕcross-sectionsϕwithϕlongitudinalϕstiffenings cannot beϕdesigned
accordingϕto [3] 6.1.7.4.
Inϕtheϕupperϕpartϕofϕtheϕwindow,ϕyouϕcanϕspecifyϕforϕwhichϕmembersϕtheϕlocalϕtransverseϕforceϕdesign
shouldϕbeϕperformedϕandϕwhichϕlengthϕofϕtheϕstiffϕbearingϕisϕtoϕbeϕappliedϕinϕeachϕcase. Ifϕyouϕenter
theϕtransverseϕforcesϕmanually,ϕyouϕcanϕsetϕspecificϕsettingsϕforϕtheϕmemberϕselectedϕaboveϕinϕthe
Settings section.
Duringϕtheϕdesign,ϕtheϕlocationsϕofϕdiscontinuityϕresultingϕfromϕtheϕshearϕforceϕdistributionϕareϕanalyzed.
Allϕparametersϕforϕdeterminingϕtheϕwebϕresistance Rw,Rd areϕdeterminedϕautomatically;ϕthe Nominal
length of stiff bearing ss isϕpresetϕtoϕ0.10ϕm,ϕbutϕcanϕbeϕadjustedϕgloballyϕforϕeachϕmember. Ifϕthe
internalϕforceϕdistributionϕofϕaϕmemberϕdoesϕnotϕrepresentϕtheϕactualϕconditions,ϕtheϕintroducedϕload
canϕbeϕdefinedϕindividually. Toϕdoϕthis,ϕactivate Manual input inϕcolumnϕB. Inϕdoingϕso,ϕadditional
fieldsϕinϕtheϕtableϕandϕinϕthe Settings becomeϕaccessible.
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2 Input Data RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
V Ed2
1
V Ed1
b v VEd2
1 V
Ed
1
Anϕexampleϕofϕlocalϕloadϕintroductionϕdesignϕisϕpresentedϕinϕaϕtechnicalϕarticleϕthatϕcanϕbeϕfoundϕinϕthe
Knowledge Base onϕourϕwebsite.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
3 Calculation
Beforeϕyouϕstartϕtheϕcalculation,ϕitϕisϕrecommendedϕtoϕcheckϕtheϕdesignϕdetails. Youϕcanϕaccessϕthe
correspondingϕdialogϕboxϕinϕallϕwindowsϕofϕtheϕadd-onϕmoduleϕbyϕusingϕthe [Details] button.
Ultimateϕlimitϕstate
Stability
Serviceability
Fireϕresistance
Warpingϕtorsion
Plasticity
Cold-Formed
General
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Classification of Cross-Sections
Ifϕstressesϕfromϕcompressionϕandϕbendingϕoccurϕtogetherϕinϕaϕcross-section,ϕyouϕcanϕdetermineϕthe
stress-strainϕratio ψ takingϕintoϕaccountϕtheϕcompressionϕzoneϕfactor α inϕtwoϕways (factor ψ isϕrequired
forϕtheϕdeterminationϕofϕtheϕc/t-ratioϕaccordingϕto [1] Table 5.2):
Ifϕyouϕselectϕtheϕoption Use SHAPE-THIN for classification of all supported cross-section types, the
effectiveϕcross-sectionϕvaluesϕofϕclassϕ4ϕsectionsϕwillϕbeϕcalculatedϕbyϕtheϕmethodϕusedϕinϕtheϕcross-
sectionϕprogramϕSHAPE-THIN. Forϕcross-sectionsϕclassifiedϕasϕ'General' (belonging neitherϕtoϕaϕrolled
norϕaϕparametrizedϕcross-section table), theϕclassificationϕwillϕgenerallyϕbeϕperformedϕwith
SHAPE-THIN. Youϕcanϕdesignϕtheseϕcross-sectionsϕonlyϕelasticallyϕasϕclassϕ3ϕorϕclassϕ4ϕsections.
Theϕwidth/thicknessϕratiosϕrelevantϕforϕtheϕclassificationϕcanϕcauseϕproblemsϕforϕcross-sectionsϕwith
curvedϕelementsϕfromϕSHAPE-THIN. Theϕcheckϕbox Ignore classification of curved parts allowsϕyouϕto
excludeϕshortϕfilletϕarcsϕfromϕtheϕclassificationϕasϕsoonϕasϕtheϕuser-definedϕc/t-ratioϕisϕbelowϕtheϕlimit
(see theϕarticleϕinϕthe Knowledge Base ). Then,ϕlongitudinalϕribsϕorϕfoldsϕandϕgroovesϕofϕsheeting
haveϕnoϕinfluenceϕonϕtheϕdesign.
Options
Cross-sectionsϕassignedϕtoϕclassϕ1ϕorϕ2ϕareϕdesignedϕplasticallyϕbyϕRF-/STEELϕEC3. Ifϕthisϕisϕnotϕdesired,
youϕcanϕactivateϕthe Elastic design alsoϕforϕthoseϕcross-sectionϕclasses.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
3.1.2 Stability
Stability Analysis
The Perform stability analysis checkϕboxϕcontrolsϕwhetherϕtoϕrunϕaϕstabilityϕanalysisϕinϕadditionϕtoϕthe
cross-sectionϕdesigns. Ifϕyouϕclearϕtheϕcheckϕbox,ϕWindowsϕ1.4ϕtoϕ1.8ϕareϕnotϕdisplayed.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Dimensionsϕofϕgrossϕcross-section
Loadϕtypeϕandϕpositionϕofϕloadϕapplicationϕpoint
Effectiveϕdistributionϕofϕmoments
Lateralϕrestraints (by support conditions)
Effectiveϕboundaryϕconditions
Youϕcanϕspecifyϕtheϕdegreesϕofϕfreedomϕbyϕtheϕfactors kz and kw (see Chapter 2.5 ).
Figure 3.3 Dialogϕbox Moment Coefficients C1 for Determination of Lateral-Torsional Buckling Moments
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Theϕsignsϕofϕtheϕeccentricitiesϕareϕrelatedϕtoϕtheϕcross-section'sϕshearϕcenterϕM. Anϕarticleϕinϕour
Knowledge Base providesϕmoreϕinformationϕaboutϕtheϕsignϕconventionϕforϕtransverseϕloads.
Ifϕoneϕofϕtheϕlimitϕvaluesϕinϕthisϕdialogϕsectionϕisϕexceeded,ϕaϕnoteϕappearsϕinϕtheϕresultsϕwindow and
theϕprogramϕwon'tϕperformϕanyϕstabilityϕanalysis. However,ϕtheϕcross-sectionϕdesignsϕareϕperformed
independently. Theseϕlimitϕsettingsϕare not partϕofϕtheϕStandard [1] orϕanyϕNationalϕAnnex.
Modifyingϕtheϕlimitsϕisϕtheϕuser'sϕresponsibility.
InϕourϕKnowledgeϕBase,ϕyouϕcanϕfindϕanϕexampleϕexplainingϕtheϕapplicationϕofϕlimitϕvalues:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001498
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Ifϕtheϕcheckϕboxϕisϕselected,ϕRF-/STEELϕautomaticallyϕselectsϕtheϕappropriateϕdesignϕmethod. The
bucklingϕlengthsϕdefinedϕinϕWindowϕ1.5ϕandϕ1.6ϕforϕbucklingϕaboutϕtheϕprincipalϕaxisϕareϕnot
consideredϕinϕtheϕdesignϕaccordingϕtoϕSectionϕ6.3.4.
3.1.3 Serviceability
Deformation Relative to
Theϕoptionsϕcontrolϕwhetherϕtheϕmaximumϕdeformationsϕareϕrelatedϕtoϕtheϕshiftedϕendsϕofϕmembersϕor
setsϕofϕmembers (connection lineϕbetweenϕstartϕandϕendϕnodesϕofϕtheϕdeformed system) orϕtoϕthe
undeformedϕinitialϕsystem. Generally,ϕtheϕdeformationsϕareϕdesignedϕrelativeϕtoϕtheϕdisplacementsϕin
theϕentireϕstructuralϕsystem.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Direction of Precamber
Withϕtheϕtwoϕoptionsϕyouϕcanϕdecideϕinϕwhichϕofϕtheϕlocalϕmemberϕaxesϕaϕprecamber ("rise"), if
applicable,ϕisϕavailable. Dependingϕonϕtheϕsetting,ϕcolumnϕFϕofϕWindowϕ1.9ϕshows wc,v or wc,u asϕthe
title (see Figure 2.37 ).
Thisϕtabϕmanagesϕdetailedϕsettingsϕforϕtheϕfireϕresistanceϕdesign.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
The Factors for determination of net heat flux accordingϕto [9] and [2] areϕpreset. However,ϕyou
canϕadaptϕthemϕtoϕspecificϕconditions.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Thisϕtabϕallowsϕforϕsettingsϕofϕtheϕwarpingϕanalysisϕforϕsetsϕofϕmembers. Youϕcanϕaccessϕtheϕentriesϕifϕthe
RF-/STEEL Warping Torsion moduleϕextensionϕisϕlicensed.
Inϕtheϕmethodϕwithϕsevenϕdegreesϕofϕfreedom,ϕtheϕstabilityϕcalculationϕisϕcarriedϕoutϕaccordingϕtoϕthe
second-orderϕanalysisϕforϕflexural-torsionalϕbucklingϕtakingϕintoϕaccountϕwarpingϕtorsionϕand
imperfectionsϕaffineϕtoϕmodeϕshapes. Theϕfreedomϕdegreesϕofϕtheϕdisplacementsϕandϕrotationsϕinϕand
aboutϕtheϕthreeϕaxesϕX',ϕY'ϕandϕZ'ϕasϕwellϕasϕwarpingϕcanϕbeϕuser-definedϕinϕWindowsϕ1.7ϕandϕ1.8
(see Figure 2.34 and Figure 2.36 ). InϕWindowϕ1.13,ϕyouϕhaveϕtoϕdefineϕtheϕinitialϕriseϕofϕthe
precamber (see Figure 2.52 ).
Findϕaϕdetailedϕdescriptionϕofϕtheϕsecond-orderϕanalysisϕforϕflexural-torsionalϕbucklingϕinϕthe RF-/FE-LTB
manual onϕourϕwebsite.
Findϕsomeϕexamplesϕdescribingϕtheϕprinciplesϕofϕthisϕmethodϕinϕtheϕfollowingϕarticles:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001298
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001377
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Then,ϕtheϕsetϕofϕmembersϕwillϕbeϕanalyzedϕaccordingϕtoϕlinearϕstaticϕanalysis. Thisϕway,ϕitϕisϕpossible,
forϕexample,ϕtoϕanalyzeϕeffectsϕofϕwarpingϕandϕtoϕdeduceϕconsequencesϕonϕtheϕstabilityϕbehavior.
Theϕwarpingϕanalysisϕisϕperformedϕiteratively,ϕwithϕtheϕstiffnessϕmatrix K changingϕdueϕtoϕalready
computedϕinternalϕforcesϕandϕdeformations. The Max number of iterations preventsϕtheϕcalculationϕfrom
enteringϕanϕinfiniteϕloopϕwhenϕthereϕareϕconvergenceϕproblems.
TheϕloadingsϕappliedϕforϕtheϕwarpingϕanalysisϕareϕbasedϕonϕtheϕresultsϕfromϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB. The
moduleϕextensionϕusesϕtheϕmemberϕdeformationsϕinϕorderϕtoϕdetermineϕtheϕmomentϕdistributionsϕand
thusϕtheϕloads. Itϕisϕthereforeϕnecessaryϕtoϕensure,ϕwhenϕdefiningϕtheϕboundaryϕconditionsϕinϕWindow
1.7,ϕthatϕtheϕsingledϕoutϕmemberϕsetϕmodelϕcorrespondsϕtoϕtheϕconditionsϕofϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕmodel.
Forϕexample,ϕifϕrotationsϕareϕenabledϕforϕaϕhorizontalϕbeamϕnode,ϕwhichϕareϕrestrictedϕinϕtheϕmodelϕby
aϕconnectedϕcolumn,ϕdifferentϕinternalϕforceϕdistributionsϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕandϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕwillϕbe
theϕresult.
TheϕfollowingϕarticleϕdescribesϕhowϕtheϕloadingϕisϕdeterminedϕinϕRF-/STEELϕWarpingϕTorsion:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001417
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
3.1.6 Plasticity
Thisϕtabϕallowsϕforϕsettingsϕofϕtheϕadvancedϕplasticϕanalysisϕforϕcross-sections. Youϕcanϕaccessϕthe
entriesϕifϕthe RF-/STEEL Plasticity moduleϕextensionϕisϕlicensed.
Inϕtheϕcross-sectionϕdesignϕperformedϕbyϕtheϕelastic-plasticϕdesignϕmethod,ϕlinearϕelasticϕmaterial
behaviorϕisϕassumedϕforϕtheϕcalculationϕofϕtheϕinternalϕforces Sd, andϕlinearϕelastic-perfectlyϕplastic
materialϕbehaviorϕforϕtheϕcalculationϕofϕtheϕresistances Rd. Thus,ϕtheϕcross-section'sϕreservesϕareϕused
butϕtheϕpossiblyϕavailableϕplasticϕreservesϕofϕtheϕsystemϕareϕnotϕconsidered. Whenϕtheϕlimitϕinternal
forcesϕareϕreachedϕinϕtheϕfullyϕplasticϕstate,ϕtheϕultimateϕlimitϕstateϕisϕreached.
Ifϕyouϕwantϕtheϕprogramϕto Perform advanced plastic design checks acc. to [1] and [2], selectϕthe
checkϕbox (literature inϕmanual: [10] and [11] ). Then,ϕtheϕotherϕdialogϕsectionsϕbecome
accessible.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
3.1.7 Cold-Formed
Anϕexampleϕofϕtheϕdesignϕofϕaϕcold-formedϕC-sectionϕisϕpresentedϕinϕaϕtechnicalϕarticleϕthatϕyouϕcan
findϕinϕthe Knowledge Base onϕourϕwebsite.
Theϕcross-sectionϕlibraryϕcontainsϕvariousϕseriesϕofϕC,ϕU,ϕL,ϕandϕZ-sectionsϕthatϕareϕautomatically
recognizedϕas "cold-formed" withϕtheϕcorrespondingϕbucklingϕpanelsϕandϕstiffeners. Theseϕsectionsϕcan
beϕfilteredϕaccordingϕtoϕthe Cross-section shape. Furthermore,ϕitϕisϕpossibleϕtoϕdesignϕcross-sectionsϕthat
wereϕcalculatedϕinϕSHAPE-THINϕ9ϕwithϕtheϕcorrespondingϕbucklingϕpanelϕandϕstiffenerϕdefinitions
accordingϕtoϕENϕ1993-1-3.
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Cold-formedϕcircularϕandϕrectangularϕsectionsϕareϕnotϕpartϕofϕtheϕENϕ1993-1-3ϕstandard.
where
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3 Calculation RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
3.1.8 General
Cross-Section Optimization
Byϕdefault,ϕtheϕoptimizationϕisϕtargetedϕonϕtheϕmaximumϕallowableϕdesignϕratioϕofϕ100%. Ifϕnecessary,
youϕcanϕsetϕaϕdifferentϕdesignϕratioϕinϕthisϕtextϕbox.
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InϕWindowϕ3.3,ϕtheϕlimitϕvaluesϕareϕcomparedϕtoϕtheϕrealϕmemberϕslendernesses. Thatϕwindowϕis
availableϕafterϕtheϕcalculation (see Chapter 4.8 ) whenϕtheϕcorrespondingϕcheckϕboxϕinϕthe Display
Result Windows sectionϕtoϕtheϕrightϕhasϕbeenϕselected.
Design of Welds
Whenϕyouϕselectϕthisϕcheckϕbox,ϕweldϕdesignsϕwillϕbeϕperformedϕinϕtheϕcourseϕofϕtheϕanalysis. The
programϕperformsϕtheϕtypicalϕdesignsϕaccordingϕtoϕENϕ1993-1-8 [12] . Afterϕtheϕcalculation,ϕyou
findϕtheϕresultsϕlistedϕamongϕtheϕcross-sectionϕdesigns (see alsoϕtheϕarticleϕinϕthe Knowledge Base on
our website).
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RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕsearchesϕforϕtheϕresultsϕofϕtheϕloadϕcases,ϕloadϕcombinationsϕandϕresultϕcombinationsϕto
beϕdesigned. Ifϕtheyϕcannotϕbeϕfound,ϕtheϕprogramϕstartsϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕcalculationϕtoϕdetermine
theϕdesign-relevantϕinternalϕforces.
Youϕcanϕalsoϕcalculateϕaϕdesignϕcaseϕdirectlyϕbyϕusingϕtheϕlistϕinϕtheϕtoolbar: SetϕtheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3
caseϕandϕclickϕthe [Show Results] button.
Subsequently,ϕyouϕcanϕobserveϕtheϕcalculationϕprocessϕinϕtheϕsolverϕdialogϕbox.
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4 Results
TheϕdesignsϕareϕshownϕinϕtheϕresultϕWindowsϕ2.1ϕtoϕ2.5,ϕsortedϕbyϕdifferentϕcriteria.
Windowsϕ3.1ϕandϕ3.2ϕlistϕtheϕgoverningϕinternalϕforces;ϕwindowϕ3.3ϕgivesϕinformationϕonϕmember
slendernesses.
Windowsϕ4.1ϕandϕ4.2ϕshowϕtheϕpartsϕlistsϕbyϕmembersϕandϕsetsϕofϕmembers.
Everyϕwindowϕcanϕbeϕselectedϕbyϕclickingϕtheϕcorrespondingϕentryϕinϕtheϕnavigator. Toϕsetϕtheϕprevious
orϕnextϕwindow,ϕuseϕtheϕbuttonsϕshownϕonϕtheϕleft. Youϕcanϕalsoϕuseϕtheϕfunctionϕkeys [F2] and [F3] to
goϕthroughϕtheϕwindows.
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Theϕlowerϕpartϕincludesϕdetailedϕinformationϕonϕtheϕcross-sectionϕproperties,ϕanalyzedϕinternalϕforces,
andϕdesignϕparametersϕforϕtheϕloadϕcaseϕselectedϕabove.
Description
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕdescriptionsϕofϕtheϕloadϕcases,ϕloadϕandϕresultϕcombinationsϕforϕwhichϕthe
designsϕhaveϕbeenϕperformed.
Member No.
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕnumberϕofϕtheϕmemberϕwithϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratioϕforϕtheϕdesignedϕaction.
Location x
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕrespectiveϕx-locationϕofϕtheϕmemberϕwhereϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratioϕoccurs.
Theϕfollowingϕmemberϕlocationsϕxϕareϕusedϕforϕtheϕtableϕoutput:
Startϕandϕendϕnode
Divisionϕpointsϕaccordingϕtoϕoptionallyϕsetϕmemberϕdivision (RFEM Tableϕ1.16ϕorϕRSTABϕTable 1.6)
Memberϕdivisionϕaccordingϕtoϕspecificationϕforϕmemberϕresults (Calculation Parameters dialogϕbox
ofϕRFEM/RSTAB, Global Calculation Parameters tab)
Extremeϕvaluesϕofϕinternalϕforces
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Design Ratio
ColumnsϕDϕandϕEϕshowϕtheϕdesignϕconditionsϕaccordingϕto [1] , [2] , and [4] .
Theϕlengthϕofϕtheϕcoloredϕbarϕrepresentsϕgraphicallyϕtheϕrespectiveϕdesignϕratio.
DS
ColumnϕGϕprovidesϕinformationϕonϕtheϕdesignϕrelevantϕsituations (DS): PT or AC forϕtheϕultimateϕlimit
state,ϕorϕoneϕofϕtheϕthreeϕdesignϕsituationsϕforϕserviceability (SC, SF, SQ) accordingϕtoϕtheϕspecifications
inϕthe 1.1 General Data window (see Figure 2.1 ).
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Figure 4.4 Window 2.1 Design by Load Case withϕintermediateϕvaluesϕfor Warping Torsion Analysis
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4.1.2 Plasticity
Theϕtableϕbelowϕlistsϕtheϕintermediateϕvaluesϕofϕtheϕplasticϕdesignϕthatϕareϕavailableϕaccordingϕtoϕthe
partialϕinternalϕforcesϕmethodϕorϕtheϕsimplexϕmethod. Theseϕinclude,ϕforϕexample,ϕtheϕyieldϕstrengthsϕof
structuralϕcomponentsϕsubjectedϕtoϕshearϕforce,ϕtheϕplasticϕshearϕforce,ϕtorsional,ϕandϕbending
resistances,ϕasϕwellϕasϕtheϕplasticϕaxialϕloadϕbearingϕcapacities.
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4.1.3 Cold-Formed
Figure 4.6 Window 2.1 Design by Load Case withϕintermediateϕvaluesϕfor Effective Cross-Section Properties ofϕaϕcold-formedϕsection
Theϕeffectiveϕcross-sectionϕpropertiesϕareϕoutputϕseparatelyϕforϕtheϕeffectsϕofϕaxialϕforce,ϕbendingϕabout
y,ϕandϕbendingϕaboutϕz. Forϕtheϕstabilityϕanalysis,ϕtheϕinteractionϕbetweenϕaxialϕforceϕandϕbending
momentϕwithϕtheϕeffectiveϕcross-sectionϕvaluesϕaccordingϕtoϕENϕ1993-1-1 [1] orϕtheϕinteraction
relation [3] (6.36) isϕused,ϕdependingϕonϕtheϕspecification.
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Inϕthisϕresultsϕwindow,ϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratiosϕofϕallϕmembersϕandϕactionsϕselectedϕforϕdesignϕare
listedϕbyϕcross-section. Theϕresultsϕareϕsortedϕbyϕcross-sectionϕdesignϕandϕstabilityϕanalysisϕasϕwellϕas
serviceabilityϕlimitϕstateϕdesignϕandϕfireϕresistanceϕdesign.
Ifϕthereϕisϕaϕtaperedϕmember,ϕtheϕcross-sectionsϕofϕtheϕmemberϕstartϕandϕendϕareϕlistedϕseparately.
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Thisϕresultsϕwindowϕisϕdisplayedϕifϕatϕleastϕoneϕsetϕofϕmembersϕhasϕbeenϕselectedϕforϕdesign. The
windowϕlistsϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratiosϕsortedϕbyϕsetϕofϕmembers.
Theϕoutputϕbyϕsetϕofϕmembersϕallowsϕyouϕtoϕclearlyϕpresentϕtheϕdesignϕofϕanϕentireϕstructuralϕgroup (a
frame,ϕfor example).
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Thisϕresultsϕwindowϕshowsϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratiosϕforϕtheϕindividualϕdesignsϕsortedϕbyϕmember
number. Theϕcolumnsϕareϕdescribedϕinϕdetailϕin Chapter 4.1 .
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Thisϕresultsϕwindowϕlistsϕtheϕmaximaϕforϕeachϕmemberϕatϕallϕlocations x, resultingϕfromϕtheϕdivision
pointsϕdefinedϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB:
Startϕandϕendϕnode
Divisionϕpointsϕaccordingϕtoϕoptionallyϕsetϕmemberϕdivision (RFEM Tableϕ1.16ϕorϕRSTABϕTable 1.6)
Memberϕdivisionϕaccordingϕtoϕspecificationϕforϕmemberϕresults (Calculation Parameters dialogϕbox
ofϕRFEM/RSTAB, Global Calculation Parameters tab)
Extremeϕvaluesϕofϕinternalϕforces
Forϕeachϕmember,ϕthisϕwindowϕdisplaysϕtheϕgoverningϕinternalϕforces,ϕthatϕis,ϕtheϕforcesϕandϕmoments
thatϕresultϕinϕtheϕmaximumϕutilizationϕinϕtheϕindividualϕdesigns.
Location x
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕrespectiveϕx-locationϕofϕtheϕmemberϕwhereϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratioϕoccurs.
Loading
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕnumbersϕofϕtheϕloadϕcaseϕasϕwellϕasϕtheϕloadϕorϕresultϕcombinationϕwhose
internalϕforcesϕresultϕinϕtheϕmaximumϕdesignϕratio.
Forces / Moments
Forϕeachϕmember,ϕthisϕcolumnϕdisplaysϕtheϕaxialϕandϕshearϕforcesϕasϕwellϕasϕtheϕtorsionalϕandϕbending
momentsϕproducingϕtheϕmaximumϕratiosϕinϕtheϕrespectiveϕcross-sectionϕdesigns,ϕstabilityϕanalyses,
serviceabilityϕlimitϕstateϕdesigns,ϕandϕfireϕresistanceϕdesigns.
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Forϕeachϕsetϕofϕmembers,ϕthisϕwindowϕshowsϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕthatϕresultϕinϕtheϕmaximumϕratiosϕforϕthe
individualϕdesigns.
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Thisϕresultϕwindowϕisϕdisplayedϕwhenϕtheϕcorrespondingϕcheckϕboxϕhasϕbeenϕselectedϕinϕthe General
tabϕofϕthe Details dialogϕbox (see Figure 3.13 ).
Theϕtableϕlistsϕtheϕeffectiveϕslendernessesϕofϕtheϕdesignedϕmembersϕforϕbothϕdirectionsϕofϕtheϕprincipal
axes. Theyϕhaveϕbeenϕdeterminedϕasϕaϕfunctionϕofϕtheϕloadϕtype. Belowϕtheϕlist,ϕyouϕcanϕseeϕa
comparisonϕwithϕtheϕlimitϕvaluesϕdefinedϕinϕthe General tabϕofϕthe Details dialogϕbox (see Figure
3.13 ).
Thisϕwindowϕisϕonlyϕofϕanϕinformativeϕnature. Itϕprovidesϕnoϕstabilityϕanalysisϕofϕslendernesses.
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Byϕdefault,ϕthisϕlistϕcontainsϕonlyϕtheϕdesignedϕmembers. Ifϕyouϕneedϕaϕpartsϕlistϕforϕallϕmembersϕofϕthe
model,ϕyouϕcanϕsetϕitϕinϕthe General tabϕofϕthe Details dialogϕbox (see Figure 3.13 ).
Part No.
Theϕprogramϕassignsϕpartϕnumbersϕtoϕsimilarϕmembers.
Cross-Section Description
Thisϕcolumnϕlistsϕtheϕcross-sectionϕnumbersϕandϕdescriptions.
Number of Members
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕhowϕmanyϕsimilarϕmembersϕareϕusedϕforϕeachϕpart.
Length
Thisϕcolumnϕshowsϕtheϕrespectiveϕlengthϕofϕanϕindividualϕmember.
Total Length
Theϕvaluesϕinϕthisϕcolumnϕareϕtheϕproductϕfromϕtheϕpreviousϕtwoϕcolumns.
Surface Area
Forϕeachϕpart,ϕtheϕprogramϕdisplaysϕtheϕsurfaceϕareasϕrelativeϕtoϕtheϕtotalϕlength. Theϕsurfaceϕareaϕis
determinedϕfromϕthe Surface ofϕtheϕcross-sectionϕthatϕcanϕbeϕfoundϕinϕWindowsϕ1.3ϕandϕ2.1ϕtoϕ2.5ϕin
theϕcross-sectionϕinfo (see Figure 2.20 ).
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Volume
Theϕvolumeϕofϕaϕpartϕisϕdeterminedϕfromϕtheϕcross-sectionalϕareaϕandϕtheϕtotalϕlength.
Unit Weight
The Unit Weight representsϕtheϕcross-sectionϕweightϕrelativeϕtoϕtheϕlengthϕofϕoneϕmeter. Forϕtapered
cross-sections,ϕtheϕprogramϕaveragesϕbothϕcross-sectionϕweights.
Weight
TheϕvaluesϕofϕthisϕcolumnϕareϕdeterminedϕfromϕtheϕproductϕofϕtheϕentriesϕinϕcolumnsϕCϕandϕG.
Total Weight
Theϕfinalϕcolumnϕindicatesϕtheϕtotalϕweightϕofϕeachϕpart.
Sum
Atϕtheϕbottomϕofϕtheϕlist,ϕyouϕfindϕaϕsummaryϕofϕtheϕvaluesϕshownϕinϕcolumnsϕB,ϕD,ϕE,ϕF,ϕandϕI.ϕTheϕlast
rowϕofϕthe Total Weight columnϕshowsϕtheϕrequiredϕtotalϕamountϕofϕsteel.
Theϕlastϕresultϕwindowϕisϕdisplayedϕifϕatϕleastϕoneϕsetϕofϕmembersϕhasϕbeenϕselectedϕforϕdesign. Itϕgives
anϕoverviewϕofϕtheϕsteelϕpartsϕofϕentireϕstructuralϕgroupsϕsuchϕasϕhorizontalϕbeams.
Theϕcolumnsϕareϕdescribedϕinϕtheϕpreviousϕchapter. Ifϕthereϕareϕdifferentϕcross-sectionsϕwithinϕaϕsetϕof
members,ϕtheϕprogramϕaveragesϕtheϕsurfaceϕarea,ϕtheϕvolumeϕandϕtheϕcross-sectionϕweight.
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5 Results Evaluation
Youϕcanϕevaluateϕtheϕdesignϕresultsϕinϕdifferentϕways. Theϕbuttonsϕbelowϕtheϕupperϕtableϕmayϕhelpϕyou.
Theϕbuttonsϕhaveϕtheϕfollowingϕfunctions:
Ultimateϕlimitϕstate Displaysϕorϕhidesϕresultsϕofϕultimateϕlimitϕstate
design
Serviceability Displaysϕorϕhidesϕresultsϕofϕserviceabilityϕlimitϕstate
design
Fireϕresistance Displaysϕorϕhidesϕresultsϕofϕfireϕprotectionϕdesign
Resultϕcombination Createsϕaϕnewϕresultϕcombinationϕfromϕgoverning
loadϕcasesϕandϕloadϕcombinations
Colorϕbars Displaysϕorϕhidesϕcoloredϕrelationϕscalesϕinϕresult
windows
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Filterϕparameters Describesϕcriterionϕbyϕwhichϕresultsϕareϕfilteredϕin
tables:ϕratiosϕgreaterϕthanϕ1,ϕmaximumϕvalue,ϕor
user-definedϕlimit
Applyϕfilter Showsϕonlyϕrowsϕtoϕwhichϕfilterϕparametersϕapply
(ratio > 1,ϕmaximum,ϕdefined value)
Excelϕexport ExportsϕtableϕtoϕMSϕExcel
Chapter 7.4.3
Selectϕmember Selectsϕaϕmemberϕgraphicallyϕtoϕdisplayϕitsϕresults
inϕtheϕtable
Viewϕmode JumpsϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕworkϕwindowϕtoϕchange
theϕview
Whenϕevaluatingϕfireϕresistanceϕdesigns,ϕyouϕcanϕhaveϕaϕlookϕatϕtheϕusedϕtemperature-timeϕcurve: Click
the button belowϕtheϕcross-sectionϕgraphicϕtoϕopenϕthe Fire Curves diagram,ϕasϕshownϕin Figure
3.6 to Figure 3.8 .
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InϕcaseϕyouϕcannotϕimproveϕtheϕmodelϕdisplayϕbyϕmovingϕtheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕmoduleϕwindow,ϕclickϕthe
[Jump to graphic] buttonϕtoϕactivateϕthe view mode: Theϕprogramϕhidesϕtheϕmoduleϕwindowϕsoϕthatϕyou
canϕadjustϕtheϕviewϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕworkϕwindow. Theϕviewϕmodeϕprovidesϕtheϕfunctionsϕofϕthe
View menu,ϕforϕexample,ϕzooming,ϕmovingϕorϕrotatingϕtheϕmodelϕview. Theϕindicatingϕarrowϕremains
visible.
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TheϕRFEM/RSTABϕtablesϕareϕnotϕrelevantϕforϕtheϕevaluationϕofϕtheϕdesignϕresults.
Youϕcanϕsetϕtheϕdesignϕcasesϕinϕtheϕdrop-downϕlistϕofϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕmenuϕbar.
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ToϕaccessϕtheϕresultϕdiagramsϕinϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕgraphic,ϕselectϕonϕtheϕmenu
orϕuseϕtheϕcorrespondingϕbuttonϕinϕtheϕtoolbarϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB.
Aϕwindowϕopensϕwhichϕshowsϕgraphicallyϕtheϕdistributionϕofϕtheϕdesignϕvaluesϕonϕtheϕmemberϕorϕsetϕof
members.
UseϕtheϕlistϕinϕtheϕtoolbarϕtoϕswitchϕbetweenϕtheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕdesignϕcases.
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Furthermore,ϕyouϕcanϕuseϕtheϕfilterϕoptionsϕdescribedϕinϕChapterϕ9.9ϕofϕtheϕRFEMϕmanual,ϕorϕChapter
9.7ϕofϕtheϕRSTABϕmanual,ϕtoϕevaluateϕtheϕresultsϕgraphically.
Filtering designs
TheϕdesignϕratiosϕcanϕeasilyϕbeϕusedϕasϕfilterϕcriteriaϕinϕtheϕworkϕwindowϕofϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕthatϕyou
canϕaccessϕwithϕthe [Graphics] button. Toϕapplyϕthisϕfunction,ϕtheϕpanelϕmustϕbeϕdisplayed. Ifϕitϕisϕnot
active,ϕselectϕonϕtheϕRFEM/RSTABϕmenu View Control Panel (Color Scale, Factors, Filter)
orϕuseϕthe buttonϕinϕtheϕtoolbar.
TheϕpanelϕisϕdescribedϕinϕChapterϕ3.4.6ϕofϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕmanual. Theϕfilterϕsettingsϕforϕtheϕresults
mustϕbeϕdefinedϕinϕtheϕfirstϕpanelϕtab (Color scale). Asϕthisϕtabϕisϕnotϕavailableϕforϕtheϕtwo-colored
resultsϕdisplay,ϕyouϕhaveϕtoϕsetϕtheϕdisplayϕoptions With/Without Diagram or Cross-Sections inϕthe
Display navigator.
Theϕfunction Display Hidden Result Diagram inϕthe Display navigator (Results Members) shows
allϕdesignϕratiosϕwhichϕareϕbeyondϕtheϕvalueϕspectrum. Thoseϕdiagramsϕareϕrepresentedϕbyϕdotted
lines.
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Filtering members
Inϕthe Filter tabϕofϕtheϕcontrolϕpanel,ϕyouϕcanϕspecifyϕtheϕnumbersϕofϕparticularϕmembersϕtoϕdisplayϕtheir
resultsϕfiltered. TheϕfunctionϕisϕdescribedϕinϕChapterϕ9.9.3ϕofϕtheϕRFEMϕmanualϕorϕinϕChapterϕ9.7.3ϕof
theϕRSTABϕmanual.
Inϕcontrastϕtoϕtheϕvisibilityϕfunction,ϕtheϕmodelϕwillϕbeϕdisplayedϕcompletelyϕinϕtheϕgraphic. Theϕfigure
aboveϕshowsϕtheϕdesignϕratiosϕofϕaϕhallϕframe. Theϕremainingϕmembersϕareϕdisplayedϕinϕtheϕmodelϕbut
areϕshownϕwithoutϕdesignϕratios.
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Theϕmodeϕshapesϕofϕtheϕsetsϕofϕmembersϕareϕcreatedϕautomaticallyϕwhenϕdeterminingϕtheϕcriticalϕfactor
αcr. Ifϕthe warping analysis withϕsevenϕdegreesϕofϕfreedomϕhasϕbeenϕselected (see Chapter 3.1.5 ),
theϕmodeϕshapesϕhaveϕbeenϕconsideredϕinϕtheϕcalculationϕwithϕtheϕriseϕofϕtheϕprecamberϕsetϕin
Windowϕ1.13 (see Figure 2.52 ).
Theϕmodeϕshapesϕareϕnotϕavailableϕinϕnumericalϕform.
Theϕfollowingϕarticleϕpresentsϕanϕexampleϕforϕtheϕmodeϕshapeϕofϕaϕtaperedϕsteelϕframe:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001156
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6 Printout
Forϕcomplexϕstructuralϕsystemsϕwithϕmanyϕdesignϕcases,ϕitϕisϕrecommendedϕtoϕsplitϕdataϕintoϕseveral
reports,ϕthusϕallowingϕforϕaϕclearly-arrangedϕprintout.
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TheϕprintingϕofϕgraphicsϕisϕdescribedϕinϕChapterϕ10.2ϕofϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕmanual.
orϕuseϕtheϕtoolbarϕbuttonϕshownϕonϕtheϕleft.
Result diagrams
Alsoϕinϕthe Result Diagram on Member dialogϕbox,ϕyouϕcanϕsendϕtheϕgraphicϕwithϕdesignϕvaluesϕtoϕthe
reportϕbyϕclickingϕthe [Print] button.ϕAlternatively,ϕyouϕcanϕprintϕitϕdirectly.
Theϕfollowingϕdialogϕboxϕopens:
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Toϕmoveϕaϕgraphicϕwithinϕtheϕprintoutϕreportϕtoϕanotherϕposition,ϕuseϕtheϕdrag-and-dropϕfunction.
Toϕadjustϕaϕgraphicϕsubsequentlyϕinϕtheϕprintoutϕreport,ϕright-clickϕtheϕrelevantϕentryϕinϕtheϕreport
navigator. The Properties optionϕinϕtheϕshortcutϕmenuϕagainϕopensϕthe Graphic Printout dialogϕbox,
offeringϕvariousϕoptionsϕforϕadjustment.
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7 General Functions RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
7 General Functions
Thisϕchapterϕdescribesϕusefulϕmenuϕfunctionsϕasϕwellϕasϕexportϕoptions.
Itϕisϕnoϕproblemϕtoϕanalyzeϕtheϕsameϕmemberϕorϕsetϕofϕmembersϕinϕdifferentϕdesignϕcases.
YouϕcanϕaccessϕtheϕdesignϕcasesϕofϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕalsoϕinϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕbyϕusingϕtheϕloadϕcaseϕlist
ofϕtheϕtoolbar.
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Duringϕtheϕoptimizationϕprocess,ϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕdeterminesϕtheϕcross-sectionϕthatϕfulfillsϕtheϕultimate
limitϕstate (!) designϕinϕtheϕmost "optimal" way,ϕthatϕis,ϕcomesϕasϕcloseϕasϕpossibleϕtoϕtheϕmaximum
allowableϕdesignϕratioϕspecifiedϕinϕthe Details dialogϕbox (see Figure 3.13 ). Theϕrequired
cross-sectionϕpropertiesϕareϕdeterminedϕwithϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕasϕavailableϕfromϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB. If
anotherϕcross-sectionϕprovesϕtoϕbeϕmoreϕfavorable,ϕitϕisϕusedϕforϕtheϕdesign. Then,ϕtheϕgraphicϕin
Windowϕ1.3ϕshowsϕtwoϕcross-sections – theϕoriginalϕcross-sectionϕfromϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕandϕthe
optimizedϕcross-section (see Figure 7.7 ).
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Cross-sectionsϕcomposedϕofϕrolledϕcross-sectionsϕcannotϕbeϕoptimized.
Pleaseϕnoteϕthatϕduringϕtheϕoptimizationϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕwon'tϕbeϕautomaticallyϕrecalculatedϕwithϕthe
modifiedϕcross-sections: Itϕisϕupϕtoϕyouϕtoϕdecideϕwhichϕcross-sectionsϕshouldϕbeϕtransferredϕtoϕRFEMϕor
RSTABϕforϕrecalculation. Asϕaϕresultϕofϕoptimizedϕcross-sections,ϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕmayϕdiffer
significantlyϕbecauseϕofϕtheϕmodifiedϕstiffnessesϕinϕtheϕstructuralϕsystem. Therefore,ϕitϕisϕrecommendedϕto
recalculateϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕwithϕtheϕmodifiedϕcross-sectionsϕafterϕtheϕfirstϕoptimization,ϕandϕthenϕto
optimizeϕtheϕcross-sectionsϕonceϕagain.
Beforeϕtheϕmodifiedϕcross-sectionsϕareϕtransferred,ϕaϕqueryϕappearsϕaskingϕifϕtheϕresultsϕofϕRFEMϕor
RSTABϕshouldϕbeϕdeleted.
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Ifϕtheϕmodifiedϕcross-sectionsϕhaveϕnotϕyetϕbeenϕexportedϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB,ϕyouϕcanϕreimportϕthe
originalϕcross-sectionsϕtoϕtheϕdesignϕmoduleϕbyϕusingϕtheϕoptionsϕshownϕin Figure 7.7 . Pleaseϕnote
thatϕthisϕpossibilityϕisϕonlyϕavailableϕinϕthe 1.3 Cross-sections window.
Ifϕyouϕoptimizeϕaϕtaperedϕmember,ϕtheϕprogramϕmodifiesϕtheϕmemberϕstartϕandϕend andϕlinearly
interpolatesϕtheϕsecondϕmomentsϕofϕareaϕforϕtheϕintermediateϕlocations. Sinceϕtheseϕmomentsϕare
consideredϕwithϕtheϕfourthϕpower,ϕtheϕdesignsϕmayϕbeϕinaccurateϕifϕtheϕdepthsϕofϕtheϕstartϕandϕend
cross-sectionϕdifferϕconsiderably. Inϕsuchϕaϕcase,ϕitϕisϕrecommendedϕtoϕdivideϕtheϕtaperϕintoϕseveral
members,ϕthusϕmodelingϕtheϕtaperϕlayoutϕmanually.
Theϕmodifiedϕsettingsϕcanϕbeϕsavedϕasϕuserϕprofileϕandϕreusedϕinϕotherϕmodels. Theϕfunctionsϕare
describedϕinϕChapterϕ11.1.3ϕofϕtheϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕmanual.
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IfϕtheϕmaterialsϕhaveϕbeenϕadjustedϕinϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕforϕtheϕdesign,ϕyouϕcanϕexportϕtheϕmodified
materialsϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTABϕinϕaϕsimilarϕwayϕasϕyouϕexportϕcross-sections: Openϕthe 1.2 Materials
window,ϕandϕthenϕselectϕonϕtheϕmenu
Beforeϕtheϕmodifiedϕcross-sectionsϕareϕtransferred,ϕaϕqueryϕappearsϕaskingϕifϕtheϕresultsϕofϕRFEMϕor
RSTABϕshouldϕbeϕdeleted. Afterϕstartingϕthe [Calculation] inϕRF-/STEELϕEC3,ϕtheϕinternalϕforcesϕand
designϕratiosϕareϕdeterminedϕinϕoneϕcalculationϕrun.
IfϕtheϕmodifiedϕmaterialsϕhaveϕnotϕyetϕbeenϕexportedϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB,ϕyouϕcanϕreimportϕtheϕoriginal
materialsϕtoϕtheϕdesignϕmoduleϕbyϕusingϕtheϕoptionsϕshownϕin Figure 7.10 . Pleaseϕnoteϕthatϕthis
possibilityϕisϕonlyϕavailableϕinϕthe 1.2 Materials window.
IfϕtheϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕhaveϕbeenϕadjustedϕinϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕforϕtheϕdesigns,ϕyouϕcanϕalsoϕexportϕthe
modifiedϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB: Goϕtoϕthe 1.5 Effective Lengths - Members windowϕand
selectϕonϕtheϕmenu
Beforeϕtheϕmodifiedϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕareϕtransferred,ϕaϕqueryϕappearsϕaskingϕifϕtheϕresultsϕofϕRFEM/
RSTABϕshouldϕbeϕdeleted.
IfϕtheϕmodifiedϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕhaveϕnotϕyetϕbeenϕexportedϕtoϕRFEMϕorϕRSTAB,ϕyouϕcanϕreimportϕthe
originalϕeffectiveϕlengthsϕtoϕtheϕdesignϕmoduleϕbyϕusingϕtheϕoptionsϕshownϕin Figure 7.11 .
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TheϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕresultsϕcanϕalsoϕbeϕusedϕbyϕotherϕprograms.
Clipboard
Toϕcopyϕcellsϕselectedϕinϕtheϕresultsϕwindowsϕtoϕtheϕclipboard,ϕuseϕtheϕkeys [Ctrl]+[C]. Toϕinsertϕthem,
forϕexample,ϕinϕaϕwordϕprocessingϕprogram,ϕpress [Ctrl]+[V]. Theϕheadersϕofϕtheϕtableϕcolumnsϕwon't
beϕtransferred.
Printout report
TheϕdataϕofϕRF-/STEELϕEC3ϕcanϕbeϕprintedϕintoϕtheϕprintoutϕreport (see Chapter 6.1 ) whereϕtheyϕcan
beϕexported.ϕThen,ϕinϕtheϕprintoutϕreport,ϕselectϕonϕtheϕmenu
Excel
RF-/STEELϕEC3ϕprovidesϕaϕfunctionϕforϕdirectlyϕexportingϕdataϕtoϕMSϕExcelϕorϕtheϕCSVϕfileϕformat. To
accessϕthisϕfunction,ϕselectϕonϕtheϕmenu
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
8 Examples
ThisϕchapterϕpresentsϕtwoϕexamplesϕdescribingϕtheϕdesignϕwithϕRF-/STEELϕEC3. Otherϕexamplesϕare
describedϕinϕtheϕfollowingϕarticlesϕonϕourϕwebsite:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001377
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001447
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001600
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001622
8.1 Stability
Weϕwillϕperformϕsomeϕstabilityϕanalysesϕforϕflexuralϕbucklingϕandϕlateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕforϕa
columnϕwithϕdouble-bending,ϕconsideringϕtheϕinteractionϕconditions.
Design values
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N My Mz Vy Vz
Radiusϕofϕgyration iy 6.78 cm
Radiusϕofϕgyration iz 4.05 cm
Polarϕradiusϕofϕgyration ip 7.90 cm
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Bucklingϕcurve BCy b
Bucklingϕcurve BCz c
A
fy 54
30
23 5
l z 1
053 0
2
N crz 1151 60
Designϕforϕflexuralϕbucklingϕmustϕbeϕperformed.
[1] Tableϕ6.2,ϕrowϕ3,ϕcolumnϕ4:ϕbucklingϕcurve c
⇒ αz = 0.49 ([1] Table 6.1)
F 0
5[1 0
49 1
053 0
21
0532] 1
263
1
c z 0
510
1
263 1
2632 1
0532
N Ed 300
0
461
c z
Af yg M1 0
510
54
30 23
51
0
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
A
fy 54
30
23 5
l y 0
629 0
2
N cry 3225 51
Designϕforϕflexuralϕbucklingϕmustϕbeϕperformed.
[1] Tableϕ6.2,ϕrowϕ3,ϕcolumnϕ4:ϕbucklingϕcurve b
⇒ αy = 0.34 ([1] Table 6.1)
F 0
5[1 0
34 0
629 0
20
6292] 0
771
1
c y 0
822
0
771 0
7712 0
6292
N Ed 300
0
286
c y
Af yg M1 0
822
54
30 23
51
0
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Lateral-torsional buckling
Inϕthisϕexample,ϕtheϕelasticϕcriticalϕmomentϕforϕlateral-torsionalϕbucklingϕisϕdeterminedϕaccordingϕtoϕthe
AustrianϕNationalϕAnnexϕwithϕassumptionϕofϕhingedϕsupportsϕfreeϕtoϕwarp.
2
EIz Iw 2
GIt
2
M cr C 1
Iz 2
EIz
2
21000
889 47940 4002
8100 31
40
M cr 1
13 215
71 kNm
4002 889 2
21000 889
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Wy
fy 354
23
5
l LT 0
621
M cr 215
71
Auxiliaryϕfactor:
l LT l LT0
F LT 0 1 a
5
LT b l 2LT
F LT 0
5
1 0
34 0 40
621 0 0
75
0 0
6212
682
Limitingϕslenderness:
l 0 0
LT 40
b 0
75
a LT 0
34
1 1
c LT
0
908
F LT F 2 b l LT
2 0
682 0
6822 0
75
06212
LT
1 k c 82
c
c l LT 0
LT
mod where f 1 0
5 1 2
0
LT
f
0
908
c mod 0
934
LT
0
972
k c 0
94
f 1 0
5
1 0
94[1 2
0
0621 0
82] 0
972
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Mh 0
C my C mLT 0
95 0 a h 0
05 95 where a h 0
Ms 10
N Ed N Ed
k yy C my l y 0
1 2 C my 1 0
8
c N Rkg M1
y c N Rkg M1
y
k yy 0
95 1
0629 0
2
0 0
286
95 1 0
80 1
286 067 1
167
k yz 0
60
k zz 0
60
1481 0
888
Mh 0
C mz 0
90 0 a h 0
01 90 where a h 0
Ms 10
0
1l z
N Ed 01 N Ed
k zy
1 1
25 c z
C mLT 0 N Rkg M1 25 c z
C mLT 0 N Rkg M1
011
053 01
k zy
1
0
461 1
0 0
461 892 0
934
0
95 0
25 0
95 0
25
k zy 0
934
N Ed N Ed
k zz C mz 1
2l z 0
6 C mz 1 1
4
c N Rkg M1
z c N Rkg M1
z
k zz 0
90 1
21
053 0
6
0 0
461
90 1 1
40 1
461 525 1
481
k zz 1
481
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Interaction design for buckling about major axis and lateral-torsional buckling
N Ed M yEd M zEd
k yy k yz 1
c N Rkg M1
y c LT
M yRkg M1 M zRkg M1
where
M yRk W ply
f y 354
23
5 8319 kNcm83
19 kNm
M zRk W plz
f y 169
96
23
5 3994
1 kNcm39
94 kNm
300 10
0 750
1
067 0
888 0
594 1
0
822
1276 051
0 0
908
83 191
0 39
941
0
Interaction design for buckling about minor axis and lateral-torsional buckling
N Ed M yEd M zEd
k zy k zz 1
c N Rkg M1
z c LT
M yRkg M1 M zRkg M1
300 10
0 750
0
934 1
481 0
863 1
0
510
1276 051
0 0
908
83 191
0 39
941
0
Sectionϕdepth h 160.0 mm
Sectionϕwidth b 160.0 mm
Lengthϕfactor kz 1.000
Lengthϕfactor kw 1.000
Length L 4.000 m
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Momentϕratio ψ 0.000
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Columnϕcross-section:ϕHE-Bϕ300,ϕsteelϕSϕ235
System:ϕhingedϕcolumn, β =ϕ1.0
Systemϕheight:ϕ3ϕm
Loading: GK =ϕ1200ϕkN, QK =ϕ600ϕkN
Figure 8.3
21000
8560 2
00
N crz 19712
90 kN
300
002
A
fy 149
023
5
l z 0
422 0
2
N crz 19712
90
Designϕforϕflexuralϕbucklingϕmustϕbeϕperformed.
[1] Tableϕ6.2,ϕrowϕ3,ϕcolumnϕ4:ϕbucklingϕcurve c
⇒ αz = 0.49 ([1] Table 6.1)
F 0
5[1 0
49 0
422 0
20
4222] 0
643
1
c z 0
886
0
643 0
6432 0
4222
N Ed 1
35
G K 1
5Q K 1
35
1200 1
5600 2520 kN
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Design ratio
N Ed 2520
0
894 1
0
c z
A f yg
M1 0
886
149
023
51
1
Thermalϕconductivity: λp =ϕ0.2ϕW/K
Specificϕheatϕcapacity: cp =ϕ1700ϕJ/kgK
Thickness: dp =ϕ18ϕmm
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8 Examples RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
Imperfectionϕfactor α:
235 235
a 0
65 0
65 0
65
fy 235
Non-dimensionalϕrelativeϕslenderness ƛΘ:
0
5
k y Q 0
704
0
5
l Q l 0
422 0
486
k EQ 0
528
Auxiliaryϕfactor:
1
1
F q [1 a
l q l 2q ] [1 0
65
0486 0
4862] 0
776
2 2
Reductionϕfactorϕforϕflexuralϕbucklingϕinϕfireϕsituation:
1 1
c fi 0
724
2
j q j l 2 0
776 0
7762 0
4862
q q
Bucklingϕresistanceϕofϕstructuralϕcomponentϕsubjectedϕtoϕcompression:
c fi
A
k yq
fy 0
724
149
0 0
704
23
5
N bfiRd 1784
7 kN
g M
fi 10
Loadingϕinϕcaseϕofϕfire:
N fiEd 1
0G k 0
9Q k 1
01200 0
9600 1740 kN
Design ratio
N fiEd 1740
h 0
975 1
0
N bfiRd 1784
7
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Youϕcanϕfindϕmoreϕinformationϕaboutϕtheϕthermalϕbehaviorϕofϕsteelϕasϕaϕmaterialϕforϕstructuralϕfire
designϕinϕourϕKnowledgeϕBase:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001496
Anotherϕarticleϕdescribesϕtheϕfireϕresistanceϕdesignϕbyϕmeansϕofϕparametricϕtemperature-timeϕcurves:
https://www.dlubal.com/en-US/support-and-learning/support/knowledge-base/001613
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9 RF-/STEEL EC3 - UserϕManual
9 Literature
[2] ENϕ1993-1-2ϕ(2005):ϕEurocodeϕ3:ϕDesignϕofϕsteelϕstructuresϕ-ϕPartϕ1-2:ϕGeneralϕrulesϕ-
Structuralϕfireϕdesignϕ[Authority:ϕTheϕEuropeanϕUnionϕPerϕRegulationϕ305/2011,ϕDirectiveϕ98/
34/EC,ϕDirectiveϕ2004/18/EC]
[3] Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1‑3: General rules - Supplementary rules for
cold-formed members and sheeting; EN 1993‑1‑3:2010‑12
[4] ENϕ1993-1-4ϕ(2006):ϕEurocodeϕ3:ϕDesignϕofϕsteelϕstructuresϕ-ϕPartϕ1-4:ϕGeneralϕrulesϕ-
Supplementaryϕrulesϕforϕstainlessϕsteelsϕ[Authority:ϕTheϕEuropeanϕUnionϕPerϕRegulationϕ305/
2011,ϕDirectiveϕ98/34/EC,ϕDirectiveϕ2004/18/EC]
[5] Eurocodeϕ3:ϕDesignϕofϕsteelϕstructuresϕ-ϕPartϕ1-5:ϕGeneralϕrulesϕ-ϕPlatedϕstructuralϕelements;ϕEN
1993-1-5:2006ϕ+ϕAC:2009
[6] JohannesϕNaumes,ϕIsabellϕStrohmann,ϕDieterϕUngermannϕandϕGerhardϕSedlacek.ϕDieϕneuen
StabilitätsnachweiseϕimϕStahlbauϕnachϕEurocodeϕ3.ϕStahlbau,ϕ77,ϕ2008.
[7] JohannesϕNaumes,ϕMarkusϕFeldmannϕandϕGerhardϕSedlacek.ϕBiegeknickenϕund
BiegedrillknickenϕvonϕStäbenϕaufϕeinheitlicherϕGrundlage,ϕBandϕ70,ϕShakerϕVerlagϕ2010
[8] ENϕ1993-2ϕ(2006):ϕEurocodeϕ3:ϕDesignϕofϕsteelϕstructuresϕ-ϕPartϕ2:ϕSteelϕbridgesϕ[Authority:
TheϕEuropeanϕUnionϕPerϕRegulationϕ305/2011,ϕDirectiveϕ98/34/EC,ϕDirectiveϕ2004/18/
EC]
[9] ENϕ1991-1-2ϕ(2002):ϕEurocodeϕ1:ϕActionsϕonϕstructuresϕ-ϕPartϕ1-2:ϕGeneralϕactionsϕ-ϕActions
onϕstructuresϕexposedϕtoϕfireϕ[Authority:ϕTheϕEuropeanϕUnionϕPerϕRegulationϕ305/2011,
Directiveϕ98/34/EC,ϕDirectiveϕ2004/18/EC]
[11] F.ϕNowzartashϕandϕM.ϕMohareb.ϕPlasticϕinteractionϕrelationsϕforϕellipticalϕhollowϕsections.ϕThin-
WalledϕStructures,ϕ47,ϕ2009.
[13] ManualϕSHAPE-THIN.ϕTiefenbach:ϕDlubalϕSoftware,ϕJanuaryϕ2012.
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