A MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

“AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT”

Submitted
In partial fulfillment of requirements for the award on the degree of

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTARTION

BYs

KOLLURI NAVYA RAO

(M23MB008)

Under the guidance of

Dr.P.Surender
Assistant. professor

DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT
2023-2025

KAKATIYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

HASANPARTHY MANDEL, TELANGANA, 506015
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, express my deep sense gratitude to Dr.P.SURENDER , Asst.Prof, Department

of Management, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, Warangal for permitting
me to carry out this report and guiding me throughout this endeavour, and also helping
me to complete the report.
I, also express my sincere thanks to Dr V. Nivedita Reddy, HEAD OF THE
DEPARTMENT, Kakatiya Institute of Technology and Science, warangal.
My utmost thanks also go to the FACULTY MEMBER OF DEPARTMENT OF
MANAGEMENT for their co-operation and help me out to complete of this report.
Finally, my sincere thanks to one and all who have been contributed to my
work directly and Indirectly.

With Gratitude
Navya Kolluri Rao
M23MB008
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DECLARATION

I, KOLLURI NAVYA RAO bearing Roll No: M23MB008. Hereby declare that the
seminar report entitled AIR POLLUTION MANAGEMENT is submitted by me for the partial
fulfillment for the award of the degree of Master of Business Administration to the Department of
Management, kakatiya Institute of Technology and science – Warangal.

Place: Warangal KOLLURI NAVYA RAO

Date: Roll No: M23MB008
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CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

NO: NO:
Acknowledgement 2
Declaration 3
Chapter-1 4-9
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 The pollutants and effects of air pollution 5
On human health
1.3 Needs 6-7
1.4 Birds which are extint in due to air pollution 7
1.5 Objectives 8
1.6 Scope 8
1.7 Methodology 9
1.8 Limitations 9
2 Chapter-2 10-11
2.1 Liquid tree 10
2.2 Working mechanism 11

2.3 Use of liquid tree 11

3 Chapter-3 12-14

3.1 Conclusion 13

3.2 Bibliography 14
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CHAPTER – 1
Hazardous pollutants, whether naturally occurring or produced artificially, can alter the environment and
have a negative impact on the ecosystem, as well as instability and disturbance. Because of the growing
levels of air, water, and soil pollution, Earth and its surroundings are at greater risk. Idle human activity or
poor resource management are the main causes of environmental degradation. Therefore, pollution refers
to any activity that degrades the environment and goes against its natural state. It is imperative that we
comprehend the source of these pollutants and devise strategies to manage pollution. Educating people on
the consequences of pollution is another way to do this.
1.1 INTRODUCTION :
➢ The mounting pollution of the air, water, and soil—the 3 vital support systems for life of the
Earth—poses a major threat to the planet and its ecosystem. Human activity that is irresponsible
or inefficient in resource management is what damages the environment. Therefore, pollution
refers to any activity that degrades nature and goes against its inherent nature. In order to reduce
pollution, we must comprehend the sources of harmful pollutants. Educating people on the
consequences of pollution is another way to do this.

➢ Life on Earth is dependent on air that contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of all other gases.
To maintain consistent proportion of gases and their overall composition, a number of processes
occur.
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1.2 THE POLLUTANTS & EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUCTION ON HUMAN

HEALTH :

POLLUTANTS
➢ Pollutants that are discharged into the air directly are known as primary air pollutants. They go by the
name of suspended particulate matter, or SPM. As an illustration, consider smoke, dust, ash, nitrogen
oxide, sulphur oxide, radioactive substances, etc.Pollutants classified as secondary are those that result
from chemical reactions between primary pollutants and air constituents. For instance, ozone, smoke,
and fog, or smog.Carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and other gases
are among the main gaseous air pollutants.Volcanic eruptions, forest fires, dust storms, etc. are
examples of natural sources. Man-made sources include the gases emitted by factories, cars, burning
trash, brick kilns, etc.

EFFECTS
➢ Inhaling air pollution increases the likelihood of developing asthma.
➢ After six to seven hours of exposure to ground ozone, humans experience lung irritation.Harms the
reproductive, endocrine, and immunological systems.Increased incidence of heart issues has been
linked to high levels of air pollution.The airborne emission of harmful substances is having a major
impact on the wildlife and plants.When specific compounds are present in air for long enough
periods of time and at high enough quantities to be harmful or have unwanted consequences, the air
is deemed polluted. These include detrimental impacts on property, human health, and atmospheric
visibility. Both human activity and natural sources of pollution can affect the atmosphere. Certain
natural occurrences, like forest fires and volcanic eruptions, may have long-lasting global
repercussions in addition to local and regional ones. However, mitigation and control only apply to
pollution brought about by human activity, such as transportation and industry.
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1.3 NEEDS:
➢ We can lessen air pollution and the negative effects of climate change by burning less petrol,
according to Walke. Make wise decisions regarding your mode of transportation. Walk, ride a bike, or
use public transit whenever you can. If you drive, get an electric vehicle or one with a higher gas
mileage. You can also look into your alternatives with regard to power providers; you might be able
to ask to have solar or wind power used to supply your electricity. Purchasing locally grown food
reduces the amount of fossil fuels need to transport or fly it in from around the globe.
➢ The most crucial thing to remember is to "support leaders who push for clean air and water .

➢ Fines are imposed on those who break air pollution control rules and regulations in the majority of
jurisdictions. Historically, it has been deemed appropriate administrative procedure for these
penalties to be deposited into the public treasury. This was done to deter future imposition of fines to
fund the agency's programme, which may happen if the agency kept the fines. If the agency staff's
ongoing employment depended on collecting fines, then collecting fines may become an end in and
of itself. Additionally, just like with fees, an agency can utilize the money it collects in fines to exert
influence over how funds are allocated to it.
➢ The significance of fees and fines in influencing industrial decision-making on the purchase of
pollution control machinery and pollution-free processes has undergone a thorough reevaluation in
recent times. In their new capacities, fees and fines take the shape of tax write-offs and credits for
investments made in pollution management; fuel taxes on lead and sulphur content; ongoing fines
based on the rate of pollution emissions; and effluent fees based on the same parameters. Treasury
officials typically oppose tax write-offs and credits because they reduce tax revenue. Because these
write-offs and credits result in air pollution control with little effort on the part of their staff and with
little impact on their bottom line, air pollution control authorities typically view them favorably.
➢ An air pollution control agency's optimal organizational structure is the one that allows it to carry out
all of its duties in the most effective and efficient manner. An industrial organization or control
agency might theoretically carry out a wide range of tasks. Listing the expenses of carrying out all
required duties helps the agency or organization decide its ideal staffing level and budget. The
agency's or organization's budgetary restrictions on personnel, resources, and services define the real
tasks it does.
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➢ How to make the best use of the money gathered is one issue with gasoline taxes, ongoing fines, and
effluent fees. Some of the ideas that have been developed include using the funds as a foundation for
loans or subsidies to industrial or domestic sources for the installation of air pollution control
systems, as well as for financing the needs of air pollution control agencies in jurisdictions that are
subsidiaries to those that are in charge of collecting and managing the fines and fees. It is maintained
that the usage of fines and fees can be a productive process rather than a stultifying one by making
sure that the fine and charge setting, collection, and administrative procedure are divorced from the
continuation of employment of agency personnel.

1.4 BIRDS WHICH ARE EXTINT DUR TO AIR POLLUTION:

➢ The air we breathe is composed of a variety of substances, among them oxygen (O2). The two
oxygen atoms can occasionally split chemically in the presence of strong sunlight, and when these
atoms recombine into groups of three, ozone (O3) is produced. High in the atmosphere is a natural
ozone layer that protects life on Earth from damaging UV radiation. But when sunlight interacts with
naturally occurring or artificially produced emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic
compounds (VOCs) from burning petrol and other pollutants, ozone can also form at ground level.
➢ Birds are physically harmed by ozone not just because it affects their breathing and
respiratory systems but also because it can alter their habitat, food sources, and relationships with other
species. Thus, knowledge of the detrimental correlation between ozone and bird populations is critical
to the preservation and well-being of birds.
➢ Researchers utilized e Bird, a website and app that allows citizen scientists and birdwatchers to record
any instances of birds they see or hear in the wild, to gather data on the effects of air pollution on birds.
An entry contains details about the bird's species, behaviour, location and timing of sightings, and any
photos that may have been taken of it. Experts in the field subsequently evaluate this data, which is
then combined by the website.
➢ eBird data from more than 11 million observations made in the US between 2002 and 2016 were used
in the study. The scientists developed a statistical model that estimated bird abundance across the
United States over time using these data. In order to comprehend the variations in bird populations
over time, scientists gathered independent data and compared it to the model.
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1.5 OBJECTIVES:
➢ Massive divulged Nordic emission inventory: achieving high spatial resolution emissions Resolved
to a resolution of 1 km x 1 km using emission databases from each of the Nordic nations. To reach
the high spatial resolution emission inventory required for the air quality modelling, official data that
is currently available will be used in addition to the production and incorporation of new
geographical dis aggregation proxies. Preferred methodology will be suggested when various
approaches and proxies utilized in various nations are analyses. Particular focus will be placed on
sources that account for a significant portion of the Nordic nations' overall emissions, particularly
domestic wood combustion.
➢ Integrated modelling: Creating a cutting-edge, sophisticated, and integrated air pollution model
system at the hemispheric, European, and national scales for the purpose of calculating and
evaluating human exposure to air pollution at high resolutions (down to 1 km x 1 km), as well as
determining the contribution of various emission sectors and geographic areas. This task is
completed in WP2. The output will be hourly air pollution values spanning several decades covering
the Nordic nations at a resolution of 1 km x 1 km.
1.6 SCOPE :

➢ Water, Air & Soil contamination is an international, multidisciplinary journal covering all facets of
biosphere contamination and ways to mitigate it. For the purpose of discussing environmental pollution,
this encompasses chemical, physical, and biological processes that have an impact on soil, water, air,
and wildlife. Due to its wide-ranging nature, the topics covered are varied and encompass every facet
of pollution sources, transportation, deposition, accumulation, acid precipitation, atmospheric
pollution, metals, aquatic pollution (including marine pollution), ground water, waste water,
microplastics, nanoparticles, pesticides, environmental sustainability, soil pollution, industrial
pollutants, sewage, sediment pollution, forestry pollution, and the effects of pollutants on fish,
vegetation, animals, and Accepted submissions include environmental and molecular toxicology used
in pollution studies, biosensors, global and climate change, and ecological effects of pollution.
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1.7 METHODOLOGY:
➢ System analysis-based development of a multivariate hierarchical structural model.

➢ Sreation of this model's mathematical formalization. creation of a statistical model utilizing

time-series analysis and the generalized estimating equations technique for a specific research
case based on the mathematical formalization. At this point, a unique fuzzy algorithm was
applied for a dichotomous dependent variable. To produce robust regression models, the
technique used fuzzy membership functions in place of the binary variable.

➢ Application of the authors' "multi-layered" method for model interpretation. Using this method,
unique functional time-dependent coefficients reflecting the impact of air contaminants at a
specific moment were created. These coefficients provide a valid model interpretation in
epidemiology. They can thus be applied to the evaluation of the health impacts of air pollution.

1.8 LIMITATIONS:
The data collected via lung function evaluations in 165 children between February and
September 2002 (about 4000 individual daily recordings) were analyses using the suggested approach.
Age, gender, body mass index, and location of residence were the topic factors. The daily maximum
temperature, average humidity, and barometric pressure were among the weather variables. Ozone,
nitrogen, sulphur oxides, and suspended particulates were the variables associated with air pollution.
Furthermore, the effects were examined with a 3-day lag. The outcomes showed that air pollution has a
statistically significant impact on lung function. The majority of the contaminants did not alter in a way
that significantly reduced lung function. On the other hand, during the examined period, a mean one-day
delay in lung function was linked to a 10 kg/m3 rise in ozone.
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CHAPTER-2
2.1 LIQUID TREE:
The innovative "Liquid Tree," also known as "LIQUID 3," is a freshwater micro algae-
based solution. It is a cutting-edge photo bioreactor that contains cellulose microfibers, which are
minute fibers from plant cell walls. In order to solve the issue of air pollution, it was adopted in
Serbia. Closed fermentation tanks called photo bioreactors hold a variety of microscopic
photosynthetic organisms gathered in a meticulously regulated system that allows for fine control
over their growth. These algae provide a useful remedy for issues with air quality since they
perform photosynthesis, take in carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and release oxygen.Dr. Ivan
Spasojevic made use of the University of Belgrade's Liquid Tree photo bioreactor. Serbia has the
unpleasant distinction of owning the most number of facilities related to pollution in Europe in
2020. The creation of the photo bioreactor concept was spurred by this concerning scenario and
urgent environmental concerns.
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2.2 WORKING MECHANISM:

A 600-liter water chamber inside the photo bioreactor holds a large number of single-celled
freshwater algae (Castim, 2021).Since these algae are indigenous to ponds and lakes, they can withstand
extremes in temperature and can even flourish in the winter. They are primarily responsible for taking in
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, carrying out photosynthesis, and then creating pure oxygen. The
alga's biomass is collected after a month and a half, and more minerals are added to the water to restore it.
The biomass that has been gathered has two uses: it is used as plant and agricultural fertilizer.
Additionally, the "Liquid 3" features a solar panel on top made of dead algal biomass that absorbs solar
energy and transforms it into electricity. This electricity powers a pump that adds air to the tank through
tiny holes (Kriegar, 2022). Additionally, this electrical source allows the tank to emit light, which allows
the micro-algae to continue their year-round, uninterrupted photosynthesis—even in the winter, when
sunlight is scarcer.

2.3 USES OF LIQUID TREE

Diminution of Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The ability of liquid trees to absorb and retain
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is essential for reducing the greenhouse effect and tackling climate
change.
Better Air Quality: Liquid Trees help to improve air quality by releasing pure oxygen
into the environment and absorbing carbon dioxide and other pollutants from it. This makes the air healthier
to breathe.
Wastewater Treatment: When organic matter, pollutants, and nitrogen and phosphorus
are introduced into a photo bioreactor, the enclosed algae serve as filters to remove them.
Applications in Medicine: A wide range of microorganisms, including algae, are
capable of producing bio active chemicals that have important uses in the medical sector. In contrast to
their proliferation in natural settings, these bio active chemicals can be extracted more easily from such
algae when they are cultivated in a controlled bioreactor environment.

Application to Spacecraft: Photo bioreactors could be used in spacecraft to produce

oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. They also provide the option of growing green salads to meet
astronauts' nutritional requirements.
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Chapter 3
3.1 CONCLUSION:
Restrictions and technologies should be put in place to ensure that industrial emissions are kept under
control. Industries should be encouraged to implement greener technologies and production methods.
Encouraging Renewable Energy: To cut emissions from power plants, switch from fossil fuels to
renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower.
Planting green spaces and trees can help to clean the air by absorbing pollutants. Promote urban green
space development and tree planting campaigns.

Diminish interior Air Pollution: Enhance the quality of interior air by employing air purifiers, getting
enough ventilation, and refraining from smoking indoors.
Air Quality Monitoring: Install devices to keep tabs on the state of the atmosphere and notify the public
when pollution becomes an issue.

Restrictions and technologies should be put in place to ensure that industrial emissions are kept under
control. Industries should be encouraged to implement greener technologies and production methods.
Encouraging Renewable Energy: To cut emissions from power plants, switch from fossil fuels to
renewable energy sources like solar, wind, and hydropower.
Planting green spaces and trees can help to clean the air by absorbing pollutants. Promote urban green
space development and tree planting campaigns.

Diminish interior Air Pollution: Enhance the quality of interior air by employing air purifiers, getting
enough ventilation, and refraining from smoking indoors.
Air Quality Monitoring: Install devices to keep tabs on the state of the atmosphere and notify the public
when pProvide educational resources such as leaflets, posters, and brochures that outline the causes,
impacts, and mitigation strategies for air pollution, as well as how individuals can contribute less to the
problem. In public areas, community centers, companies, and schools, distribute these items.
Public Activities and Workshops: Plan public gatherings, seminars, and workshops to raise awareness of
air pollution. Ask professionals to discuss the science behind air pollution, how it affects health, and
workable ways to cut emissions. Encourage involvement and participation from the audience.
Media Outreach: Utilize news stories, television segments, radio broadcasts, and online content to
collaborate with nearby media outlets in order to increase public awareness of air pollution. Draw
attention to regional concerns about air quality, the causes of pollution, and the achievements of local
initiatives to enhance air quality.

Social Media Marketing: Make Use of Social Media

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Explain what air pollution is and why it matters for human health and the environment globally.
Give a summary of the goals and parameters of the report.
2. The State of Air Pollution Right Now:

Provide information on air quality parameters, such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide,
and volatile organic compounds concentrations.
Determine the main causes of air pollution, such as domestic combustion, industrial processes,
transportation, and agricultural.
Emphasize how air pollution affects human health and the environment, particularly respiratory
conditions, heart issues, and ecosystem deterioration.
3. Methods for Managing Air Pollution:

Talk about regulatory strategies for businesses and automobiles, such as permits, emission limits, and
enforcement methods.
Investigate technology solutions such renewable energy sources, pollution control devices, and greener
production techniques.
Explain transportation management techniques, such as encouraging

The contaminants being detected and the research technique employed can affect which countries are the
most polluted. But when it comes to total emissions of air pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and
particulate matter (PM), as well as greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and
nitrous oxide (N2O), some nations often rank among the top emitters. Here are a few illustrations:

China: For a number of years, the nation with the greatest population in the world and a significant
industrial powerhouse has been the biggest emitter of CO2. Its high reliance on coal for transportation,
industry, and energy production raises the country's emissions considerably.
The United States has historically been among the top emitters of greenhouse gases, especially CO2. The
United States continues to be a major contributor to world emissions even if emissions have decreased
recently as a result of things like the switch from coal to natural gas and growing usage of renewable
energy.
India: The country's emissions have been gradually rising in recent years due to its quickly expanding
economy and population. Similar to China, India's energy production is primarily based on coal, which
raises the country's air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
Russia is a major contributor to global CO2 emissions, mostly as a result of its substantial exports and
production of natural gas and oil. Furthermore, traffic, agriculture, and industrial operations all contribute
to its
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3.1 BIBLIOGRAPHY:

1. World health organization (2019-2021). articles

2. https://chatgpt.com/c/50455d94-9435-4288-8a05-30023897f9cd

3. Nasdaily https://www.youtube.com/@NasDaily

4. https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/postgraduate/courses/taught/gees/air-pollution-mgt-ctrl