EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION

AKSHAY PV
ROLL NO : 16
REG NO : 2101023284
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
GOVT . POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE MATTANNUR
CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History of EGR
• What is exhaust gas?
• Formation of NOx
• How NOx can be reduced
• Exhaust gas recirculation
• Basic parts of EGR
• Working of EGR
• Advantages and disadvantages
• Application
• Conclusion
INTRODUCTION
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a system that recirculates a portion of
an engine's exhaust gas back to the engine cylinders.

The exhaust gas displaces atmospheric air and reduces the amount of
oxygen in the combustion chamber.

This reduces the peak combustion temperature, which helps to prevent

the formation of nitrogen oxides (NOx).

The EGR system is a key component of emission control systems in

modern vehicles. It is used in both gasoline and diesel engines, and it can
help to reduce NOx emissions by up to 70%
HISTORY OF EGR
1. The EGR valve was invented in the United States in the 1970s.
2. Tested for the first time by the American giant, General Motors.
3. It reduces toxic gas emissions by re-using 5% to 35% of the exhaust
gases.
4. European anti-pollution standards made it mandatory in diesel
vehicles.
WHAT IS EXHAUST GAS?
Exhaust gas or flue gas is emitted as a result of the combustion of fuels
such as natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, or coal. It is discharged into
the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe, flue gas stack, or propelling
nozzle.
FORMATION OF NOx
• NOx emission is found in an engine due to higher in-cylinder
temperature.
• The nitrogen and oxygen molecules break apart from the air into
more reactive atoms that eagerly recombine to form NOx.
• When the peak temperatures are high enough for long periods of
time, the nitrogen and oxygen in the air combines to form Nitrogen
oxides.
HOW NOx CAN BE REDUCED
• In order to reduce NOx a engine should run at a lower temperature
than the normal temperature.
• Reduced cylinder temperatures can be achieved in three ways.

1. Enriching the air fuel mixture

2. Lowering the compression ratio and retarding ignition timings

3. Reducing the amount of Oxygen in the cylinder

EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION
• Exhaust Gas Recirculation is an efficient method to reduce NOx
emissions from the engine.
• It works by recirculating a quantity of exhaust gas back to the
engine cylinders.
• Intermixing the recirculated gas with incoming air reduces the
amount of available O2 to the combustion And lowers the peak
temperature of combustion.
• Recirculation is usually achieved by piping a route from the
exhaust manifold to the intake manifold.
• A control valve within the circuit regulates and times the gas
flow.
DIAGRAM
Schematic diagram of an EGR
BASIC PARTS OF EGR
• There are 3 basic parts of EGR.

1. EGR valve

2. EGR cooler

3. EGR transfer pipe

BASIC PARTS OF EGR
1. EGR VALVE
The EGR valve is the main
component of the EGR system
and it's normally closed. It
connects the exhaust manifold
to the intake manifold. The
function of the EGR valve is to
control the flow of exhaust gas
being recirculated depending
on the engine load.
2. EGR COOLER
The EGR cooler is a component in the
exhaust system. Its main function is to
cool down the exhaust gases before
they are recirculated back into the
engine for combustion. This is done by
passing the hot exhaust gases through
a series of tubes or fins, which are
cooled by either coolant or ambient
air. Cooling the exhaust gases helps
lower their temperature and reduces
the formation of harmful nitrogen
oxides (NOx) during combustion.
3. EGR TRANSFER PIPE

The EGR transfer pipe is responsible for transferring the cooled exhaust
gases from the EGR cooler to the intake manifold of the engine. The
transfer pipe is typically made of metal and is designed to withstand
high temperatures and pressures. It ensures that the recirculated
exhaust gases are properly delivered to the engine for combustion.
WORKING OF EGR
1. The EGR system starts working when the engine reaches a certain
operating temperature and speed.

2. The engine control unit (ECU) monitors various parameters such as

engine load, coolant temperature, and throttle position to determine
the appropriate amount of exhaust gas recirculation.

3. When the conditions are met, the ECU sends a signal to the EGR
valve to open. The EGR valve is located between the exhaust manifold
and the intake manifold.
4. As the EGR valve opens, a portion of the exhaust gases is diverted
from the exhaust manifold and directed into the EGR cooler.

5. The EGR cooler is a heat exchanger that cools down the hot exhaust
gases. This helps prevent excessive heat buildup and damage to engine
components.

6. The cooled exhaust gases then flow through the EGR transfer pipe,
which connects the EGR cooler to the intake manifold.

7. The mixture of fresh air and recirculated exhaust gases enters the
combustion chamber during the intake stroke of the engine.
8. During combustion, the recirculated exhaust gases help lower the
peak combustion temperature, reducing the formation of nitrogen
oxides.

9. The combustion process continues as usual, with the fuel-air mixture

igniting and expanding, generating power to drive the vehicle.

10. The process of exhaust gas recirculation repeats continuously as

long as the engine conditions meet the criteria for EGR operation.
ADVANTAGES
• Reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions.
• Improved fuel efficiency.
• Lower engine temperatures.
• Cost-effective emissions control.
• Compliance with emissions regulations.
• Improved engine performance.
• Environmental benefits.
DISADVANTAGES

• Increased particulate matter emissions.

• Increased engine complexity.
• Potential for clogging and fouling.
• Reduced engine power and responsiveness.
• Increased engine wear.
• Limited effectiveness at low engine speeds.
APPLICATIONS
1. Passenger Cars
2. Commercial Vehicles
3. Off-Road Vehicles
4. Marine Engines
CONCLUSION
Overall, the EGR system offers several advantages in terms of emissions
reduction, fuel efficiency, engine performance, and environmental
benefits. It is an essential component in modern vehicles to meet
emissions regulations and improve overall efficiency.