SMJP2203

APPLIED FLUID MECHANICS

Semester 2 - 2023/2024

Topic 3: Fluid Machinery Part 2

Dr. Ahmad Faiz Mohammad

Department of Mechanical Precision Engineering

Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
Now, let’s get ready to learn....
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY

3.6 Pump Performance Characteristics

3.7 Net Positive Suction Head (NSPH)

3.8 System Characteristics & Pump Selection

3.9 Pumps in Series or Parallel

3.10 Axial-Flow Pump

 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.6 Pump Performance Characteristics
• The figure shows a typical experimental arrangement for determining the head rise (𝒉𝒂 ) gained by
a fluid flowing through a pump.
• Using the Bernoulli equation (head form):

𝑝2 − 𝑝1 𝑉22 − 𝑉12
ℎ𝑎 = + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 +
𝛾 2𝑔

• Typically, the elevation & velocity differences are

small so that
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 ∆𝑝
ℎ𝑎 ≈ =
𝛾 𝛾

• The power gained by the fluid is • The overall efficiency of the pump is:
𝑃𝑓 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ𝑎 Eq. (16) 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑃𝑂 𝑃𝑓
η0 = = = Eq. (5)
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑃𝐼 𝑊ሶ 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.6 Pump Performance Characteristics
• Typical performance characteristics for a centrifugal pump are
presented in a graphical form.

• For the pump characterized by the graph, the head curve

continuously rises as the flowrate decreases, and in this case the
pump is said to have a rising head curve.

• These pumps have a falling head curve. The head developed by

the pump at zero discharge is called the shutoff head, and it
represents the rise in pressure head across the pump with the
discharge valve closed.

• Since there is no flow with the valve closed, the related efficiency
Brake horsepower (bhp) is also the total
is zero, and the power supplied by the pump is simply dissipated power applied to the shaft of the pump.
as heat.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.6 Pump Performance Characteristics
• Although centrifugal pumps can be operated for short periods of time with
the discharge valve closed, damage will occur due to overheating and large
mechanical stress with any extended operation with the valve closed.

• As the discharge is increased from zero the brake horsepower increases, with
a subsequent fall as the maximum discharge is approached.

• The efficiency is a function of the flowrate and reaches a maximum value at

some particular value of the flowrate, commonly referred to as the normal or
design flowrate or capacity for the pump.

• The points on the various curves corresponding to the maximum efficiency

are denoted as the best efficiency points (BEP).

• It is apparent that when selecting a pump for a particular application, it is

usually desirable to have the pump operate near its maximum efficiency.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.7 Net Positive Suction Head
Net Positive Suction Head (NSPH)
• On the suction side of a pump, low pressures are commonly encountered, with the concomitant possibility of cavitation
occurring within the pump.
• Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given location is reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid.
• When this occurs, vapor bubbles form; this phenomenon can cause a loss in efficiency as well as structural damage to the
pump.
• To characterize the potential for cavitation, NPSH can be defined as

𝑝𝑠 𝑉𝑠2 𝑝𝑣 Two values of NSPH

𝑁𝑃𝑆𝐻 = + − Eq. (17)
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾
1. Required NSPH or NSPHR: The value that must be maintained
The total head on the suction side The liquid vapour (or exceeded) so that cavitation will not occur.
near the pump impeller inlet pressure head
2. Available NSPH or NSPHA: The value that represents the head
that actually occurs for the particular flow system.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.7 Net Positive Suction Head
For a typical flow system
• The energy equation applied between the free liquid surface and
a point on the suction side of the pump near the impeller inlet

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝑠 𝑉𝑠2
− 𝑧1 = + + ෍ ℎ𝐿
𝛾 𝛾 2𝑔

Head losses between

𝑝𝑠 𝑉𝑠2 𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 the free surface & the
+ = − 𝑧1 − ෍ ℎ𝐿 pump impeller inlet
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾

The head available at the

pump impeller inlet

For proper pump operation:

𝑝𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑝𝑣
𝑁𝑆𝑃𝐻𝐴 = − 𝑧1 − ෍ ℎ𝐿 − Eq. (18) 𝑁𝑆𝑃𝐻𝐴 ≥ 𝑁𝑆𝑃𝐻𝑅
𝛾 𝛾
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.8 System Characteristics & Pump Selection
For a typical flow system in which a pump is used
• The energy equation is applied between points 1 and 2:

ℎ𝑝 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + ෍ ℎ𝐿 Eq. (19)

The actual head gained by All friction losses &

the fluid from the pump minor losses
ℎ𝐿 ≈ 𝐾𝑄2

ℎ𝑝 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 + 𝐾𝑄2 Eq. (20)

𝐾 depends on the pipe size and

length, friction factor, and minor loss
coefficient

Eq. (20) is the system equation which shows how the actual head gained
by the fluid from the pump is related to the system parameters.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.8 System Characteristics & Pump Selection
From (A) to (B):
• There is also a unique relationship between the actual pump
Q ↓ and performance ↑
head gained by the fluid & flowrate, which is governed by the
pump design.
• To select a pump for a particular application, it is necessary to
utilize both the system curve, determined by the system equation,
and the pump performance curve.
• The intersection of both curves represents the operating point
for the system.
• The operating point is ideally equal to the best efficiency point
(BEP).

Utilization of the system curve & the pump performance curve

to obtain the operating point for the system
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
Series
When two pumps are placed in series,
• The resulting pump performance curve is obtained by
adding heads at the same flowrate.
• Both the actual head and the flowrate are increased but
neither will be doubled.
• The operating point is moved from (A) to (B).
3.9 Pump in Series or Parallel
Parallel
When two pumps are placed in parallel,
• The combined performance curve is obtained by adding
flowrate at the same head.
• The flowrate is increased significantly, but not doubled.
• The operating point is moved from (A) to (B).
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.10 Axial-Flow Pump
• Centrifugal pumps are radial-flow machines that operate most efficiently for
applications requiring high heads at relatively low flowrate.
• For many applications, such as those associate with drainage and irrigation, high
flowrate at low head are required.
➢ Centrifugal pumps are not suitable.
➢ Axial-flow pumps are commonly used.
• Axial-flow pump, consists of a propeller confined within a cylindrical casing, is often
called propeller pump.
• Shown in the diagram, a rotor is connected to a motor through a shaft. As the rotor
rotates the fluid is sucked in through the inlet.

Schematic diagram of an axial-flow pump

arranged for vertical operation
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.10 Axial-Flow Pump
Comparison between centrifugal pump & axial-flow pump

• At design capacity (maximum efficiency) the head and brake

horsepower are the same for the two pumps.
• As the flowrate decreases, the power input to the centrifugal pump
falls to 180 hp at shutoff.
• Whereas for the axial-flow pump the power input increases to 520 hp
at shutoff.
• The axial-flow pump can cause overloading of the drive motor if the
flowrate is reduced significantly from the design capacity.
• The head curve for the axial-flow pump is much steeper than that for
the centrifugal pump.
• Except at design capacity, the efficiency of the axial-flow pump is lower
than that of the centrifugal pump.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.10 Axial-Flow Pump
Kinematic Diagram at the Rotor of an Axial-Flow Pump
(1) Inlet Kinematic Diagram: (2) Outlet Kinematic Diagram:
Inlet 𝑼 Outlet
𝑼
absolute 𝑼
Va (
velocity
( absolute
Va ( velocity
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 (𝑉𝑤 )1 n
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 1 (𝑉𝑤 )2
𝛽1
8

𝛽2 𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 2
(𝑉𝑤 )1
𝑽𝒂 𝛽1 𝑉𝑎 a
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑎
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 2
𝑼 − 𝑉𝑤 1 𝑼 − 𝑉𝑤 2
𝛽2 tan 𝛽1 = Eq. (21) tan 𝛽2 = Eq. (22)
𝑉𝑟𝑒𝑙 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎
2
(𝑉𝑤 )2 𝛽2 Similar equations with centrifugal pumps used for axial-flow pumps:
𝑉𝑎 𝑊ሶ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 𝜌𝑄𝑈 𝑉𝑤 2 − 𝑉𝑤 1 Eq. (23)

𝑈 = 𝜔𝑟𝑚 Eq. (24)

rm is the mean (average) radius between the hub and the blade tip
 a) Inlet Kinematic Diagram Outlet Kinematic Diagram

........
xv

[Vw)
........... (Vw)2x

.......
x

-------
Va
(Vr)

Bi (
,

&
Va
(Vr)z

Bz(
>

i
-
i
-

Q
tip radius + hub radius
b) Va *
=
=
(D2 d2) - mean radius 2

0 13 .
0 .

1016 + hub radius

=
0 0762 =

(0 20322 10162)
.

. -
0 .
2

=
5 345
.

m/S hub radius = 0 .

0508m

c)
COSB2 =
5 .
345
cos (30) =

(Vr)z

(Vriz = 6 172 .

m/s

U- ( Vubz
d) Absolute velocity ,
V2 =
Va + Vw U = wrm tanBz =

Va
11 43
.
-

(Vw)2
=
(5 . 345)2 + (8 344)2
.
=
(150)(0 0762) . tan 30 =
5 345
.

=
9 .
909m/S
= 11 .
43 m/s (Vw) = 8 .

344m/s

V- (Vw) ,
e) 4 =
eQU[(Vw)c-(Vw) ] ,
* tanb ,
=
Va
11 .
43 -

[Vw)
tan 45
=
(1000) (0 13) (11 43) (8 .
.
.
344 -
6 .

085) =
5. 345

=
3 . 357kW (Vw) ,
=
6 085 m/s
.
 CHAPTER 3: FLUID MACHINERY
3.10 Axial-Flow Pump
Axial Velocity

Axial velocity can be obtained by the following equation:

𝑄
𝑉𝑎 = 𝜋 Eq. (25)
𝐷 2 − 𝑑2
4
𝑸 is the volumetric flow rate
𝑫𝟐 is the tip diameter
𝒅𝟐 is the hub diameter