Ethical Terminologies Ksg1

ETHICS VALUE BASED TERMINOLOGY TO BE USED FOR ANSWER WRITING:
NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658

Educator @KSG India Khan Study Group; New Delhi
‘A-karma’ ‘Sat-karma’ and ‘Vi-karma’: According to Bhagwad Gita; Karma/Duties are of 3 types. A-karma
means inaction; Vi-karma means bad or evil actions while Sa-karma means divine acts and duties. Krishna
says action is always better than inaction, but inaction is better over bad-action. Bhagwadgita also advocates
that inaction or Sanyasa will not cause divine transformation or moksha. Moksha comes only through ‘Sa-
karma’ and ‘Nishkama Karma’.
Anekāntavāda: Anekāntavāda refers to the Jain doctrine about metaphysical truths that emerged in ancient
India. Anekāntavāda is a fundamental doctrine of Jainism. It states that the ultimate truth and reality is
complex and has multiple aspects. Anekantavada has also been interpreted to mean non-absolutism,
"intellectual Ahimsa",religious pluralism, as well as a rejection of fanaticism that leads to terror attacks and
mass violence. According to Jainism, no single, specific statement can describe the nature of existence and
the absolute truth.
Ahimsa (Non-violence or non-injury): Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity
which should be respected as one expects one's own sanctity and dignity to be respected. Ahimsa, Jainism's
first and most important vow, applies to actions, speech, and thought. In Jainism, nonviolence is not limited
to refraining from mental, verbal and physical injury to human beings. It encompasses abstaining from injury
to all living beings, all animals and plants. The Jain concept of ahimsa is very different from the concept of
nonviolence found in other philosophies. Violence is usually associated with causing harm to others. But
according to the Jain philosophy, violence refers primarily to injuring one's own self – behaviour which
inhibits the soul's own ability to attain moksha (liberation from the cycle of births and deaths). At the same
time it also means violence to others because it is this tendency to harm others that ultimately harms one's
own soul. Furthermore, the Jains extend the concept of ahimsa not only to humans but to all animals, plants,
micro-organisms and all beings having life or life potential. All life is sacred and everything has a right to live
fearlessly to its maximum potential.
Ajivika Philosophy: It is a fatalist school promoting a rigid, deterministic view of human destiny. It believes
in unchanging orderliness of the universe with a predetermined path for the soul. Affairs of the entire world
are ordered by a cosmic force called niyati. There’s total determinism in transmigration of soul and series of
rebirths, Hence personal efforts would produce no result on change or would not accelerate improvement
towards spiritual destiny. Tenet of niyati developed into doctrine that all change was illusionary and
everything was eternally mobile.
NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG
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Accountability: Holders of public office are accountable for their decisions and actions to the public and
must submit themselves to whatever scrutiny is appropriate to their office. Civil servants and public officials
are expected to use powers and resources for the public good, in accordance with the law and government
policy. They should be prepared to be accountable for the decisions they make, and to justify their official
decisions and actions to a relevant authority, or publicly, as appropriate in the circumstances. Accountability
can broadly be defined as the obligation of those holding power to take responsibility and be held answerable
for their behavior and actions.
Attitudes: An attitude is "a learned relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral
tendencies and predisposition to behave consistently towards socially significant objects, groups, events or
symbols". Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) have tried to stress on the evaluative aspect while trying to define
attitude. According to them, attitude is a learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favourable or
unfavourable manner with respect to a given object. This definition, thus, emphasizes the view that attitudes
are fundamentally evaluations of a particular person, group, their actions and objects, situations, etc.
Adaptive function of attitudes: The holding of a particular attitude leads to reward or the avoidance of
punishment. It is the utilitarian or instrumental function of attitude which motivates the person to adjust
with the environment to gain social approval and support of family, friends, and neighbours. If a person
holds and/or expresses socially acceptable attitudes, other people will reward them with approval and social
acceptance. Attitudes then, are to do with being apart of a social group and the adaptive functions help us fit
in with a social group.
Attitude strength: Strong attitudes are those that are firmly held and that highly influence behavior.
Attitudes that are important to a person tend to be strong. Attitudes that people have a vested interest in are
also tend to be strong. Furthermore, people tend to have stronger attitudes about things, events, ideas, or
people they have considerable knowledge and information about.
Attitude accessibility: The accessibility of an attitude refers to the ease with which it comes to mind. In
general, highly accessible attitudes tend to be stronger.
Attitude ambivalence: The ambivalence of an attitude refers to the ratio of positive and negative evaluations
that make up that attitude. The ambivalence of an attitude increases as the positive and negative evaluations
get more and more equal.
Attitude Strength -The strength with which an attitude is held is often a good predictor of behavior. The
stronger the attitude the more likely it should affect behavior. Attitudes which are personally relevant or
formed through direct experience have more strength and are strongly held.
Analytical ethics: The category of analytical ethics, also often referred to as metaethics, is perhaps the most
difficult of the three to understand. Meta-ethics deals with the origin of ethical principles or the origin of right
and wrong. Meta-ethics is concerned with the nature of ethical statements; it does not prescribe or describe
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an action. It deals with issues like; what makes an action a Moral action? Why should one be ethical in his
life? Whether morality is objective or Subjective? Whether moral values are eternal truths or simply human
conventions? Meta-ethics simply means ethical reflection. Metaethics is a second-order moral theorizing.
Act Consequentialism: Act consequentialism is the claim that an act is morally right if and only if that act
maximizes the good. These claims are often summarized in the slogan that an act is right if and only if it
causes “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” In practice, people don't assess the ethical
consequences of every single act (that's called 'act consequentialism') because they don't have the time or it’s
not possible to anticipate in advance the consequences of the act if factors involved in the production of
consequences are too complex to apply utility theorem. In such cases, they use ethical rules that are derived
from considering the general consequences of particular types of acts. That is called 'rule consequentialism'.
So, for example, according to rule consequentialism, we consider lying to be wrong because we know that in
general lying produces bad consequences. Or as per rule consequentialism, we should stand by our promises
because we know that in general honoring promises is a morally worthy act.
Affective component of attitude: It refers to the emotional aspect of the attitude which is very often a deeply
rooted component and resists most to change. In other words, it indicates the direction and intensity of an
individual’s evaluation.This involves a person’s feelings/emotions about the attitude object. For example: “I
am scared of spiders”. In further simple terms, it involves a kind of emotion experienced towards the object of
attitude say love or hatred, like or dislike, palatable or unpalatable feelings. The emotional component as
already indicated it is quite strong normally stands on the way of attitude change.
Ageism, also spelled agism, is stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis
of their age. Butler defined "ageism" as a combination of three connected elements. Among them were
prejudicial attitudes towards older people, old age, and the aging process; discriminatory practices against
older people; and institutional practices and policies that perpetuate stereotypes about elderly people. The
term is also used in regards to prejudice and discrimination against adolescentsand children, such as denying
them certain rights usually reserved for adults such as the right to vote, right to run for political office, right
to purchase and drink alcohol, right to buy and smoke tobacco or cannabis, right to marry, right to own a
gun, right to gamble, right to consent or refuse medical treatment, sign contracts, etc.
Asteya: Asteya is the Sanskrit term for "non-stealing". It is a virtue in Hinduism. The practice of asteya
demands that one must not steal, nor have the intent to steal another's property through action, speech and
thoughts. Asteya is considered as one of five major vows of Hinduism and Jainism. It is also considered one of
ten forms of temperance (virtuous self-restraint) in Indian philosophy. In Jainism, aparigraha is the virtue of
non-possessiveness, non-grasping or non-greediness.
Brahmacarya: Brahmacarya is a concept within Indian religions that literally means "conduct consistent with
Brahman" or "on the path of Brahman". In Yoga, Hinduism and Buddhism it generally refers to a lifestyle
characterized by sexual continence or abstinence. It is considered necessary for a monk's spiritual practice.
Brahmacarya is somewhat different from the English term "celibacy," which merely means non-indulgence in
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sexual activity. Brahmacarya is when a person controls his citta through ascetic means. The word
brahmacarya stems from two Sanskrit roots: Brahman is what god is called in the Vedas, the main Hindu
scriptures. charya, which means "occupation with, engaging, proceeding, behaviour, conduct, to follow,
moving in, going after". This is often translated as activity, conduct, or mode of behaviour. Brahmacarya leads
one to union with the Supreme Soul or Self.
Bid rigging: Bid rigging means that the auctioneer either allows the. highest bidder to lower his bid to the
level of the second highest bid or allows the second highest bidder to match the. highest bid, in exchange for a
ﬁxed share of the surplus.
Behavioral component of attitude: It indicates the tendency to react towards the object of attitude in certain
specific ways. In other words, it is a predisposition to act in a certain manner towards the attitude object. This
is known by observing the behaviour of the individual i.e., what he says he will do or actually how he behaves,
does or reacts. The way the attitude we have influences on how we act or behave. For example: “I will avoid
spiders and scream if I see one”.A person who shows strong unpalatable attitude towards dowry by not
accepting any dowry during his marriage.
Chauvinism is a form of extreme patriotism and nationalism, a fervent faith in national excellence and glory.
It is an irrational belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong
and virtuous, while others are considered weak or unworthy.
Confirmation bias: Another dynamic that can reinforce stereotypes is confirmation bias. When interacting
with the target of our prejudice, we tend to pay attention to information that is consistent with our stereotypic
expectations and ignore information that is inconsistent with our expectations. In this process, known
as confirmation bias, we seek out information that supports our stereotypes and ignore information that is
inconsistent with our stereotypes.
Contact hypothesis: Contact and cooperation approaches stem from the work of Gordon Allport in the
1950s. He advanced the contact hypothesis, that interaction between members of conflicting groups reduces
the prevalence and intensity of prejudiced beliefs and actions. The idea is that time spent withother groups
breaks down the divide between ''us'' and ''them'' through positive contact and familiarity with individuals
instead of stereotyping groups.Contact approach is a group-based technique that increases contact between
members of conflicting groups in a positive environment.Cooperative learning & Competitive cooperation can
be used to deal with prejudice.
Cronyism: Cronyismis a more specific form of favoritism, referring to partiality towards friends and
associates. As the old saying goes, "It's not what you know but who you know". Cronyism occurs within a
network of insiders-the "good old boys," who confer favors on one another.
Carvaka’s Philosophy: It is the school ofIndian Hedonistic Materialism. It rejects the existence of other
worldly entities such as an immaterial soul or god and the after-life. Its primary philosophical import comes
by way of a scientific and naturalistic approach to metaphysics. Thus, it rejects ethical systems that are
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grounded in super-naturalistic cosmologies. The good is strictly associated with pleasure and the only ethical
obligation forwarded by the system is the maximization of one's own pleasure. Of the recognized means of
knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (anubhava). Sources critical of the
school depict its followers as hedonists advocating a policy of total opportunism.
Compassion towards weaker section: Compassion is a key moral emotion of liberal modernity. Compassion
applies especially in the case of humanitarian action – to care, to give and to act – in the face of distant
suffering. Compassion involves a sense of empathy. It does not end with pity. It invokes sensibilities to
understand and even feel the pain of others and motivates one to be truly helpful in overcoming this pain. A
citizen-centric administration would be strengthened through compassion and empathetic attitudes.
Categorisation techniques for handling prejudices: The following identity and categorization approaches
work to weaken the degree of difference people perceive between groups, whether based on gender, ethnicity,
sexual orientation, or some other division.
Decategorization: combats stereotyping by focusing on individuals rather than the group as a whole. This
breaks apart the categories, leaving just people.
Recategorization: rather than trying to dissolve group identities, this method helps people realize that both of
their groups are part of a larger group, uniting them while respecting and even celebrating difference.
Crossed-categorization: reduces prejudice by helping individuals of conflicting groups to identify an unrelated
group affiliation they may share.
Corrupt influence: Corrupt influence often is reflected as, among other things: Qualifying an unqualified or
untested company to bid or be a vendor; Improper or non-competitive contract awards; Paying too much for
goods or services; Buying too much of an item, or buying inappropriate items; Continued acceptance of low
quality or non-compliant goods or services.
Community policing: Community policing is an important improvement on the style of policing to build
confidence among citizens about police department. True community policing, requires a focus on results
rather than process; it forces decentralization, power sharing with community. In 1829 Sir Robert Peel set
out the model of an unarmed constable patrolling on behalf of their community. This connection between the
police and the public is encapsulated in the phrase ‘the police are the public and the public are the police’.
Components of Emotional Intelligence: Psychologist and best-selling author Daniel Goleman has suggested
that there are five components critical to emotional intelligence. Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation, Social Skills,
empathy and intrinsic motivation are traits which are necessary for person to develop emotional intelligence.
Corruption; Corruption in simple terms may be described as “an act of bribery”. It has also been described as
“the use of public power for private profits in a way that constitutes a breach of law or a deviation from the
norms of society”. D.H. Bailey has explained it as “misuse of authority as a result of consideration of personal
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gain which need not be monetary”.Transparency International defines corruption as the abuse of entrusted
power for private gain.
Conflict of Interest: Conflict of interest situation arises when there is an actual or apparent conflict between
public duty and private interest of a public official. In such a situation, an official's private interests could
improperly influence the performance of official duties. Conflict of interest in principle easy to define – in the
public sector a conflict of interest arises “when a public official has private-capacity interests which could
improperly influence the performance of their official duties and responsibilities.” In general, the appearance
of a conflict of interest is also to be avoided, to minimise the risk to the organisation’s reputation (and officials’
personal reputation) for integrity. Conflict of interest reduces public trust and confidence in the integrity and
impartiality of public functionaries. The OECD Guidelines for Managing Conflict of Interest take the position
that a conflict of interest is not necessarily corruption, which is understood as “actual abuse of public office
for private advantage”. But a conflict does have the potential for corrupt conduct. Conflicts between private
interests and public duties of public officials must therefore be correctly identified, appropriately managed,
and effectively resolved.
Corrupt payments: The bribe need not be in money or cash, and often is not. Any benefit given or received
with the intent to corruptly influence the recipient can be a bribe. “Things of value” that have been given and
received as bribes include: •Expensive gifts, free travel and lavish entertainment; “Loans,” whether or not
repaid; Use of credit cards; Sexual favors (hiring of prostitutes, etc.); Overpaying for purchases, e.g., paying
$20,000 for a car worth $5,000; Cash; Fees and commissions, even if recipient allegedly provided services to
the payer; Hidden interests in business transactions.
Cash Larceny: In the occupational fraud setting, a cash larceny may be defined as the intentional taking
away of an employer’s cash (the term cash includes both currency and checks) without the consent and
against the will of the employer. Skimming was defined above as the theft of off-book funds. Cash larceny
schemes, conversely, involve the theft of money that has already appeared on a victim company’s books.
Therefore, cash larceny schemes are on-book frauds.
Chiseling: in policing occurs when officers demand admission to entertainment events or price discounts.
And shopping involves taking small items, such as cigarettes, from a store whose door was accidentally left
unlocked after business hours.
Cooking the books:—a slang term for intentionally misrepresenting your company's financial results to make
them seem healthier than they actually are—is both alarmingly common and absolutely laden with the
potential for financial and reputational ruin.
Collusive Bidding: Groups of bidders might secretly agree to submit complementary high bids to allow pre-
selected contractors to win contracts on a rotating basis, or to divide contracts by territory, or take other
steps to defeat the competitive process and divide work. Collusive bidding, also known as “bid rigging” will
drive up prices in the affected industry. It is most common in industries with high start up and entry costs
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and relatively few bidders, such as road construction, paving and waste disposal.
Classical conditioning explanation of attitude formation: Classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus
is paired with a stimulus that faces naturally evokes an emotional response (Learning through
association).Our everyday experiences also indicate the importance of classical conditioning in the formation
of attitude. Through this technique, it is observed; people show powerful attitudinal reactions to social objects
even in the absence of first hand direct experience.It is because of this that when children overhear repeated
pairings of words in the conversation of their parents throughout the early years of life, (like Reema—naughty,
San—very handsome) form negative or positive attitudes themselves even if they have never come in direct
contact with the attitudinal stimulus itself.Creates an affective, or emotional component in an attitude by
pairing products with stimuli that elicit pleasant emotional responses. The magnitude of the effect was not
great, suggesting classical conditioning may contribute to, but not fully explain, affective components of
attitude formation.
Cognitive Dissonance Theory: Created by Festinger: Cognitive dissonance refers to a situation involving
conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of discomfort leading to an alteration in one
of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance, etc. For example, when
people smoke (behavior) and they know that smoking causes cancer (cognition). Festinger's (1957) cognitive
dissonance theory suggests that we have an inner drive to hold all our attitudes and beliefs in harmony and
avoid disharmony (or dissonance.According to cognitive dissonance theory, there is a tendency for individuals
to seek consistency among their cognitions (i.e., beliefs, opinions). When there is an inconsistency between
attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.Dissonance can be
reduced in one of three ways:First, individuals can change one or more of the attitudes, behavior, beliefs, etc.
so as to make the relationship between the two elements a consonant one. A second (cognitive) method of
reducing dissonance is to acquire new information that outweighs the dissonant beliefs. A third way to reduce
dissonance is to reduce the importance of the cognitions (i.e. beliefs, attitudes).
Components of Persuasion: The components in the communication process are source, message, the context
of the message channel, receiver and the audience. The Source: “Source” factors include the perceived sender
of the communication. The “message” denotes what a person says and includes style, content, and
organization. The source of a persuasive message is the communicator who is presenting it. “Channel”
designates the medium (e.g. press, radio, television) through which the message is communicated. The
channel is the medium used to send the message. Newspapers, television, the Internet, radio, movies, direct
mail, word of mouth, magazines, and billboard advertisements are just a few of the different media through
which people might encounter a persuasive message. Persuasive messages can involve emotional
appeals(Peripheral Route/Fear Appeal) or rational opinions(Central Route/Cognitive Appeal). Numerous
research concentrated on the recipients of persuasive messages, the audience, to discover when some people
are more persuadable than others. Many audience characteristics interact with message variables, such as
involvement or intelligence.
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Coercive Persuasion: Persuasion is coercive when it limits people’s freedom to make choices that are in their
best interest and prevents them from reasoning clearly. Cults use coercive techniques to persuade their
members to adopt ideas and practices. Coercive persuasion often involves practices such as placing people in
emotionally or physically stressful situations, telling people their problems all stem from one cause, having a
leader who is expected to be adored and obeyed, encouraging people to identify strongly with a new group,
entrapping people so that they have to increase their participation in the group, and controlling people’s
access to outside information.
Conformity:Conformity is a type of social influence involving a change in belief or behavior in order to fit in
with a group. This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined
(involving the pressure of social norms/expectations) group pressure.
A change in reported opinion or attitude (conformity) was considered as an instance of social influence
whether or not it represented a true private change. Conformity refers to the act of changing a particular
belief or behaviour to fit in with one's social environment. The main factor that influences conformity is social
norms. The term conformity is often used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about
either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational), or
simply to conform to a social role (identification).
Classism: prejudice against people belonging to a particular social class. Classism is differential treatment
based on social class or perceived social class. Classism is the systematic oppression of subordinated class
groups to advantage and strengthen the dominant class groups. It’s the systematic assignment of
characteristics of worth and ability based on social class.
Cardinal Virtue: Basic virtues on which subordinate virtues depend.

The cardinal virtues are the four principal moral virtues. The English word cardinal comes from the Latin
word cardo, which means "hinge." All other virtues hinge on these four: prudence, justice, fortitude, and
temperance. Plato first discussed the cardinal virtues in the Republic, and they entered into Christian
teaching by way of Plato's disciple Aristotle. Unlike the theological virtues(Faith, Hope & Charity), which are
the gifts of God through grace, the four cardinal virtues can be practiced by anyone; thus, they represent the
foundation of natural morality.
Civil Service Orientation: Relation of Civil servants towards their citizens is one of Servant and not of
master. Civil service aspirants should be having service orientation rather than ruling class orientation with
which British Bureaucracy governed India. Democratic Government is a government of common masses; and
hence Civil Servant must have orientation to serve these masses. Civil servants with low power distance do
not tolerate or follow hierarchies and do not prefer unequal power distribution. This helps them work with
society and citizens as one of the member of the society and not as ruling or VIP class mindset. Service-
oriented people focus on providing satisfaction and making themselves available to others. Civil service
orientation is opposite of VIP culture that runs deep in Indian bureaucracy.
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Cognitive component of attitude: This involves a person’s belief/knowledge about an attitude object.
Itconsists of a person’s system of beliefs, perceptions, and stereotypes about the attitudinal object. In other
words, it refers to his ideas about the object. The term opinion is often used as a substitute for the cognitive
component of an attitude particularly when it is relevant to some issue or problem.
Categorical Imperatives & Morality:

Hypothetical Imperatives are simply those imperatives which command conditionality on your motives or
intentions. E.g. “If you want to crack UPSC then study hard.” “If you want to be healthy, do regular
exercise”. Categorical Imperatives, on the other hand, are commands which do not have conditionally
associated with it. E.g. “Don’t cheat in exams.” Even if it will help you crack the UPSC exam; you may not
cheat. Because cheating is without any conditionality associated is the right thing to do and no motive,
intention or expected outcome justifies cheating. Hypothetical imperatives use “instrumental” reason. It’s
simply means-ends reasoning. For example, if you want a good business reputation; then don’t cheat a
customer; that’s hypothetical imperative.Imperative is Hypothetical because it considers action (of not
cheating)isgood solely as a means to something else(not losing customers). Hypothetical imperatives tell you
what to do in order to achieve a particular goal. In statement; if you don’t want to go to prison, then don’t
steal cars. Action of not stealing cars is justified by a hypothetical argument of not going to prison. To not
steal a car is based not on the assumption that’s it’s wrong to steal, but based on the reason that it will lead
us to jail. Morality, according to Kant, isn’t like this. Morality consists of categorical imperatives. Imperative is
Categorical when action is represented as good in itself, and therefore as necessary. Categorical imperative is
thus a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not
depend on any ulterior motive or end. Morality doesn’t say “If you want to stay out of prison, then don’t steal
cars”; it says “Don’t steal cars!” because stealing can’t be a universal law. Thus, the hypothetical imperative is
teleological (i.e. it focuses on the consequences of an action), whilst the categorical imperative is firmly
deontological.
Commerce without morality/ Ethics: Gandhi held that business transactions should be based on moral
Foundation and should ensure that both parties involved in the transaction should come out fairly. Profit-
making should not be the sole bottom line of commerce. Adam Smith through his writings explained to us
role of moral foundational in the success of any systems. Whether economic, social or political systems all are
ultimately based on a moral foundation. Gandhi also stressed on the immense need for infusing morality into
the economic systems. Fairness in economic dealings was to be of sole importance.
Consequentialism: Locate the authority of moral standards with reference to the ends or interests
served.Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's
conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus,
from a consequentiality standpoint, a morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome or
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consequence. Consequentialism is primarily non-prescriptive, meaning the moral worth of an action is
determined by its potential consequence, not by whether it follows a set of written edicts.
Citizen Centric Administration:-Administration is meant to achieve something, and not to exist in some
kind of an ivory tower, following certain rules of procedure. Governance in order to be citizen centric should
be participative and transparent. It should be effective, efficient and responsive to the citizens. Furthermore,
an ethos of serving the citizens should permeate all government organizations. Last but not the least,
government organisations should be accountable to the people. As one of the primary functions of the State is
to promote the welfare of its citizens, an evaluation of the functioning of the institutions of governance will
ultimately have to be based on the satisfaction they provide to the common man. In this regard, prominence
would need to be attached to the voice of the citizens themselves. The 4 pillars on which the edifice of good
governance rests, in essence, are:-
Ethos (of service to the citizen); Ethics (honesty, integrity, and transparency); Equity (treating all citizens alike
with empathy for the weaker sections); Efficiency (speedy and effective delivery of service without harassment
and using ICT increasingly).Citizens are thus at the core of good governance. Therefore, good governance and
citizen centric administration are inextricably linked.
Citizen’s Charter: -The Citizens’ Charter is an instrument which seeks to make an organization transparent,
accountable and citizen friendly. A Citizens’ Charter is a public statement that defines the entitlements of
citizens to a specific service, the standards of the service, the conditions to be met by users, and the remedies
available to the latter in case of non-compliance of standards. Six principles of the Citizens’ Charter:-
Quality – improving the quality of services; Choice – for the users wherever possible; Standards – specifying
what to expect within a time frame; Value – for the taxpayers’ money; Accountability – of the service provider
(individual as well as Organization); Transparency – in rules, procedures, schemes and grievance redressal.
Corporate Social Responsibility:

CSR principles that widely govern the business world today suggest that private corporations have an equal
stake as the govt in ensuring the welfare of society. Although the roots of CSR lie in philanthropic activities
(such as donations, charity, relief work, etc.) of corporations, globally, the concept of CSR has evolved and
now encompasses all related concepts such as triple bottom line, corporate citizenship, philanthropy,
strategic philanthropy, shared value, corporate sustainability and business responsibility. The World business
council for sustainable development(WBCSD) defines CSR as “the continuing commitment by business to
contribute to economic development while improving the quality of life of the workforce and their families as
well as of the community and society at large.” The United Nations Industrial Development Organisation
(UNIDO) has defined corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a management concept whereby companies
integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their
stakeholders. CSR is a way in which companies achieve a balance of economic, environmental and social
imperatives (Triple-Bottom-Line Approach).]
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Central Route to Persuasive Communication: When discussing the Elaboration Likelihood Model, we use
the term 'elaborate' to mean 'to think elaborately about something.' The central route to persuasion is when
people elaborate on a persuasive argument, listening carefully and thinking about the logic behind the
message. There are times when people are motivated to pay attention to the facts during a speech or other
persuasive communication and during those times are persuaded the most by a strong logical argument. If a
person believes the persuasion to be reliable, convincing and well-constructed, he or she will typically be
receptive to a change in attitude that is long-lasting.
Dedication in Public Service: Commitment + Perseverance: Dedication is the quality of being committed to
task, or purpose of organization; and in matter of public service, being committed to values of constitution
and law of the land and ideals of democracy. Dedication is quality of involving oneself, and having sense of
duty. Dedication to duty involves voluntary commitment to service, instead of obligation to perform service.
Dedicated civil servant can only act as change agent and can uphold the spirit of civil service. Dedicated civil
servant is the one who is intrinsically motivated, has trait of perseverance, and spirit of service. Dedication to
service involves having highest duty ethics.
Dynamism: The uncertainty avoidance as a value or Attitude is defined as “a society's or Individual’s

tolerance for ambiguity,” in which people embrace or avert an event or something unexpected, unknown, or
away from the status quo. A lower degree in this index shows more acceptances of differing thoughts or ideas,
tolerance to opposing viewpoints, and readiness to face evolving unforeseen challenges. Being low on
uncertainty avoidance is very essential quality of a civil servant. Today’s post globalised world is full of
complexities and unforeseen challenges. It is impossible to run a 21st century economy with a 19th century
bureaucracy using 18th century rules. Civil service job requires lot of dynamism. Status Quo oriented civil
servants cant carry out their duties efficiently. Today Civil servant who is open to uncertain, ambiguous and
dynamic challenges can only deliver his duties in most efficient and effective manner.
Diversity Training:Diversity training is an initiative taken by most companies to create awareness of

diversity issues and bring about cohesiveness in teams. It is primarily a part of the leadership
development programs to promote togetherness and level playing field for all.…. bring about cohesiveness in
teams. It is primarily a part of the leadership development programs to promote togetherness and level
playing field for all. Diversity training can be divided into two categories: Awareness-based training and Skill-
based training: Awareness-based training is type of training is generally used as a sensitizer for employees. It
deals with making employees aware of the importance of diversity in business. It also makes employees aware
of their prejudices and cultural assumptions about others. The training uses case studies and experiential
exercises as the method of training implementation. Skill-based training deals with developing employees’
proficiency in handling diversity in the workplace. Various tools are used to take the employees from the
awareness to the proficiency stage. The tools used help in improving employees’ interpretation of cross-
cultural differences, communication with people from different cultures, and adaptability.
Discretionary powers: The lines separating right from wrong or good from evil, observed political theorist
Edmund Burke nearly four centuries ago, are not like the fine lines of geometry. They are broad and deep,
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and permit exceptions. Conventional wisdom, thus, stipulates that the official on the spot alone is best
equipped to decide how to achieve the objects of the legislation she is trying to implement. Discretion in
layman’s language means choosing from the various available alternatives without reference to any
predetermined criterion. A person writing his will has such discretion to dispose of his property. But the term
‘discretion’ when qualified by the word ‘administrative’ has somewhat different overtones. ‘Discretion’ in this
sense means choosing from amongst the various available alternatives but with reference to the rules of
reason and justice and not according to personal whims. Such exercise is not to be arbitrary, vague and
fanciful, but legal and regular. Mostly countries had adopted the concept of welfare state. To fulfill this
purpose administration had required for some discretion. Administrative discretion is a means to get the aim
of welfare state.
Direct methods of measuring corruption: Direct methods of measuring corruption aim at collecting
evidence-based information on corruption through statistical and standardized procedures. They measure
actual experiences of corruption, rather than perceptions of corruption, and can include official data (such as
reported cases of corruption, conviction figures, electoral scrutiny findings) and experience-based sample
surveys (which collect data on the experience of representative samples of a given population). Direct methods
are considered as "the most reliable approach to producing the detailed information on corruption necessary
for policymaking purposes (e.g., identifying corruption-prone areas, procedures or positions at risk, or
monitoring trends over time)". The Manual cautions, however, against relying exclusively on official data
regarding reported cases, as many victims do not report corruption.
Dumbstruck Effect: When a leader gave an emotion-filled speech, the audience was less likely to scrutinize
what they had heard. Additionally, they claimed to remember more of the speech when in reality they
remembered less. Grant refers to this as the "dumbstruck effect."One observer reflected that Hitler’s
persuasive impact came from his ability to strategically express emotions—he would “tear open his heart”—
and these emotions affected his followers to the point that they would “stop thinking critically and just
emote.”Leaders who master emotions can rob us of our capacities to reason. If their values are out of step
with our own, the results can be devastating.
Door in the face (DITF) technique: The door in the face (DITF) technique is a persuasion method eliciting
compliance. The persuader approaches an individual with a request that is so demanding or outrageous that
it would most likely be refused. Then, the persuader presents a smaller and more reasonable request which
was the intended request. The individual accepts the second request because it seems smaller than the first.
If the persuader had simply made the smaller request first he would have been turned down, but because the
larger one was presented first the individual views the second option as a gain over the first offer.
Descriptive Ethics:The category of descriptive ethics is the easiest to understand - it simply

involves describing how people behave and/or what sorts of moral standards they claim to follow. Descriptive
ethics incorporates research from the fields of anthropology, psychology, sociology, and history as part of the
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process of understanding what people believe or have believed about moral norms. Descriptive ethics is thus
the study of how people do behave, and how they think they should behave. It is grounded in observation of
some sort — looking at people as they are, not necessarily as they should be.
Doctrine of the Mean: One of the most famous aspects of the Ethics is Aristotle’s doctrine that virtue exists
as a mean state between the vicious extremes of excess and deficiency. For example, the virtuous mean of
courage stands between the vices of rashness and cowardice, which represent excess and deficiency
respectively. Aristotle’s claim that virtue can be learned only through constant practice implies that there are
no set rules we can learn and then obey. Instead, virtue consists of learning through experience what is the
mean path, relative to ourselves, between the vices we may be liable to stumble into.
Epicureanism: Epicurus believed that what he called "pleasure" was the greatest good, but that the way to
attain such pleasure was to live modestly, to gain knowledge of the workings of the world, and to limit one's
desires.This would lead one to attain a state of tranquility (ataraxia) and freedom from fear as well as an
absence of bodily pain (aponia). Epicurus argued for moderation in all things, so that when eating, for
example, one should not eat too richly, for it could lead to dissatisfaction later, such as indigestion or the
grim realization that one could not afford such delicacies in the future. Likewise, sex could lead to increased
lust and dissatisfaction with the sexual partner.
Emotional Intelligence: Emotional intelligence is the ability to identify and manage your own emotions and
the emotions of others.It is generally said to include three skills: emotional awareness; the ability to harness
emotions and apply them to tasks like thinking and problem solving; and the ability to manage emotions,
which includes regulating your own emotions and cheering up or calming down other people. The ability to
express and control our emotions is essential, but so is our ability to understand, interpret, and respond to
the emotions of others. Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer have been the leading researchers on emotional
intelligence. In their influential article "Emotional Intelligence," they defined emotional intelligence as, "the
subset of social intelligence that involves the ability to monitor one's own and others' feelings and emotions, to
discriminate among them and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions" (1990).
Empathy:Empathy, or the ability to understand how others are feeling, is absolutely critical to emotional
intelligence. But this involves more than just being able to recognize the emotional states of others.It also
involves your responses to people based on this information. When you sense that someone is feeling sad or
hopeless, for example, it will likely influence how you respond to that individual. You might treat them with
extra care and concern or you might make an effort to buoy their spirits.Being empathetic also allows people
to understand the power dynamics that often influence social relationships, especially in workplace settings.
Those competent in this area are able to sense who possesses power in different relationships, understand
how these forces influence feelings and behaviors, and accurately interpret different situations that hinge on
such power dynamics.
Empathy: Compassion is a key moral emotion of liberal modernity. Compassion applies especially in the case
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of humanitarian action – to care, to give and to act – in the face of distant suffering. Compassion involves a
sense of empathy. It does not end with pity. It invokes sensibilities to understand and even feel the pain of
others and motivates one to be truly helpful in overcoming this pain. A citizen-centric administration would
be strengthened through compassion and
Embezzlement: Embezzlement refers to a form of white-collar crime in which a person or entity

misappropriates the assets entrusted to him or her. In this type of fraud, the embezzler attains the assets
lawfully and has the right to possess them, but the assets are then used for unintended purposes.
Expense Padding or Expense inflation — where an employee exaggerates the amount of the actual cost of a
meal or cab ride and pockets the change — may be the most common expense-padding method. But cheaters
are also capable of inventing expenses and submitting fake documentation to support them or requesting
multiple reimbursements by submitting the same receipt more than once. And watch out for mischaracterized
expenses. In such schemes, employees provide legitimate documentation for non-business-related expenses,
such as treating friends to a night out on the town, and characterize them as “business development” costs.
Ethical Egoism: Ethical Egoism puts individuals own needs and interests at the center of ethical decisions.
Satisfying individual ego is the most ethical thing to do, but it should not come at the cost to society.
According to the Ethical Egoist, you ought not to care about the needs or welfare of others, you should only
care about and act on your own needs and interests. This means that Ethical Egoism is a Normative Ethical
theory stating how people should act, and stating that you should act selfishly.
Ethical Altruism: Ethical Altruismis the theory of ethics, which argues that conduct that regards the good of
others as the ultimate end of moral action. The term was coined in the 19th century by Auguste Comte. In
stark contrast to ethical egoism; Ethical altruism believes that action is morally correct only if end result is
favorable to everyone except agent. The word ‘altruism’ derives from the French ‘Autres’ which means ‘others.’
A person who is altruistic cares about and is motivated by the needs of other people.
Ethiucal Hedonism: The word is derived from the Greek hedone (“pleasure”). Hedonism claims that pleasure
is the only intrinsic good and that pain is the only intrinsic bad. But there is a major difference between
Utilitarianism’s understanding of Pleasure/Happiness and of hedonists' understanding of
Pleasure/Happiness. For hedonists, Pleasure/Happiness means only physical or materialistic pleasures like
Eatingthe good stuff, Sex, drinking alcohol, etc. While for utilitarianism Pleasure/Happiness meant any form
of pleasure including physical pleasure like respect, Pride, awards, honors, medals, intrinsic pleasure due to
completion of goals, enjoyment out ofdance, drama, movies; reading novel, etc. Indian NastikSchool of
philosophy which is Lokayata/Carvaka school is considered as school of Indian Hedonistic Materialism.
Ethics: Ethics is the branch of philosophy dealing with values related to human conduct,goodness and
badness of motives, rightness and wrongness of certain actions and and consequences of such actions. Ethics
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is the study of what are good and bad ends to pursue in life. It is a practical discipline, whose primary aim is
to determine how one ought to live and what actions one ought to take in conduct of one’s life.
Ethical Integral culture: Ethical Integral culture is the best way to ensure culture of integrity in the
organization. The 4 Cs in Integrity Culture Building:Commitment by senior management; Clear set of values
and standards of behavior; Communication of the values and standards to staff; Continuous and consistent
actions in promoting integrity
Efficiency: A common definition of efficiency is embedded in more technical terms whereby it is a measure of
the ratio of output to input. Civil servants and public officials are required to obtain best value for public
assets deployed in or through public management, and to avoid waste and extravagance in the use of
resources in public programmes and official activities and also in the use of public assets, public funds.
Efficiency implies doing one’s best in one’s job, with a concern for maximum possible utilization of human,
material and financial resources and even for time to achieve the prescribed and desired objectives. An
`efficient person is also an ethical person. The National Academy of Public Administration (NAPA)
has stated that efficiency, economy, effectiveness and social equity are the four pillars of public
administration
Effectiveness: In general sense, the efficiency can be achieved under the conditions of maximizing the results
of an action in relation to the resources used, and it is calculated by comparing the effects obtained in their
efforts. Measuring the effectiveness requires: a) estimating the costs, the resources consumed the effort, in
general, found in the literature as the input; b) estimating the results, or the outputs; c) comparing the two.
Efficiency is an indicator that is obtained by reporting the outcome effects to the efforts made. The efficiency
of public expenses implies a relation between the economic and social effects resulted from implementing a
program and the effort made to finance that program. The effectiveness is the indicator given by the ratio of
the result obtained to the one programmed to achieve. Efficiency has it’s focus on ensuring we get the output
in minimum inputs possible; while effectiveness has its focus on achieving desirable output or measuring
how well desirable output is achieved.
Equity In Governance: EQUALITY aims to ensure that everyone gets the same things in order to enjoy full,
healthy lives. On the other hand, EQUITY involves trying to understand and give people what they need, to
enjoy healthy lives. Sometimes, these terms are used in an interchangeable manner, which leads to
confusion. For e.g. Like EQUITY, EQUALITY also aims to promote fairness and justice, but it can only work if
everyone starts from the same place and needs the same things. Equity comes from the idea of moral equality,
that people should be treated as equals. Thinking about equity can help us decide how to distribute goods
and services across society, holding the state responsible for its influence over how goods and services are
distributed in a society, and using this influence to ensure fair treatment for all citizens. The five core
priorities for addressing equity at the national level are:Providing universal public services for fair treatment;
Targeted action for disadvantaged groups; Social protection; Redistribution of wealth and resources and
Challenging embedded power imbalances.
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Ego-defensive function of attitudes: The ego defensive function of attitude provides protection against the
knowledge and acceptance of basic unpleasant truths about disease, death, weakness, insecurity, frustration,
unemployment, illness and various other harsh realities of life. By rationalizing and distorting attitudes on the
above harsh realities of life the ego tries to defend itself and lead a happy life by avoiding unpleasantness
arising out of these unpleasant truths. All these facts lead to believe the tremendous significance of the
functions of attitude in human life. The ego-defensive function refers to holding attitudes that protect our self-
esteem or that justify actions that make us feel guilty. For example, one way children might defend
themselves against the feelings of humiliation they have experienced in P.E. lessons is to adopt a strongly
negative attitude to all sports.Positive attitudes towards ourselves, for example, have a protective function (i.e.
an ego-defensive role) in helping us reserve our self-image. The basic idea behind the functional approach is
that attitudes help a person to mediate between their own inner needs (expression, defense) and the outside
world (adaptive and knowledge).
Ethical reasoning: Ethical reasoning means ethical awareness, moral judgment skills and willingness to do
good. Ethical reasoning is closely associated with the concept of emotional competence, which determines
how well we handle ourselves and each other. Ethical reasoning Framework incorporates three dimensions of
competence, beginning with the personal and moving through social competence to global competence.
Ethical competence is defined as the ability of a person to use a suitable problem-solving and decision-
making method when facing a moral problem, and the ability of an organization to build, maintain and use
suitable processes, tools and mechanisms in handling relevant moral issues.
Ethical Competence: Ethical Competence means ethical awareness, moral judgment skills and willingness to
do good. Ethical competence is closely associated with the concept of emotional competence, which
determines how well we handle ourselves and each other. The Ethical Competence Framework incorporates
three dimensions of competence, beginning with the personal and moving through social competence to global
competence. Ethical competence is defined as the ability of a person to use a suitable problem-solving and
decision-making method when facing a moral problem, and the ability of an organization to build, maintain
and use suitable processes, tools and mechanisms in handling relevant moral issues.
Ethical Reflection: Ethical Reflection means developing the cognitive side of character through reading,
research, writing, and discussion. Encouraging ethical reflection means helping students develop the
cognitive side: (1) being morally aware; (2) having an understanding of virtues and knowledge of their
application in concrete situations; (3) being able to understand the perspective of others; (4) being able to
reason morally (why are some things right and others wrong?); being able to make thoughtful moral decisions
(the virtue of prudence); and having self-knowledge, including the capacity for self-criticism (the virtue of
humility).
Ethical Conscience: Ethical Conscience means developing the cognitive side of character through reading,
research, writing, and discussion. Encouraging ethical reflection means helping students develop the
cognitive side: (1) being morally aware; (2) having an understanding of virtues and knowledge of their
application in concrete situations; (3) being able to understand the perspective of others; (4) being able to
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reason morally (why are some things right and others wrong?); being able to make thoughtful moral decisions
(the virtue of prudence); and having self-knowledge, including the capacity for self-criticism (the virtue of
humility).
Ethical Infrastructure: The ARCommission is aware that standards do not, by themselves, ensure ethical
behaviour; that requires a robust culture of integrity. Concept of Ethical Infrastructure is used to promote
independence and to prevent corruption. A well-functioning Ethics Infrastructure supports a public sector
environment which encourages high standards of behaviour. The Ethics Infrastructure is made up of different
elements. Each element is a separate, important building block, but the individual elements should be
complementary and mutually reinforcing. The elements need to interact to achieve the necessary synergy to
become a coherent and integrated infrastructure. Ethics Infrastructure = Guidance (Code of Conduct +
Training) + Management (Policies and Practices)+Control (Accountability, Scrutiny and control mechanisms)+
Protection + Political commitment + Informal Aspects
Fairness: Fairness means treating people with equality. Civil servants and public officials should make official
decisions and take action in a fair and equitable manner, without being affected by bias or personal prejudice,
taking into account only the merits of the matter, and respecting the rights of affected citizens. Fairness in
administration ensures social equity.
Function of Attitudes: Attitudes have significant functions in molding, influencing and determining one’s
behavior in all contexts. Attitudes function as a source of motivation which helps in the adjustment to the
environment. According to Katz (1960), four different personality functions are served by the maintenance and
modifications of social attitudes. They are adjustment, value expression, knowledge, and ego defense.
Foot-in-the-door technique: Foot-in-the-door technique,also known as the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, is

a persuasion method. In it, the persuader does something small in order to catch the target's interest, before
moving on to what he really wants. This may be a small, insignificant offer which the receiving party cannot
logically refuse. After the receiving party has accepted the offer, the offeror proposes another, but more
significant offer. Because the receiving party has already accepted the smaller offer from the offeror in the
past, he will be more inclined to accept the second offer than from someone he had just met.
Frustration andaggression theory: As per this theory causality of prejudice is inenvironmental factors
rather than personalfactors. Dollard et al believedfrustration always produces aggression. Frustration is a
necessary& sufficient condition for aggression. Aggression may be dissipated by catharsis. If aggression gets
displacedand gets directed to weaker sections it’s called as Scapegoating.
Four Branches of Emotional Intelligence: Psychologist and best-selling author Daniel Goleman has
suggested that there are five components critical to emotional intelligence. Self-Awareness, Self-Regulation,
Social Skills, empathy and intrinsic motivation are traits which are necessary for person to develop emotional
intelligence.
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Self-awareness, or the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions, is a critical part of emotional
intelligence. Beyond just recognizing your emotions, however, is being aware of the effect of your own actions,
moods, and emotions of other people. In addition to being aware of your own emotions and the impact you
have on others, emotional intelligence requires you to be able to regulate and manage your emotions. This
doesn't mean putting emotions on lock-down and hiding your true feelings — it simply means waiting for the
right time, place, and avenue to express your emotions. Being able to interact well with others is another
important aspect of emotional intelligence. True emotional understanding involves more than just
understanding your own emotions and the feelings of others - you also need to be able to put this information
to work in your daily interactions and communications which necessaites presence of social skills. Empathy,
or the ability to understand how others are feeling, is absolutely critical to emotional intelligence. But this
involves more than just being able to recognize the emotional states of others.It also involves your responses
to people based on this information. Intrinsic motivation also plays a key role in emotional intelligence. People
who are emotionally intelligent are motivated by things beyond mere external rewards like fame, money,
recognition, and acclaim. Instead, they have a passion to fulfill their own inner needs and goals.
Four Noble Truths: The Four Noble Truths comprise the essence of Buddha's teachings. They are the truth of
suffering, the truth of the cause of suffering, the truth of the end of suffering, and the truth of the path that
leads to the end of suffering. More simply put, suffering exists; it has a cause; it has an end; and it has a
cause to bring about its end. The notion of suffering is not intended to convey a negative world view, but
rather, a pragmatic perspective that deals with the world as it is, and attempts to rectify it.
Fortitude: The Third Cardinal Virtue: While this virtue is commonly called courage, it is different from what
much of what we think of as courage today. Fortitude allows us to overcome fear and to remain steady in our
will in the face of obstacles, but it is always reasoned and reasonable; the person exercising fortitude does not
seek danger for danger's sake. Prudence and justice are the virtues through which we decide what needs to be
done; fortitude gives us the strength to do it.
Favoritism: Favoritism means favoring a person not because he or she is doing the best job but rather
because of some extraneous feature-membership in a favored group, personal likes and dislikes, etc.
Favoritism can be demonstrated in hiring, honoring, or awarding contracts.
Gender sensitivity Training: In many developing countries, women are viewed as second-class citizens. Even
though women often have a heavier workload as caretakers of the home, they have very little influence or
authority in their house and communities. This unbalanced societal power often leads to fewer opportunities
for women for education and work, and can also lead to domestic abuse. Gender Sensitivity Training program
is designed to open up communications between the sexes to bring mutual understanding and respect of each
others’ roles. The program starts with employing local experts on gender issues who have a clear
understanding of the problem within the current social and cultural context to help create and lead training
sessions. These sessions facilitate discussions that highlight positive practices between men and women, and
expose areas that need improved understanding. Staring in two groups and later coming together in one
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discussion, both genders discuss the various roles, expectations, and the importance of both genders. India
needs gender sensitivity Training for changing indifferent attitude of police is required. The internal reforms
that we need are: a change in the attitude of the police towards complainants, quick registration of FIRs, and
swift response against crimes.
Global Corruption Barometer (GCB): The Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) supplements the CPI by
surveying ordinary citizens around the world. Since its introduction in 2003, the world’s largest public survey
on corruption has collected valuable data about the experiences and perceptions of tens of thousands of
people. Have you paid a bribe? Has corruption increased in your country? Is your government effectively
tackling corruption? Since its debut in 2003, the Global Corruption Barometer has surveyed the experiences
of everyday people confronting corruption around the world. Through our Global Corruption Barometer, tens
of thousands of people around the globe are asked about their views and experiences, making it the only
worldwide public opinion survey on corruption.
Golden Visas: Many countries offer Golden Visa schemes, offering fast-track citizenship or residency to
foreign nationals in exchange for substantial investment in the country, often in real estate. Member States of
the European Union are particularly attractive, as citizenship or residence in one country grants access to the
whole EU. Golden visa schemes are highly desirable for those associated with corruption because they offer
access to a safe haven for their stolen wealth. Golden visas limit exposure to the risk-based approach of
banks, allow the corrupt to travel under the radar of sanctions regimes or even serve as a get-out-of-jail-free
card, allowing them and their dependents to evade law enforcement or prosecution at home. Transparency
International is calling on the EU to set common standards and mechanisms for reducing the corruption risk
posed by golden visas programmes. Proper oversight is needed to ensure the individuals – and their money –
are clean before being granted a Golden Visa.
Governance quality measures: Governance quality measures, each an aggregate of a number of sub-
measures, are voice and accountability; absence of political instability and violence; government effectiveness;
reasonableness of the regulatory burden; the rule of law; and the absence of graft. Of these, the last two are
the most directly significant in the context of ethical governance.
Hypothetical Imperatives & Morality:

Hypothetical Imperatives;Hypothetical Imperatives are simply those imperatives which command
conditionality on your motives or intentions. E.g. “If you want to crack UPSC then study hard.” “If you want
to be healthy, do regular exercise”. Categorical Imperatives, on the other hand, are commands which do not
have conditionally associated with it. E.g. “Don’t cheat in exams.” Even if it will help you crack the UPSC
exam; you may not cheat. Because cheating is without any conditionality associated is the right thing to do
and no motive, intention or expected outcome justifies cheating. Hypothetical imperatives use “instrumental”
reason. It’s simply means-ends reasoning. For example, if you want a good business reputation; then don’t
cheat a customer; that’s hypothetical imperative.Imperative is Hypothetical because it considers action (of not
cheating)isgood solely as a means to something else(not losing customers). Hypothetical imperatives tell you
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what to do in order to achieve a particular goal. In statement; if you don’t want to go to prison, then don’t
steal cars. Action of not stealing cars is justified by a hypothetical argument of not going to prison. To not
steal a car is based not on the assumption that’s it’s wrong to steal, but based on the reason that it will lead
us to jail. Morality, according to Kant, isn’t like this. Morality consists of categorical imperatives. Imperative is
Categorical when action is represented as good in itself, and therefore as necessary.Categorical imperative is
thus a moral law that is unconditional or absolute for all agents, the validity or claim of which does not
depend on any ulterior motive or end. Morality doesn’t say “If you want to stay out of prison, then don’t steal
cars”; it says “Don’t steal cars!” because stealing can’t be a universal law. Thus, the hypothetical imperative is
teleological (i.e. it focuses on the consequences of an action), whilst the categorical imperative is firmly
deontological.
Humility: Relation of Civil servants towards their citizens is one of Servant and not of master. Civil service
aspirants should be having service orientation rather than ruling class orientation with which British
Bureaucracy governed India. Democratic Government is a government of common masses; and hence Civil
Servant must have orientation to serve these masses. Civil servants with low power distance do not tolerate or
follow hierarchies and do not prefer unequal power distribution. This helps them work with society and
citizens as one of the member of the society and not as ruling or VIP class mindset. Service-oriented people
focus on providing satisfaction and making themselves available to others. Civil service orientation is
opposite of VIP culture that runs deep in Indian bureaucracy.
Heterosexism: Discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is

the normal sexual orientation. Heterosexism is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of
opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or
that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior.
Integrity: The dictionary defines integrity as 'soundness of moral principles; the character of uncorrupted
virtues - uprightness, honesty, sincerity. Integrity is choosing your actions based on values instead of
personal gain. Integrity. means the ability of an individual to remain consistent and committed to his/her
personal and professional values. Integrity is choosing your thoughts and actions based on values rather
than personal gain.Integrity means synchronisation between one’s thought, speech and action. Integrity
means the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. Holders of public office should not
place themselves under any financial or other obligation to outside individuals or organizations that might
influence them in the performance of their official duties. “Integrity” is used in the public sector to refer to the
proper use of funds, resources, assets, and powers, for the official purposes for which they are intended to be
used. In this sense the opposite of “integrity” is “corruption”, or “abuse”. Civil servants and public officials are
expected to make decisions and act without consideration of their private interests. OECD Definition: Civil
servants and public officials are expected to make decisions and act solely in the public interest, without
consideration of their private interests. Public employment being a public trust, the improper use of a public
service position for private advantage is regarded as a serious breach of duty.
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Instrumental conditioning: In the social learning models, conditioning is the result of observed or modeled
behavior of others. For instance, a younger sibling observes the behavior of an older sibling that results in
rewards and punishments, thereby influencing (conditioning) their own behavior. The sibling learns what to
do to achieve rewards versus what not to do to avoid punishment. According to Bandura (1977) the notion
that people acquire attitude through the observation others without having any direct experience with the
attitudinal object in called vicarious learning. Through this procedure of learning, quite a good deal of our
attitudes are acquired they held.
Individual Differences: No two persons are alike. All the individuals differ from each other in many a
respects. Children born of the same parents and even the-twins are not alike. Individual differences are the
more-or-less enduring psychological characteristics that distinguish one person from another and thus help
to define each person's individuality. Among the most important kinds of individual differences are
intelligence, personality traits, and values. How individuals differ in traits such as skills, aptitudes, and
abilities to learn and perform. Learners may vary in their personalities, motivations, and attributions for their
successes and failures when learning—all of which may affect how and why they learn. Additionally, they
differ in their preferences for learning and their willingness to learn. Some traits may be more adaptive,
whereas others are stable and less malleable, or resistant to change, especially as an individual matures to
adulthood. Examples of stable traits are gender, culture, and race. Even education and age are considered as
stable traits. Traits that may be more malleable, or adaptive, could include effort and attributions of success
and failure, among others. There are individual differences in how people define important moral values, and
that these differences are made manifest in differences in the situations. It identifies five dimensions along
which individuals can differ in their understandings of values: 1) value category (where the value lies in the
hierarchy), 2) agent (how voluntary the action is and whether it is morally required of the agent),
3) object (how close the self is to the object of the action; whether the action offends God) 4) effect (whether
the effect of the action is to harm or help), and 5) intention (whether the intention of the action is to harm or
help).
Indirect methods of measuring corruption: Since corruption is clandestine, it is virtually impossible to

come up with precise objective measures of it. Indirect methods of measuring corruption do not gauge the
actual occurrence of corruption, but are rather based on perceived levels of corruption. They are often used
because actual occurrences of corruption are difficult to measure. Indirect methods can be based on expert
assessments (where selected experts are asked to assess corruption trends and patterns in a given country or
group of countries) or other types of surveys that focus on perceived levels of corruption rather than on actual
levels. They are sometimes composite measurements or "surveys of surveys" combining a variety of statistical
data into a single indicator. The most widely known perception-based composite index is the Corruption
Perceptions Index (CPI) of Transparency International (TI), which lists countries along a continuum of
perceived levels of corruption. It is a composite index of 13 other indices from 12 organizations.
Integrity Pact:The Integrity Pact is a tool developed in the 1990’s by Transparency International to help
governments, businesses and civil society to fight corruption in the field of public contracting. IP establishes
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mutual contractual rights and obligations to reduce the high cost and distortionary effects of corruption in
public contracting. In the early 1990s Transparency International understood that public authorities were
looking for ways to address the issue of corruption in public procurement. Some public authorities were
concerned about how to avoid corruption and ensure value for money and high quality products in their
public procurement processes. IP is intended to make public procurement transparent by binding both
parties to ethical conduct. It also envisages a monitoring role for civil society who are the ultimate
beneficiaries of government action. IP should cover all activities related to the contract from pre-selection of
bidders, bidding and contracting, implementation, completion and operation.
Interdependent Co-arising: The central concept of Buddhism is generally termed Interdependent Co-arising
or Dependent Co-origination. When we apply this teaching into our lives, we gain deeper insight into the true
nature of things. We begin to understand that nothing is an island unto itself. Nothing is separate all on its
own, and that nothing is completely self-contained or self-reliant. Everything that is, exists solely because of
other events that have also co-arisen. All things are dependent upon cause and effect. To put it simply, this
teaching reveals the interconnectedness between all beings. We are all a part of the greater whole.
Impartiality: The prestige and reputation of the civil service depends to a great extent upon the ethos,
attitudes and perception of its member. In this context, the foremost characteristics required among the civil
servants are impartiality. Civil servants are required to be completely impartial to avoid corruption and
favouritism; civil servants must maintain the dignity and authority of the public office. An allied requirement
of promoting impartiality is the necessity of developing and maintaining a national outlook. It involves on the
part of the civil service, willingness to understand and be tolerant of different points of view, different cultural
patterns, and different work habits. It also means willingness to work without prejudice or bias with persons
of all regions, relrgions and cultures.
Innovative Leadership Innovation skills required are: Rethinking the tools of policy making, through, for
example, experimental policy design, (big) data-driven policy development, open policy making (including the
use of ICT for crowd-sourcing), design/systems thinking, and behavioral insights. Using social media,
Ethnography and opinion research; data analytics tool etc
Imitation Learning: Attitudes formation happen when one imitates his parents and other intimate friends,
relations. Children and adults form attitudes very often based on suggestions and second hand experiences.
Justice: The Second Cardinal Virtue: Justice is the second cardinal virtue because it is concerned with the
will. Justice is "the constant and permanent determination to give everyone his or her rightful due." We say
that "justice is blind," because it should not matter what we think of a particular person. If we owe him a
debt, we must repay exactly what we owe.Justice is connected to the idea of rights. While we often use justice
in a negative sense ("He got what he deserved"), justice in its proper sense is positive. Injustice occurs when
we as individuals or by law deprive someone of that which he is owed. Legal rights can never outweigh natural
ones.
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Justice: Woodrow Wilson in his, “The Study of Administration” (1887), in his inaugural address averred that
justice was more important than sympathy. Thus, he placed justice at the top of value-hierarchy in a
governance system. Those responsible for formulation and execution of policies and decisions of governance
would ensure that respect is shown to the principles of equality, equity, fairness, impartiality and objectivity
and no special favours are doled out on the criteria of status, position, power, gender, class, caste or wealth.
Justice is defined in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society.
JUSTICE is the collective responsibility of a free and just society, to ensure that civil and human rights are
preserved and protected for each individual regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, nation of origin, sexual
orientation, class, physical or mental ability, and age. It can be considered as a scheme of law in which every
person receives his/her/its due from the system, including all rights, both natural and legal.
Knowledge without Character: You must have heard the quote; “No doubt Knowledge is important but
Character is above all”. Knowledge without character is the cradle of evil. Today in society we have breed of
talented thieves and ‘gentlemen rascals’.
Purely intellectual development without commensurate character development is too dangerous. Like half
knowledge is dangerous; too much of knowledge without strong principled character is also equally
dangerous.
Kohlberg's stages of moral development: Kohlberg found that a person's ability to deal with moral issues is
not formed all at once. Just as there are stages of growth in physical development, the ability to think morally
also develops in stages. The earliest level of moral development is that of the child, which Kohlberg called the
pre-conventional level. The person at the pre-conventional level defines right and wrong in terms of what
authority figures say is right or wrong or in terms of what results in rewards and punishments. The second
level of moral development is the level most adolescents reach. Kohlberg called this the conventional level. The
adolescent at the conventional level has internalized the norms of those groups among whom he or she lives.
For the adolescent, right and wrong are based on group loyalties: loyalties to one's family, loyalties to one's
friends, or loyalty to one's nation. But if a person continues to develop morally, he or she will reach what
Kohlberg labeled the post-conventional level. The person at the post-conventional level stops defining right
and wrong in terms of group loyalties or norms. Instead, the adult at this level develops moral principles that
define right and wrong from a universal point of view.
Knowledge function of attitudes:According to katz this function of attitude is based on the need to
understand, make sense and give adequate structure to the universe. Attitudes have a cognitive function in
the sense that they help in understanding things properly for the sake of quick adjustment. Attitudes that
prove inadequate dealing with new and changing situations are discarded because, otherwise, they lead to
contradictions and inconsistency. The needs for cognitive consistency, meaning and clarity are fulfilled by the
knowledge function of attitude.
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Kickback: A kickback is a form of negotiated bribery in which a commission is paid to the bribe-taker in
exchange for services rendered. Generally speaking, the remuneration (money, goods, or services handed over)
is negotiated ahead of time.
Kevalajñāna: Kevalajñāna or Kevalgyāna means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as

complete understanding or supreme wisdom. Jainism held that it was possible for any human being to realize
absolute knowledge and attain absolute bliss through the intense human effort. The Jainas emphasized that
knowledge could be perfected by right conduct. Knowledge without right conduct was mere futile and conduct
without right knowledge was blind.
Life of Contemplation: Aristotle ultimately concludes that contemplation is the highest human activity. This
is largely a consequence of his teleological view of nature, according to which the telos, or goal, of human life,
is the exercise of our rational powers. In discussing the various intellectual virtues, Aristotle extols wisdom as
the highest, since it deals only with unchanging, universal truths and rests on a synthesis of scientific
investigation and the intuitive understanding of the first principles of nature. The activity of wisdom is
contemplation, so contemplation must be the highest activity of human life.
Low on Power distance: Relation of Civil servants towards their citizens is one of Servant and not of master.
Civil service aspirants should be having service orientation rather than ruling class orientation with which
British Bureaucracy governed India. Democratic Government is a government of common masses; and hence
Civil Servant must have orientation to serve these masses. Civil servants with low power distance do not
tolerate or follow hierarchies and do not prefer unequal power distribution. This helps them work with society
and citizens as one of the member of the society and not as ruling or VIP class mindset. Service-oriented
people focus on providing satisfaction and making themselves available to others. Civil service orientation is
opposite of VIP culture that runs deep in Indian bureaucracy.
Liberation: According to Jainism Nirvana or liberation is obtained through three jewels: Right Philosophy,
Right Knowledge and Right Conduct. (Tri-ratna) Right conduct implies 5 abstinences : not to lie, not to steal,
not to strive for luxury and not to strive for possessions, not to be unchaste and not to injure (Ahimsa).
Lokayata Philosophy: It is the school ofIndian Hedonistic Materialism. It rejects the existence of other
worldly entities such as an immaterial soul or god and the after-life. Its primary philosophical import comes
by way of a scientific and naturalistic approach to metaphysics. Thus, it rejects ethical systems that are
grounded in super-naturalistic cosmologies. The good is strictly associated with pleasure and the only ethical
obligation forwarded by the system is the maximization of one's own pleasure. Of the recognized means of
knowledge (pramana), the Charvaka recognized only direct perception (anubhava). Sources critical of the
school depict its followers as hedonists advocating a policy of total opportunism.
Low on Uncertainty avoidance: The uncertainty avoidance as a value or Attitude is defined as “a society's or
Individual’s tolerance for ambiguity,” in which people embrace or avert an event or something unexpected,
unknown, or away from the status quo. A lower degree in this index shows more acceptances of differing
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thoughts or ideas, tolerance to opposing viewpoints, and readiness to face evolving unforeseen challenges.
Being low on uncertainty avoidance is very essential quality of a civil servant. Today’s post globalised world is
full of complexities and unforeseen challenges. It is impossible to run a 21st century economy with a 19th
century bureaucracy using 18th century rules. Civil service job requires lot of dynamism. Status Quo
oriented civil servants cant carry out their duties efficiently. Today Civil servant who is open to uncertain,
ambiguous and dynamic challenges can only deliver his duties in most efficient and effective manner.
Lokasangraha / Synthesis of the good of society and individual: Cardinal principle advocated by Bhagwad
Gita is of lokasangraha (welfare of the mass). The Ethics of Gita is a perfectionist. It arranges for and
organizes the proper development of all aspects of man and Society. Gita maintains the position that what will
be in the best interest of society will automatically be in the best interest of you. As we exist as part of society;
society does not exist as part of us. Individual goals should be in perfect harmony and synchronization with
overall societal aims and goals.
Libertarianism, political: Libertarianism is generally considered to be the group of political

philosophies which emphasize freedom, individual liberty, and voluntary association. The Stanford
Encyclopedia of Philosophy defines libertarianism as the moral view that agents initially fully own themselves
and have certain moral powers to acquire property rights in external things. Political libertarianism is a purely
political philosophy and allows for the free flow of ideas. Political libertarianism is based on two foundational
principles: the principle of non-aggression (NAP) and the principle of self-ownership. The non-aggression
principle says that it is unethical to initiate force, fraud, abuse, or violence against another human being.
This necessitates moral laws that punish such actions as injustices. The principle of self-ownership in simple
terms, basically means that you own your self and are therefore responsible for your actions. It also says that
you own the products of your labor, which allows the NAP to apply to the property. Both of these principles
explain how laws can be created against murder, but not drug use.
Leadership: The selection by the UPSC is above board but the entrance exams primarily selects brilliant
individuals by testing written communication skills, some analytical skills and general awareness. What it
tests is the examinees capability to “crack” the exam. A leader requires much more than that. He has to be
able to build a team and carry it along with him by motivating those working with him. This entails setting up
examples and even a few personal sacrifices. He has to excel in communication skills beyond the written one.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: One framework used for understanding motivation is the hierarchy of needs
proposed by American psychologist Abraham Maslow in 1943. According to Maslow, humans are inherently
motivated to better themselves and move toward expressing their full potential—self-actualization—by
progressively encountering and satisfying several levels of need from the most fundamental, such as for food
and safety, to higher-order needs for love, belonging, and self-esteem. Eventually, Maslow extended the theory
to include a need for self-transcendance: People reach the pinnacle of growth and find the highest meaning in
life by attending to things beyond the self. Although the universality of Maslow's theory has been challenged,
many believe it captures fundamental truths about human motivation.
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Means & End relation in ethics: Gandhiji said; We cannot get a rose through planting a noxious weed. “The
means may be likened to a seed, the end to a tree; and there is just the same inviolable connection between
the means and the end as there is between the seed and the tree.” Gandhi believed; “End” However good or
noble it may be; does not justify bad “means”. Means should be as necessary as good as End. Gandhi rejected
dichotomy between means and ends and goes to the other extreme stating it is means, rather than ends, that
provide the standard of morality. The country which is created will be one based on violence if the means are
violent and pacific if the means are non-violent. Violence and non-violence cannot be different means to
secure the same end.
Meta-ethics: The category of analytical ethics, also often referred to as metaethics, is perhaps the most
difficult of the three to understand. Meta-ethics deals with the origin of ethical principles or the origin of right
and wrong. Meta-ethics is concerned with the nature of ethical statements; it does not prescribe or describe
an action. It deals with issues like; what makes an action a Moral action? Why should one be ethical in his
life? Whether morality is objective or Subjective? Whether moral values are eternal truths or simply human
conventions? Meta-ethics simply means ethical reflection. Metaethics is a second-order moral theorizing.
Morality: Morals refer to an individual’s own principles regarding right and wrong. Morality is the standard of
right and wise conduct whose authority in particle thought is determined by reason rather than custom.
Morality thus stems from an individual's conscience. Moral conduct would be that which is considered 'right'
based on people's conscience. Ethics refer to rules provided by an external source, e.g., codes of conduct in
workplaces or principles in religions. In this sense, morality is both a foundation and an ultimate aim of
society, and ethics is a practical way of discovering how to implement and preserve moral standards.
Moral Absolutism: Moral Absolutism is concerned with right and wrong conduct. The absolute is what
determines whether the action or conduct is right or wrong. Therefore, from the standpoint of a moral
absolute, some things are always right and some things are always wrong no matter how one tries to
rationalize them.
Moral Relativism: Moral Relativism is defined as the belief that conflicting moral beliefs are true. This carries
the idea that what you regard as the right conduct may be right conduct for you, but not for me. To put it
another way, "Relativism [insists that] what is true for the individual replaces the search for absolute truth".
These conflicting moral beliefs may exist in the case of two or more individuals or in different cultures
(cultural relativism) or in different historical epochs (historical relativism)"). Moral Relativism is an attempt to
undermine the claim that there is an objective moral law or moral absolute that is the same for all human
beings. Moral relativism is based on an individual's decision but moral absolutes have their source outside of
the individual. Relativism is the only practical moral philosophy for societyin the age of globalization.
Relativists believe in tolerance and respect for other people’s societies.
Moral Nihilism: Moral Nihilism is the meta-ethical view that ethical claims are generally false. It holds that
there are no objective moral facts or true propositions - that nothing is morally good, bad, wrong, right, etc -
because there are no moral truths (e.g. a moral nihilist would say that murder is not wrong, but neither is it
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right). Ethical Nihilism denies moral principles and ethical values. Human beings are not seen as responsible
for what they do, therefore, each individual makes up the difference between good and evil. According to
them, all values are baseless. While few philosophers would claim to be nihilists, nihilism is most often
associated with Friedrich Nietzsche who argued that its corrosive effects would eventually destroy all moral,
religious, and metaphysical convictions and precipitate the greatest crisis in human history - Crisis of
Morality due to Death of God.
Moral Subjectivism: Whether morality is an objective property of the universe or the subjective opinions of
humans is one of the longest-running issues in philosophy. Moral subjectivism believes that moral judgments
reflect personal preferences, opinions, and attitudes. There is no rational way to determine the content of
morality objectively in a true or false manner. Morality is a man-made concept that is defined by the society
you live in; it is subjective. It is clear that morality is a feature of humanity. However, if morality were
objective then every member of our species would share the same moral values. But it is patent that we do
not share the same moral values. For example, there’s clearly a lack of moral consensus with respect to our
views on euthanasia, abortion, or our treatment towards non-human animals.
Moral realism: The view that what is right or wrong doesn't depend on what anyone thinks is right or wrong.
That is, the view that the 'moral facts' are like 'physical' facts in that what the facts are does not depend on
what anyone thinks they are. Moral objectivism believe s that morality does not change in degree but is
quantifiable and can be caoorectly defined without any subjecitivity, preference sor opinions.
Moral Objectivism: The view that what is right or wrong doesn't depend on what anyone thinks is right or
wrong. That is, the view that the 'moral facts' are like 'physical' facts in that what the facts are does not
depend on what anyone thinks they are. Moral objectivism believe s that morality does not change in degree
but is quantifiable and can be caoorectly defined without any subjecitivity, preferences or opinions.
Motivation: Intrinsic motivation also plays a key role in emotional intelligence. People who are emotionally
intelligent are motivated by things beyond mere external rewards like fame, money, recognition, and acclaim.
Instead, they have a passion to fulfill their own inner needs and goals. They seek things that lead to internal
rewards, experience flow from being totally in tune with activity, and pursue peak experiences. Those who are
competent in this area tend to be action-oriented. They set goals, have a high need for achievement, and are
always looking for ways to do better. They also tend to be very committed and are good at taking the initiative
when a task is put forth before them.
Middle Path: In this teaching, Gautama Buddha explains us that only the moderate path, the middle path,
can lead us to the development of wisdom and right knowledge of reality. The moderate path enables the
lessening of attachments and the development of right view. Buddha concluded that ascetic practices such as
fasting, holding one's breath, and exposure to pain brought little spiritual benefit. He viewed them as
counterproductive due to their reliance on self-hatred and mortification. Buddhists call the Middle Way, a
path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.
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Materialistic Society: Change in pattern of society towards Materialism and Consumerism is one of the
important causal factors behind corruption. Society that evaluates success only in money terms is bound to
have rampant corruption. We all live in a materialistic society where the majority of people is more concerned
with what it has than who we are. There is too much emphasis today on the brand of clothes you are wearing,
what car you are driving and what you have in general.
Nepotism: Nepotism is an even narrower form of favoritism. Coming from the Italian word for nephew, it
covers favoritism to members of the family. Nepotism is a form of corruption where person favors people
related to him, by using his official position and power. Sociological analysis indicates that social bonds and
kinship play an important role in corruption. Today, kinship ties and caste and parochial loyalties get
precedence in a public servant’s mind. The first obligation of a modern administrator is to his family
members, followed by close kin, lineage, or ethnic group. Such ties are more compelling than administrative
rules and procedures. As per psychologist JBP Sinha; Nepotism is a form of corruption is integral part of
Indian society. It is so much integral and acceptable form of corruption in Indian society that it is considered
familial duty.
Noble Eightfold Path To End Suffering: The steps of the Noble Eightfold Path are Right Understanding,
Right Thought, Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness and Right
Concentration. Moreover, there are three themes into which the Path is divided: good moral conduct
(Understanding, Thought, Speech); meditation and mental development (Action, Livelihood, Effort), and
wisdom or insight (Mindfulness and Concentration).
Nirvana: According to Jainism Nirvana or liberation is obtained through three jewels: Right Philosophy, Right
Knowledge and Right Conduct. (Tri-ratna) Right conduct implies 5 abstinences : not to lie, not to steal, not to
strive for luxury and not to strive for possessions, not to be unchaste and not to injure (Ahimsa).
Norm Violation Theory: AccordingtoDeRidder&Tripathi,violation of norms of groupis causal factor for

prejudice. Group ABC by mistake violates norms of groupXYZ; in turngroupXYZ violates norms of group ABC.
Group ABC attributesit to malevolent intent of group XYZ whichtriggers –ve reaction from groupABC towards
XYZ.GroupXYZ believes ABC did this intentionally with malevolence and situation escalates which results in
violence.
Nativism: The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of
immigrants. Nativism is the political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of
immigrants, including the support of immigration-restriction measures.
Nishkam Karma:“Selflessness” is characterized by low levels of self-centeredness and a low degree of

importance given to the self. The public servant must put the public interest ahead of the self interest.
Holders of public office should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in
order to gain financial or other benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. Nishkam Karma/Selfless
Service supplies the uninterrupted power for staying duty bound without deflection. Gita advocates duty
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based morality. We need to perform prescribed duty w/o entitled to fruits of action. In other words, action
should be performed selflessly without thinking of personal gain or loss because it is the tendency of the
public to always expect reward for their action and whenever the reward does not come they lose heart, as a
result their efficiency declines. Also focusing on end goal or rewards diverts out attention and energy from
immediate task or process which we should be focusing on.
Nishkam Karma: Nishkam Karma supplies the uninterrupted power for staying duty-bound without
deflection. Gita advocates duty-based morality. We need to perform prescribed duty w/o entitled to fruits of
action. In other words, action should be performed selflessly without thinking of personal gain or loss because
it is the tendency of the public to always expect reward for their action and whenever the reward does not
come they lose heart, as a result, their efficiency declines. Also focusing on end goal or rewards diverts our
attention and energy from immediate task or process which we should be focusing on. Hence, Sri Krishna
tells Arjuna to fight the war without thinking of victory or defeat.
NormativeEthics: Normative disciplines are concerned with prescribing action; while descriptive disciplines
observe, describe and explain an action. Normative ethics is the study of how people ought to behave. It is
an argumentative discipline aimed at sorting out what behaviors (or rules ofbehavior) would be best. It is the
first order of moral theorizing.Normative ethics determinesthe content of our moral behaviors. Normative
ethics are theories that seek to provide guidelines for determining a specific course of moral action. Normative
ethics provide judgments or prescriptions for moral actions. They provide standards of right and wrong
conduct. They provide rules to be followed in order to be ethical.
Openness: Openness and transparency are key ingredients to build accountability and trust, which are
necessary for the functioning of democracies and market economies. Holders of public office should be as
open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their
decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands. An administrator will
make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and
those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and
the sources of information on which these decisions were made. An “open” government is transparent,
accessible to anyone, anytime, anywhere; and responsive to new ideas and demands.
Operant conditioning explanation of attitude formation: Operant conditioning occurs where behaviour is
strengthened following rewards and weakened following punishments. For example, a student may develop a
positive attitude to maths if praised for efforts, but his efforts remain unnoticed then may stop taking much
interest in the subjects which may lead to deterioration in performance.
Objectivity:Objectivity is the quality or character of being objetive that is lack of favoritism toward one side
or another and freedom from bias. If you are objective, it means you are “not influenced by personal feelings
or opinions in considering and presenting facts.” In carrying out public business, including making public
appointments, awarding contracts, or recommending individuals for rewards and benefits, holders of public
office should make choices on merit. Objectivity necessitates a well defined objective criterion without any
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scope for subjective assessment or discretionary powers. Objectivity should not be misconstrued as a
mechanical and rigid adherence to laws and rules.
Obedience to Authority: Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a
direct order from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. It is assumed that without such an
order the person would not have acted in this way. Obedience occurs when you are told to do something
(authority), whereas conformity happens through social pressure (the norms of the majority). Obedience
involves a hierarchy of power/status. Therefore, the person giving the order has a higher status than the
person receiving the order.
Omniscience: Kevalajñāna or Kevalgyāna means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as

complete understanding or supreme wisdom. Jainism held that it was possible for any human being to realize
absolute knowledge and attain absolute bliss through the intense human effort. The Jainas emphasized that
knowledge could be perfected by right conduct. Knowledge without right conduct was mere futile and conduct
without right knowledge was blind.
Pratītyasamutpāda: The central concept of Buddhism is generally termed Interdependent Co-arising or

Dependent Co-origination. When we apply this teaching into our lives, we gain deeper insight into the true
nature of things. We begin to understand that nothing is an island unto itself. Nothing is separate all on its
own, and that nothing is completely self-contained or self-reliant. Everything that is, exists solely because of
other events that have also co-arisen. All things are dependent upon cause and effect. To put it simply, this
teaching reveals the interconnectedness between all beings. We are all a part of the greater whole.
Patronage: Patronage, giving public service jobs to those who may have helped elect the person who has the
power of appointment.
Political Neutrality: Once a policy or programme has been approved by the elected government, it is the duty
of the civil servant to faithfully and enthusiastically see to its implementation. Not carrying out this task in
the right spirit would amount to misconduct inviting appropriate sanctions. Civil service should render free
and frank advice to the government impartially and without any political consideration and implement the
government decisions faithfully whether such decisions were in consonance with their advice or not. The
requirement that State servants must be apolitical when carrying out their duties is an established
administrative convention. It is a principle that underpins the continuing employment status of State
servants and enables State servants to provide consistent services (including policy development) for the
government of the day. This means, essentially, that State servants must keep their jobs out of their politics
and their politics out of their jobs. Thus political neutrality of civil servants is corollary of permanence that
Civil service enjoys.
Professionalism in Public Service: Professionalism means having the competence or skill expected of a
professional. It involves the adoption of a set of values and attitudes; which aim to forge the respect and
conduct worthy of a profession. Such things impartiality, accountability, specialized knowledge and ethical
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standards are all fundamental characteristics that ensure that professionalism continues to become an
integral part of public service. The term ‘Professionalism’ implies the existence, in good measure, of certain
essential attributes connected with the profession.
Peripheral Route to Persuasive communication: There are other times when people are not motivated by
the facts and instead are persuaded by superficial things, such as the attractiveness or fame of the person
delivering the message. This is the peripheral route to persuasion - when people do not elaborate on a
persuasive argument and instead are swayed by surface characteristics that are peripheral to the message.
When using this route, peripheral cues enable the individual to use mental shortcuts, accepting or rejecting
the argument based on superficial factors instead of actively thinking about the issue. Attitude change
resulting from the peripheral route is typically temporary and susceptible to additional change.
Prejudice: Prejudice is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based
solely on the individual’s membership of a social group. Simple Prejudice is a negative attitude toward social
objects. Prejudice represent wrong ego defensive function of the attitude directed at social group.
Thus, Prejudice is a Negative social attitude and just like attitude; prejudice is an individual level
phenomenon. Prejudice is attitude that has all 3 components of attitude.
Cognitive Component/ Stereotype: It Contains exaggerated &irrational beliefs about a group based on
irrational attributions.
Affective Component: It is a deep feeling of hostility. Component is strong in an individual if such hostility has
imbibed from parents and family.Cognitive component is easy to change than affective or behavioral
components.
Behavioral Component: It is prejudice in action. The affective component provides motivation to act against
the group. Cognitive componentorstereotype justifies negative emotions; while behavioral component urges
the individual to bring prejudice in action.
Prejudice Expression: The expression of Prejudice also varies from major to minor terms. It can get
expressed as Antilocution also known as hostile talk; verbal denigration; jokes etc. Avoidence is next level
where prejudiced person is disposed tokeep a distance from group members he is prejudiced about but does
not actively inflictany harm. Discrimination is the next level in which there is active & explicit expression of
one’s attitude in conduct towards a group. Physical attack is further higher level expression in which
happenthe communal riots; violence; Nativism etc.The highest form of prejudice expression is extermination
ordriving a group ofpeople out of the country etc. Like driving out of Rohingya Muslims or Ethnical cleansing
of Jews by the Nazi party.
Principle of Political Neutrality: Civil service ethics may require the promotion of issues not considered the
best possible by the civil servant himself. Despite contradictory personal opinions, the starting point is that
the civil servant has to promote also issues and agendas taken by government. A presenting official is bound
by the special liability of a rapporteur, under which a Ministerial Rapporteur is responsible for a decision
made upon his presentation.
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Professional ethics: Personal ethics refers to the sense of rights and wrongs of a person whereas professional
ethics refers to the guidelines that are imposed on employees within the industrial setting. Professional ethics
are those values defined in a company code of conduct or by a profession must be followed by you, since
breach of these principles or rules may harm your reputation and status.
Pleasure without conscience: Pleasure seeking without a sense of individual or social responsibility will lead
to damage to society. Drunk and drive or Extramarital Affairs are day to day examples of this mentality.
Lately, many people seem to want these pleasures without conscience or sense of responsibility. Gandhi
advocated one should live selflessly, to be sensitive, and to be considerate to others.
Prudence: The First Cardinal Virtue:Aristotle defined prudence as recta ratio agibilium, "right reason
applied to practice." It is the virtue that allows us to judge correctly what is right and what is wrong in any
given situation. When we mistake the evil for the good, we are not exercising prudence—in fact, we are
showing our lack of it. Because it is so easy to fall into error, prudence requires us to seek the counsel of
others, particularly those we know to be sound judges of morality. Disregarding the advice or warnings of
others whose judgment does not coincide with ours is a sign of imprudence.
Probity: Probity means adherence to the highest principles and ideal; a Complete and confirmed integrity and
uprightness. An important requisite for ensuring probity in governance is absence of corruption. The other
requirements are effective laws, rules and regulations governing every aspect of public life and, more
important, an effective and fair implementation of those laws, etc. Probity is much beyond than just avoiding
corrupt or dishonest conduct rather involves application of public sector values (transparency, impartiality,
accountability).Probity also implies strict adherence to code of ethics based on undeviating honesty especially
in commercial matters beyond legal requirements. For maintaining probity in public sector, it should be duty
of every public official to adopt practice, process and behaviour that promote public sector values and
interests.
Public accountability: It is the need for the institutions of the state to be accountable for its actions ‐ stems
out of a social contract that citizen’s share with the state. There are institutional provisions to ensure that the
state respects this contract by ensuring public accountability. Public accountability is ensured by ensuring
internal and external accountability in governance. On the one hand, there are mechanisms for external
accountability or accountability directly to citizens. In democracies, elections are the chief institutional
mechanism through which this is achieved. There are also mechanisms for internal accountability –
institutional checks and balances and internal oversight. The constitutional separation of powers into the
judiciary, executive and the legislature, internal performance monitoring and official oversight including
bodies like the auditor general and ombudsmen are some examples of internal accountability.
Politics without Principles: Gandhi believed in the need for politics with a conscience. Leaders must become
accountable to people which can happen only if they have a strong political conscience. Politics without
principles is a source of all ills in Indian society today such as corruption, nepotism, and criminalization of
politics that plague the political platform.
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Rule of law: Rule of law measures whether a crime is properly punished or not; enforceability of contracts;
the extent of the black market; enforceable rights of property; the extent of tax evasion; judiciary’s
independence; the ability of business and people to challenge government action in courts, etc.
Religion / Worship without sacrifice: Gandhi called not rituals but the sacrifice of pride, prejudice, class,
and caste etc to serve people. Gandhiji aligned worship with our highest religious, spiritual, moral or ethical
beliefs, values, and principles. Today robbing others has become a tradition in the name of religion. We are
replete with people making money through unethical means and then donate that to religious institutions.
Gandhi called all such religious practices devoid of values and self-sacrifice to be futile. Without sacrifice, we
may become active in a temple he says but remain inactive in religious teachings.
Racism: Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their
membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized. Racism is
the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and
can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. In terms of political systems (e.g., apartheid)
that support the expression of prejudice or aversion in discriminatory practices or laws, racist ideology may
include associated social aspects such as nativism, xenophobia, otherness, segregation, hierarchical ranking,
and supremacism. For ex prejudices held against black African people by white Europeans or prejudices held
against Jews by Nazi Germans.
Realistic Group conflict Theory: Sherif is a famous social psychologist important to the psychological
understanding of groups and its members. His main contribution is known as Realistic Conflict Theory and
accounts for group conflict, negative prejudices, and stereotypes as being the result of competition between
groups for desired resources. Through his Robbers Cave experiment he mimicked the kinds of conflict that
plague people all over the world. The simplest explanation for this conflict is competition. Assign strangers to
groups, throw the groups into the competition, stir the pot, and soon there is conflict.There is a lot of evidence
that when people compete for scarce resources (e.g. jobs, land, etc.) there is a rise in hostility between groups.
For example, in times of high unemployment, there may be high levels of racism among white people who
believe that black people (or asylum seekers) have taken their jobs.
Round-tripping: Round-tripping, also known as round-trip transactions or "Lazy Susans", is defined by The
Wall Street Journal as a form of barter that involves a company selling "an unused asset to another company,
while at the same time agreeing to buy back the same or similar assets at about the same price." Swapping
assets on a round-trip produces no net economic substance, but may be fraudulently reported as a series of
productive sales and beneficial purchases on the books of the companies involved, violating the substance
over form accounting principle.
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Rational Reflection: The Sanskrit words ‘Samyak’ and ‘Darşan’ literally mean 'rational' and 'perception',
respectively. Thus SamyakDarşan essentially entails a tendency, attitude or frame of mind that is free from
any predisposition or preconceived notions.
Responsiveness: As agents and employees of the elected government, civil servants and public officials are
required to serve the legitimate interests and needs of the government, public organisations, other civil
servants, and citizens, in a timely manner, with appropriate care, respect and courtesy. An administrator
would respond effectively to the demands and challenges from the external as well as internal environment.
He would adapt to environmental transformation and yet sustain the ethical norms of conduct. OECD Defn:
As agents and employees of the elected Government, Civil servants and public officials are required to serve
the legitimate interests and needs of the Government, other civil servants, and all citizens, in a timely
manner, with care, respect and courtesy.
Rule Consequentialism: Act consequentialism is the claim that an act is morally right if and only if that act
maximizes the good. These claims are often summarized in the slogan that an act is right if and only if it
causes “the greatest happiness for the greatest number.” In practice, people don't assess the ethical
consequences of every single act (that's called 'act consequentialism') because they don't have the time or it’s
not possible to anticipate in advance the consequences of the act if factors involved in the production of
consequences are too complex to apply utility theorem. In such cases, they use ethical rules that are derived
from considering the general consequences of particular types of acts. That is called 'rule consequentialism'.
So, for example, according to rule consequentialism, we consider lying to be wrong because we know that in
general lying produces bad consequences. Or as per rule consequentialism, we should stand by our promises
because we know that in general honoring promises is a morally worthy act.
Science without Humanity: For Gandhi; if science ends up becoming all technique and technology; without
understanding the higher human purpose it ought to serve – we will become victims of our own technocracy.
It will degenerate humanity turning technology against human. Gandhi believed inhuman inventions will
never help society or the inventor. Science Gandhi said has no heart& no humanity. The scientific methods
do not use any system of ethics or morality to determine its direction and end goals. The pure science is an
automaton that will work for a noble leader or a cruel leader. That’s why scientists should have moral
responsibilities as human beings to deal with the implications of their work, as they are also human beings.
Self-actualization: Self-actualization need- This include the urge to become what you are capable of
becoming / what you have the potential to become. It includes the need for growth and self-contentment. It
also includes desire for gaining more knowledge, social- service, creativity and being aesthetic. The self-
actualization needs are never fully satiable. As an individual grows psychologically, opportunities keep
cropping up to continue growing.
SevottamModel: -Sevottam is a Service Delivery Excellence Model that provides an assessment-improvement

framework to bring about excellence in public service delivery. The need for a tool like Sevottam arose from
the fact that Citizens’ Charters by themselves could not achieve the desired results in improving the quality of
Page 34
public services. The Sevottam model has three modules:-Declare the information on citizens’ entitlements
thereby making citizens better informed and hence empowering them to demand better services; Public
Grievance Redressal; and Excellence in Service Delivery.
Social Audit - Social audit generally refers to the engagement of the stakeholders in measuring the
achievement of objectives under any or all of the activities of a government organization, especially those
pertaining to developmental goals. The basic aim here is to have an understanding of activity from the
perspective of the vast majority of people in society for whom the institutional/administrative system is
designed and to improve upon it.
Sthitpradnya: According to Bhagwad Gita Sthit-Pradnya person is one, who is well established in wisdom;
that is equipoised, detached, desireless and balanced. Lord Krishna says one who is not hostile to any living
being, who is friendly and compassionate, who is even-minded among joy and sorrow, who is of all-forgiving
nature is dear to me. Krishna says one who is ever content; one who does not injure people; one who is free
from anxiety, elation, anger, and fear; one who neither hates, (nor) grievesis dear to Me.
Stoicism: Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of

overcoming destructive emotions. It does not seek to extinguish emotions completely but rather seeks
to transform them by a resolute Asceticism (voluntary abstinence from worldly pleasures), which enables a
person to develop clear judgment, inner calm and freedom from suffering (which it considers the ultimate
goal). Stoicism is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims, but rather a way of life, involving constant practice
and training. In modern usage, the word refers to someone who is unemotional or indifferent to pain,
pleasure, grief or joy.
Selflessness:“Selflessness” is characterized by low levels of self-centeredness and a low degree of importance

given to the self. The public servant must put the public interest ahead of the self interest. Holders of public
office should take decisions solely in terms of the public interest. They should not do so in order to gain
financial or other benefits for themselves, their family or their friends. Nishkam Karma/Selfless Service
supplies the uninterrupted power for staying duty bound without deflection. Gita advocates duty based
morality. We need to perform prescribed duty w/o entitled to fruits of action. In other words, action should
be performed selflessly without thinking of personal gain or loss because it is the tendency of the public to
always expect reward for their action and whenever the reward does not come they lose heart, as a result their
efficiency declines. Also focusing on end goal or rewards diverts out attention and energy from immediate task
or process which we should be focusing on.
Self expressive function of attitudes: The attitudes we express (1) help communicate who we are and (2)
may make us feel good because we have asserted our identity. On the basis of identification with parents and
other relatives, the child develops certain personal values and self concepts. These values are integrated into
the form of different attitudes. Attitudes help in expressing these values. The individual gets satisfaction by
expression of attitudes appropriate to his personal values.
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Socialization: when one is taught to associate good or bad feelings, favourable and unfavourable experiences
with certain actions or behavior patterns, he develops certain consistent attitudes. Parents, family members,
media and press, peers, teachers, and well wishers acquaintances, all play a tremendous role in the formation
and growth of attitudes. Some studies relating to attitudes and values of American, British and Indian
students and Indian and Western Children are quite simulating. Through attitudinal socialization
experiences, people come to learn appropriate attitudes towards certain people, different types of food, toy,
playmates, play materials and develop negative attitudes towards others. According to Sherif, our attitudes
are centralized in the objects of values which may be social institutions, individuals, neutral objects, parties,
etc. The development of values out of which attitudes are formed are the outcome of social traditions, customs
learning, and social institutions. Initially, the infant being only concerned with the satisfaction of his basic
needs like food and care is socially blind and is not concerned about social sanctions.
Social influence: Social influence is usually used to summarize the field of social psychology. It studies, "how
thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by actual, imagined or implied the presence of
others" (Allport, 1968).
Social influence is described as the change in person’s behaviour, thoughts, feelings and attitudes that
results from interaction with another individual in society. French and Raven (1959) presented an early
formalization of the notion of social influence in their dialogue of the bases of social power. They viewed social
influence as the outcome of the application of social power from one of five bases such as reward power,
coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, or referent power(Arising out of strong interpersonal
relatioship).
Social Facilitation:Studies on social facilitation concern the extent to which a given piece of an individual's
behavior is affected by the real, imagined or implied the presence of others. Perhaps the first social psychology
laboratory experiment was undertaken in this area by Norman Triplett in 1898. Triplett's experiments
demonstrate the co-action effect, a phenomenon whereby increased task performance comes about by the
mere presence of others doing the same task. Social facilitation occurs not only in the presence of a co-actor
but also in the presence of a passive spectator/audience. This is known as the audience effect, surprisingly.
Social Integration: Social integration deals with reducing social tensions and creating a common identity. In
the age of Globalization when different cultures have come in desperate contact with each other; social
integration has become very important for the success of the Globalization process. Social integration is the
process during which newcomers or minorities are incorporated into the social structure of the host society.
Social integration, together with economic integration and identity integration, are three main dimensions of a
newcomer's experiences in the society that is receiving them. A major hindrance to Social Integration is
Prejudice and Discrimination.
Stereotype: Stereotypes are beliefs about people based on their membership in a particular group.
Stereotypes can be positive, negative, or neutral. The use of stereotypes is a major way in which we simplify
Page 36
our social world; since they reduce the amount of processing (i.e. thinking) we have to do when we meet a new
person. A stereotype is “...a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people.”
Stereotype represents irrational and illogical belief or cognivite component of attitude. Stereotype are also
wrongly formed knowledge function. One advantage of a stereotype is that it enables us to respond rapidly to
situations because we may have had a similar experience before. Stereotypes are not easily changed, for the
following reasons: When people encounter instances that disconfirm their stereotypes of a particular group,
they tend to assume that those instances are atypical subtypes of the group.
Sexism: Prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex. Sexism can
affect anyone, but it primarily affects women and girls. It has been linked to stereotypes and gender roles, and
may include the belief that one sex or gender is intrinsically superior to another.
Scapegaoting: Have you ever been blamed for something that you didn't do? If you grew up with siblings, you
probably know what we're talking about. Your little brother drew on the walls, but you got blamed because
you didn't stop him. It's not a good feeling to get blamed when it's not even your fault, is it? However, it's
something that happens to a lot of people, and it is called scapegoating. The basic concept involves blaming
someone for something they didn't do. Scapegoat theory refers to the tendency to blame someone else for
one’s own problems, a process that often results in feelings of prejudice toward the person or group that one
is blaming. Scapegoating serves as an opportunity to explain failure or misdeeds, while maintaining one’s
positive self-image. Scapegoating involves majority community members displace their aggression/hostility
onto safer targets, namely those who are weaker, such as ethnic minorities which cant defend themselves
agsinst majority.
Social identity by Tajfel: The social groups we belong to help form our identities. These differences may be
difficult for some people to reconcile, which may lead to prejudice toward people who are different. Prejudice
is common against people who are members of an unfamiliar cultural group. Henri Tajfel's greatest
contribution to psychology was the social identity theory. Social identity is a person’s sense of who they are
based on their group membership(s). In order to increase our self-image, we enhance the status of the group
to which we belong. For example, England is the best country in the world! We can also increase our self-
image by discriminating and holding prejudiced views against the out group (the group we don’t belong to).
Therefore, we divided the world into “them” and “us” based through a process of social categorization (i.e. we
put people into social groups).This is known as in-group (us) and out-group (them). Social identity theory
states that the in-group will discriminate against the out-group to enhance their self-image. Social
categorization is one explanation for prejudice attitudes (i.e. “them” and “us” mentality) which leads to in-
groups and out-groups. According to Tajfel group favoritism comes naturally to groups.Mere categorization
into two groups is sufficient to produce group favoritism.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When we hold a stereotype about a person, we have expectations that he or she will
Page 37
fulfill that stereotype. A self-fulfilling prophecy is an expectation held by a person that alters his or her
behavior in a way that tends to make it true. When we hold stereotypes about a person, we tend to treat the
person according to our expectations. This treatment can influence the person to act according to our
stereotypic expectations, thus confirming our stereotypic beliefs. Research by Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)
found that disadvantaged students whose teachers expected them to perform well had higher grades than
disadvantaged students whose teachers expected them to do poorly.
Self-Awareness:Self-awareness, or the ability to recognize and understand your own emotions, is a critical
part of emotional intelligence. Beyond just recognizing your emotions, however, is being aware of the effect of
your own actions, moods, and emotions of other people. In order to become self-aware, you must be capable
of monitoring your own emotions, recognizing different emotional reactions, and then correctly identifying
each particular emotion. Self-aware individuals also recognize the relationships between the things they feel
and how they behave. These individuals are also capable of recognizing their own strengths and limitations,
are open to new information and experiences, and learn from their interactions with others.Goleman suggests
that people who possess this self-awareness have a good sense of humor, are confident in themselves and
their abilities, and are aware of how other people perceive them.
Self-Regulation:In addition to being aware of your own emotions and the impact you have on others,
emotional intelligence requires you to be able to regulate and manage your emotions. This doesn't mean
putting emotions on lock-down and hiding your true feelings — it simply means waiting for the right time,
place, and avenue to express your emotions. Self-regulation is all about expressing your
emotions appropriately. Those who are skilled in self-regulation tend to be flexible and adapt well to change.
They are also good at managing conflict and diffusing tense or difficult situations.Goleman also suggests that
those with strong self-regulation skills are high in conscientiousness. They are thoughtful of how they
influence others and take responsibility for their own actions.
Social Skills: Being able to interact well with others is another important aspect of emotional intelligence.
True emotional understanding involves more than just understanding your own emotions and the feelings of
others - you also need to be able to put this information to work in your daily interactions and
communications.In professional settings, managers benefit by being able to build relationships and
connections with employees, while workers can benefit from being able to develop a strong rapport with
leaders and co-workers. Some important social skills include active listening, verbal communication
skills, nonverbal communication skills, leadership, and persuasiveness.
Skimming fraud: Skimming fraud is a type of white-collar crime that involves taking the cash of a business
prior to entering it into the accounting system. A form of white-collar crime, skimming is slang for taking
cash "off the top" of the daily receipts of a business (or from any cash transaction involving a third interested
party) and officially reporting a lower total. The formal legal term is defalcation.
Page 38
Satya: It refers to a virtue in Indian religions, referring to being truthful in one's thought, speech and action.
In Yoga, satya is one of five yamas, the virtuous restraint from falsehood and distortion of reality in one's
expressions and actions. In the Vedas and later sutras, the meaning of the word satya evolves into an ethical
concept about truthfulness and is considered an important virtue. It means being true and consistent with
reality. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Satya (truth) is equated to Dharma (morality, ethics, law of
righteousness).
Samyakdarşan: The Sanskrit words ‘Samyak’ and ‘Darşan’ literally mean 'rational' and 'perception',
respectively. Thus SamyakDarşan essentially entails a tendency, attitude or frame of mind that is free from
any predisposition or preconceived notions.
Strategic Leadership: Professional civil servants will also need to be future-oriented and evidence-based.
This requires the acquisition of strategic skills, particularly at management levels. Sometimes professional
and strategic skills reach their limits due to legacy structures and systems of public sector organizations.
Strategic skills required are:Designing new policies and refreshing old ones by bringing multiple perspectives
to a problem, using foresight techniques to test different scenarios, and building resilience into policy design
from potential shocks and unforeseen events. Using commissioning skills and techniques to increase value for
money; working with the market to develop innovations; using commissioning to achieve secondary policy
objectives, such as building a greener economy; and supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)
and social enterprises, etc. Using partnerships and networks to establish common objectives, Customer /
client-orientation; Digital competencies; Business / commercial competencies. Outcomes driven
Transformational leadership: Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works

with teams to identify needed change, creating a vision to guide the change through inspiration, and
executing the change in tandem with committed members of a group. Transformational leadership is when
leader behaviors influence followers and inspire them to perform beyond their perceived capabilities. It gives
workers autonomy over specific jobs, as well as the authority to make decisions once they have been trained.
Transformational leaders typically perform four distinct behaviors, also known as the four I's. These behaviors
are inspirational motivation, idealized influence, intellectual stimulation, individualized consideration.
Theory of Relative Deprivation: Gurr&Runcimenbelievedwe perceive relative deprivation which leads to

prejudice formation. Sense of deprivation is a subjective state. Relative deprivation is a result of prejudice and
also causes prejudice. Two types of relative deprivationexist. One is egoistic relative deprivationthatisthe
comparison of self with other individuals. Another is fraternalisticrelative deprivation. Fraternalisticrelative
deprivation explains caste & religious tension in India.
Transparency: Openness and transparency are key ingredients to build accountability and trust, which are
necessary for the functioning of democracies and market economies. Holders of public office should be as
open as possible about all the decisions and actions that they take. They should give reasons for their
decisions and restrict information only when the wider public interest clearly demands. An administrator will
make decisions and implement them in a transparent manner so that those affected by the decisions and
Page 39
those who wish to evaluate their rationale, will be able to understand the reasons behind such decisions and
the sources of information on which these decisions were made. An “open” government is transparent,
accessible to anyone, anytime, anywhere; and responsive to new ideas and demands.
Temperance: The Fourth Cardinal Virtue: While fortitude is concerned with the restraint of fear so that we
can act, temperance is the restraint of our desires or passions. Food, drink, and sex are all necessary for our
survival, individually and as a species; yet a disordered desire for any of these goods can have disastrous
consequences, physical and moral.Temperance is the virtue that attempts to keep us from excess, and, as
such, requires the balancing of legitimate goods against our inordinate desire for them. Our legitimate use of
such goods may be different at different times; temperance is the "golden mean" that helps us determine how
far we can act on our desires.
Teleological Ethics: Locate the authority of moral standards with reference to the ends or interests
served.Consequentialism is the class of normative ethical theories holding that the consequences of one's
conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness or wrongness of that conduct. Thus,
from a consequentiality standpoint, a morally right act is one that will produce a good outcome or
consequence. Consequentialism is primarily non-prescriptive, meaning the moral worth of an action is
determined by its potential consequence, not by whether it follows a set of written edicts.
Third Party Ethics/ Third Party Code of Conduct: Buisness enterprise should ensure that all of its
subsidiaries, divisions, operating entities and authorised agents is a group with strong values. Whoever we
may deal with, and wherever we may operate, we are committed to doing so lawfully, ethically and with
integrity. This policy provides guidance on the fundamental values and principles and standards of behaviour
to which enterprise expect our suppliers, business partners and other third parties to adhere at all times.
Some Third Party Ethics Which should be enforced ar are: prevention of Child Labour and Forced Labour;
protecting respect & dignity of workforce; Non-discrimination at workplace etc
Triple-Bottom-Line Approach: Triple bottom line (TBL), in economics, believes that companies should
commit to focusing as much on social and environmental concerns as they do on profits. TBL theory posits
that instead of one bottom line, there should be three: profit, people, and the planet. The United Nations
Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) has defined corporate social responsibility (CSR) as a
management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business
operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is a way in which companies achieve a balance of
economic, environmental and social imperatives.
Trusteeship Of wealth: Gandhiji believed the wealthy could not accumulate their wealth without labor and
co-operation of workers; so wealthy are logically and morally bound to share their wealth in fair measure with
others. Gandhi did not believe in forcible dispossession of the wealthy as it would deny to society the talents
of people who could create national wealth. Mahatma Gandhi wants to evolve a new social order on the basis
of love and self-sacrifice. He wants to give every opportunity to an individual to rise to the height of his
personality. But he does not want to apply force to divest the privileged classes of their wealth, like Marx. He
Page 40
does not believe in the class war. He is not a socialist or a communist. He believes in a change of heart and
voluntary surrender of superfluous possessions for the benefit of the poor.
Utilitarianism: The classic form of results-based ethics is called utilitarianism. This says that the ethically
right choice in a given situation is the one that produces the most happiness and the least unhappiness for
the largest number of people. Utilitarianism, in normative ethics, a tradition stemming from the late 18th-
and 19th-century English philosophers and economists Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill according to
which an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of
happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by
it. Jeremy Bentham, the founder of utilitarianism, described utility as the sum of all pleasure that results
from an action, minus the suffering of anyone involved in the action.
Utilitarian Calculus of Bentham: The major factors of sensations of pleasure and pain resulting from action
as outlined by Bentham are summarized below.
1. Intensity (I)--How intense is the pleasure or pain?
2. Duration (D)--How long does the pleasure of pain last?
3. Certainty (C)--What is the probability that the pleasure or pain will occur?
4. Propinquity (nearness or remoteness) (N)--How far off in the future is the pleasure or pain?
5. Fecundity (F)--What is the probability that the pleasure will lead to other pleasures?
6. Purity (P)--What is the probability that the pain will lead to other pains?
7.Extent (E)--How many persons are affected by that pleasure?
The first four variables (intensity, duration, certainty, and propinquity) show the value of the pleasure or the
pain "considered by itself." The next two variables (fecundity and purity) are properties of the event or action
produced by the pleasure or pain-—not properties of the pleasure or pain, itself.
Utilitarianism: While making and implementing policies and decisions, an administrator will ensure that
these lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number. Applying cost benefit analysis to
the policy making and policy execution is implementing utilitarianism in policy making.
Virtue Ethics: Virtue Ethics (or Virtue Theory) is an approach to ethics that emphasizes an individual's
character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves (Deontology) or
their consequences (Consequentialism). They focus on the character of the agent; instead of Ethical form rules
or consequences of action thus they focus on developing good characters of habits. Virtue Ethics stressesthe
importance of developing good habits of character.
Virtue Ethics is person-oriented than action or duty oriented.
Wealth without work: Today we see the practice of getting something for nothing; manipulating markets and
assets so you don't have to work or produce added value, or just manipulate people and things to cheat them
and make money. Today there are professions built around making wealth without working, making much
Page 41
money without paying taxes, benefiting from free government programs without carrying a fair share of the
financial burdens, and enjoying all the perks of citizenship of country and membership of corporation without
assuming any of the risk or responsibility.
For Gandhi rewards were to be earned as a result of efforts made and not otherwise. All his life he preached
about the need for hard work and commitment.
Xenophobia: Xenophobia is the fear or hatred of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange. It is an
expression of perceived conflict between an ingroup and an outgroup and may manifest in suspicion by the
one of the other's activities, a desire to eliminate their presence, and fear of losing national, ethnic or racial
identity.
Zero Sum Game: Competition including group competition for limited economic resources leads to conflict.
Limited resources and competition for them create the ‘Zero Sum Game’. Zero-sum thinking, also known as
zero-sum bias, is a cognitive bias that describes when an individual thinks that one situation is like a zero-
sum game, where one person's gain would be another's loss.For Example, Reservation is one such Zero Sum
Game factor in India leading to caste prejudices.
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ETHICS VALUE BASED TERMINOLOGY TO BE USED FOR ANSWER WRITING:

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Cardinal Virtue: Basic virtues on which subordinate virtues depend.

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Categorical Imperatives & Morality:

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Corporate Social Responsibility:

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Dynamism: The uncertainty avoidance as a value or Attitude is defined as “a society's or Individual’s

Diversity Training:Diversity training is an initiative taken by most companies to create awareness of

Descriptive Ethics:The category of descriptive ethics is the easiest to understand - it simply

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Embezzlement: Embezzlement refers to a form of white-collar crime in which a person or entity

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Foot-in-the-door technique: Foot-in-the-door technique,also known as the Foot-in-the-door phenomenon, is

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Hypothetical Imperatives & Morality:

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Heterosexism: Discrimination or prejudice against homosexuals on the assumption that heterosexuality is

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Indirect methods of measuring corruption: Since corruption is clandestine, it is virtually impossible to

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Kevalajñāna: Kevalajñāna or Kevalgyāna means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as

Libertarianism, political: Libertarianism is generally considered to be the group of political

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Norm Violation Theory: AccordingtoDeRidder&Tripathi,violation of norms of groupis causal factor for

Nishkam Karma:“Selflessness” is characterized by low levels of self-centeredness and a low degree of

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Omniscience: Kevalajñāna or Kevalgyāna means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as

Pratītyasamutpāda: The central concept of Buddhism is generally termed Interdependent Co-arising or

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

SevottamModel: -Sevottam is a Service Delivery Excellence Model that provides an assessment-improvement

Stoicism: Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of

Selflessness:“Selflessness” is characterized by low levels of self-centeredness and a low degree of importance

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

Transformational leadership: Transformational leadership is a theory of leadership where a leader works

Theory of Relative Deprivation: Gurr&Runcimenbelievedwe perceive relative deprivation which leads to

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

NOTES BY PROF. AKSHAY D KADAM/9552268658 EDUCATOR @KSG @PRAYAS KSG

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