THE EFFECTS OF GOOD LEADERSHIP AND ADMINISTRATION IN NATIONAL

DEVELOPMENT ( A CASE STUDY OF PRESIDENT GOODLUCK EBELE

JONATHAN'S ADMINISTRATION)
ABSTRACT

The study aimed at examining the effects of good leadership and administration in national
development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration). A sample
size of 399 was derived out of the 776,298 study population using the Taro Yamane. The data
collected were presented in tables using frequency table as well as mean statistics. The study
reveals that this study revealed that most reveal that Nigeria's government have done a lot in
tackling corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing under Goodluck Jonathan's
administration The Findings from shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's administration has worked
in enhancing good governance. Based on the findings of the study, the Goodluck Jonathan's
administration have been using effective method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of
insecurities in Nigeria. It was therefore recommended that all government carries a moral burden
to lead by example providing moral leadership that eschews evil, corruption, vices. Also
Inequality, injustice and wickedness will compel the people to model the character of their
leaders and vice-versa, the democratic system in place must begin to deliver the needed social
groups so as to improve the standard of living of Nigerian’s.

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.0 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Leadership and administration has been widely acknowledged as a potent instrument for the

achievement of national development especially in Nigeria. Leadership is an important aspect of

management. The ability to lead effectively is one of the keys of being an effective manager or

administrator. The essence of leadership is followership. In other words, it is the willingness of

people to follow those whom they perceive as providing means of achieving their own desires,

wants and needs, not those who would not provide means of achieving their own desires, wants

and needs. That is why any country/organization that desires to achieve her objectives must have

an effective and efficient leadership that knows how to apply all the basic principles needed

towards achieving a great height of development.

National Development is our utmost desire; this is because of the poise and serenity it will bring

to our country Nigeria if achieved. It should be noted that any nation without a good leadership

and administration is like one driving a care without a head lamp in the night. For Nigeria to

attain the height of National development, a good leadership and administration should be kept

in view.

Good luck Ebele Jonathan, a former teacher, inspector of education, lecturer and environmental

protection and pollution control officer, became Nigeria’s second university educated Head of

Government, was sworn in again on May 29, 2011 for a full four year term, as the President of

Nigeria following his victory in the April 2011 Presidential elections. Goodluck Jonathan is the

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third President of Nigeria’s Fourth Republic and the Fourteenth Head of Government in about 40

years. He had been the President of Nigeria from May 6, 2010 to May 28, 2011 after the death of

President Umaru Yar’Adua on May 5, 2010 and is a member of the ruling People’s Democratic

Party (PDP).

Nigeria is one of the largest countries in West Africa. Apparently because of its natural

endowment with many resources such as mineral, coal, food and the most profound “Crude oil”.

It is also rich in population, gifted with talents in all ramification of life i.e. entertainment (music

and arts), sports and so on.

To this regard, if Nigeria must join the 20 largest economies by 2020 AD, her leaders and

followers must demonstrate certain capabilities. There have been concerted efforts made by the

President and all his cabinet members towards the enhancement of a good leadership and

administration, but our leaders must develop new visions and new strategies: must summon new

forms of determination and political will: and demonstrate higher levels of patriotism, hard work,

selflessness and responsiveness to the challenges facing them.

However, there is a great need for “national development” and in respect to this; the leadership

must have a collective vision of the future or its goal; and the path to the achievement of these

goals. It must always carry the people along. Nigeria is still posed with challenges like

“Ethnicism”. This is higher in the multi-national states in which our country is an example.

There is need to reconcile the demands of various ethnic groups, build bridges across religions

and gender, and establish a legitimate basis for new forms of Nationalism.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE POBLEM

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Energy and curiosity directed towards liberation of the country from impoverishment had been

abortive because of economic and political crises.

Also the issues in ethnicity, religious bigotry, terrorism and insecurity has been challenging the

effort of our leaders towards national development, thereby making national development a

difficult task in this country, Nigeria.

1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1. To examine the effects of ethnic and religious crisis on national development.

2. To investigate the consequences of bad leadership on national development.

3. To provide a way forward for national development

1.3 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the effects of ethnic and religious crisis on national development?

2. What are the consequences of bad leadership on national development?

3. How can the problems be resolved?

1.4 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Leadership theories and approach as it affects our study, which is about Goodluck Ebele

Jonathan’s Administration, should point out leadership in the political system. Early leadership

theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and followers, while subsequent

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theories looked at other variables such as situation factors (situational skill levels) (trait theory),

great man’s theories etc but am going to focus on “Great man’s theory”.

Greatman theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent, that great leader is born,

not made. These theories often portray great leader are heroic, mythic and destined to rise to

leadership when needed. “Great leaders are born, not made”? This quote sums up the basic

tenant of the great man theory of leadership which suggests that the capacity of leadership is in

born. According to this theory, you are either a natural born leader or you are not.

Moreover, some of the earliest research on leadership looked at people who were already

successful leaders. These individuals often included aristocratic rulers who achieved their

position through birth right. Because people of lesser social status had fewer opportunities to

practice and achieve leadership roles, it contributed to the idea that leadership is an inherent

ability. Even today, people often described prominent leaders as having the right qualities or

personality for the position implying that inherent characteristics are what make these people

effective leaders.

To this regard, the life of president Goodluck reflected “Greatman” theory of leadership, right

from his early stage he had been leading. He was a teacher, inspector of education, lecturer,

deputy Governor to governor, vice president to president. In fact his life history is full of

greatness. As stated by this theory, he is indeed born to be a leader.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

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This research work is of great relevance to the society at large. This is applicable to the

government, the readers of this research work and to the researcher.

The benefit of this research work to the government is that by the end of the research, the weak-

points and short – comings of all the sectors of the nation would be pinpointed and displayed

based on findings, thereby proffering solution to the problem.

To the reader, they will be upgraded intellectually and also will be highly informed of the up and

doings of the current administration. It will also give the reader’s insight on how to participate

and also partake in the political affairs of the country geared towards the achievement of national

development.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope has been limited to our country Nigeria, using the present administration of President

Goodluck Ebele Jonathan as an area of study.

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

In the process of carrying out this research work, the researcher encountered many problems;

such as financial constraint, limited time and refusal of the people in strategic positions to

respond to some questions directed to them.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Leadership: It is the art of influencing people that they get to strive willingly towards the

achievement of a certain set goals.

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  Administration: This is the direction, co-ordination and control of many persons to

achieve some objective.

 National Development: This is the ability of a country to improve the social welfare of

the people e.g. providing social amenities like quality education, potable water,

transportation, medical care etc.

 Development: This refers to a change process geared at improving or making better the

life and environment of man.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Nigeria’s president won the 2011 federal government election on the ground well of popular

support, and the promise of a transformation agenda. There have been a number of visions and

policies pursued by previous Heads of Governments of Nigeria, either under the Military or

Civilian regimes in the recent past. Alhaji Shehu Shagari, who was elected as President of

Nigeria in 1979 and ruled up to January, 1984 tagged his policy as the Green Revolution. This

policy hoped to transform the agricultural sector and use the gains thereafter to revolutionize

other key sectors of the economy. The short period of the leadership of General Muhammadu

Buhari was spent in fighting corruption and instilling discipline in the polity. General Sani

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Abacha came into power in 1993 after the controversial annulment of the 1993 Presidential

elections with another policy somersault. His policy package radically de-emphasized the

influence of International institutions and centered mainly on the exploitation of domestic efforts

towards transforming the economy. In 1999, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo was elected as the

President and Commander -in-chief of the Nigerian Armed Forces. He took yet another radical

departure from his predecessors. His first four years in office were focused mainly on

consolidating democracy. Thereafter, he concentrated on reforms in Banking and

Telecommunication Sectors. He also initiated the National Economic Empowerment and

Development Strategies (NEEDS).

Another policy reversal was introduced by Alhaji Umaru Yar’adua following his election and

inauguration in May, 2007 as the President and Commander-in-Chief of Nigeria Armed Forces.

His policy package was tagged the 7-Point Agenda where he identified seven sectors of the

economy as the engine room to the transformation of the entire economy. With his demise in

2009, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, the then Vice President, took over as substantive President and

maintained the reform agenda of his predecessor up until May 2011. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan

took oath of office as the newly elected President and Commander-in-Chief of Nigeria Armed

Forces on 29th of May, 2011 amidst thunderous expectations of a new dawn, given his humble

background and the mountain of problems and decay that the country has found itself over the

years. Realizing the high expectations, the President promised not to let the people down. ( On

that historic day, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan promised Nigerians a policy package tagged the

Transformation Agenda when he declared that Together we will unite over our nation and

improve the living standard of all our people whether in the North or in the South; in the East or

in the West. The President further pledged that his leadership will be decidedly transformative

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in all critical sectors and that his administration must grow the economy, create jobs and generate

enduring happiness for all and sundry. In addition, the President declared on day that he has

“great confidence in the ability of Nigerians to transform the country and that the urgent task of

his administration is to provide a suitable environment for productive activities to flourish. He

went on to appeal all good people of Nigerian to enlist as agents of the great Transformation

Agenda. Transformation itself is a development strategy aimed at complete or radical change in

the life of an individual, organization, community or even the nation at large. According to the

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, transformation is a complete change in somebody or

something. Transformation in the life of a person connotes radical attitudinal change from bad to

good or even vice versa. Transformation or reform, particularly in the health institution is a

process that seeks changes in the health sector policies, financing and organization of services as

well as in the role of government to reach national health objectives.

This include the need to expand and strengthen primary health care services throughout the

country, eradicate or eliminate childhood and other preventable diseases through adequate

routine immunization; strengthen all disease control efforts and health promotion activities into

health care at primary care level, reduce environmental and occupational health related morbidity

and mortality; protect the public from the harmful effects of fake drugs, unregistered medicines

and processed foods etc. In the life of a nation, transformation involves structural changes in the

major institutions of governance and the society at large. Thus, on the whole, transformation can

be said to be a total package that involves every facet of the individual, organization or society. It

is meant to be a vehicle for a better society where virtually everyone will be reasonably

comfortable. The Transformation Agenda of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan is yet another

policy somasault in relation to the 7-Point Agenda of his immediate predecessor, late President

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Umaru Musa Yar’adua. It is a 5-year development plan, 2011-2015, which also coincides with

the life time of his term in office. the President, upon assumption of office, assembled a vibrant

team of renowned technocrats called the Economic Management Team to midwife and drive the

process through to a successful end. The appointment of the Minister of Finance, a reputable

Economist, clearly indicates the centrality of the economy as the driving force in the success of

the Transformation Agenda. Thus, the Transformation Agenda of Goodluck Jonathan, from all

intent and purposes, is largely in pursuance of collective national goals and aspirations towards

driving Nigerian into the comity of the 20 largest economies by 2020.

As observed by Itah (2012), the transformation Agenda of Goodluck Jonathan is a policy

package that proposes to reposition the economy by addressing issues of poverty, unemployment

insecurity and most particularly, the diversification of the entire economy from total dependence

on oil to a significant reliance on non-oil driven economy. The Transformation agenda of

President Goodluck Jonathan seeks to hopefully transform the Nigerian people into a catalyst for

growth and national development. Under the transformation drive, government is expected to

guide Nigerians to build industrialized modern state that will launch the nation into the first 20

economies of the world by the year 2020. According to the president himself, in the presentation

of the 2012 budget to the national assembly, he said: As we collectively resolve to create a

brighter and enduring future for all Nigerians, a future of hope and prosperity not lack, fear or

hatred, we must prepare to overcome any adversity that may arise. Accordingly, we must all be

determined and committed to follow through the difficult but balance choices that we make in

piloting the affairs of the great nation. (Jonathan Goodluck, 2011). The Honourable Minister and

Deputy Chairman of the National Planning Commission, and also a member of the Economic

Management Team provided details of the Transformation Agenda of President Goodluck Ebele

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Jonathan. According to the Minister, the Transformation Agenda is focused on three key areas.

One, strong, inclusive, non- inflationary growth. This includes efforts on the part of government

to encourage large-scale industries and Small and Medium Enterprises (SMES), revitalize ailing

industries, promote agriculture and agro businesses, encourage local content strategy and

develop Information Technology and Communication (ICT) to be the major driver of the agenda.

Two, employment generation and poverty alleviation.

This chapter reviewed relevant and related literatures of various researches in an attempt to relate

their work to President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan’s Administration and the importance of good

leadership in Nigeria.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

WHAT IS LEADERSHIP?

Leadership is a multifaceted concept that involves guiding, influencing, and directing individuals

or groups towards a common goal or objective. At its core, a leader is an individual who assumes

the responsibility of providing direction, making decisions, and inspiring others to achieve their

full potential (Heiss, 2023). A leader is not just someone with authority or a title; rather, they are

someone who possesses the ability to motivate and inspire others to work collaboratively,

overcome challenges, and contribute their best efforts to achieve a shared vision (Robbins

(2001).

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A leader is characterized by their qualities and actions, which often include effective

communication, empathy, vision, adaptability, and the capacity to build and nurture relationships

(Aldoory & Toth, 2004). They are role models who set examples by embodying the values and

principles they espouse, fostering a positive and productive work environment, and making

strategic decisions that benefit both their teams and the larger organization (Northouse, 2010). In

essence, a leader goes beyond mere management tasks; they serve as a source of inspiration,

guidance, and support, empowering those around them to excel and achieve collective success.

The art of leadership extends beyond a position or title and revolves around the ability to

influence, motivate, and guide others towards a common purpose.

Leadership can be defined as the process of guiding, inspiring, and influencing individuals or

groups to work collaboratively toward achieving a shared vision or goal. It involves effectively

leveraging one's qualities, skills, and abilities to provide direction, make informed decisions, and

foster an environment of growth, innovation, and positive change (Oko, 2015). Leadership

encompasses not only the exercise of authority but also the demonstration of integrity, empathy,

and a commitment to serving the best interests of both the team and the larger organization.

Effective leadership involves communication, strategic thinking, problem-solving, and the

cultivation of relationships, ultimately leading to the empowerment and development of

individuals within the group and the accomplishment of desired outcomes (Yukl & Van Fleet,

1992).

Yukl and Van Fleet (1992) provide a comprehensive view of leadership as a multifaceted process

encompassing several dimensions. Yukl and Van Fleet (1992), asserts that:

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“Leadership is a process that includes influencing the task objectives and strategies of a group

or organization, influencing people in the organization to implement the strategies and achieve

the objectives, influencing group maintenance, and identification, and influencing the culture of

the organization’’

According to their perspective, leadership entails influencing task objectives and strategies,

guiding individuals to execute plans effectively, fostering group cohesion and identification, and

shaping the organizational culture. Leaders play a pivotal role in defining the goals and strategies

of a group or organization, motivating individuals to achieve those objectives, creating a

harmonious group atmosphere, and molding the broader organizational culture. This holistic

understanding emphasizes that leadership involves more than just giving directions; it

encompasses a range of actions that collectively contribute to the success, unity, and cultural

fabric of the group or organization.

2.2.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE GOODLUCK JONATHAN ADMINISTRATION IN

NIGERIA

Most students of history would agree that perception has proven to be of greater importance than

reality in shaping public opinion, and therefore, the image of a government is usually determined

by how it is perceived by its citizens in particular and the international community in general.

Nigeria has for some time suffered from a negative image problem, and this has had a negative

impact on the development of the Nigerian economy making it difficult to attract long term

investments as it is viewed as a wasteful and corrupt country with morally bankrupt citizens. For

instance in 2009, a science fiction film set in South Africa, District 9, depicted Nigerians crudely

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as gangsters, cannibals, pimps, prostitutes, gun dealers and addictive drug dealers. The name of

the gang leader in the film bore an uncanny resemblance to the surname of Nigeria’s former

President Olusegun Obasanjo. This contrasts with a reality where Nigeria has produced some of

the world’s most talented writers, musicians, footballers and athletes and does not take into

consideration the sacrifice of Nigerians who have given their lives as peacekeepers in Africa and

beyond; or the contribution of law abiding Nigerians in the fight against injustice in the form of

apartheid in South Africa. Further evidence that Nigerians are extremely talented, comes from a

survey in the United States carried out by Rice University which showed that Nigerian

immigrants have the highest levels of education in the United States. To further buttress this, the

controversial author, Amy Chua in her parenting guide called “The Triple Package” listed

Nigerians as one of the eight groups in the United States whose exceptional talents have helped

propel them as immigrants in the US. One may then ask, what is the cause of Nigeria’s negative

image?

In the view of a lot of Nigerians, the image problem is a result of poor and corrupt leadership

over the years which led to Nigerians having to fend for themselves as individuals due to a

complete collapse of the governance structures, returning Nigeria to the Hobbesian “state of

nature” where life had become “solitary, nasty, brutish and short”. They blame this on a “cabal”

who had held the country hostage since the early 70’s and introduced cronyism in place of merit.

These Nigerians sensed relief when circumstances threw up a Presidential candidate for the

2011 general elections who appeared to come from outside the” cabal” as he had “no shoes” ,

came from the Niger Delta which had suffered neglect over the years despite its oil wealth and

had a doctorate degree. This Presidential candidate, Goodluck Jonathan ran a campaign hinged

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on bringing a” breath of fresh air” to the Nigerian political landscape with an agenda of

transformation for the country. President Jonathan was elected by majority of Nigerians based on

the perception that he would bring “Goodluck” to Nigeria and change the negative image of

Nigeria.

The faith of majority of Nigerians in the Jonathan administration was further boosted when

President Jonathan cobbled together a cabinet with a sprinkling of internationally renowned

technocrats, such as Dr Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala a Managing Director at the World Bank who was

popular in Nigeria as a result of her role in paying off Nigeria’s international debts during

President Obasanjo’s second term, Ambassador Gbenga Ashiru an experienced diplomat, Dr

Akinwunmi Adeshina a distinguished Agricultural Development expert, Prof Barth Nnaji a

renowned robotics engineer, Dr Muhamed Ali Pate an international Public Health expert, Mr

Olusegun Aganga an experienced investment banker and former Managing Director at Goldman

Sachs and Mrs Diezani Alison-Madueke the first female director at the oil giant, the Shell

Petroleum Development Corporation. A lot was expected from these technocrats given their

professional experience and international standing as they had reputations to protect.

However, over three years into the Jonathan Administration, Nigeria appears to have become

deeply fractured as the opposition has consistently depicted the Jonathan Administration as being

colourless, clueless, slow to act on issues of national importance, poor crises managers with a

laissez faire attitude towards corruption, while supporters of the administration portray it as

being considerate, humane, a listening administration that is not afraid to admit mistakes and an

administration focused on correcting the imbalance in the political structure of the Country.

There seems to be a lack of objectivity in the debate, as it appears that everybody has become

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partisan. It appears there are hardly any statesmen left in the land as even past presidents have

become partisan.

The latest governance poll results from Nigeria’s leading polling agency NO polls for the month

of February suggests that President Jonathan’s administration is rated as being average in its

management of the Economy, Health, Agriculture and Food Security and Transportation while it

was rated as being very poor in Security, Job Creation, Power and Education.

The 2014 Corruption Perception Index (CPI) ranks Nigeria 136 out of 174 countries studied by

Transparency International, this is an improvement from the 144 position in 2013, 139 position

in 2012 and 152 position in 2003 at the beginning of President Obasanjo’s second term. This

appears to suggest that Nigeria has become less corrupt despite the shouts by the opposition and

some foreign media houses. Nevertheless, a lot more has to be done, given that Nigeria had risen

to 121 on the corruption perception index in 2008 at the height of EFCC’s assault on corrupt

Public Officers towards the end of President Obasanjo’s tenure.

Also a recent study by the Michigan State University, Broad College of Business classified

Nigeria as being in the high-risk political and economic category of Nations with a difficult

business environment. The study however stated that Nigeria had some advantages going in its

favour. Nigeria’s perceived strengths were listed as: substantial hydrocarbon resources,

considerable agricultural potential, low external debt and a largely consolidated banking sector

thanks to the reform launched in 2009. It however, also enumerated the perceived weaknesses of

the Nigerian State as being the heavy dependence on oil revenues (90% of exports, 20% of GDP,

80 % of fiscal revenues), much reduced refining capacity leading to burdensome imports because

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of subsidies, diversification of productive fabric limited by inadequate infrastructure, ethnic and

religious tensions, corruption and insecurity, unemployment, poverty, and inadequate health and

educations systems. If the Michigan State University study is correct, then the benchmark for

assessing the Jonathan administration must be linked to the way the administration harnesses the

perceived strengths to impact on the citizenry as well as how it tackles the perceived weaknesses

of the Nigerian State.

From the earlier stated result of the NO polls it would appear that the Jonathan administration is

perceived to be making progress in exploiting the agricultural potentials of Nigeria to achieve

food security, thereby diversifying the productive fabric of the Nation as well as improving

transport infrastructure, such as federal highways, the railways as well as the airports. However,

it has not made much progress in the critical areas of security, job creation, reforming the

education system and poverty alleviation. Given that 43.8 % of the Nigerian population are

below the age of 14 years, it is expected that government should concentrate on improving the

educational sector; however, from the data made available by the NO polls, education is one of

the sectors where the Jonathan administration was rated as being very poor. Also given the

youthful population of Nigeria, it is expected that the government should concentrate on Job

creation as it is indeed a national emergency. The Jonathan administration through the Subsidy

Re-Investment Programme, Sure-P Fund has intervened in the area of job creation, the SURE-P

fund is said to have created over 130,000 jobs since its inauguration in February 2012 and it

appears that the International Labour Organisation (ILO), global employment trends report

supports that assertion, as it indicated that a total estimated number of jobs created in the

Nigerian economy for the first quarter of 2013 improved by 12% over the previous quarter.

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However, that is just a drop in the ocean, as the NO polls indicate that the Jonathan

administration is perceived to have performed very poorly in the area of Job creation.

This is dangerous as the high rate of youth unemployment can be directly linked to the insecurity

plaguing the Nation. The situation is worsened by allegations of missing billions from the coffers

of government and the perceived, jet set lifestyle of public officers while, the youth remain

jobless and wallow in poverty without a future.

The political class and business elite must as a matter of urgency, collectively tone down the

flamboyance for which they are associated, while members of the National Assembly and State

Assemblies must eschew personal interests and work hard as patriots in fashioning a system of

fiscal federalism that will make the cost of governance cheaper and bring the dividends of

democracy closer to the populace.

According to TI (2016), a country or territory’s score indicate the perceived level of public sector

corruption on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean). The latest ranking, though better

than its ranking of 144th out of 177th countries and territories, with a score of 25th, recorded the

previous year, still categorised Nigeria among some of the world’s most corrupt countries,

including Cameroun, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon and Russia. South Africa, ranked the second largest

economy in Africa, fared far better, with a ranking of 67 th and a score of 44th. Also, the Thabo

Mbeki High Level Panel report on Illicit Financial Flows from Africa noted during the recent

summit of the African Union Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa that Nigeria

accounted for about 68.1 percent of the cumulative revenue Africa lost between 2001 and 2010

through corruption and illegal transfers. But the President insisted that even with Nigeria’s

dismal anti-corruption record, both globally and in Africa, its perception both within and outside

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the country was blown out of proportion for political gains. “Yes, people talk about corruption

now, because it has become a political issue,” Mr. Jonathan said. “And when you promote

something to the level of politics, normally it is blown out of proportion. “Yes, we have

corruption cases, no doubt about that. Yes, we have cases of people stealing, no doubt about that.

I always said call a thief a thief. I am not saying that in Nigeria we do not have these elements of

corruption, or stealing. He cited the controversy triggered by claims

by the former Central Bank of Nigeria governor, Lamido Sanusi, now the Emir of Kano, that

$49.8 billion oil money was unremitted by state-owned national oil company, the Nigerian

National Petroleum Corporation, between 2011 and 2012. After various reconciliations by the

National Assembly, the Federal Ministry of Finance and the NNPC, the amount that remained

unaccounted for was reduced to $20billion, but a forensic audit by Price Water House Coopers

ordered by government turned in a report in 2014 that government has refused to make public.

The President said he was yet to come to terms with what the real figures involved in the

allegation were, apparently because of politics. “If you start from my former CBN governor, who

said initially that $49.8billion was missing. $49.8billion is a lot of money. What is the budget of

this country for God’s sake? Our federal budget has been three point something trillion, that’s

roughly on the average $18 to $20 billion a year. “And you are saying we lost $49.8 billion. If

we lose $49.8 billion, the federal and state governments will not pay salaries. I don’t know how

he came by that figure. “The next moment, he changed from $49.8billion to $12billion. The next

day it was $20 billion. Up to this time, I don’t know which the correct accusation is,” he claimed.

According to the President, the Senate employed the services of financial consultants to probe

the allegation, and it turned out that only about $2 billion was found not to have been properly

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balanced. “There was no evidence to show that it was stolen, but just that it was not properly

balanced,” he declared.

The President had in one of his media chats insisted that stealing is not corruption. In another

outing, he tried to explain further what he meant by “stealing is not corruption”. He says most of

what are perceived to be corruption in Nigeria is mere cases of petty stealing by officials. The

administration of ex-President Goodluck Jonathan administration can at best be described as

underperforming, a review of its performance in various sectors show, this can be described as

unfortunate for a government which came to power on the back of popular support and one that

enjoyed a lot of public goodwill in its early years. Here are 10 ways the administration failed

Nigerians and in many cases, left the country worse than it met it.

1. Power Generation.

In 2010, when Mr Jonathan was sworn in as substantive president after the death of his

former boss, Umaru Yar’Adua, power generation in Nigeria was 3,000 mega watts. On

Friday, when he was handing over to his successor, power generation had dropped to less

than 2000 mega watts. The need to prioritise power generation and availability to Nigerians

was acknowledged by Mr Jonathan early in his administration. In 2011, while seeking

support to be elected president after leading the country for one year following the death of

Mr. Yar’Adua, the ex-president declared to diplomats at the United Nations Economic

Commission for Africa, UNECA, and the African Union, AU, in Addis-Ababa that: “If I’m

voted into power, within the next four years, the issue of power will become a thing of the

past. Four years is enough for anyone in power to make a significant improvement and if I

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 can’t improve on power within this period, it then means I cannot do anything.”Power across

Nigeria is at an all time low with Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory, having just 5

megawatts.

2. Security

This was perhaps Mr Jonathan’s biggest albatross. His administration went to sleep while the

insurgent group, Boko Haram, ran amok killing thousands and capturing territory as huge as

Belgium from Nigeria in its bid to create an Islamic caliphate. Mr Jonathan only acted decisively

when it became clear that the insurgency would cost him votes during the presidential election.

In the build up to the elections, within six weeks, most of the territories previously captured by

the insurgents were retaken and the insurgents placed on a back foot.

The president also failed to curb the perennial clashes between Fulani herdsmen and farmers

particularly in the north central region. In Nasarawa, Ombatse militia were allowed to rain terror

on civilians. In 2013 over 100 police officers and other security agents were killed in a swoop by

the militia. The Jonathan administration, for political reasons, refused to bring the perpetrators to

book and those indicted for the killings still walk free today.

The insecurity was also witnessed in the southern part of the country as kidnappers went on

rampage abducting people for ransom. Politicians, their aides, family members and public

officials were the major targets as the criminals virtually had their way in various states like Edo,

Bayelsa, and Ondo State. Under the Jonathan administration, Nigeria became one of the most

dangerous places in the world to live.

21
3. Fuel Scarcity

Nigeria was grounded to a halt after oil marketers embarked on a strike following dispute over

subsidy on petrol. Despite several promises by Mr Jonathan to increase the nation’s capacity to

refine crude by revamping the existing refineries and building new ones, no new refineries were

built in his five years in office while existing ones never worked at optimum capacity. The

continued reliance on imported fuel left the country susceptible to the machinations of oil

marketers. Subsidy on petrol and kerosene also turned out to be a black hole on the country’s

finances. In five years, the administration spent over N6 trillion on subsidies, money that could

have been used for other essential developments

4. Corruption

After the unforgivable lapses in security especially in the north-east, corruption was another

factor that Mr. Jonathan couldn’t get a grip on or deliberately allowed to flourish under his

administration. Aides and ministers accused of corruption were either shielded or allowed to stay

in their position. The granting of presidential pardon to former governor of Bayelsa State,

Diepreye Alamieyeseigha, who was convicted of money laundering, sparked outrage among

Nigerians. He also did nothing, until too late, when former Aviation Minister, Stella Uduah,

bought two armoured BMW cars for N255 million. When he eventually acted, he only removed

the former minister from office without ordering or calling for her prosecution. Also, instead of

investigating the alleged N20 billion the former Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria,

Lamido Sanusi, said was missing from the accounts of the Nigerian National Petroleum

Corporation, NNPC, Mr. Jonathan hounded him out of office.

22
5. Crude oil theft

During the Jonathan administration, pirates and crude oil thieves were lords. Pirates surrounded

the Nigerian water ways like water hyacinth stealing crude from the country’s pipelines with

little or no hindrance. The ill-equipped and poorly trained navy proved to be grossly incapable of

arresting the situation. Instead of training and adequately equipping the navy and other security

agencies to protect the country’s source of wealth, the task of pipeline protection was handed to

militias in the Niger Delta and elsewhere for several billions of naira annually. Yet, instead of the

theft of oil to decrease it remained a major drain of resources. According to the Chief of Naval

Staff, Usman Jibrin, the country lost crude valued more than N1.18 billion daily to oil thieves

(N433.62 billion annually).

6. Economy

Mr. Jonathan could not sustain the modest economic growth recorded by his government

initially. He could not save for the rainy day when the price of crude oil reached very high levels;

subsequently depleting Nigeria’s foreign reserves and incurring a huge debt profile as soon as

there was a dip in the price of crude in the international market. Mr Jonathan inherited as much

as $60 billion in foreign reserve but plundered it to as low as $40 billion in five years. As at June

2014, the country’s external debt rose by 40 per cent to $9.377 billion and a domestic debt of

$47.653 billion. Though inflation was kept at a single digit, it was a faux strength as companies

struggled to survive and the country continually ranked poorly in the ease of doing business

index by the World Bank. Despite his promises, again he could not revive the manufacturing

sector. Companies complained of incurring huge cost due to their reliance on diesel. The textile

23
industry remained moribund. Poverty remained widespread and youth employment was at an all

time high.

7. Foreign Relations

Under Mr. Jonathan, Nigeria’s foreign relations were in sixes and sevens. There was no clear

foreign relation direction as the country gradually lost its clout in the international community.

Nigeria was left with a bloody nose after the South African government seized its $15 million

arms money illegal brought into South Africa in cash. At the twilight of Mr Jonathan’s

administration, the South African government also ridiculed Nigeria’s shoddy recall of her

ambassador to South Africa following the xenophobic violence there. Also, the Moroccan

government recalled its ambassador to Nigeria after officials of the latter’s foreign ministry lied

about a telephone conversation between Mr Jonathan and King Mohammed VI of Morocco.

8. Education

The Jonathan government showed some signs that it was interested in turning around the

education sector by increased budgetary allocations and other acts; but this did not make much

impact. Nigeria still has the highest number of children out of school in the world; while for

close to an academic session, the country’s universities were shut due to the government’s

refusal to meet the demands of striking university teachers. The country’s universities were still

as dilapidated as at the time he assumed office while the new ones set up fared no better.

Hundreds of thousands of polytechnic students stayed at home for about one year due to no fault

of theirs, same for those in colleges of education. Standards in the country’s universities and

other colleges virtually fared no better than Mr. Jonathan met them.

24
9. Health

Many Nigerians still die of preventable diseases such as cholera and dysentery. Infant and

maternal mortality may have reduced during the Jonathan administration, but they are still

among the highest in the world. At least 65 out of every 1000 Nigerian children die before their

fifth birthday. For every 100,000 live births, more than 224 mothers lost their lives.

The National Health Insurance Scheme is yet to be fully operational while hospitals have become

so bad that some politicians travel abroad to treat common illnesses.

Health workers are consistently demanding for better welfare and hospitals are sometimes shut

for weeks due to industrial action and the agitation by health workers for better equipments and

further training.

10. Mining

While the country binged on oil, the less fancied but lucrative mining sector was virtually

neglected and left unregulated.

The sector was taken over by illegal miners who cashed in on government’s complete neglect of

the sector sometimes with devastating repercussions on host communities. Hundreds of Nigerian

children died due to outbreaks of lead poisoning in states like Zamfara and Niger State due to

artisan mining.

2.2.3 POSITIVE IMPACTS OF FOREIGN POLICY UNDER PRESIDENT GOODLUCK

JOHNATHAN ADMINISTRATION

25
For every objective or goal, it is imperative to define means and plans intended for the

achievement of the specified objective. In the same vein, Akinterinwa (2014) averred that,

“strategy and technique may be likened to two inseparable sides of a foreign policy coin” (p.

255). He further explained that, “…a technique…is a method adopted to achieve a specific

objective”, while “a strategy on the other hand is generally considered as a long-term plan,

comprising various integral components and designed to ensure the achievement of a broad set of

goals” (p. 255). This is not to say that techniques and strategies are mutually exclusive. In fact,

Akinterinwa (2014) opines that some of the listed foreign policy objectives in the Nigerian

constitution can be regarded both as strategies and techniques.

Bola Akinterinwa, Director General of the Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA)

wrote a whole chapter on Nigeria’s Foreign Policy Strategies and Technique in The Jonathan

Presidency published in 2014 by University Press of America. The first technique employed by

the Jonathan administration in pursuance of economic diplomacy was the overhaul of the

Foreign Service. The emergence of civilian rule ushered in corruption of meritocracy hitherto

practiced in the Foreign Service. With the aim of ensuring expertise and experience in Nigeria’s

foreign missions, Ashiru made efforts to reverse the politicization of positions within the Foreign

Ministry. The new set of envoys would be no less than career diplomats or professional

diplomats, of whom Ashiru was a paragon, having spent decades in service of the MFA. Having

said that, it would not be enough to simply be a veteran in the field of diplomacy as “only

officers with the requisite experience in certain experience in certain regions and skills relevant

in the emerging economic trends of such regions are appointed and posted to such places”

(Akinterinwa, 2014, p. 268).

26
In addition, the role of Nigerian diplomats abroad primarily, is to advertise Nigeria as investment

friendly so as to improve trade, secure investments, – particularly FDI, which is a driving force

for economic development – and ultimately promote economic cooperation. To fulfill economic

diplomacy, the MFA has moreover been charged with the training of diplomats in the fields of

finance and commerce. Kudos should be given to the president, and Ambassador

OlugbengaAshiru. They have encouraged the appointments of career diplomats to

Ambassadorial posts, and reduced the number of political appointees. 56 of the 88 candidates

who were nominated by Jonathan for senate approval were professional diplomats.

Appointments are now mostly based on merit, qualifications and suitably than on political ties

and affiliations. This undoubtedly is a feather in the cap of the Jonathan administration.

The second technique is forging of partnership with specialized institutions and government

bodies. The MFA would partner with relevant institutions like the NIIA, the Institute of Peace

and Conflict Resolution and the Presidential Advisory Council on International Relations (PAC-

IR) to hold “participatory processes, such as conferences, briefings, seminars, lectures, and

topical discussions” to strengthen the foundation on which foreign policies are formed and to aid

in achieving the overall objective of the MFA (Akinterinwa, 2014, p. 269). This partnership

involves a critical assessment of Nigeria’s foreign policy formulation and implementation. The

benefit of such a partnership can be seen in the foreign policy recommendations made at the

seminar for the review of Nigeria’s foreign policy that was held in August 2011 at the behest of

the President. There is absolutely no reason for Jonathan's administration to take special pride in

this. Partnership with specialized institutions is not a novel or unique idea. It has been a necessity

of every government's foreign policy. The ministry of foreign affairs cannot work in isolation. It

has always sought the help, advice and assistant of specialized institutions and government

27
agencies, such as the Nigerian Institute of International affairs, and the others listed above. This

has never been the problem. The issue is actually implementing the suggested policies and taking

the advice of these specialized institutions. This present administration has not particularly

shown it is any different from the previous administrations in this regard. Many times, the

recommendations and advice of these specialized institutions are often not implemented on time,

or disregarded totally.

Capitalizing on strategic partnerships is the third technique in utilization. The realization of

economic diplomacy partly depends on deepening of ties with countries which we have trade

relations, marketing indigenous goods and encouraging other economies to invest in the various

industries.

The fourth technique is collaboration with the Organized Private Sector (OPS). The government

increasingly seeks the viewpoint of the OPS in attaining its foreign policy objectives. Again, this

technique isn’t entirely novel as the Babangida administration tried a similar practice “where the

business class and the government rubbed minds after the budget” and the opinions of the former

group were taken into consideration in policymaking (Omoh, 2011). The OPS often serve as

advisor or consultant to the government and Foreign Service. In other words, the OPS give

insight into government’s economic initiatives and policies. The Nigerian Association of

Chambers and Commerce, Industry, Mines and Agriculture (NACCIMA); Nigerian Association

of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (NASME); Manufacturers Association of Nigeria

(MAN); Nigerian Employers Consultative Association (NECA); and the Nigerian Association of

Small-Scale Industries (NASSI) are all representative bodies of the OPS. These formally

28
recognized bodies are in positions to identify strategic opportunities, and their input is

invaluable.

At least 4 million Nigerians live outside of the country, and as such their contribution to Nigeria

could be significant. The penultimate technique of the economic diplomacy is to mobilize the

Nigerian Diasporas community to support development in Nigeria. Akinterinwa (2014) writes,

“the official estimates about the amount of money sent back annually by expatriate Nigerians

range from $10 billion to $20 billion” (p. 285). Nigerian diaspora communities have been set up

to raise awareness about issues concerning Nigeria; encourage the return of compatriots home

where they can contribute to development, and to make investments in Nigeria.

The final and major strategy employed by the Jonathan administration to ensure the success of

economic diplomacy is known as the Transformation Agenda. As earlier stated, a state’s foreign

policy is an extension of its domestic policy. The Transformation Agenda is a comprehensive

initiative launched by the Nigerian government to address Nigeria’s economic

underdevelopment, as well as review the role of the legislature and the judiciary within a period

of four years (2011-2015). Chaired by President Jonathan himself, and coordinated by the

Former Minister of Finance, Dr, NgoziOkonjo-Iweala, the Transformation Agenda covers the

following key sectors: “job creation, education, health, power, transportation, Niger Delta, labour

and productivity, foreign policy and economic diplomacy, legislature, governance, judiciary and

justice delivery, public expenditure management, and information and communication and

technology (ICT)” (Gyong, 2012).

The facilitation of trade and commerce by diplomats and ambassadors is again stressed in the

Agenda. In addition, the appointment of Iweala, a reputable Economist, clearly illustrated the

29
main thrust of the agenda; the economy. So far, the administration has not recorded much in the

way of success of the lofty aims of the agenda. Internal challenges constitute more of a problem

to sustaining the vision of our foreign policy. The purpose of the transformation agenda is

rendered useless with the problems of poor governance and mismanagement of funds.

Corruption in the public service is also a major contributing factor. Femi Otedola, a member of

the Economy Management Team was involved in a bribery scandal. This reflects very negatively

on President Goodluck Jonathan and the transformation agenda as a whole. Undoubtedly, former

President Jonathan scored some positive points. Privatization of the power sector remains a

glowing achievement of his administration. However, on the whole, it has to be said that the

foreign policy techniques employed under President Goodluck Jonathan regime had positive

impact on Nigeria's global image.

CHAPTER THREE

30
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter presents the procedures to be used in carrying out investigates the effects of good

leadership and administration in national development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele

Jonathan's administration). The procedure is treated under the following sub-heading: Research

design. Population for the study, Sample and sampling procedure, Instrument for data collection,

Validation of instrument, Reliability of instrument, Procedure for data collection, and Data

Analysis

3.2 Research Design

A research design is a plan structure and strategy for investigation conceived so as to obtain

answers to research questions and to control variance. According to Akpan (2015), research

design is a statement written often before the data is collected it explains how the data will be

analyzed and how this will provide answer to the central questions of the research. This study

will employs a descriptive survey research design. The field survey implies the process of

gaining insight into the general picture of a situation without utilizing the entire population

Descriptive survey will be selected for this study because the researcher wants to investigate the

effects of good leadership and administration in national development (a case study of President

Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration).

3.3 Population for the study

31
The sample population of this study is therefore drawn from residents of FCT Abuja. According

to the 2006 National Population Commission of Nigeria(web) by the national population

projection, the population of AMAC (Abuja Municipal Area Council) is Seven Hundred and

Seventy Six Thousand, Two Hundred and Ninety-eight (776,298). Even though the study covers

the entire Nigeria, FCT Abuja precisely AMAC (Abuja Municipal Area Council) the capital city

was chosen as the population of the study because Nigeria as a whole is too broad for the

researchers hence time and financial constraint. While AMAC (Abuja Municipal Area Council)

which is the city capital with many socio cultural and economic differences as well as with

higher institutions of learning, the population is more suitable to respond as compared to other

Local Government Councils in FCT Abuja.

3.4 Sample size determination

In order to effectively determine the sampling representative of the entire population of AMAC

(Abuja Municipal Area Council) metropolis, the sample size is thus calculated using Taro

Yamene’s formula cited in Nnayelogu as follows:

n=N/ (I+N)e2

n= known population

N=Total population of the scope

i= normal

e= expected error image (0.05)2

Therefore,

n
n=
( 1+ N ) e 2
776
n=
( 1+776 ) ¿ ¿

32
 776
n=
777 × 0.0025
776
n=
1.943
n = 399

3.5 Sampling technique and procedure

Sampling is the procedure of selecting from a population with the aim of ensuring that the

portion of the population selected is a representative of the population. There are two main types

of sampling methods-probability and non-probability. Furthermore, the population is too large to

sample all the respondents thus the selection of the sample for the study involved a two stage

sampling technique. In first stage, a purposive selection of the respondents was made i.e. civil

servants, politicians, applicants and students respectively.

In the last stage, a sample frame is developed for each of the four groups. Random selection of
respondents from each of the group was made, giving a total number of Seven Hundred and
Seventy Six Thousand, Two Hundred and Ninety-eight (776,298) respondents in the study area.
The sampling plan is presented thus in Table 1.
To assign the sample size of 399 to the sample groups, the researchers employed the Bourley’s

proportional allocation formula:

nb = n(n)
N
Where;
nb = Bourley formula
Table 3.1: Sample Size Selection.
Group Sample Frame
Civil Servant 154765
Politicians 122334
Applicant 243322

33
Students 255877
Total 776,298
Source: Field survey

n = Element within the sample frame, i.e. number allocated to respondent groups

n = Sample or proportion of the universe used for the study (total sample size)

N = Population of the study

The determination of each of the sample group is shown in Table 3.2 below.
Table 3.2: Sampling Distribution using Bourley’s Proportional Allocation Technique.
Respondents Population Sample size distribution using Bourley’s

Frequency Technique

Civil Servant 154765 154765 × 399

nb= =80
776298

Politicians 122334 122334 ×399

nb= =63
776298

Applicant 243322 243322× 399

nb= =125
776298

Students 255877 255877 ×399

nb= =131
776298

Over all Total 776298 399

Source: Field survey

3.6 Instrument for data collection

The instrument used for data collection is questionnaire. Direct face-to face contact was

employed in administering the questionnaire. The approach was chosen to reduce instances of

non-return of questionnaire. The researches too advantage of the personal contact to explain the

objectives and importance of the study. The questionnaire used a 4-point Likert method of

34
strongly agree, agree, disagree and strongly disagree. The points of 4, 3, 2 and 1 were assigned to

each scale respectively in the questionnaire.

3.7 Method of data collection

The researchers used the questionnaire to collect primary data for the study and for the secondary

data; books, journals and internet materials were used. Questionnaire was chosen because of its

advantage in gathering information directly from the sample population. It is cost effective and

proved to be useful in sounding opinions of respondents

3.8 Method of data analysis

The data collected from the study would be analyzed using frequency counts and

mean statistics and made use of Likert scale question to gather his information from

respondents.

Any mean that is lower than 2.50 is rejected while any mean of 2.50 and above is

accepted i.e. SA = 4, A= 3, D=2 SD=1

4+ 3+2+1 10
= = 2.50
4 4

From the above Average mean (2.50) using Likert Scale rating, it signifies that for

every each question administered if lower than 2.50 it will be rejected and if above

2.50 it will be accepted.

3.9 Limitation Of The Study

Most research work usually come with one challenge or the other and therefore this will not be

an exemption, in projection of this study the research work will be constrain with time and

location as the research is clashing with academics workloads of the researcher

35
 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

The research made use of Likert scale question to gather his information from respondents. The

major aim of this research study is to examine the effects of good leadership and administration

in national development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration).

The questionnaire was designed to capture the demographic data of the respondents and their

opinion with respect to the research question /statement, the questionnaire was divided into two

(2) parts. Part 1 sought to obtain information on demographic details of respondent while Part ll

consisted of items measuring the respondents.

The data obtained through the questionnaire has been presented below using simple frequency

and percentages. 356 questionnaires were returned and properly filled and 43 questionnaires

were either not returned or invalid. The presentation is made below in Table below.

4.2 Presentation of Data

Presentation of data was on the report of the research findings based on the data collected from

teachers and students.

The first set of data (Section A) was presented in tables of frequencies and percentages on Bio-

data of the respondents. The second set of (Section B) which is the research questions were

presented in likert scale of measurement which consist of frequencies and Measuring rate with

36
relevant items. The decision was based on any mean lower than 2.50 will be rejected while mean

of 2.50 and above will be accepted.

37
Data Presentation Part 1

In this chapter, the research presents and analysis the data collected from field survey.

Deduction/finding is also made.

4.3 Analysis of Data and Interpretation

Section A: Bio- Data of Respondents

Table 4.1: Distribution of Respondents Sex

Sex Frequency Percentage (%)

Male 211 59.3%

Female 145 40.7%

Total 356 100(%)

Source: Field Survey

Table 4.1 above shows that 211(59.3%) of the respondent were males while 145(40.7%) were

female from the various places that served in the study.

Table 4.2: Age Distribution of respondents

Age Frequency Percentage (%)

18-25 189 53.1

26-50 167 46.9

Total 356 100%

Source: Field Survey

38
Table 4.2 above shows that 189 respondent which represent 53.1% were age between 18-25

while 167 respondent which represent 46.9% were age between 26 -50.

Table 4.3: Academic Qualification of respondents

Academic qualification Frequency Percentage (%)

SSCE/WASSCE 25 7

NCE/OND 189 53.1

B.Sc(Ed) / B.A(Ed)/HND 125 35.1

M.Ed, Ph.D (Ed) 17 4.8

Total 356 100%

Source: Field Survey

Table 4.3 shows that 25 of the Respondents representing 7% have SSCE/WASSCE, 189 of the

Respondents representing 53.1% have NCE/OND, 125 of the Respondents which represents

35.1% have B.sc (Ed)/ B.A (Ed) and 17 of the respondents representing 4.8% have Master’s

Degree Qualification. This shows that the majority of the Respondents have N.C.E.

39
TABLE 4.4: Occupation of the distribution of respondents

Response Frequency Percentage

Civil Servants 83 23.3%

Politicians 60 16.9%

Applicant 45 12.6%

Students 101 28.4%

Artisans 67 18.8 %

Total 356 100

Source: Field Survey

Table 4.4 shows that 83 of the Respondents representing 23.3% were Civil Servants , 60 of the

Respondents representing 16.9% were politicians, 45 of the Respondents which represents 12.6%

were Applicant, 101 of the Respondents representing 28.4% were Students and 67 of the

respondents representing 18.8% were Artisans. This shows that the majority of the Respondents

were Students.

40
Table 4.5 Mean ratings and standard deviations of responses of the respondents on the

Nigeria government facing in tackling corruption and insecurity under Goodluck

Jonathan's administration?

S/ ISSUED RAISED SA A D SD Mean ST.D Decision

N
(X}

6 Do you think Nigeria's 157 133 17 49 3.12 1.01 Accepted

government have done a

lot in tackling

corruption, kidnappings,

armed robberies, and

bombing under

Goodluck Jonathan's

administration ?

7 Do Nigeria’s 219 43 59 35 3.25 1.06 Accepted

government play a

significant role in

boosting Nigeria's

insecurity under

Goodluck Jonathan's

administration?

8 Did Goodluck 69 77 54 156 2.17 1.19 Rejected

41
 Jonathan's

administration improve

the in tackling

corruption and

insecurity?

9 Did Goodluck 56 64 69 167 2.03 1.13 Rejected

Jonathan's

transformation agenda

yield any benefit to

citizens of Nigeria

10 Did Goodluck 22 45 67 222 1.63 0.93 Rejected

Jonathan's

administration policies

align with the fight

against corruption,

kidnappings, armed

robberies, and bombing?

As stated above mean cut-off was 2.50. All items with mean of 2.50 were regarded as agreement

and accepted while those with less than 2.50 were regarded as disagreement and rejected. In

effect the responses were either accepted or rejected as an insecurity factor that may affect

academic performance.

42
Accordingly above shows results obtained from answering research question 1 for the study

reveal that Nigeria's government have done a lot in tackling corruption, kidnappings, armed

robberies, and bombing under Goodluck Jonathan's administration with the mean 3.12 and

standard deviation of 1.01, equally revealed that Nigeria’s government play a significant role in

boosting Nigeria's insecurity under Goodluck Jonathan's administration with mean 3.25 and

standard deviation of 1.06, while with these it revealed Goodluck Jonathan's administration has

not really well in improving in the tackling corruption and insecurity mean 2.17 and standard

deviation of 1.19, while Goodluck Jonathan's transformation agenda yield any benefit to citizens

of Nigeria mean 2.03 and standard deviation of 1.13, Goodluck Jonathan's administration

policies align with the fight against corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing

mean 1.63 and standard deviation of 0.93 revealed that it was rejected.

Table 4.6 Mean ratings and standard deviations of responses of the respondents on What

are the principles of democracy that enhances good governance under Goodluck

Jonathan's administration?

S/N ISSUED RAISED SA A D SD Mean ST.D Decision

(X}

11 Do you think the Goodluck 211 45 76 24 3.24 1.01 Accepted

Jonathan's administration

worked in enhancing good

governance?

12 Did Nigeria's principle of 177 78 45 56 3.06 1.12 Accepted

43
 democracy under Goodluck

Jonathan's Administration.

Have any implication on

Nigeria's insecurity and

corruption

13 Did the Goodluck Jonathan 134 57 78 87 2.67 1.21 Accepted

administration have any

impact on Nigerians

14 Do the effect of Nigeria's 201 54 67 34 3.19 1.05 Accepted

policy On democracy has

affect the image in the

people

15 Do you think Goodluck 188 56 69 43 3.09 1.09 Accepted

Jonathan's Administration

enhance good governance

and policy initiative?

Results from Table 4.6 show the principles of democracy that enhances good governance under

Goodluck Jonathan's administration. From the table it can be seen and concluded that as a result

shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's administration worked in enhancing good governance with

the mean of 3.24 standard deviation of 1.01, Did Nigeria's principle of democracy under

Goodluck Jonathan's Administration. Have any implication on Nigeria's insecurity and

44
corruption with the mean of 3.06 standard deviation of 1.12 , also revealed that Goodluck

Jonathan administration have made impact on Nigerians with the mean of 2.67 standard

deviation of 1.21, respondent agree that the effect of Nigeria's policy On democracy has affect

the image in the people with the mean of 3.19 standard deviation of 1.05, the respondent think

Goodluck Jonathan's Administration enhance good governance and policy initiative with the

mean of 3.09 standard deviation of 1.09, From the table it can be seen and concluded that as all

shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's administration has worked in enhancing good governance.

Table 4.7 Mean ratings and standard deviations of responses of the respondents on What

could be the method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of insecurities in Nigeria?

S/N ISSUED RAISED SA A D SD Mean ST.D Decision

(X}

16 There is no Improvement in 166 45 78 67 2.87 1.19 Accepted

cooperation with other

military forces all over the

world to bring about peace in

Nigeria under Goodluck

Jonathan's Administration

17 There is no method and skills 145 66 78 67 2.81 1.16 Accepted

or efforts to put an end the

issue of insecurities such

kidnappings, armed robberies,

and bombing in Nigeria under

45
 Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration?

18 There is Cooperation and 156 67 80 53 2.92 1.12 Accepted

assistance in curbing

insecurity challenges all over

Nigeria under Goodluck

Jonathan's Administration

19 Do you think Nigeria's agrees 163 143 17 33 3.22 0.91 Accepted

with the way security and

corruption are been tacked

under Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration

20 Does Goodluck Jonathan's 199 120 30 7 3.44 0.73 Accepted

Administration play a

significant role in boosting

Nigeria's insecurity then other

administration?

Results from Table 4.7 show what could be the method and skills or efforts to put an end the

issue of insecurities in Nigeria?. From the table it can be seen and concluded that as a result

shows that the There is no Improvement in cooperation with other military forces all over the

world to bring about peace in Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration with the mean

46
of 2.87 standard deviation of 1.19, revealed that there is no method and skills or efforts to put an

end the issue of insecurities such kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing in Nigeria under

Goodluck Jonathan's Administration? with the mean of 2.81 standard deviation of 1.16 shows

that there is Cooperation and assistance in curbing insecurity challenges all over Nigeria under

Goodluck Jonathan's Administration with the mean of 2.92 standard deviation of 1.12

respondents also think Nigeria's agrees with the way security and corruption are been tacked

under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration with the mean of 3.22 standard deviation of 0.91,

finally agree that Goodluck Jonathan's Administration play a significant role in boosting

Nigeria's insecurity then other administration with the mean of 3.44 standard deviation of 0.73.

From the table it can be seen and concluded that as all shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's

administration has used effective method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of

insecurities in Nigeria.

4. 2 Discussion of finding

This research focused on the effects of good leadership and administration in national

development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration). The first

finding of this study revealed that most reveal that Nigeria's government have done a lot in

tackling corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing under Goodluck Jonathan's

administration equally revealed that Nigeria’s government play a significant role in boosting

Nigeria's insecurity under Goodluck Jonathan's administration while it revealed Goodluck

Jonathan's administration has not really well in improving in the tackling corruption and

insecurity also Goodluck Jonathan's transformation agenda yield any benefit to citizens of

Nigeria, it also shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's administration has not done really well in

47
policies align with the fight against corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing.

These agree with (Imhonopi&Urim, 2012; Onifade&Imhonopi, 2012; Nwagboso, 2012).It has

been accepted in many quarters that the criminal and evil agenda of the Boko Haram terror

envoys in Nigeria, including the introduction of suicide bombing on Nigerian soil, has not only

paralysed economic and social activities in Maiduguri, Abuja, Suleja, Damaturu, Minna, among

other cities, but has also made Nigeria unsafe for investment and tourism.

The second finding of this study revealed that most seen and concluded that as all shows that the

Goodluck Jonathan's administration has worked in enhancing good governance. (Gyong, 2012).

Who opined that Chaired by President Jonathan himself, and coordinated by the Former Minister

of Finance, Dr, NgoziOkonjo-Iweala, the Transformation Agenda covers the following key

sectors: “job creation, education, health, power, transportation, Niger Delta, labour and

productivity, foreign policy and economic diplomacy, legislature, governance, judiciary and

justice delivery, public expenditure management, and information and communication and

technology (ICT)” show what could be the method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of

insecurities in Nigeria?. From the finding it can be seen and concluded that as a result shows that

the There is no Improvement in cooperation with other military forces all over the Nigeria to

bring about peace in Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration these is in line with

Beland (2005), insecurity is “the state of fear or anxiety stemming from a concrete or alleged

lack of protection.” It refers to lack or inadequate freedom from danger. This definition reflects

physical insecurity which is the most visible form of insecurity, and it feeds into many other

forms of insecurity such as economic security and social security. In this paper, insecurity is

conceived as a situation where human and national security of a state is compromised by internal

48
or external forces or interests exacerbated by the former’s weak or poor economic, military

and/or human resource development conditions. It was revealed that there is no method and

skills or efforts to put an end the issue of insecurities such kidnappings, armed robberies, and

bombing in Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration opined with Achumba et al argue

further that these common descriptors point to a condition where there exists a vulnerability to

harm, loss of life, property or livelihood. Therefore, they consider insecurity to be a state of not

knowing, a lack of control, and the inability to take defensive action against forces that portend

harm or danger to an individual or group, or that make them vulnerable.

The third finding of this study revealed that there is Cooperation and assistance in curbing

insecurity challenges all over Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration, it revealed that

respondents also think Nigeria's agrees with the way security and corruption are been tacked

under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration, finally agree that Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration play a significant role in boosting Nigeria's insecurity then other administration.

From the finnding it can be seen and concluded that as all shows that the Goodluck Jonathan's

administration has used effective method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of

insecurities in Nigeria. (McSweeney, 1999). Dike (2010) and Omede (2012) have taken this

argument a step further by emphasizing that Nigeria’s security should be based on a holistic view

which sees the citizens as the primary beneficiaries of every security and developmental

deliverable that the state can offer. Thus, Nigeria’s security will involve efforts to strengthen the

capacity of the Federal Republic of Nigeria so it can advance its interests and objectives to

contain internal and external aggression, control crime, eliminate corruption, enhance genuine

development, progress and growth and improve the welfare and quality of life of every citizen.

49
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter present summary of finding, conclusion, recommendations.

5.2 Summary of finding

The study was intended to find out the effects of good leadership and administration in national

development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration).

The study dealt with background to the study where argument for the justification to this study

was presented. Objectives were stated, research questions were raised three Null hypotheses

were raised for the study, the scope and delimitation was also presented.

A descriptive research design was selected because it facilitated the identification and description

of independent factors and their relation to the dependent variables. A sample size of 399 was

derived out of the 776,298 study population using the Taro Yamane. The data collected were

presented in tables using frequency table. Chapter four dealt with result and discussion of

findings. Data obtained from the subjects were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social

Sciences (SPSS) version 25.

Finally, the summary of the study, where each chapter discussed were summarized in detail.

Conclusion is also presented based on the findings. Recommendations were for citizen,

government.

5.3 Conclusions

The research study examined the effects of good leadership and administration in national

development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's administration). Based on

50
the findings of the study, the following conclusions were drawn that, finding of this study

revealed that most reveal that Nigeria's government have done a lot in tackling corruption,

kidnappings, armed robberies, and bombing under Goodluck Jonathan's administration

Findings from the study also revealed and concluded that as all shows that the Goodluck

Jonathan's administration has worked in enhancing good governance.

Based on the findings of the study, the researcher noticed that the Goodluck Jonathan's

administration have been using effective method and skills or efforts to put an end the issue of

insecurities in Nigeria.

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

Firstly; This study argue for the need to revived and reinforce moral values and virtues ethics in

the country and that the country should go a step further by codifying these values/principles so

that Nigerian’s small and old, can begin to imbibe these virtues to guide their conduct, behavior

and social relations with others, first of all government carries a moral burden to lead by example

providing moral leadership that eschews evil, corruption, vices.

Secondly; Inequality, injustice and wickedness will compel the people to model the character of

their leaders and vice-versa.

In addition, the democratic system in place must begin to deliver the needed social groups so as

to improve the standard of living of Nigerian’s and deliver many citizens from the state of

absolute poverty to which they have been subjected for a long while.

51
Thirdly; there should be a codification of the moral value ad virtues the government and Nigeria

peoples subscribe to for the good of the larger society.

Finally; government should plug all the holes through which scares resources are been siphoned

so as to free resources for national development and equipping the military to fulfil its functions,

lastly, there is need for a national conversation or dialogue where Nigerians can release their

paint-up anger and frustration against the state and fashion out the blueprint for the engagement

of all the component units that make up Nigeria.

52
 REFERENCES

Adeniran, Tunde (2008) “Foreign Policy, External Image and International Relations” in Sam
Oyovbaire (ed.) Governance and Politics in Nigeria: The IBB and OBJ Years. Ibadan:
Spectrum Books Ltd.

Adolfo, Eldridge Vigil, MimmiSöderberg Kovacs, Daniel Nyström, and Mats Utas. 2012.
Electoral Violence in Africa. Policy Notes 2012/3. Uppsala, Sweden: The Nordic Africa
Institute.

Ajaebili C (2011) The Option of Economic Diplomacy in Nigeria’s Foreign Policy. International
Journal of Humanities and Social Science 1: 277-280.

Akinterinwa, B. (2014). Nigeria's Foreign Policy Strategies and Techniques. In J. Ayoade, A.

Akinsanya, & O. Ojo; The Jonathan Presidency (pp. 255-287). Lanham, Maryland:
University Press of America.

Al-Mashat Abdul Monem (1985). National Security in the Third World. U.S.A: West view
Replica edition.

Arnold Wolfers (1968). National Security as an Ambiguous Symbol in Political Science.

A. J. Omede (2011). Nigeria: Analysing the Security Challenges of the Goodluck Jonathan
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BBC News. (2015). Nigeria's Goodluck Jonathan, profile of a defeated president.

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Cavanaugh, Jeffrey. (2013). Doing Business in Africa: Nigeria.

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Chiedozie, Ihuoma. (2012). I am the world’s most criticized president – Jonathan.

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Collier, Paul, and Pedro C. Vicente. 2012. Violence, bribery, and fraud: the political economy of
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Ezeamalu, Ben. (2015). I was afraid Bayelsa people would boo me – Jonathan.
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Ezeamalu, Ben. (2015). The Presidential Journey of Goodluck Jonathan.

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analysisthepresidentialjourney-of-goodluck-jonathan.html.

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 APPENDIX I
QUESTIONNAIRE
SECTION A: BIO-DATA

The purpose of this questionnaire is to collect the data on “the effects of good leadership and

administration in national development (a case study of President Goodluck Ebele Jonathan's

administration)”. This section contains general bio-data regarding the respondents. Please tick as

appropriate in the boxes using a tick (√) or cross mark ( ×)

1. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

2. Age: 18-25 ( ) 26-50 ( )

3. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( ) Divorced ( )

4. Occupation

Civil servants ( ) Politicians( ) Applicants( ) Student ( ) Artisans( )

5. Highest Academic Qualifications

(a) First School Leaving Certificate ( )

(b) SSCE/WASSCE ( )

(c) NCE/OND ( )

(d) B.Sc, B.Ed /HND ( )

(e)M.Ed, Ph.D (Ed) ( )

55
 SECTION B

INSTRUCTION: Please tick as appropriate in the boxes using a tick (√)

SA= Strongly Agree, A=Agree, D=Disagree, SD=Strongly Disagree

S/N ISSUED RAISED SA A D SD

6 Do you think Nigeria's government have done a lot in

tackling corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies, and

bombing under Goodluck Jonathan's administration ?

7 Do Nigeria’s government play a significant role in boosting

Nigeria's insecurity under Goodluck Jonathan's

administration?

8 Did Goodluck Jonathan's administration improve the in

tackling corruption and insecurity?

9 Did Goodluck Jonathan's transformation agenda yield any

benefit to citizens of Nigeria

10 Did Goodluck Jonathan's administration policies align with

the fight against corruption, kidnappings, armed robberies,

and bombing?

11 Do you think the Goodluck Jonathan's administration worked

in enhancing good governance?

12 Did Nigeria's principle of democracy under Goodluck

Jonathan's Administration. Have any implication on Nigeria's

56
 insecurity and corruption

13 Did the Goodluck Jonathan administration have any impact

on Nigerians

14 Do the effect of Nigeria's policy On democracy has affect the

image in the people

15 Do you think Goodluck Jonathan's Administration enhance

good governance and policy initiative?

16 There is no Improvement in cooperation with other military

forces all over the world to bring about peace in Nigeria

under Goodluck Jonathan's Administration

17 There is no method and skills or efforts to put an end the

issue of insecurities such as kidnappings, armed robberies,

and bombing in Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration?

18 There is Cooperation and assistance in curbing insecurity

challenges all over Nigeria under Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration

19 Do you think Nigeria's agrees with the way security and

corruption are been tacked under Goodluck Jonathan's

Administration

20 Does Goodluck Jonathan's Administration play a significant

role in boosting Nigeria's insecurity then other

administration?

57
58