LABORATORY APPARATUS  VOLUMETRIC FLASK

 for measuring volume in

ERLENMEYER FLASKS the preparation of
 used to contain liquids solutions and holds a
and for mixing, heating, precise amount of liquid
cooling, incubation, material when at room
filtration, storage, and temperature.
other liquid-handling
processes.  have long necks with a
fill line on the neck for
 their slanted sides and accurate measure.
narrow necks allow the
contents to be mixed by  the lower area is a bulb
swirling without the risk shape with a flat
of spills, which is useful bottom for sitting on a
for titrations and for table or burner. 
boiling liquids.
LIEBIG CONDENSER
 has a broad flat bottom,  used to condense
a conical body, and a vapors that pass
high cylindrical neck.  through the inner glass
tube & It is cooled
FLORENCE FLASK down with water that
 has a round body, a passes in the outer tube
long neck, and often a at the opposite
flat bottom. direction to the hot
vapors.
 designed for uniform
heating, boiling,  consists of a straight
distillation and ease of glass tube through
swirling.  which the gas travels
and a water jacke which
DISTILLATION FLASK surrounds the tube and
 used for distillation, the helps to cool the gas.
process of separating a
mixture of liquids with SEPARATORY FUNNELS
different boiling points  used in the lab for
through evaporation liquid-liquid extractions,
and condensation. separating a mixture's
components into two
 round-bottomed for solvent phases of
uniform heat different densities.
distribution, with a
stoppered or jointed  usually in the shape of a
neck of variable length, globe or cylinder
to which is attached a provided with a
downward-sloping, stopcock for drawing off
inclined side-arm for the lower layer of a
connection to a mixture of immiscible
condensing unit or liquids.
similar component to
cool the heated vapor’s BURETTE
back down to their  is used to dispense
liquid state.  small volumes of liquid
called aliquots, or
sometimes gas, with
high accuracy.
 consists of a long glass  come in various sizes
tube with a valve at one and are shaped like a
end to control the flow cylinder.
of liquid. 
GRADUATED CYLINDER
CENTRIFUGE TUBES  has a narrow cylindrical
 used to contain liquids shape with each
during centrifugation, marked line showing
which separates the the volume of liquid
sample into its being measured.
components by rapidly
rotating it around a  while they are generally
fixed axis. more accurate and
precise than laboratory
 have conical bottoms, flasks and beakers, they
which help collect any should not be used to
solid or heavier parts of perform volumetric
the sample being analysis. 
centrifuged. 
VOLUMETRIC PIPETTES
TEST TUBE  transfer a single,
 also known as a culture predetermined volume
tube or sample tube. of liquid.

 a common piece of  often called a bulb

laboratory glassware
consisting of a finger-
like length of glass or
clear plastic tubing,
open at the top and
closed at the bottom. 
pipette for their shape,
which is a long tube-like
shaft at the bottom and
top and a bulb in the
center where the bulk
of solution is held. 

TEST TUBE RACK PASTEUR PIPETTES

 used to hold upright  also known as droppers
multiple test tubes at or eye droppers, are
the same time. used to transfer small
quantities of liquids.
 most commonly used
when various different  usually glass tubes
solutions are needed to tapered to a narrow
work with point, and fitted with a
simultaneously, for rubber bulb at the top.
safety reasons, for safe 
storage of test tubes,
and to ease the SEROLOGICAL PIPETTE
transport of multiple  transfers liquids
tubes.  measured in volume by
ml. Most have
Beaker graduations on the side
 a glass container with a for measuring the liquid
flat bottom and a small being dispensed or
spout for pouring. aspirated.

 is used in the chemistry  have an edged color-

lab for mixing, heating, coded band that is used
and stirring liquids. for identification. 
 evaporation of the
MICROSPATULAS solvent. 
 Thin, pointed ends help
to transfer materials to ELECTRONIC BALANCE
small tubes or  instrument used in the
microplates. accurate measurement
of weight of materials.
 trough-shaped
spatulas:  provides digital result of
 Usually have one measurement
rounded and one
pointed end; can be MEASUREMENT IN CHEMISTRY
used to dislodge or
loosen materials in a DEFINITION OF TERMS
container.  MEASUREMENT
 the system or act of measuring comparison
pH METER of an unknown quantity with a known
 an instrument used to
measure hydrogen ion ACCURACY
activity in solutions  the closeness of a result to the true value.
(acidity/alkalinity).
PRECISION
 consists of a glass  the extent to which results agree with one
electrode and a read another
out screen. 
 a measure of consistency

CENTRIFUGE REPEATABILITY
 used to separate  referring to the consistency between
particles suspended in a individual values amongst a set of replicate
liquid according to measurements performed by the same
particle size and person at the same time on the same
density, viscosity of the sample, using the same method
medium, and rotor
speed. REPRODUCIBILITY
 referring to the consistency of a method as
 rotor driven instrument. used by different analysts, laboratories,
 and/or over an extended time period

HOT PLATES STANDARD UNIT

 laboratory tools used  the units we usually use to measure the
to uniformly heat weight, length or capacity of objects.
samples.
MASS
 are conceptually simple  the amount/quantity of matter that an
– a flat surface with object possesses
heating elements. They
do not produce open WEIGHT
flames.  A measure of the earth's gravitational attraction
for a body.
EVAPORATING DISH
 a shallow usually lipped Density
vessel often of  the mass of an object divided by its volume
porcelain used
especially for
concentrating solutions
on a small scale by SPECIFIC GRAVITY
 the ratio of the density of one substance to
the density of another substance taken as a
standard
VOLUME
 the amount of space occupied by matter.
TEMPERATURE
 a measure of the intensity of heat, or how
hot a system is, regardless of its size.
Metric System/International System
 a decimal system of units for
measurements of mass, length, time, and
other physical quantities
ACT NO.4
PRECIPITATION
 the process of conversion of a solution into
solid by converting the substance into
insoluble form or by making the solution a
super saturated one.
PRECIPITATES
 insoluble ionic solid products of a reaction,
formed when certain cations and anions
combine in an aqueous solution
FILTRATION
 the process in which solid particles in a
liquid or gaseous fluid are removed by the
use of a filter medium that permits the fluid
to pass through but retains the solid
particles
FILTRATE
 a liquid that has passed through the
filtration process
DECANTATION
 the process of separation of liquid from
solid and other immiscible (non-mixing)
liquids, by removing the liquid layer at the
top from the layer of solid or liquid below
DECANTATE
 the liquid component that is decanted
RESIDUE
 the part that is left after the main part has
gone or been taken away, or a substance
that remains after a chemical process such
as evaporation
SUPERNATANT
 is the clear liquid that lies above the solid
residue after centrifugation, precipitation,
crystallization or settling.
CENTRIFUGATION
 a method of separating molecules having
different densities by spinning them in
solution around an axis (in a centrifuge
rotor) at high speed.
CENTRIFUGATE
 rotate at very high speed in order to
separate the liquids from the solids
Laboratory apparatus used to transfer liquid
from one container to another container:
PASTEUR PIPETTES (OR PIPETS)
 most commonly used tool for transferring
small volumes of liquids from one container
to another.
SEROLOGICAL PIPETTE
 a type of sterile pipette that is used mainly
for cell culture and/or work with sterile
solutions
 called a terminal pipette, since the
graduations occupy the entire surface of
the pipette, including the tip
VOLUMETRIC PIPETTES
 calibrated to deliver a certain volume of a
solution free drainage
 bulb pipettes or belly pipettes
Proper handling of glassware can reduce the
risk of injury and accident:
 Never carry a flask by its neck.
 Never carry a beaker by its side.
 Always use two hands carrying any
glassware (position one hand under the
glass for support) Appropriate glove should
be worn whe there is a risk of breakage (eg
inserting a glass rod), chemical
contamination, or thermal hazard
Most common method to clean glassware:
 Rinse the glassware with the appropriate
solvent Use deionized water for water-
soluble contents
 Use ethanol for ethanol-soluble contents,
followed by

 rinses in deionized water • Rinse with other

solvents as needed, followed by ethanol,
and finally deionized water

 If the glassware requires scrubbing, scrub

with a brush using hot soapy water rinse
thoroughly with tap water, followed by
rinses with deionized water

Washing with soap and water:

 Soak the glassware in soap solution for at

least 10 to 15 minutes or leave overnight.

 Scrub with a brush or cloth or sponge if

needed Rinse thoroughly with tap water

 Again rinse with distilled or deionized water

 If you need this glassware soon, then rinse

with acetone or ethanol

Common Methods of Separating a Solid-Liquid

Mixture.

Chromatography
 a separation technique based on how the
different components in a mixture have
different affinity for the stationary and
mobile phase

DISTILLATION
 a separation technique used to separate
components of a liquid mixture by a
process of heating and cooling

EVAPORATION
 a separation method used to separate of a
mixture of a liquid with a dissolved solid,
involving removal of a liquid evaporating it
and leaving behind a solid

NITRATION
 a separation technique used to separate
the components of a mixture containing an
undissolved sold in a liquid by using a
funnel lined with fer paper to retain the
solids while letting the liquid through