CIVIL

ENGINEERING
LAWS,
CONTRACTS,
SPECIFICATIONS &
ETHICS

ENGR. JELENNY PINEDA-

NAVARRO, MEM, ME-1
1.0.
INTRODUCTION
TO GENERAL
ETHICS AND
ETHICAL
VALUES
ETHICS

• Also called moral philosophy

• In a broad sense, it is the discipline concerned with
• What is morally good or bad?
• What is morally right or wrong?
• Moral duty and obligation
• In particular, it means a group of moral principles or set of values
relating to the conduct of an individual and his profession
• Thus, gangsters and syndicates for a particular purpose, whether
lawful and unlawful, do have their own professional ethics.
• For example, from the movie John Wick, The Continental, have
their own rules.
ETHICAL VALUES

• Ethical values
• Are those values that people use to
determine what is right and wrong
in different, random situations.
• Different people have different
ethical values.
• Compassion, love, beauty, joy,
forgiveness etc.
• For example: Some people value
compassion.
• Compassion is the ability to see, feel,
and respond to people’s suffering. I
wish I could help everybody, but that is
definitely impossible. But I can help
the people right next to me.
 • A person must know the difference
between right and wrong.
• A single person doing the right
things all the time does not exist.
• A human being has two sides like
a coin which has two sides. His
decision making capability
ETHICAL decides the ethical values
whether it is right or wrong.
VALUES • Sometimes, if you answer ”YES”
can lead to disaster or even can
be good sign.
• In the same way, if you answer
”NO”, it can lead to good sign or
bad sign, it depends on the
situation.
 ETHICAL VALUES (Situation)

• Selfies
• Some people , like this green shirt guy in the picture
below, find this moment a never to lose opportunity to
take a selfie.
ETHICAL VALUES (Situation)
ETHICAL VALUES (Situation)

• There are three characters in this scene.

• Person A - Thief and killer
• Person B - Normal family man
• Person C – Victim
ETHICAL VALUES (Situation)

• B went out to buy some groceries in the nearest store. To make his walk short, he
went into an alley. But just as he enters the alley, B witnesses a hold-up situation. In
the middle of the alley stands A with his knife held against Cs neck.
• Upon seeing this, B quickly turned around and head towards where he came from. At
the same time C saw B and mustered all his courage to swat away the knife that A
was holding. A dropped the knife and C was able to run towards Bs way. C rans past B
in mere seconds.
• A then picked the knife and rans towards where C was headed. But when he reached
the corner, A could no longer see C.

• So, A turned towards B and asked where C went.

• If you are B, what will you do?

ENGINEERING ETHICS
• From prehistoric times, artifacts have revealed of early engineering ingenuity.
• This has progressed in the modern times that we now learn from accounted
events of many amazing discoveries, i.e.
• moon landing,
• satellites reaching the farthest parts of our solar system,
• exploration of the deepest parts of our oceans
• This is all brought about by the activity called engineering
ENGINEERING ETHICS
• An engineer is a living proof of man’s capacity to contrive
• When he plans and constructs modern roads, dams and port facilities
• When he studies the sources and uses of electrical energy
• When he sets up industrial systems, develop and design new machines
• When he analyzes sewerage and water disposal
• In doing so brings about the greatest economic and social advancement.
 • But if improperly exploited,
• May cause the destruction of mankind.
• Nuclear weapons
• Bio-chemical weapons
• Exploration of natural resources
• Race in space conquest
ENGINEERING • Thus, the role of an engineer in the society
becomes apparently unparalled
ETHICS • a role unmatched by common man, thereby
subjecting himself to certain professional
responsibility established under the Canons of
Profession Ethics
ENGINEERING ETHICS
• Engineering Ethics
• Is the field of system of moral principles that apply to the practice of
engineering.
• Examines and sets the obligations by engineers to society, to their clients, and
to the profession.
• As a scholarly discipline, it is closely related to subjects the following subjects:
• Philosophy of Science - a sub-field of philosophy concerned with the
foundations, methods, and implications of science.
• Philosophy of Engineering - an emerging discipline that considers what
engineering is, what engineers do, and how their work affects society.
• Ethics of Technology - a sub-field of ethics addressing the ethical questions
specific to the Technology Age.
 GUIDING PRINCIPLES

In the absence of a prescribed norm of behavior for an

engineer, he should be guided by the highest principle of
honor, justice and courtesy.

The engineer should at all times abide with such standard, not
by passive observance, but as a set of dynamic principles
guiding his conduct and way of life.

The keystone for professional conduct is integrity, the engineer

shall discharge his duties with utmost fidelity to the public, his
client or employer and with fairness and impartiality to all.
 ENTRY OF THE ENGINEER TO THE
PROFESSION
• An engineering aspirant
• Must undergo academic training and practical experience
in college
• Must pass the appropriate technical examination (board
exam)
• After passing the board exam, he must take the
professional oath to fully defend the profession and for all
the things it stand for.
• He then becomes bound to observe certain measures of
conduct or discipline called upon by the society.
• The duties and responsibilities would include those pertaining to
the general public, the profession and the society of engineers as
well as to the PRC, the client/employer, and to his colleagues and
fellow engineers.
 At all times and when possible, the general
public is entitled to share the knowledge
and benefits of engineering from society.

Only fair, accurate, and true engineering

RELATIONSHIP matters are fed to the public for their easy
TO THE comprehension and appreciation.
GENERAL
PUBLIC An engineer should observe the following
acts:

• Avoid misinformation
• Avoidance of rendering opinions in public on
unverified engineering matters
• Guard against public health and safety
RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC

1) Avoid misinformation
ØAn Engineer should assist the public to arrive at a fair and
correct understanding of technical engineering matters.

ØHe should use simple language so that people of average

intelligence could understand.

ØHe should use illustration, designs or diagrams

ØHe should correct to the best of his ability any statements

issued in the press or TV he deems untruthful, unfair or
exaggerated that could affect engineering work
RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC

2) Avoid rendering opinions in public on unverified engineering

matters
Ø Refrain from rendering opinion on technical engineering matters
if not positively certain of its veracity since this may create
complications or add confusion to already controversial
transactions.
Ø He should express an opinion only when it is founded on
adequate knowledge and conviction while he is serving as a
witness before a court or other duly constituted tribunals.
Ø Likewise, he is enjoined to issue ex-parte statements, criticism
or arguments on matters connected with public policy which are
inspired/paid for by private interests
RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL
PUBLIC

3) Guard against public health and safety

Ø An engineer is reputed to be the guardian of public
health and safety.
Ø He is expected to be an advocate of preventive and
curative measures that will safeguard the health and
safety of the public and the client/employer he serves
and its workers
RELATIONSHIP TO
THE PROFESSION
AND ENGINEERING
SOCIETY

1) Loyalty
2) Identification with
legitimate enterprise
3) Continuous awareness of
engineering laws
4) Avoid discussing
engineering matters in
public
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION AND
ENGINEERING SOCIETY

1) Loyalty
ØLoyalty to the profession is a must and should prevail at all
times in the heart and mind of an engineer.
ØIt calls for unselfish protection of the profession by him both
as an individual and as a member of the profession.
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION AND
ENGINEERING SOCIETY

2) Identification with legitimate enterprise

ØAn engineer should at all times associate or deal only with
legitimate enterprises.
ØUnder no circumstances may the engineer allow himself or
his expertise or knowledge or any property under his charge
be used for illegal or immoral activities
ØIf an engineer finds himself directly or indirectly identified or
connected with an illegal enterprise, he should promptly and
without delay sever his connections .
RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION AND
ENGINEERING SOCIETY

3) Continuous awareness of engineering laws

ØIgnorance of the law excuses no one.

4) Avoid discussing engineering matters in public

ØAn engineer is enjoined from conducting or participating in
technical discussions on engineering issues in public.
ØPoints that will contribute on technical engineering should be
presented/discussed in accepted forums for technical
discussions in engineering societies and engineering press.
 RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

The engineer-client/employer relationship is strictly contractual

and anchored essentially on mutual trust and confidence

Relationship established on higher Relationship established through hiring

professional level the engineer

• Engineer client relationship • The relationship established is

where the professional is said to merely one of employer and
have been “retained” for his employee.
expertise and technical
knowledge.
• Fee is paid in the nature of • Fee is paid in the nature of wage
professional fee or salary
RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

1) Protection to client or employer

2) Quality and dedicated service
3) Reasonable professional fees
4) On commissions, rebates, percentages etc.
5) Disclosure of financial interest
RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

1) Protection to client or employer

ØProfessional obligation of the engineer
ØActs that are inimical to the interest of the client/employer
should be studiously considered and avoided
ØThe engineer is a trustee or agent who should safeguard the
interest of the principal
ØIt is the engineer’s prime duty to keep the confidentiality of
trade secrets:
ØFormula relating to the production of goods
ØCommercial team data
ØOther sensitive documents
RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND EMPLOYER

2) Quality and dedicated service

Ø Professional service can only be rendered by a trained and
knowledgeable individual
 RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

Protection of fellow engineers

Fairness and tolerance

Merits not due

Review of colleague’s work

Controversies with colleague

Solicitation of undertakings

Signing plans and specifications, etc.

2.0. CIVIL
ENGINEERIN
G CODE OF
ETHICS
CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

• It shall be considered unprofessional and inconsistent with

honorable and dignified bearing for any registered Civil Engineer:
1. To act for his clients* in professional matters otherwise
than as a faithful agent or trustee, or to accept any
remuneration other than his stated charges for services
rendered his clients
2. To attempt to injure falsely or maliciously, directly or
indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, or
business of another Engineer.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS

3. To attempt to supplant another Engineer after definite steps have

been taken toward his employment

4. To participate in competitive bidding on a price basis to secure a

professional engagement.

5. To compete with another Engineer for employment on the basis of

professional charges, by reducing his usual charges and in this manner
attempting to underbid after being informed of the charges named by
another.

6. To review the work of another Engineer for the same client, except
with the knowledge or consent of such Engineer, or unless the
connection of such Engineer with the work has been terminated.
CODE OF ETHICS FOR
CIVIL ENGINEERS
7. To advertise in self-laudatory
language, or in any other manner
derogatory to the dignity of the
Profession.

8. To use the advantages of a salaried

position to compete unfairly with
Engineers in private practice.

9. To act in any manner or engage in any

practice which will tend to bring
discredit on the honor or dignity of
the Engineering Profession.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the
engineering profession by:
1. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human
welfare and the environment;
2. Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public, their
employers and clients;
3. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering
profession; and
4. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their
disciplines.
FUNDAMENTAL CANONS
1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the
public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable
development in the performance of their professional duties.
2. Civil Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their competence.
3. Civil Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and
truthful manner.
4. Civil Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client
as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.
FUNDAMENTAL CANONS
5. Civil Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.
6. Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the
honor, integrity, and dignity of the engineering profession and shall act
with zero tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption.
7. Civil Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout
their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the professional
development of those engineers under their supervision.
3.0. THE PRACTICE
OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
 THE PRACTICE OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. Professional Responsibility.
2. Client-Civil Engineer Relationships.
3. Civil Engineering Services.
4. Specialization of a Civil Engineer.
5. Selection of a Civil Engineer.
6. Prime Professional Practice.
7. Employment.
8. Design Competition.
9. Contingency Basis of Employment.
10. Professional Practice of Foreign Civil Engineers.
WHAT ARE THE ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
CIVIL ENGINEER?

Civil Engineering incorporates a broad range of different job

roles. From the construction of highways and buildings to dams,
tunnels, bridges and other smaller facilities the role and
responsibility of civil engineers is vast.

The two crucial aspects within this field are consulting

engineering and contracting engineering.
§ Consulting engineers design a specific project whereas
§ Contracting engineers manage the physical construction and
play a significant role in transforming the proposed
development into architecture.
Key Roles and Responsibilities of the Civil
Engineer

1. To analyze the site location and the surrounding area. This includes a search
and investigation, verifying its feasibility for construction purposes.

2. To design a plan, outlining the key variables and what needs to be changed
prior to the construction.

3. To develop a detailed design layout, keeping the requirements of the client

in mind. The design and any subsequent reports need to be reviewed and
approved, and any potential risks and challenges of the project identified.
 Key Roles and 4. Following the completion of this
tender the proposal will need to
Responsibilities be submitted to those officials
that supervise the tendering
process, ensuring that all rules,
of the civil regulations and guidelines are
fulfilled. It’s paramount that all
engineer safety measures are met whilst
the project is being undertaken.

5. Whilst the project is underway it

is the responsibility of the civil
engineer to monitor the staff
onsite. They must keep an open
dialogue with architects,
consultants and subcontractors.
Should any issues arise, they
have the responsibility of
resolving them.
 Key Roles and Responsibilities of the civil
engineer
6. Wherever possible all construction work should be
completed within budget and to the agreed timescale. The
responsibility of scheduling the work, ensuring that sound
organizational skills are employed and that all the raw
materials are present also lies with a civil engineer.

7. A civil engineer plays a pivotal role in the effective

execution of all manner of engineering projects. Their input,
and leadership where necessary is essential to secure the
smooth execution of a vast selection of projects.
 Typical Services may include:
• Design, consultation and services
• Feasibility studies
• Field investigations and
engineering data
CIVIL • Environmental assessments,
ENGINEERIN impact statement or Engineering
reports
G SERVICES • Opinions of probable construction
cost
• Preliminary and final designs,
drawings, specifications and
construction bidding documents.
• Assistance in securing construction
bids and in awarding contracts
 Typical Services may include:
• Construction administration and
observation
• Arrangements for or performance
of testing materials and equipment
CIVIL • Assistance in start-up, assessment
ENGINEERING of capacity, and operation of
facilities.
SERVICES • Preparation of operation and
maintenance manuals
• Appraisals and rate studies
• Value engineering
• Expert testimony
• Assessment of risks
 CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES

Typical Services may include:

16. Structural remediation or rehabilitation
17. Project management and Controls
18. Provision of supplements temporary staff
19. Teaching
 SPECIALIZATION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER
Within the practice of Civil Engineering , the PICE recognizes
the initial five areas of specialization:

1. Structural Engineering
2. Geotechnical Engineering
3. Water Engineering
4. Transportation Engineering
5. Construction Management and Engineering

A Civil Engineer who was specialized in any area of Civil

Engineering maybe considered as specialist in the appropriate
field as enumerated.
 SELECTION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER

As a Civil Engineer the most important decisions to be made

during the development of an Engineering project is the
ENGAGEMENT.
Several Factors need to be considered as a Civil Engineer, that
may affect life cycle cost -
1. Objective and commitment of financial resources
2. Soundness of design
3. Suitability of the project
4. Organization
5. Skill
6. Integrity
 PRIME PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

• This refers to the engagement of Engineering services where the

consulting Civil Engineer serve as the client directly as a prime
professional and where the client is usually also the owner of the
project.
 EMPLOYMENT

• "Every employee is a wellspring of potential energy. The

degree to which that energy is tapped in any given employee
is a function of the interaction between the employee, his or
her manager, and the working environment. An organization
that expects, inspires, and encourages employees to
perform at their highest levels will more than likely achieve
those results. Energized employees take charge and do what
needs to be done without being told.“
• By Bob Nelson of Retention Connection
 DESIGN COMPETITION

• DESIGN COMPETITION is a process through which a Civil

Engineer is selected above other competitors based on
proposal or an innovative approach to solving a clients needs
.
CONTINGENCY BASIS OF
EMPLOYMENT

• Canon 5c or the PICE Code or Ethics provides that “ Engineers may

request , propose or accept professional commissions on a contingency
basis only under circumstances in which their professional judgements
would not be compromised “

• Contingency Employment Agreement

- are used for a variety of purposes, as well as time frames, and
may or may not lead to permanent employment.
1. Agreement Expectations
2. Worker Types
3. Contract Expectations
4. Work Scope
AGREEMENT EXPECTATIONS

1. Agreement Expectations
There are many expectations with contingency employment.
a) Contracts typically cover duration, job description, pay
rate, noncompetition agreement, confidentiality,
management rights and termination conditions.
b) The contract can also be renewed, extended or converted
into a permanent position.
WORKER TYPES

2. Worker Types
a) Contingent employment is most fully developed in the
high-tech and high-wage sectors of information
technology, such as the software industry.
b) Temporary-work employers also hire workers under this
type of contract. These workers, whether classified as
temporary, contract, independent, seasonal, on-call or
leased-contract, normally complete the work within a
certain time frame.
CONTRACT CONSIDERATIONS

3. Contract Considerations
• A consideration with contingency contracts is that the
workers are not permanent employees.
• However, employers have the option to hire them as
permanent employees.
• Temp-to-hire workers start out under contingency contracts
with the hope that the work turns into a permanent job
 WORK SCOPE
3. Work Scope
• The work performed doesn't typically extend beyond the
work outlined in contingency contracts between employers
and workers.
• The tasks, as detailed in the contract, are what the worker
is expected to complete.
• When all tasks are finished, the contingency contract can
be considered complete, which would eliminate the
position.
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF FOREIGN CIVIL
ENGINEERS

Foreign Civil Engineers are allowed by law (see RA 8991) to

practice Civil Engineering in the Philippines under the following
instances .
1. The laws on the foreigner’s state or country allow the citizens
of the Philippines to practice civil engineering on the same
basis and grant the same privileges as those enjoyed by the
subjects or citizens of such foreign state or country .
2. Allowed under international agreement .
3. Consultants to be engaged in foreign – funded , joint venture
or foreign –assisted projects of the government .
4. Employees of Philippines or Foreign private institutions
pursuant to law.
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF FOREIGN CIVIL
ENGINEERS

5. Civil Engineers who were former citizens of the Philippines ,

who had been registered and issued a certificate of
registration and a professional identification card prior to their
naturalization as foreign citizens , and who while in the
country on a visit , sojourn or permanent residence , desire to
practice their profession .
4.0. CLASSIFICATION
OF ENGINEERING
SERVICES
CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING SERVICES

With the various specializations offered by civil engineers, the

services can be grouped into seven general categories:

1. Consultations, Research, Investigations and Reports.

2. Design Services for Construction Projects.
3. Construction Services.
4. Special Services for Construction Projects.
5. Engineering Support Services.
6. Academic Services.
7. Services as Employee.
Pursuant to RA 544, the
different types of
infrastructure under the civil
engineering domain include:

1. Streets, bridges, highways and railroads

2. Airports and hangars
3. Portworks, canals, river and shore
improvements, light houses, and dry
docks
4. Buildings
5. Fixed structures for irrigation, flood
protection, drainage, water supply and
sewerage works
6. Tunnels

The coverage of civil engineering has not been

changed nor diminished by subsequent laws.
4.1. CONSULTATIONS,
RESEARCH, INVESTIGATIONS,
AND REPORTS

The scope of services for this category includes:

1. Collection interpretation, and reporting

information

2. Formulate conclusions

3. Give recommendations
4.1.1. PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY
INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS

Before allocation of funds for a project, extensive investigations and analyses should be
done with comparisons of potential plans. The basis for conclusions and
recommendations for undertaking a project are the following:
1. Environmental impact of the project
• Effect of the project on the environment. Would the project develop pollution in
the area? denudation of earth?
2. Sustainable development
• Economic development which does not deplete natural resources.
3. Operating costs
• Also called Operational costs, they are the expenses related to business
operation, or to the operation of a device, component, piece of equipment or
facility. They are the cost of resources to maintain its existence.
4.1.1. PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY
INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS

4. Life-cycle costs
• The total cost - recurring and one-time (non-recurring) - over the full life span or a
specified period of a structure or system. It includes purchase price, installation
cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining (residual or
salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life.
5. Financing considerations
• Choosing between financing methods
• Payment terms
• Total cost
• Length of arrangement
• Associated costs
• Requirements of the lender or investor
6. Expected revenues
• This signifies the amount projected to be collected during an accounting period.
4.1.2. PLANNING STUDIES

Civil engineer services cover the following:

1. Developing engineering requirements for master plans
2. Improvement plans
3. Preliminary engineering studies of land development plans
4. Urban plans
5. Regional plans
6. Investigations of environmental conditions
4.1.3. APPRAISALS, VALUATIONS AND RATE
STUDIES
The service covers the establishment of prospective
rates in evaluating properties through:
A broad analysis of existing conditions
1. Analysis of existing conditions provides a solid foundation for the
development of recommendations and
2. Capital and operating costs alternatives
3. Overhead costs Capital Cost – is an expense a business (construction)
incurs to create a benefit in the future.
4. Financing costs
Operating Cost – is an expense required for the day-to-
5. Revenues day functioning of a business (construction)

Revenue – is the Financing Cost – also known as the Overhead Cost- All costs on
income generated cost of finances, is the cost, income statement except
from normal interest, and other charges direct labor, direct materials,
business involved in the borrowing of and direct expenses.
operations. money to build of purchase assets. cv
4.1.4. ASSISTANCE IN FINANCIAL MATTERS

For clients who intend to issue revenue bonds, engineering

services include:
1. evaluation of the capabilities of facilities to meet needs
2. probable construction costs
3. annual revenue requirements

(Wikipedia: a special type of municipal bond distinguished by

its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by
a specified revenue-generating entity)
4.1.5, 4.1.6 & 4.1.7

4.1.5. MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT TESTS

• Using codes and standards, the service tests materials and
equipment.

4.1.6. DIRECT PERSONAL SERVICES

• This service covers preparation of legal proceedings.

4.1.7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

• The types of research covered:
• Development of methods and materials in construction.
• Improvement or upgrade of construction materials and methods.
4.1.8. SPECIAL SERVICES

Diverse activities in this scope are:

1. Value engineering
2. Appraisal and valuation
3. Load testing
4. Environmental evaluations
5. Traffic engineering
6. Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
7. Operational assistance
8. Materials process design
4.1.8. SPECIAL SERVICES

9. Pilot studies
10. Computer modeling
11. Safety engineering
12. Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering
13. Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
14. Permit and application services
15. Sales and marketing services
16. Expert witness
17. Representation of municipal or private entities in projects
proposed for privatization
4.2. DESIGN SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS

The six standard phases of a construction project and the

engineering services needed for each are as follows
1. Study and Report Phase
2. Preliminary Design Phase
3. Final Design Phase
4. Bidding or Negotiating Phase
5. Construction Phase
6. Operation Phase
4.2.1 Study and Report Phase
The feasibility of a project can be investigated in this phase:

1. Reviewing data and clarification of the client's

requirements
2. Identifying and analyzing government requirements for the
project approval.
3. Provision for clients' needs (planning surveys, evaluations)
of prospective sites.
4. Provision of general economic analysis of clients
requirements and alternatives.
5. Preparation of reports containing alternative solutions
according to the findings and recommendations.
4.2.1 Study and Report Phase
The feasibility of a project
can be investigated in this
phase:
6. Informing the client of
necessary data and
services for the project.
a) Photogrammetry
b) Reconnaisance survey
c) Property surveys
d) Topographic surveys
e) Geotechnical investigations
f) Seismicity studies
g) Hydrological data
h) Traffic studies
i) Materials engineering
j) Zoning assembly
k) Land use information like
deeds
l) Environmental assessments
m) Impact assessment
4.2.2. Preliminary Design Phase

Preliminary design includes establishment of general size, scope and

location of the project. The services include:

1. Clarifying study and report phase and coordinating with

governmental agencies and utilities.
2. Advising clients for additional data and services required.
3. Preparation of estimates
4. Provision of periodic status reports
5. Preparation of preliminary design documents
6. Preliminary drawings
7. Outline specifications
4.2.3. Final Design Phase

After approval of preliminary design, basic services for final design are as
follows:

1. Preparation of final drawing plans

2. Preparation of revised estimate of probable total cost of the project
3. Furnishing the necessary data for the application of regulatory
permits.
4. Preparation of basic construction documents for review and approval
of the client.
5. Furnishing required copies for necessary documents.
6. Provision of periodic status reports
4.2.4. Bidding Or Negotiating Phase

Services under this phase may include:

1. Assisting in the bidding process:
a) Obtaining bids
b) Attending pre-bid conferences
c) Receiving and processing deposits for bidding documents
2. Issuing addenda for the bidding documents (interpretation,
clarification, amending, expanding)
3. Assisting in determination of contractors, subcontractors, and
materials suppliers.
4. Advice on acceptability of materials and equipment proposed
by contractors and suppliers.
4.2.5. Construction Phase

Services in this phase include consulting and advising the client

during construction.
1. Review work of constructors through design concepts and
shop and erection drawings.
2. Review test reports on materials and equipment.
3. Visiting the project site to observe and check progress and
quality of work.
4. Providing services by a full-time resident project
representative and by supporting staff.
4.2.5. Construction Phase

5. Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors -

interpret and clarify; preparation of change orders, special
inspections, testing of work, recommendation to the
acceptability of work.
6. Recommend the client on corrective actions or contractual
measures that may be exercised by the client.
7. Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to actual
field conditions.
8. Determining progress of work and preparation of payments
due.
4.2.5. Construction Phase

9. Observing and assisting performance tests and initial

operation of the project.
10. Preparation of record drawings from information submitted by
the contractor.
11. Conducting final inspection and reporting the completion of
the project, recommend final payments to contractors and
release retained percentages.
4.2.6. Operation Phase

The civil engineer may assist in the start-up of the project operations.
1. Preparation of a manual for both operation and maintenance
requirements
2. Provide assistance in adjusting and balancing equipment
3. Identify deficiencies and assisting in obtaining corrections
4. Perform inspection before the end of the warranty period
5. Assist in operator training
6. Set up job classifications and salaries
7. Organizing purchase of supplies
8. Develop charts for recording operational data
9. Observing and reporting on project operations.
4.3. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

A civil engineer can work as a contractor. However, this is true only

after the civil engineer is licensed as a contractor by the Philippine
Contractors Accreditation Board (PCAB).

Section 23 of RA 544 states that only registered civil engineers can

take charge or supervise construction or alteration of any building
or structure and other engineering works.
4.3.1. RA 4566 (Contractor's License
Law)

"R.A. 4566 as amended by P.D. No. 1746 provides that no

contractor (including sub-contractor and specialty contractor) shall
engage in the business of contracting without first having secured
a PCAB license to conduct business. It is an offense to engage in
contracting business without a license first being obtained."
[Construction Industry Authority of the Philippines]
4.3.2. Types Of Contractors License

1. Regular license.
Issued to a domestic construction firm ( a sole
proprietorship/partnership/corporation with at least 60% Filipino
equity.

2. Special license.
Issued to a joint venture, a consortium, a foreign contractor,
or a project owner who authorizes the licensee to engage only in
the construction or a single, specific project/undertaking.
4.3.3. AUTHORIZED MANAGING OFFICERS

The qualifications to be an AMO:

1. Senior Executive of a company

2. With at least 2 years experience in implementing a
construction project in a managerial or supervisory capacity;
and
3. Nominated by the firm and possessing managerial powers
4.3.4. SUSTAINING TECHNICAL EMPLOYEE
A Sustaining Technical Employee is a licensed technical professional with at
least three (3) years experience.

The STE (Sustaining Technical Employee) forms the backbone of the contractor
and represents the technical qualifications required for a PCAB license as well as
the License Classification. STEs also play a major part in determining the License
Category.
Every contractor shall have at least one Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) who
has undergone the 40 hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH)
Course for Site Safety Officers as a condition for license renewal or New License
Application.
A Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) must have at least three (3) years
experience of construction implementation and knowledge of Philippine
construction-building codes and ordinances, labor safety codes and other laws
applicable to construction operation
4.3.5. COSH Seminar
The Construction Safety and Health Seminar is a forty (40)-hour
seminar that is intended to equip the contractor/applicant with
the knowledge on standard occupational safety, health,
practices and processes in construction industry.
The following are those who should attend:
1.The proprietor in an application for a new license
2.Any person nominated as Authorized Managing Officer (AMO) in an application for
new license of a partnership or corporation
3.Any person designated to replace the AMO of a PCAB licensed contractor
(application to be filed: CAMO: Change in AMO)
4.Proprietors or AMO of applicants for upgrading of license category
5.At least (1) Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) of the film. If the proprietor or
AMO who are the same time STEs of their companies who have completed the
course on COSH are deemed compliant
4.3.6. AMO Seminar
The AMO Seminar is a two(2)-day seminar that is intended to
equip the contractor/applicant with the basic knowledge on the
following:
1. construction safety,
2. building and lien laws,
3. taxation, labor and other relevant laws, and
4. the basic principles of the construction business.
4.4. SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
1. Geotechnical Engineering including test borings, sampling
and analysis, and recommendation on soils.
2. Establishment of design criteria or demonstrate compliance
3. Surveying works. Land surveys, establishment of boundaries
and monuments, preparation of easement descriptions,
topographic surveys
4. Shop or laboratory inspections
5. Reproduction of reports, drawings, specifications, and
documents required for bidding and construction
6. Value engineering
7. Extra travel and subsistence
8. Value engineering
9. Redesign to reflect changes by the client
4.4. SPECIAL SERVICES FOR CONSTRUCTION
PROJECTS
10. Assistance to client as an expert witness in litigation
11. Final investigation
12. Preparation of documents for public works
13. Land planning and partitioning activities
14. Environmental assessments and impact statements
15. Detailed studies to meet special conditions encountered
during construction
16. Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement of
contractors and subcontractors.
17. Assessment of the project's ability
18. Computer simulation and modeling
4.5. ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES
General engineering support services are as follows:
1. Drafting.
Also called technical drawing, this is the creation of accurate
representations of objects, buildings or houses for engineering
purposes.
2. Land and construction surveying.
Surveying works to establish the major features of the land surface,
which can be affected with upcoming construction.
3. Procurement of adequate and correct data.
These are information which need sound engineering judgment and
guidance.
4.6. ACADEMIC SERVICES
Academic services of civil engineers include full or part-time
teaching or training. These services include:
1. Teaching of civil engineering courses in
colleges/universities. RA 8981 states that all subjects for
licensure examinations shall be taught by registered
professionals and who comply with CHED requirements.
2. Lecturing in PICE seminars for CPD credits.
3. Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil engineering
subjects
4. A Resource Speaker in Technical Session
5. Writing technical articles
4.7. SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE
These services engage the civil engineer to duties for regular
salary from the employer.
1. A civil engineer can be employed in any institutional or
commercial functions.
2. For part-time employment, as an employee and a consultant,
the civil engineer should be compliant to the two different
standards - as an employee and as a consultant.
3. If the civil engineer is employed in a consulting firm, he should
comply with the standards of the firm or the consulting civil
engineer.
4. Civil engineers working in the government are governed by
laws prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.
5.0. THE SELECTION
OF THE CIVIL
ENGINEER
 THE SELECTION OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER

The autonomy in the workplace makes the works of a civil

engineer unique from others. This chapter discusses
recommendations for engineers to be selected.

1. Basis for Selection

2. Client's Selection Committee

3. Qualifications-based Selection (QBS) Procedure

4. Selection Procedure For "Level Of Effort" Contracts

5.1. BASIS FOR SELECTION

The primary move for a client in selecting an engineer is to define

the scope of works in a project. The client determines
performance requirements. The following are factors in the
selection process for the private sector:

1. Reputation of the civil engineer as referred by the previous

clients.

2. Validity of registration from PRC.

3. Qualifications and expertise in performing services.

5.1. BASIS FOR SELECTION

4. Ability to assign a qualified staff on site to take charge of the

project.

5. Possession of financial and business resources to accomplish

the assignment.

For government projects, EO 164 and PD 1594 as amended

apply to procurement of consulting services and selection of
contractor for construction.
5.2. CLIENT'S SELECTION COMMITTEE

In big organizations, the person designated to select the civil

engineer should be familiar with the project requirements and
should be free from pressure - internal or external.

The committee should comprise of three individuals, one of

which is a professional civil engineer. The individuals should
demonstrate objectivity. Additionally, at least one should be
thoroughly familiar with civil engineering practices.
5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION (QBS)
PROCEDURE

If the client has a satisfactory relationship with the civil engineer,

there are steps which can be skipped in the procedure. The
procedure is as follows:
1. Statement of:
a) General nature of the project.
b) Services required
c) Request statements
d) CE qualifications and experience
e) RFQ. Request for qualifications. Request for general
qualifications in a selected area of expertise.
f) RFP. Request for proposals. Shortlist for selecting a civil
engineer for a specific project.
5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION (QBS)
PROCEDURE

2. Prepare a budget expected from the potential civil engineer.

3. Evaluate statements. Select the best three civil engineers or

firms.

4. Correspondence with the chosen engineers.

A. Describe the project in detail including:

a) Scope of the project
b) Services required
5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION
(QBS) PROCEDURE
B. Proposal for the engineer to describe:
For complex
a) Plan for managing projects, a
b) Plan for performing the required services pre-proposal
conference
c) Assigned personnel might be
d) Proposed schedule beneficial.
e) Experience with similar projects
f) Office location where services will be performed
g) Financial standing
h) Present workload
Each civil engineer or firm
i) References should be given the
opportunity to visit the site,
review data and obtain
clarification of any required
items.
5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION (QBS)
PROCEDURE

5. Interview and discussion.

6. Check with recent clients of each engineer about the

performance of services.

7. List the engineers of preference.

8. The best qualified engineer is invited to develop a detailed

scope.
5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION (QBS)
PROCEDURE

9. The engineer's proposed compensation should be taken into

account.

10. If negotiations fail, inform the first civil engineer or firm

through writing about termination of negotiation and then
proceed to the second engineer.

7. When an agreement (scope, schedule, compensation) has

been reached, a written contract is finalized.
5.4. SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR "LEVEL OF
EFFORT" CONTRACTS
When a "level of effort" contract is used, the QBS procedure is
still applicable as listed from 9-11.

9. The engineer's proposed compensation should be taken

into account.

10. If negotiations fail, inform the first civil engineer or firm

through writing about termination of negotiation and
then proceed to the second engineer.

11. When an agreement (scope, schedule, compensation)

has been reached, a written contract is finalized.
THANK YOU!!
CHARGING FOR
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SERVICES
 Charges for Civil Engineering Services are usually
computed using one of the six methods:

1. Salary cost times multiplier plus direct non-salary

expense (“Reimbursable”)

2. Hourly Billing Rates plus Reimbursable

3. Per Diem

4. Cost plus fixed fee (“CPFF”)

5. Fixed Price

6. Percentage of Construction Cost (“Percentage”)

 Salary cost times multiplier plus non-salary
expense

Compensation on the basis of the salary cost times an agreed

multiplier is a frequently used method of determining charges for
engineering services. With this method, charges for civil engineering
services are based mainly on direct salaries.

The salary cost times multiplier method may be utilized as either a

multiplier times salary cost (two multiplier version) or a multiplier
times direct salary cost (single multiplier version)

The direct salary times multiplier or as it is frequently called the

direct labor times multiplier version is very similar to the salary cost
times the multiplier with the exception that it applies a single
multiplier to unburdened direct labor cost, i.e., direct salaries
without employees benefits. The single multiplier includes cost
associated with employees benefits, overhead, and a margin for
contingencies, risk, and profit.
 I. The following factors are pertinent to the salary cost
times multiplier:

1. Salary cost is defined as the “direct salaries plus the employee

benefits”.

2. Multiplier which is applied to salary cost is a factor that compensates the

Civil Engineer for overhead plus a reasonable margin for contingencies,
interest or invested capital readiness to serve, and profit.

3. Direct Non-salary expense usually incurred in engineering engagements

may include the following:
n Living and traveling expenses
n Identifiable communications expenses
n Expenses for services and equipment directly applicable to the
project
n Identifiable drafting supplies, stenographic supplies, and
reproduction work
n Expenses for unusual insurance and specialized health and safety
programs
4. The Civil Engineers overhead which comprises a major portion of the
compensation generated by the multiplier on salary cost, includes the
following indirect cost:

n Provision for office expenses

n Tax and insurance other than those included as salary cost
n Library and periodical expenses
n Executive, administrative, accounting, legal, stenographic, and
clerical salaries and expenses (Other than salaries included in
salary costs and expenses)
n Business development expenses
n Provision for loss of productive time
n Cost of acquiring and maintaining computers, development of
software, and training staff when not billed as direct cost

5. Accounting records
 II. Hourly Billing
Rate
The Hourly billing rate method of compensation is very similar to the
salary cost times multiplier method in that the hourly billing rate
includes all direct personnel expense, overhead and profit. Direct
non-salary expenses are a separate item for reimbursement, usually
with a service charge.

III. Per Diem

The term ‘per diem’ normally refers to an eight-hour day. Direct

personnel services are frequently charged on a per diem basis
 IV. Cost plus fixed fee

Under a cost plus fixed fee agreement, the Civil Engineer is reimbursed for
the actual costs of all services and supplies related to the project, including:

§ Salary costs
§ Overhead
§ Direct non-salary expenses
§ Fixed fee, an amount to compensate the Civil Engineer for
contingencies, interest on invested capital, readiness to serve, and
profit.
 V. Fixed Price

The fixed price can be calculated as the sum total of estimated engineering
costs for salaries, overhead and nonsalary expenses, an allowance for
contingencies, interest on invested capital, readiness to serve, and a
reasonable amount for profit.

Fixed price compensation for basic services on certain design-type projects

can also be computed as an appropriate percentage of estimated
construction cost.
 VI. Percentage of Construction
Cost
The Percentage of construction cost method may be used to determine
the compensation of the engineer for services where the principal
responsibility is the detailed design or construction supervision of
facilities to be constructed.

Construction cost is defined as the estimated total cost of constructing

the facility to be covered by the proposed detailed design or
construction supervision services, excluding the fees and other costs of
such services, the cost of land and right-of-way, and legal and
administrative expenses.
 Schedule of Minimum Basic Fees

Principles to observe:

1. When doing work on foreign assisted projects, or in projects where

international; consultants participate, the Civil Engineer performing
similar or equivalent work, should accept compensation that
approximates the international standard rates.

2. Civil Engineers regularly employed in the private sector shall have a

minimum compensation corresponding to 10% more than the minimum
wage prevailing in the region as basic monthly salary. Civil Engineers
employed in the government sector shall have a minimum basic monthly
salary corresponding to appropriate entry positions provided by the Civil
Service Commission.

3. A Civil Engineer employed in the private sector who signs and seals the
Civil Engineering plans, specifications and other related documents of a
certain project for and in behalf of his employers shall be compensated
with a minimum of 10% of the professional fee for the project, aver and
above the basic monthly salary.
 Minimum Compensation for Civil Engineer as a Prime
Professional.

Group I-Simple Structures, one storey buildings, warehouses,

market buildings and comparable projects

Project Construction Cost Minimum Basic Fees

n P10 Million and less 6%

n Over P10 Million to P20 Million P600,000 plus 5.5%

n Over P20 Million to P30 Million P1,150,000 plus 4.5% of excess of

P20 Million
n Over P30 Million P1, 600, 000 plus 3.5% of excess of
P30 Million
 Group II- Buildings of 3 to 14 floors, towers, tanks, industrial
buildings, piers, and comparable projects.

Project Construction Cost Minimum Basic Fees

n P10 Million and less 7%

n Over P10 Million to P20 Million P200,000 plus 6.5% of excess of

P10 Million
n Over P20 Million to P30 Million P1,350,000 plus 5.5% of excess of
P20 Million
n Over P30 Million P1, 900, 000 plus 4.5% of excess of
P30 Million
 Group III- Buildings of 15 or more floors, long span and complex
bridges, high dams, port works, power plants.

Project Construction Cost Professional Fee

n P10 Million and less 8%

n Over P10 Million to P20 Million
n Over P20 Million to P30 Million
n Over P30 Million
P800,000 plus 7.5% of excess of P10
Million
P1,550,000 plus 6.5% of excess of
P20 Million
P2, 200, 000 plus 5.5% of excess of
P30 Million

If the Civil Engineer is not the prime professional but renders basic civil engineering
services only, his fee shall be a minimum of 25% of the prime professional fee.
 Minimum Compensation for Civil Engineer as
Professional not Prime.

Group IV-Hotels, large apartment buildings, shopping

centers,resorts,hospitals,and comparable projects.

Project Construction Cost Engineer’s Fee

n P10 Million and less 1.05%

n Over P10 Million to P20 Million P105,000 plus 0.975% of excess of

P10 Million
n Over P20 Million to P30 Million P202,500 plus 0.825% of excess of
P20 Million
P285, 000 plus 0.675% of excess of
n Over P30 Million
P30 Million
 Minimum Compensation for Civil Engineer’s for
rendering the following Services

1. Value Engineering 25% of Professional Fee+ 25% of

savings

2. Expert Witness P2000 / appearance

3. Academic Services

a) BS degree holder P75/hr-P150/hr

b) Master degree holder P150/hr-P250/hr
c) Doctorate degree holder P250/hr-P400/hr
d) Lecturer (PICE-CPD) P500/hr
e) Conducting Tutorial/refresher courses P500/hr
f) Resource Speaker P500/hr
g) Writer/Author P3000/article
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING J
TOTAL PROJECT COST
Probable total cost is the approximation of the cost of a
program, project, or operation. It is the main concern of the
client throughout the planning design and construction phases
of a project. Probable total cost often used to establish
budgets for a typical project, is made up of:

• Professional Engineering Cost.

• Construction Cost
• Legal and Land costs
• Owner’s cost (project administration , staffing,
financing, and other overhead)
• Contingency Allowance for unknowns.
PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING COST
• Civil engineer engaged to study & render planning
report on the contemplated project
• Study & report phase includes cost for field surveys,
planning analysis, geotechnical exploration analysis in
addition to direct engineering cost.
• Cost of coordination, evaluation implementation and
compliance increased correspondingly
• study and report phase is important because its
implementation determines the scope and development
of the entire project.
• In final design and construction phase services like
surveying and geotechnical engineering is needed.
 CONSTRUCTION COST

The cost of all the construction portions of a project, generally based

upon the sum of the construction contract(s) and other direct
construction costs; does not include the compensation paid to the ar
chitect and consultants, the cost of the land, right-of-way, or other
costs which are defined in the contract
documents as being the responsibility of the owner.
 LEGAL AND LAND COST
• These cost includes the issuing of pledges, audits,
cost of the land and the interests of the lent money
throughout the construction. And can be best
estimated in collaboration with the customers
because they are frequently outside the
understanding and control of the Civil Engineer.
 OWNER’S COST

These costs, which includes :

• Staffing

• project administration

• financing and;

• other overhead
 CONTINGENCY ALLOWANCE
A contingency may be included in an estimate to provide for unknown costs which
are indicated as likely to occur by experience, but are not identifiable. When using
an estimate which has no contingency to set a budget or to set aside funding, a
contingency is often added to improve the probability that the budget or funding
will be adequate to complete the project. Being unable to complete a project risks
public ridicule. The estimate or budget contingency is not intended to compensate
for poor estimate quality, and is not intended to fund design growth, owner
changes, or anything else unrelated to delivering the scope as defined in the
estimate documentation. Generally, more contingency is needed for earlier
estimates due to the higher uncertainty of estimate accuracy.
THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING! J