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Journal of Future Foods
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Journal of Future Foods

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Beneficial effects of Pleurotus albidus supplementation on

Benefi cial effects
body weight of Pleurotus
and food intake inalbidus
healthysupplementation
C57BL/6 mice on
body weight and food intake in healthy C57BL/6 mice
Paola Quevedo da Costaa, Mariana Parron Paima, Eduardo Echer dos Reisb,c,
a
Paola Türckb, Marli
PatrickQuevedo da Costa , Mariana
Camassola c
Paima, Eduardo
ParronCavalheiro
, Paulo Schenkel a,
Echer * dos Reisb,c,
Patrick
a
Department Türck
b
, Marli
of Physiology Camassola
and Pharmacology,
c
, Paulo
Universidade Federal Cavalheiro
de Pelotas, CampusSchenkel
a,
*
Capão do Leão 96900-010 Pelotas, Brazil
b
a Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Centro 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Brazil
c Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão 96900-010 Pelotas, Brazil
b Enzymes and Biomass Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil
Department of Physiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Campus Centro 90050-170 Porto Alegre, Brazil
c
Enzymes and Biomass Laboratory, Institute of Biotechnology, Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history: The current investigation intended to check the influence of Pleurotus albidus extract supplementation on body
Received 10 August 2021 weight, food intake, glycemia, serum lipids, and oxidative stress parameters. Healthy male C57BL/6 mice
Article history:
Received in revised form 30 August 2021 The current investigation intended to check the influence of Pleurotus albidus extract supplementation on body
Received were partitioned into two experimental groups: control and P. albidus. The supplementation was performed
Accepted 1030 August
August 2021
2021 weight, food intake, glycemia, serum lipids, and oxidative stress parameters. Healthy male C57BL/6 mice
by gavage (500 mg/kg) for 20 uninterrupted days. During this period, all animals received water and food
Received
Available in revised
Online 22form 30 August
October 2021 2021 were partitioned into two experimental groups: control and P. albidus. The supplementation was performed
Accepted 30 August 2021 ad libitum and they had their food ingestion and body weight monitored weekly. After, mice underwent an
by gavage (500 mg/kg) for 20 uninterrupted days. During this period, all animals received water and food
Available Online 22 October 2021 insulin sensitivity test, followed by euthanasia and biochemical analyses. P. albidus supplementation decreased
Keywords: ad libitum and they had their food ingestion and body weight monitored weekly. After, mice underwent an
the body weight and food intake, but it did not change other parameters in healthy mice. This work showed
Blood glucose insulin sensitivity test, followed by euthanasia and biochemical analyses. P. albidus supplementation decreased
Keywords: for the first time that the P. albidus extract supplementation presents a promising potential on body weight and
Glutathione peroxidase the body weight and food intake, but it did not change other parameters in healthy mice. This work showed
Blood glucose food intake control.
Insulin for the first time that the P. albidus extract supplementation presents a promising potential on body weight and
Glutathione peroxidase © 2021 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi
Pleurotus food intake©control.
2021 Beijing Academy ofCo.,
Food Sciences. Publishing services
Insulin Communications Ltd. This is an open access articlebyunder
Elsevier B.V.BY-NC-ND
the CC on behalf oflicense
KeAi
Triglycerides © 2021 Beijing Academy ofCo.,
Communications Food Sciences.
Ltd. Publishing
This is an open services
access articlebyunder
Elsevier B.V.BY-NC-ND
the CC on behalf of KeAi
license
Pleurotus (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Triglycerides
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction species of mushrooms in nature, those that are easier to cultivate and,
1. Introduction largely,
species of themushrooms
edible onesinhave been
nature, usedthat
those in are
kitchens,
easier laboratories and
to cultivate and,
Functional foods have been used for centuries, since they present industries [3].
largely, the edible ones have been used in kitchens, laboratories and
promising health-giving
Functional properties,
foods have been used forsuch as: to since
centuries, promote
they satiety,
present The mushrooms
industries [3]. of the genus Pleurotus attract particular attention
to reduce weight
promising gain andproperties,
health-giving to improvesuch insulin
as: sensitivity
to promoteviasatiety,
many owing The mushrooms of content,
to their nutrient the genusbeing the most
Pleurotus popular
attract and cultivated
particular attention
mechanisms
to [1]. In
reduce weight this
gain sense,
and the number
to improve of sensitivity
insulin studies focusing on
via many worldwide
owing to their nutrient content, being the most popular andpreviously
[2,3]. This characteristic, added to their cultivated
functional products
mechanisms andsense,
[1]. In this their derived
the number compounds
of studiesasfocusing
sources onof described
worldwidemedicinal
[2,3]. Thisproperties, have motivated
characteristic, added studies
to theirinvestigating
previously
medicine inproducts
functional preventinganddiseases like hypertension,
their derived compounds as diabetes,
sourcesandof this mushroom genus in the treatment
described medicinal properties, have motivated studiesof several disorders [4,5].
investigating
cancer haveinbeen
medicine increasing
preventing recentlylike
diseases [2].hypertension, diabetes, and In fact, many reports showed that Pleurotus mushrooms
this mushroom genus in the treatment of several disorders [4,5]. exhibit
Among
cancer others,
have been mushrooms
increasing recentlystand
[2]. out not only for having antihypercholesterolemic,
In fact, many reports showed antihypertensive,
that Pleurotus antidiabetic,
mushrooms antiobesity,
exhibit
a remarkable nutritional
Among others, value,stand
mushrooms but also for exhibiting
out not anti-
only for having anti-aging, antimicrobial and antioxidant attributes, besides
antihypercholesterolemic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, antiobesity, presenting
ainflammatory,
remarkable antimicrobial, hypolipidemic,
nutritional value, but also for anti-hyperglycemic,
exhibiting anti- aanti-aging,
hepatoprotective action and
antimicrobial [6,7].
antioxidant attributes, besides presenting
and antioxidant antimicrobial,
inflammatory, therapeutic properties [3]. Although
hypolipidemic, there are many
anti-hyperglycemic, a hepatoprotective action [6,7].work showed evidence that the water
Sheng et al. [8] in their
and antioxidant therapeutic properties [3]. Although there are many extract
Shengof another
et al. [8]species Pleurotus
in theirofwork showed evidencecitrinopileatus)
(Pleurotus that the water
*
had potential in the prevention of
extract of another species of Pleurotus (Pleurotus obesity and citrinopileatus)
prediabetes in
Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal
de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão 96900-010 Pelotas, Brazil.
mice. In another
had potential in study, Balaji et al.of[9]
the prevention revealed
obesity andthat an extract of
prediabetes in
*
Corresponding author at: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidade Federal
E-mail address: schenkel.paulo@ufpel.edu.br (P.C. Schenkel) P. pulmonarius
mice. In another study, Balaji et al. [9] revealed that an extractand
has antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidemic, of
de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão 96900-010 Pelotas, Brazil.
Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.
E-mail address: schenkel.paulo@ufpel.edu.br (P.C. Schenkel)
defensive effectshas
P. pulmonarius in diabetic rats by reducing
antihyperglycaemic, blood glucose levels,
antihyperlipidemic, and
Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. lipid
defensive effects in diabetic rats by reducing blood and
profiles, enhancing the status of antioxidants decreasing
glucose levels,
lipid profiles, enhancing the status of antioxidants and decreasing
Publishing services by Elsevier
Publishing services by Elsevier
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.08.002
2272-5669/© 2021 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.08.002
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2272-5669/© 2021 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC
10.1016/j.jfutfo.2021.08.002
BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
2772-5669 © 2021 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the
CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 Paola Quevedo da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1-1 (2021) 98–103
P.O. da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1 (2021) 98-103
injuries in the pancreas, liver, and kidney. Several other works have
shown that edible mushrooms and their compounds, especially the
mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus, have effects on the prevention
of body weight gain, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin
sensitivity [10-17]
In vitro studies with P. albidus species, a mushroom native of
South America, revealed it as an important source of protein and fiber,
presenting low-fat levels, in line with other Pleurotus species [18].
Additionally, P. albidus has mitigated obesity, hyperglycemia,
foam cell formation, and inflammation in vitro [5,19]. Furthermore,
it showed a significant in vitro antioxidant activity in hepatocytes
and endothelial cells [18,20]. Besides that, Gambato et al. [4]
investigated the main chemical compounds of P. albidus extract
and found these results: phenolics, (18.57 ± 0.26) mg of gallic acid
equivalents/g PleExt; flavonoids, (4.71 ± 0.12) mg of quercetin
equivalents/g PleExt and ergothioneine, (2.13 ± 0.01) mg/g PleExt.
One important factor in hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia is
oxidative stress, which is a process associated with many diseases, since
elevated levels of reactive oxygen species induce membranes harm by
lipids oxidation, changes in protein structure and function, and structural
injury to deoxyribonucleic acid [21]. As a counter-regulatory strategy,
antioxidant systems are stimulated in order to stabilize the reactive
oxygen species and avoid/mitigate cell damage [22].
In this regard, previous in vitro findings incited our group to
investigate P. albidus as a dietary supplementation to prevent and
treat several disorders. Therefore, the objective of the present study
was to evaluate for the first time the influence of P. albidus extract in
vivo administration in healthy C57BL/6 mice.
2. Methods
2.1 Animals
All animal protocols were in accordance with and approved by
the Guidelines for Ethical Care of Experimental Animals from the
Universidade Federal de Pelotas (#28614-2019).
Fourteen male C57BL/6 mice (60 days, ± 23 g) were obtained
from the Center for Reproduction and Experimentation of Laboratory
Animals of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Brazil, and they were
divided into two groups (n = 7 animals/group): (1) Control (mice that
received 0.9% sodium chloride); (2) P. albidus (mice that received
P. albidus hydroalcoholic extract). All animals were maintained
under standard laboratory conditions (temperature: 22‒24 °C; relative
humidity: 40%‒60%; light/dark cycle: 12 h) and received water and
standard laboratory feed (Nuvilab®, Colombo, Brazil) ad libitum. The
food intake was measured once a week by the difference between the
food weight before and after 24 h.
2.2 Cultivation of P. albidus and extract preparation
P. albidus mushrooms (82F.7-MIUCS 1580) from the Laboratory
of Enzymes and Biomasses of the Caxias do Sul University, Brazil,
were employed. Basidiomas were grown in polypropylene bags
containing 1.5 kg of medium (50% Vitis labrusca grape marc; 44%
Pinus sp. Sawdust; 5% wheat bran; 1.0% CaCO 3, and distilled
water to obtain 66% humidity). Primarily, the sacs were inoculated
with all the contents of previously grown fungus mycelium
99
99
Petri dishes, and then stored in a temperature-controlled place
(28 ºC). When total colonization of the culture medium and presence
of basidioma primordia were observed, the bags were drilled with a
scalpel and brought to the greenhouse at room temperature (between
20 and 30 ºC) and relative humidity between 70% and 90% [18].
Subsequently, the mushrooms were dried in a dehydrator
(Funkitchen®, Britania Eletrodoméstico S.A, Pirabeiraba, Brazil) for
8 h at 50 °C, crushed in a grinder (Cadence®, Balneário Piçaras, Brazil)
and stored at 4 °C. After that, 200 g of dried mushroom powder and
2 000 mL of 70% ethanol were placed in a reflux system at 100 °C
for 30 min. Then the mixture was vacuum filtered and the ethanol-
soluble fraction was evaporated on a rotary evaporator. The ethanol-
insoluble residue was re-extracted with 2 000 mL of water for an
additional hour. The extracts were aggregated and lyophilized until
the dried extract was obtained [4]. The yield of the extraction process
was 20.65%.
2.3 Inhibition of lipase activity
In order to test the inhibition of lipase activity, a pancreatic
lipase type II (Sigma; 0.2 mg/mL) inhibition assay was performed
using a colorimetric method with 1-2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-
glutaric acid (6-methylresorufin)-ester (DGGR) as a substrate of
the enzymatic reaction [23]. The reaction medium was divided into
three groups: 25 mg/mL of extract, 50 mg/mL of extract and blank.
The lipase inhibition was obtained by the difference of the readings
at two reaction times, at 90 and 180 s, as follows: Pancreatic lipase
inhibition (%) = [(ΔAec - ΔAs)/ΔAec] × 100%, where ΔAec and ΔAs
are defined as the absorbance difference for the enzyme control and
samples, at 570 nm [24].
2.4 In vivo tests
Lyophilized P. albidus extract was diluted in 0.9% sodium
chloride and administered once daily (between 4:00 p.m‒5:00 p.m)
by gavage (500 mg/kg body weight) [25]. This dosage was based on
the work of Xiong et al. [25], since P. albidus did not have any papers
published in vivo. The animals from the control group underwent the
same procedure, except by receiving only 0.9% sodium chloride in
the same volume. The supplementation lasted 20 days [26].
2.4.1 Insulin tolerance test (ITT)
ITT was performed 24 h after the last gavage. In this procedure,
after 2 h of fasting, insulin was administrated in mice (1 IU/kg
body weight, intraperitoneally). Whole blood samples were
collected from animals’ tails at 0, 5, 20, 35, 60 and 120 min after
insulin administration. The glucose meter AccuChek Active, Roche
®
Diagnostics , USA was used to measure the glucose levels.
2.4.2 Lipid tests
Following the ITT test, animals were anesthetized with isoflurane
and euthanized by exsanguination followed by cervical dislocation.
Blood samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 3 000 × g and the
serum was stored at -20 ºC for the evaluation of triglycerides (TG),
100 Paola Quevedo da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1-1 (2021) 98–103

100 P.O. da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1 (2021) 98-103

total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL-c), and Control

40 P. albidus
urea levels with commercial kits (Kovalent do Brasil Ltda, São
Gonçalo, Brazil).

Food intake (g)

30 ab

20
2.4.3 Hydroxyl radical generation system *
*cd
10
The livers were rapidly withdrawn and homogenated with
0
1.15% KCl (5 mL/g) in the presence of 100 mmol/L phenyl methyl 0 1 2 3
sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). After that, samples were centrifuged for Weeks

20 min at 10 000 × g at 4 ºC and the supernatant was incubated with
FeCl2, H2O2 and ascorbic acid to induce oxidative stress (hydroxyl
radical generation system) for 30 min at 37 °C [27]. Then, the
samples were used to analyze the oxidative stress under previous
studies: thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) [28];
superoxide dismutase (SOD) [29]; catalase (CAT) [30]; glutathione
peroxidase (GPx) [31].
Fig. 2 Effect of P. albidus on food intake in healthy C57BL/6 mice. Data are
given as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 vs control group, a P < 0.000 1 vs. basal food
intake of the control group, b P < 0.000 1 vs. food intake on the 2nd week of
the control group, c P < 0.000 1 vs. basal food intake of the P. albidus group,
d
P < 0.000 1 vs. food intake on the 2nd week of the P. albidus group.
250

Serum glucose (mg/dL)

Control
200 P. albidus

2.5 Statistical analysis 150

100
ab
Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Sigma Plot software (Version ab a
50 ab
12.0, Systat Software Inc., San Jose, USA) was used to perform
0
statistical analyses. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
test. To compare groups, we used Student’s t test. Two-way repeated Time (min)
measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test was used to compare Fig. 3 Effect of P. albidus on the ITT in healthy C57BL/6 mice. Data are
the continuous variables. Values of P < 0.05 were considered given as mean ± SD. a P < 0.000 1 vs. basal whole blood glucose of the control
statistically significant. group, b P < 0.000 1 vs. basal blood glucose of the P. albidus group.

Initial blood glucose levels were similar between groups

3. Results (Control = (144 ± 5) mg/dL; P. albidus = (136 ± 31) mg/dL). In the
ITT, we verified a significantly (P < 0.000 1) glycemic decrease at
Considering that the yield in the preparation of the extract is
20, 35, and 60 min after insulin injection for both groups (Fig. 3).
20.65% for P. albidus, an average person weighing 80 kg would
However, we did not find differences in blood glucose levels between
need 40 g of extract or 217.75 g of mushrooms per day. It is a large
the experimental groups at any time.
amount, even possible to be eaten daily.
Glutathione peroxidase activity was significantly decreased in
The inhibitory effect of the concentrations 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL
the liver (P < 0.05) of the P. albidus group compared to the Control
of P. albidus extract on lipase activity was 36.8% and 69.2%, respectively.
group. We neither observed differences in lipids damage, evaluated
The body weight (Control = (23.6 ± 1.9) g; P. albidus = (23.4 ± 1.9) g)
by measuring TBARS levels, nor in SOD and CAT antioxidants
and the food intake (Control = (28.9 ± 1.5) g; P. albidus = (25.7 ± 2.3) g)
enzymes activities (Fig. 4).
were similar between mice at the beginning of the experiment.
No significant changes were observed in the final TG, TC,
The body weight variation during the experimental period was
significantly lower in the P. albidus group when compared to a control HDL-c, and urea levels (Fig. 5).
group in the second (P < 0.05) and third (P < 0.05) experimental
weeks (Fig. 1). The food intake was significantly reduced in 4. Discussion
P. albidus group in relation to the control group at the end of the first
(P < 0.05) and third (P < 0.05) weeks (Fig. 2). Both groups showed The uses of non-pharmacological interventions for the control of
a reduction in food intake at the end of the experimental period body weight, glucose and lipids levels have been widely used. In this
(P < 0.000 1) when compared to themselves at the beginning (Fig. 2). context, mushrooms have great potential, and they must be analyzed
in healthy subjects as supplementation, before testing with diseases
30 Control experimental models. To this date, this study is pioneering in using
28 P. albidus
the P. albidus mushroom species in an in vivo investigation.
Body weight (g)

26 Our findings suggest that supplementation with P. albidus at a

24
dosage of 500 mg/kg for 20 days influences body weight and food
22
intake, reducing both parameters, although it neither impacts insulin
20
* * sensitivity nor serum lipids and urea levels.
18
0 1 2 3 Regarding the reduction in body weight from P. albidus group,
Weeks the outcomes of the present research corroborate the previous findings
Fig. 1 Effect of P. albidus extract on body weight in healthy C57BL/6 mice. of other groups using different mushroom species. Ng et al. [26]
Data are given as mean ± SD. *P < 0.05 vs control group. showed that the P. sajor-caju, an edible mushroom (750 mg/kg)
 Paola Quevedo da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1-1 (2021) 98–103 101

P.O. da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1 (2021) 98-103 101

TBARS (µmol/mg protein)

600 A 6 B

SOD (U/mg protein)

400 4

200 2

0 0
Control P. albidus Control P. albidus
Group Group

60 C 8 D

Catalase (nmol/min/mg protein)

GPx (nmol/min/mg protein)

6
40 *
4
20
2

0 0
Control P. albidus Control P. albidus
Group Group

Fig. 4 Effect of P. albidus on the TBARS levels and SOD, CAT and GPx activities in liver of healthy C57BL/6 mice. Data are given as mean ± SD.
*
P < 0.05 vs. control group.
100 A 100 B
80 80
TG (mg/dL)

TC (mg/dL)

60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
Control P. albidus Control P. albidus
Group Group

60 C 80 D
HDL-c (mg/dL)

60
Urea (mg/dL)

40
40
20
20

0 0
Control P. albidus Control P. albidus
Group Group

Fig. 5 Effect of P. albidus on the serum TG, TC, urea, and HDL-c in healthy C57BL/6 mice. Data are given as mean ± SD.

administration for 21 days, which has high nutritional value and
pharmacological properties, reduced body weight in diabetics
rats. Using mushroom ethanolic extracts of the same genus
(P. citrinopileatus – 500 mg/kg), Chi et al. [32] also verified a
reduction in the body weight in C57BL/6 mice after 12 weeks of
supplementation. The Pleurotus eryngii var. tuolensis (500 mg/kg)
treatment for 40 days used by Ren et al. [33] similarly showed a
significant decrease in body weight.
In the current work, we showed a food intake reduction in the
P. albidus group after the first and third weeks. Plausibly, at the
beginning of the administration, mice were unfamiliar with P. albidus
extract and to the gavage procedure, although we do not rule out
animals satisfied hunger momentarily, reducing the food intake. Taken
together with the decrease in body weight promoted by P. albidus
extract administration it is feasible to consider that its particular anti-
obesity potential may also be related to the attenuation of appetite
in this group. Sheng et al. [8] showed that the oral administration
(400 mg/kg or 800 mg/kg weight/day) for 12 weeks of an aqueous
extract of P. citrinopileatus mushroom, an edible mushroom that has
abundant bioactive molecules, promotes a significant decrease in food
intake, weight gain, and fat accumulation in obese mice. To confirm
these findings, an investigation with obese-hyperglycemic ob/ob
mice, which has a physiologic leptin deficiency, is encouraged.
Although elevated, the initial whole blood glucose levels
observed in our study are in agreement with the baseline mean
glucose values previously described for healthy C57BL/6 mice [34].
Nevertheless, it should be noted that all animals were subjected to
the same experimental procedures, thus eliminating any discrepancy
between the groups. Regarding the glycemic curve from the ITT, we
did not detect differences in the whole blood glucose levels between
the experimental groups. Similarly, Ng et al. [35] did not observe
a significant change in the serum glucose levels in diabetic rats
102 Paola Quevedo da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1-1 (2021) 98–103
102 P.O. da Costa et al. / Journal of Future Foods 1 (2021) 98-103
treated with the same dose of P. sajor-caju aqueous extract either.
Despite these results, the in vivo hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering
activities of the mushrooms has been widely reported [26,36,34].
In this sense, Guo et al. [34] identified that the novel Grifola
frondosa polysaccharide-chromium is effective in preventing
the hyperglycemia in diabetic mice induced by a high-fat diet
and streptozotocin. Likewise, the treatment of diabetics rats with
P. ostreatus polysaccharides (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) for
4 weeks decreased significantly the hyperglycemia, improved insulin
resistance and increased glycogen storage [35].
Considering serum lipid levels, our data disagrees with other
descriptive studies investigating other types of mushrooms [34,35].
We observed that TG, TC and HDL-c levels showed a tendency to
decrease in P. albidus group compared to the control group, but not
significantly. Conversely, P. eryngii var. tuoliensis administration
for 40 consecutive days in mice, led to a significant increment
in HDL-c and a decrease in TG and TC [36]. Furthermore, an
antihyperlipidemic effect was observed in another study in which
G. frondosa polysaccharide-chromium complex was administered
in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice [37]. As mentioned before,
the G. frondosa polysaccharide-chromium complex also appears to
be beneficial in diabetes by promoting a reduction in blood glucose
levels [38]. Jo et al. [38], using the aqueous extract of P. eryngii var.
ferulae, observed an improvement in serum lipid profile, glucose
tolerance, and insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6 mice after 12 weeks.
These authors also verified a decline in body weight, white adipose
tissue weight and pancreatic lipase activity [38]. In the present study,
we observed that P. albidus decline the pancreatic lipase activity.
Our result corroborates with the previous find of Stoffel et al. [24].
using the same species of mushroom. These authors suggested that
P. albidus presents an anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic potential
due to inhibition of the pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase and α-amylase
enzymes activities. Similar results have been described using different
species of mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus [36,38].
Concerning the urea serum level, we did not observe differences
between groups. Additionally, the urea levels were compatible
with what is expected of C57BL/6 mice [34]. The urea is a natural
product of the protein metabolism that has been generally used,
along with other parameters, to evaluate the kidney function [37]. In
this context, it is plausible that the supplementation with P. albidus
extract (500 mg/kg) for 20 days did not impair the kidney function in
healthy mice.
In terms of oxidative stress, Gambato et al. [4] observed that
the hydroalcoholic extract of P. albidus mushroom mitigated the
oxidative injury induced by hyperglycemia in mitochondria of the EA.
hy926 endothelial cells. Nevertheless, in hepatic cells cultivated under
normal conditions, Contato et al. [20] showed that P. albidus aqueous
extract (500 and 1 000 mg/mL) did not influence mitochondrial
respiratory efficiency, a well-established source of reactive oxygen
species. The baseline condition of these cells seems to be determinant
to outcomes observed. In the present study, we analyzed, for the first
time, the influence of the P. albidus supplementation in healthy mice.
Although several studies had previously shown mushrooms are a
source of antioxidants and their in vitro administration is effective
in attenuating oxidative damage, we did not find differences in
lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in
hepatocytes from both our groups when these cells were challenged
with a free radicals generation system [27].
On the other hand, GPx, an enzyme that uses reduced glutathione
(GSH) as a substrate to exert its antioxidant role, showed decreased
activity in P. albidus group compared to control. This result may be
related to lower GSH levels in livers from P. albidus group, since
GSH is depleted in xenobiotics detoxification during the first pass
effect after intestinal absorption. As a consequence, GPx activity
would be reduced.
5. Conclusion
Our study showed for the first time the influence of P. albidus
hidroalcoholic extract supplementation. P. albidus seems to own
the ability to decrease body weight and food intake, even though no
changes in glycemic, lipidic and oxidative stress parameters were
detected in our study conditions. The results presented here lead the
way as basic references for future researches regarding P. albidus
mushroom impact in vivo. Additional analyses exploring distinctive
administration routes and inspecting higher doses of P. albidus extract
are required to enrich the understanding of the mechanisms involved
in the results obtained in the present study.
Declaration of conflicting interest
No conflict to declare.
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