Lektion 2 - AC Theory Opgaver

P1. Transform these sinusoids to phasors:

𝑣1 (𝑡) = 12 cos(5𝑡 + 10°)
𝑖1 (𝑡) = −4 sin(30𝑡 + 50°)

The formula to convert 𝑣1 (𝑡) is:

𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
𝒗𝟏 (𝒕) = 𝟏𝟐∠𝟏𝟎°

The formula to convert 𝑖1 (𝑡) is:

𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜙 − 90°
𝒊𝟏 (𝒕) = −𝟒∠ − 𝟒𝟎°

P2. Find the sinusoids corresponding to these phasors:

𝑉 = −25∠40°𝑉
𝐼 = 𝑗(12 − 5𝑗)𝐴

For V, the sinusoid can be seen as the phasor domain.

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
Where:
𝑉𝑚 = −25
𝜙 = 40°

This must be converted into sinusoids, where the equation is.

𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝑣(𝑡) = −25 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 40°)

I will then convert − cos 𝜔𝑡 to a positive cos 𝜔𝑡, and this can be done like:

Therefore, the equation will be:

𝑣(𝑡) = 25 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 40° + 180°) → 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟐𝟓 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟐𝟐𝟎°)𝑽

And now for I.

𝐼 = 𝑗(12 − 5𝑗)𝐴
It is defined that j is the same as:
𝑗 = (1∠90°)
So.
 = (1∠90°) × (12 − 5𝑗)

To convert this into polar coordinates, I will write.

−5
(1∠90°) × (√122 + 52 ) × tan−1 ( ) = (1∠90°)(13∠ − 22,62°)
12
Then.
𝐼𝑚 = 1 × 13∠90° + (−22,62) = 13∠67,38°

And now to write it as a sinusoid.

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃)
𝒊(𝒕) = 𝟏𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟔𝟕, 𝟑𝟖°)

P3. Find the summation of the following current.

𝑖1 (𝑡) = 4 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30°)
𝑖2 (𝑡) = 6 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 20°)

I first must make both currents into phasor form.

𝑖1 = 𝟒∠𝟑𝟎°

For 𝑖2 I must express it in cosine form. The rule for converting sine to cosine is to minus 90°,
therefore:
𝑖2 = 6 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 20° − 90°) → 𝑖2 = 6 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 110°)

And its phasor form is:

𝑖2 = 𝟔∠ − 𝟏𝟏𝟎°

For summation the rule is: 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 , therefore.

𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 4∠30° + 6∠ − 110°

This is in polar form, but it must convert into rectangular form, so:
4(cos 30° + 𝑗 ∗ sin 30°) + 6(cos −110° + 𝑗 ∗ sin −110°)
= 3,46 + 𝑗2 − 2,05 + 𝑗(−5,64)
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1,41 − 𝑗3,64

This can then be transformed into polar form.

√1,412 + 3,642 ≈ 3,90355
−3,64
tan−1 ( ) = −68,82549
1,41
So, this is the answer for 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
3,9∠ − 68,82°

Now to find the final summation, I have to say.

𝒊𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒊𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝟑, 𝟗𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 − 𝟔𝟖, 𝟖𝟐°) 𝑨
P4. Find the summation of the following voltage.
𝑣1 (𝑡) = −10 sin(𝜔𝑡 − 30°)
𝑣2 (𝑡) = 20 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 45°)

I will first put both voltages in phasor form, so.

𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎∠𝟒𝟓°

For 𝑣1 I must express it in cosine form. The rule for converting minus sine to cosine is to plus 90°,
therefore:
𝑣1 (𝑡) = −10 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 30° + 90°) → 𝑣1 (𝑡) = −10 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 60°)

And in phasor form.

𝒗𝟏 = −𝟏𝟎∠ + 𝟔𝟎°

For summation the rule is: 𝑣𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 , therefore.

𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 20∠45° − 10∠60°

This is in polar form, but it must convert into rectangular form, so:
20(cos 45° + 𝑗 ∗ sin 45°) − 10(cos 60° + 𝑗 ∗ sin 60°)
= 14,14 + 𝑗14,14 − 5 + 𝑗(−8,66)
𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 9,14 + 𝑗5,48

This can then be transformed into polar form.

√9,142 + 5,482 ≈ 10,66
5,48
tan−1 ( ) = 30,95
9,14

So, this is the answer for 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

10,66∠30,95°

Now to find the final summation, I have to say.

𝒗𝟏 (𝒕) + 𝒗𝟐 (𝒕) = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟔𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟑𝟎, 𝟗𝟓°) 𝑽

P5. Using phase approach, find the voltage in a circuit described be integrodifferential equation:
𝑑𝑣
2∗ + 5𝑣 + 10 ∫ 𝑣. 𝑑𝑡 = 5 cos(5𝑡 − 30°)
𝑑𝑡

I start by transforming each term in the equation from time domain to phasor domain. But first I can
define:
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑗𝜔𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑣
∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑗𝜔
𝜔=5

Then I’ll start transforming, so:

𝑣
2 ∗ 𝑗5𝑣 + 5𝑣 + 10 ∗ = 5∠ − 30°
𝑗5
Then I can reduce the equation to:
2
10𝑗𝑣 + 5𝑣 + 𝑣 = 5∠ − 30°
𝑗
There is a rule saying that:
1
= −𝑗
𝑗
So,
(𝑗10 + 5 − 𝑗2)𝑣 = 5∠ − 30°
(5 + 𝑗8)𝑣 = 5∠ − 30°

Divide the whole thing with (5 + 𝑗8).

(5 + 𝑗8)𝑣 5∠ − 30°
=
(5 + 𝑗8) (5 + 𝑗8)
5∠ − 30°
𝑣=
(5 + 𝑗8)

I can then transform this to polar form.

√52 + 82 ≈ 9,433981
8
tan−1 ( ) ≈ 58
5
So,
𝟓∠ − 𝟑𝟎°
𝒗=
𝟗, 𝟒𝟑∠𝟓𝟖°

P6: The voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟐 · 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟔𝟎𝒕 − 𝟒𝟓°) is applied to 0,1H inductor. Find the steady-state
current through the inductor.

I have these values given:

𝑉 = 12 · cos(60𝑡 − 45°)
𝐿 = 0,1𝐻

We can use this equation for v and these values are given.
𝑣 = 𝑉𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)𝑉

𝑉𝑚 = 12𝑉
𝜔 = 60
𝜙 = 45°

I can then write this in its time domain form>

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
𝑉 = 12∠45°

Since I’m working with an inductor, the equation used can be defined as:
𝑉 = 𝑗𝜔𝐿𝐼

Isolate for I:
𝑉 12∠45° 12∠45°
𝐼= = =
𝑗𝜔𝐿 𝑗60 · 0,1 𝑗6
I will convert j6 to its time domain form, and I’ve used my calculator to calculate this, so:
12∠45°
= 2∠ − 45°
6∠90°

Now that I’ve calculated my current:

𝐼 = 2∠ − 45°

I can see it is in its time domain form:

𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 ∠𝜃
Where:
𝐼𝑚 = 2
𝜃 = −45°

Now I want to convert this to the phasor domain.

𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝐴

𝒊(𝒕) = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟔𝟎𝒕 − 𝟒𝟓°)𝑨

And this is the steady-state current through the inductor.

P7. If the voltage 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟑𝟎°) is applied to 𝟓𝟎𝝁𝑭 capacitor, find the steady-state
current through the capacitor.

I have these values given:

𝑉 = 10 cos(100𝑡 + 30°) 𝑉
𝐶 = 50𝜇𝐹~50 × 10−6 𝐹
𝑉𝑚 = 10
𝜃 = 30°
𝜔 = 100

The equation for when working with a capacitor is:

𝐼
𝑉=
𝑗𝜔𝐶
Isolate for I:
𝐼 = 𝑉𝑗𝜔𝐶

Now I want to convert the voltage given into its time domain form which is:
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑚 ∠𝜙
𝑉 = 10∠30°

Then I’ll insert it in the equation for the current I.

10∠30° × 𝑗(100) × 50 × 10−6
10∠30° × 𝑗(5 × 10−3 )

I will then convert the last bit to time domain, therefore, I use my calculator to calculate this.
𝐼 = 10∠30° × (5 × 10−3 ∠90°)

Then I can multiply it together so:

50 × 10−3 ∠30° + 90°
𝐼 = 50 × 10−30 ∠120°
Now that I have the current, I will insert it into its phasor domain form, so:
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 · cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

And I have these values given:

𝐼𝑚 = 50 × 10−3
𝜔 = 100
𝜙 = 120°
So:
𝒊(𝒕) = 𝟓𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏𝟐𝟎°)

And this is the steady-state current through the capacitor.