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( 2 ) Body fluid 1

1 ‫( ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬2)

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Homeostasis  Is the ability of a system in which variables are regulated to remain internal
environment at stability condition and relatively constant .  It is a process which maintains the
stability of the human body's internal environment in response to

‫ إﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ‬ .‫ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺮار ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ‬‫ﻮن ﻓﻴﻪ اﻟﻤﺘﻐﻴﺮات ﺗﻨﻈﻢ ﻟﺘﺒﻘ‬‫ ﻗﺪرة اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺬي ﺗ‬‫ ﻫ‬ ‫اﻟﺘﻮازن‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻘﺮار اﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻹﻧﺴﺎن اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ل‬‫ﻋﻠ‬

changes in external conditions . • Examples of homeostasis include the regulation of body fluid
volume, regulation of temperature and the balance between acidity and alkalinity (pH) . 2

‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة و اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ‬، ‫ • ﺗﺸﻤﻞ أﻣﺜﻠﺔ اﻟﺘﻮازن ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬.‫ اﻟﻈﺮوف اﻟﺨﺎرﺟﻴﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮات ﻓ‬
PH). 2) ‫واﻟﻘﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬

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Fluid Intake and Output Are Balanced During Steady -State Conditions 3

3 ‫ﺗﻨﺎول اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ واﻹﺧﺮاج ﻣﺘﻮازﻧﺔ ﺧﻼل ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ‐وﻻﻳﺔ ﺷﺮوط‬

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• The water in the body is contained within the numerous organs and tissues of the body . These
collections of water are referred to as compartments . • In the average young adult male, 18 % of the
body weight is protein and related substances, 7 % is mineral, and 15 % is fat . The remaining 60 % is
water .

‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺸﺎر إﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬.‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد داﺧﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء واﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫• اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮد ﻓ‬
٪ 15 ‫ و‬، ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدن‬٪ 7 ، ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻮزن ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ واﻟﻤﻮاد ذات اﻟﺼﻠﺔ‬٪ 18 ، ‫ اﻟﻌﺎدﻳﻴﻦ اﻟﺬﻛﻮر اﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ‬‫ • ﻓ‬.‫اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮرات‬
.‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ اﻟﻤﺎء‬٪ 60 .‫ﻫﻮ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬

• Approximately 90 % of the body's water intake comes via the gastro -intestinal tract . The remaining
10 % is called metabolic water and is produced as the result of various chemical reactions in the cells
of the body's tissues . 4

‫ وﻳﺘﻢ إﻧﺘﺎﺟﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻷﻳﻀ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻳﺴﻤ‬٪ 10 .‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤ‬‫ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﻴﺎه ﻓ‬٪ 90 ‫• ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮب ﻣﻦ‬
4 . ‫ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﺎدﻳﻞ‬‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓ‬

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The body fluid compartments Total Body Water (TBW) distributed into compartments :  The
intracellular fluid, which makes up approximately 60 - 65 % of body water .  The extracellular
compartment : which makes up the other 35 -40 % of body water . is divisible into :

‐ 60 ‫ﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟ‬‫ واﻟﺬي ﻳﺸ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ :‫ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرات‬‫( اﻟﻤﻮزﻋﺔ ﻓ‬TBW) ‫ ﻣﻴﺎه اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮرات ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬
:‫ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻟ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬٪ 40‐ 35 ‫ﻞ اﻵﺧﺮ‬‫ ﺗﺸ‬‫ واﻟﺘ‬:‫ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮرة ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ .‫ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬٪ 65

a) T he plasma and lymph, which are extracellular fluid within the blood and lymph vessels . b) The
interstitial fluid, which is extracellular fluid outside the blood vessels and separated from plasma by
the walls of the capillaries . c) Trans -cellular fluids, which are fluids with specialized

‫ وﻫﻮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج‬، ‫ ب( اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬.‫ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺪم واﻟﺴﻔﻦ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ‬‫ ﻫ‬‫ واﻟﺘ‬، ‫ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ واﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ‬T (‫أ‬
‫ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ‬‫ وﻫ‬، ‫ ج( ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻌﺎﺑﺮة‬.‫اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ وﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﺑﺠﺪران اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

functions . They include synovial fluid (which lubricates joints), cerebrospinal fluid, and the aqueous
and vitreous humors of the eyes . 5

5 .‫ﺎﻫﺔ اﻟﻌﻴﻮن‬‫ واﻟﺰﺟﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻓ‬‫ واﻟﻤﺎﺋ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻨﺨﺎﻋ‬، (‫ )اﻟﺬي ﻳﺰﻳﺢ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬‫ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺰﻟﻴﻠ‬‫ وﻫ‬. ‫اﻟﻤﻬﺎم‬

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Intracellular Fluid Compartment • About 28 of the 42 liters of fluid in the body are inside the 75 trillion
cells and are collectively called the intracellular fluid . Thus, the intracellular fluid constitutes about 40
per cent of the total body weight in an “average ” person . • The fluid of each cell contains its
individual mixture of

‫ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ ﺗﺮﻳﻠﻴﻮن ﺧﻼﻳﺎ وﺗﺴﻤ‬75 ‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ داﺧﻞ‬‫ ﻟﺘﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻓ‬42 ‫ ﻣﻦ‬28 ‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ • ﺣﻮاﻟ‬
• ."‫ ﺷﺨﺺ "ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻓ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬‫ ﻓ‬40 ‫ﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟ‬‫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻳﺸ‬، ‫ وﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟ‬.‫داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬
‫ ﻣﺰﻳﺠﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺮدي ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮي ﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠ‬

different constituents, but the concentrations of these substances are similar from one cell to another.
In fact, the composition of cell fluids is remarkably similar even in different animals, ranging from the
most primitive microorganisms to humans. For this reason , the intracellular fluid of all the different
cells together is considered to be one

‫ﻞ‬‫ﻮﻳﻦ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﺑﺸ‬‫ ﻓﺈن ﺗ‬،‫ اﻟﻮاﻗﻊ‬‫ ﻓ‬.‫ أﺧﺮى‬‫ﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰات ﻫﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ إﻟ‬‫ وﻟ‬، ‫ﻮﻧﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬، ‫ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ‬.‫ﺎﺋﻨﺎت اﻟﺤﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﺒﺸﺮ‬‫ ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﺑﻴﻦ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺪاﺋﻴﺔ اﻟ‬، ‫ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﺎت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬‫ ﻓ‬‫ﻣﻠﺤﻮظ ﺣﺘ‬
‫ﺎ واﺣﺪة‬‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻌ‬

large fluid compartment . 6

6 .‫ﺒﻴﺮة‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟ‬

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Extracellular Fluid Compartment • All the fluids outside the cells are collectively called the
extracellular fluid. Together these fluids account for about 20 per cent of the body weight, or about 14
liters in a normal 70 - kilogram adult . • The two largest compartments of the extracellular fluid are the

‫ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻌﺎ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺣﻮاﻟ‬.‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ • ﺗﺴﻤ‬
‫ • أﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرﺗﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ ‐ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام ﺑﺎﻟﻎ‬70 ‫ﻞ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ‬‫ا ﺑﺸ‬‫ ﻟﺘﺮ‬14 ‫ أو ﺣﻮاﻟ‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ وزن اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ ﻓ‬20
‫ﻫﻤﺎ‬

interstitial fluid , which makes up more than three fourths of the extracellular fluid, and the plasma,
which makes up almost one fourth of the extracellular fluid, or about 3 liters. • The extracellular fluids
have about the same composition except for proteins , which have a higher concentration in the
plasma

‫ أو‬، ‫ ﺗﻌﻮض ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ رﺑﻊ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬، ‫ واﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻞ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أرﺑﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺸ‬، ‫اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬
‫ ﺑﻼزﻣﺎ‬‫ ﻓ‬‫ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ أﻋﻠ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬، ‫ﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎء اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬‫ • اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ اﻟﺘ‬.‫ ﻟﺘﺮات‬3 ‫ﺣﻮاﻟ‬

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Electrolytes of the plasma 8

8 ‫اﻟﺸﻮارد ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬

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Ionic Composition of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Is Similar Because the plasma and interstitial fluid are
separated only by highly permeable capillary membranes, their ionic composition is similar. The most
important difference between these two compartments is the higher

‫ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻷﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ذات اﻟﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻓﺼﻞ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬‫ ﻟﻠﺒﻼزﻣﺎ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬‫اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺐ اﻷﻳﻮﻧ‬
‫ اﻷﻛﺜﺮ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻔﺮق ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﺮﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ أﻋﻠ‬.‫ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬‫ﻮﻳﻦ اﻷﻳﻮﻧ‬‫ اﻟﺘ‬، ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬

concentration of protein in the plasma; because the capillaries have a low permeability to the plasma
proteins, only small amounts of proteins are leaked into the interstitial spaces in most tissues. 9

‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺴﺮﻳﺐ ﻛﻤﻴﺎت ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﻓﻘﻂ‬، ‫ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ال اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬.‫ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻓ‬
9 .‫ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺨﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻓ‬‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻓ‬

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Nonelectrolytes of the plasma 10

10 ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬nonelectrolytes

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Transport of Substances Through the Cell Membrane 11

11 ‫ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻤﻮاد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬

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Transport through the cell membrane, either  directly through the lipid bilayer  through the proteins:
occurs by one of two basic processes: diffusion or active transport (1 )Diffusion Through the Cell
Membrane Diffusion through the cell membrane is divided into

‫ ﻳﺤﺪث أﺣﺪﻫﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ‬:‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت‬ ‫ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬ ‫ إﻣﺎ‬، ‫ﻧﻘﻞ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫( اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻳﻨﻘﺴﻢ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ إﻟ‬1) ‫ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر أو اﻟﻨﻘﻞ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ‬:‫اﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬

two subtypes: A. simple diffusion It means that kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through
a membrane opening or through intermolecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in
the membrane

‫ أن اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﻳﺤﺪث ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﻓﺘﺢ ﻏﺸﺎء أو ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل‬‫ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺑﺴﻴﻂ وﻫﺬا ﻳﻌﻨ‬.‫ أ‬:‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎن ﻓﺮﻋﻴﺎن‬
‫ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﻴﺔ دون أي ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ ﻓ‬

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B. Facilitated Diffusion Facilitated diffusion is also called carrier -mediated diffusion because a
substance transported in this manner diffuses through the membrane using a specific carrier protein
to help. 13

‫ﺎ ﺑﻮﺳﺎﻃﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻷن ﻣﺎدة ﻧﻘﻠﺖ ﺑﻬﺬه اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﻐﺸﺎء ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬‫ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﻤﻴﺴﺮة أﻳﻀ‬‫ ﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻳﺴﻤ‬.‫ب‬
13 .‫ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ ﻣﺤﺪدة اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪة‬

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The membrane of all cells consists of a lipid bilayer, but it also contains large numbers of protein
molecules. Different proteins function differently:  Watery spaces called channel proteins . They are
distinguished by two important characteristics: (1 ) They are often selectively permeable to

‫ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬.‫ أﻋﺪاد ﻛﺒﻴﺮة ﻣﻦ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻦ‬‫ﺎ ﻋﻠ‬‫ﻨﻬﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮي أﻳﻀ‬‫ وﻟ‬، ‫ﻮن ﻏﺸﺎء ﺟﻤﻴﻊ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻫﻮن‬‫ﻳﺘ‬
‫ﻮن ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ‬‫ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗ‬‫( ﻏﺎﻟﺒ‬1) :‫ ﻫﻢ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺑﺨﺼﺎﺋﺼﺘﻴﻦ ﻣﻬﻤﺘﻴﻦ‬.‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻘﻨﺎة‬‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤ‬ :‫ﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬‫اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﺑﺸ‬
‫ﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋ‬‫ﺑﺸ‬

certain substances. (2 ) Many of the channels can be opened or closed by gates ( Voltage gating and
Chemical gating ). It provides a means of controlling ion permeability of the channels  Carrier
proteins, bind with molecules or ions that are to

‫ ﻳﻮﻓﺮ وﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮة‬.(‫ﻴﻤﺎوﻳﺎت ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت‬‫ﻦ ﻓﺘﺢ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات أو ﻣﻐﻠﻖ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت )ﺑﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﺠﻬﺪ واﻟ‬‫( ﻳﻤ‬2) .‫ﻣﻮاد ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ اﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت أو اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت‬، ‫ ﺑﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫ أﻳﻮن ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ اﻟﻘﻨﻮات‬‫ﻋﻠ‬

be transported 14

14 ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‬

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Crossing the Plasma Membrane Diffusion • Diffusion is the random movement of molecules from the
area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration until they are equally distributed.
Osmosis

‫ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺣﺘ‬‫ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺴﻔﻠ‬‫ إﻟ‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر • اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺸﻮاﺋﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎت ﻣﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻷﻋﻠ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﻓﺬ‬.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوي‬

• Is the diffusion of water across a plasma membrane from low concentrated content into higher one.
Filtration • Because capillary walls are only one cell thick, small molecules (e.g., water or small
solutes) tend to passively diffuse across these walls

‫ اﻟﺘﺮﺷﻴﺢ • ﻷن اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺳﻮى ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ واﺣﺪ أﻋﻠ‬‫ﺰ إﻟ‬‫• ﻫﻞ ﻧﺸﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﺒﺮ ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺤﺘﻮى ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﺮﻛ‬
‫ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺠﺪران‬‫ﻞ ﺳﻠﺒ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺎء أو اﻟﻤﺬاﺑﺢ اﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮة( ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺸ‬، ‫ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬‫ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة ﺗﻤﻴﻞ ﺟﺰﻳﺌﺎت )ﻋﻠ‬، ‫واﺣﺪة‬

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Exchanges between compartments Fluid moves between the plasma and the interstitial fluid through
the walls of the capillaries, the smallest blood vessels . This movement occurs as a result of two forces
:  The hydrostatic pressure within the

‫ أﺻﻐﺮ اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل ﺟﺪران اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬‫اﻟﺘﺒﺎدﻻت ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻤﻘﺼﻮرات ﻳﺘﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ و اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬
‫ داﺧﻞ‬‫ اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴ‬ :‫ ﻫﺬا ﺗﺤﺪث اﻟﺤﺮﻛﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻘﻮﺑﻴﻦ‬.‫اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬

capillaries, pushing water and solutes out .  an osmotic(pressure) gradient : The exact amount of
pressure required to stop osmosis is called the osmotic pressure ( eg . plasma proteins in the
capillaries, drawing water into the capillaries) .

‫ اﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻣﻘﺪار اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮب ﻟﻮﻗﻒ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺢ ﻳﺴﻤ‬:(‫ اﻟﺘﺪرج اﻷﺳﻤﻮزي )اﻟﻀﻐﻂ‬ .‫ ودﻓﻊ اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟﻤﺬاب‬، ‫اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬
.(‫ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬‫ وﺟﺬب اﻟﻤﺎء إﻟ‬، ‫ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت ﻓ‬.‫ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل‬‫ )ﻋﻠ‬‫اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺤ‬

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• Since the capillary walls are permeable to other solutes but not to plasma proteins, it is the proteins
alone that cause an osmotic pressure difference between plasma and interstitial fluid . The volume of
fluid leaving the capillaries slightly exceeds that re - entering . This excess interstitial fluid is taken up
by

‫ إﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت وﺣﺪه اﻟﺬي ﻳﺴﺒﺐ‬، ‫ﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺒﺮوﺗﻴﻨﺎت اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬‫ا ﻷن اﻟﺠﺪران اﻟﺸﻌﺮﻳﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ﻟﻶﺧﺮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب وﻟ‬‫• ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‐ ‫ ذﻟﻚ إﻋﺎدة‬‫ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺬي ﻳﺘﺮك اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻳﺘﺠﺎوز ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬.‫ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ واﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬‫اﺧﺘﻼف اﻟﻀﻐﻂ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺤ‬
‫ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﺎول ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬.‫اﻟﺪﺧﻮل‬

the lymph vessels and returns to the vascular system at the base of the neck where the main lymph
vessel, the thoracic duct, joins the venous system . • If the cell membrane were freely permeable,
diffusion would continue until those ions were evenly distributed across the membrane, at equilibrium .
But

‫ ﺗﻨﻀﻢ إﻟ‬، ‫ اﻟﻘﻨﺎة اﻟﺼﺪرﻳﺔ‬، ‫ ﻗﺎﻋﺪة اﻟﺮﻗﺒﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ وﻋﺎء اﻟﻠﻴﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ اﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴ‬‫ ﻧﻈﺎم اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ﻓ‬‫اﻷوﻋﻴﺔ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺔ وﺗﻌﻮد إﻟ‬
‫ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻚ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺎوي ﻣﻮزﻋﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ‬‫ ﻓﺈن اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﺳﻮف ﺗﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺣﺘ‬، ‫ • إذا ﻛﺎن ﻏﺸﺎء اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ﺑﺤﺮﻳﺔ‬.‫اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻮرﻳﺪي‬
‫ﻦ‬‫ ﻟ‬.‫ اﻟﺘﻮازن‬‫ ﻓ‬، ‫اﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬

an even distribution does not occur, because cells have selectively permeable membranes . 19

19 .‫ﻞ اﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋ‬‫ ﻷن اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ أﻏﺸﻴﺔ ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔ ﺑﺸ‬، ٍ‫ﻻ ﻳﺤﺪث ﺗﻮزﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎو‬

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Clinical Abnormalities of Fluid Volume Regulation: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia • The primary
measurement for evaluating a patient’s fluid status is the plasma sodium concentration. Plasma
osmolarity is not routinely measured, but because sodium and its associated anions (mainly chloride)
account for more than 90

‫ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺮﻳﺾ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬‫ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺻﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺪم وﻓﺮط ﺻﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺪم • اﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻷﺳﺎﺳ‬:‫ﺗﺸﻮﻫﺎت ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ‬
‫ﻦ ﻷن اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم واﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ﺗﻤﺜﻞ اﻷﻧﻴﻮﻧﺎت‬‫ وﻟ‬، ‫ﻞ روﺗﻴﻨ‬‫ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﺑﺸ‬osmolarity ‫ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ‬.‫ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬‫ﻫ‬
90 ‫ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ( أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬‫ﻞ رﺋﻴﺴ‬‫اﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ )ﺑﺸ‬

per cent of the solute in the extracellular fluid, plasma sodium concentration is a reasonable indicator
of plasma osmolarity under many conditions. • When plasma sodium concentration is reduced more
than a few milliequivalents below normal (about 142 mEq /L ), a person is said to have hyponatremia
(Excess water or loss of

‫ ﻇﻞ اﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ‬‫ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻫﻮ ﻣﺆﺷﺮ ﻣﻌﻘﻮل ﻟﻠﺒﻼزﻣﺎ اﻷﺳﻤﻮﻟﻴﺔ ﻓ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﻤﺎﺋﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻓ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ أ ﻳﻘﺎل‬، (MEQ /L 142 ‫ﻮﻳﻨﺘﺎت أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻌﺘﺎد )ﺣﻮاﻟ‬‫ • ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ أ ﺑﻀﻊ ﻣﻴﻠﻴ‬.‫اﻟﻈﺮوف‬
‫ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻘﺺ ﺻﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺪم )اﻟﻤﻴﺎه اﻟﺰاﺋﺪة أو ﻓﻘﺪان‬‫إن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﺎﻧ‬

sodium ). When plasma sodium concentration is elevated above normal, a person is said to have
hypernatremia (Water loss or excess sodium ) 21

‫ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺮط ﺻﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺪم )ﻓﻘﺪان‬‫ ﻳﻘﺎل إن اﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﻳﻌﺎﻧ‬، ‫ﺎ أﻋﻼه ﻃﺒﻴﻌ‬‫ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌ‬‫ﻮن ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم ﻓ‬‫ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳ‬.( ‫ﺻﻮدﻳﻮم‬
21 (‫اﻟﻤﻴﺎه أو اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ‬

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Dehydration • Dehydration is due to a loss of water . The solute concentration in extracellular fluid
increases — that is, tissue fluid becomes hypertonic to cells, and water leaves the cells . •
Gastrointestinal and urinary losses of fluids result in the

‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻣﻔﺮﻃًﺎ ﻓ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‐ أي‬‫ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻳﺰداد اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓ‬.‫ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻤﺎء‬‫ﺗﺠﻔﻴﻒ • اﻟﺠﻔﺎف ﻳﺮﺟﻊ إﻟ‬
‫ واﻟﺒﻮل ﻟﻠﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺗﺆدي إﻟ‬‫ • ﺧﺴﺎﺋﺮ اﻟﺠﻬﺎز اﻟﻬﻀﻤ‬. ‫ وأوراق اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬، ‫اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬

loss of water and electrolytes including sodium, potassium, chloride and bicarbonate . The amount and
type of electrolytes lost depend on the disease that is causing the abnormal loss (vomiting, diarrhea) .
The fluid and electrolytes which are lost originate initially from the extracellular compartment .

‫ اﻟﻤﺮض‬‫ اﻟﻤﺒﻠﻎ و ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻧﻮع اﻟﺸﻮارد اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة ﻋﻠ‬.‫ﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎت‬‫ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ وﺑﻴ‬، ‫ اﻟﺒﻮﺗﺎﺳﻴﻮم‬، ‫ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬‫ﻬﺎرل ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓ‬‫ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻤﺎء واﻟ‬
.‫ اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرة ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ وﺗﻨﺸﺄ اﻟﺸﻮارد اﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮدة ﻓ‬.(‫ اﻹﺳﻬﺎل‬، ‫ء‬‫ )اﻟﻘ‬‫ ﻓﻘﺪان ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ‬‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻓ‬

• Water intoxication is due to a gain in water . The solute concentration in extracellular fluid decreases
— that is, tissue fluid becomes hypotonic to the cells 22

‫ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻧﻘﺺ‬، ‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ ‐ أي‬‫ اﻟﻤﺬاب ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻗﺺ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻓ‬.‫ اﻟﻤﺎء‬‫ﺴﺐ ﻓ‬‫ ﻣ‬‫• ﺗﺴﻤﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء ﻳﺮﺟﻊ إﻟ‬
22 ‫اﻟﺘﻮﺗﺮ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬

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Function of water  Temperature regulation  Protective cushion  Lubricant  Solvent  Transport

‫ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫ اﻟﻤﺬﻳﺒﺎت‬ ‫ زﻳﻮت اﻟﺘﺸﺤﻴﻢ‬ ‫ وﺳﺎدة واﻗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫وﻇﻴﻔﺔ اﻟﻤﺎء‬

 Reactant 24

24 ‫ اﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

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Measurement of body fluid The volume of various compartments of body fluids can be measured using
well known technique employing the dilution principle Volume B = Volume A X Concentration A
Concentration B

‫ﻦ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ ﺟﻴﺪًا ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﻇﻴﻒ ﻣﺒﺪأ اﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬‫ﻗﻴﺎس ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرات اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻳﻤ‬
‫ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ب‬X ‫ = ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬B ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‬

V ₌ Q/C V ₌ volume Q ₌ quantity of substance C ₌ concentration 25

25 ‫ ₌ اﻟﺤﺠﻢ س ₌ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة ج ₌ اﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ‬V ₌ Q/C V

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The characteristic of substances that measured body fluids The substances for measurement of certain
compartments of body fluid should take into consideration that: (1) the substance should distribute
only in the exactly

‫( ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﻮزع‬1) :‫ ذﻟﻚ‬‫ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﺴﻮاﺋﻞ ﻣﻮاد ﻗﻴﺎس ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺠﺐ أن ﺗﺄﺧﺬ ﻣﻘﺼﻮرات ﺳﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻓ‬‫ﺳﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘ‬
‫ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‬‫اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓ‬

compartment (2) it should be distributed uniformly in all part of fluid. (3) it should not be rapidly
excreted or metabolized. (4) it should not be toxic 27

‫ﺎ‬‫ﻮن ﺳﺎﻣ‬‫ أن ﻳ‬‫( ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐ‬4) .‫ أن ﻳﻔﺮز أو اﺳﺘﻘﻼﺑﻬﺎ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬‫( ﻻ ﻳﻨﺒﻐ‬3) .‫ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬‫ﻞ ﻣﻮﺣﺪ ﻓ‬‫( ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮزﻳﻌﻪ ﺑﺸ‬2) ‫ﺣﺠﺮة‬
27

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Type of substances that measured body fluids A. Total body water : is measured by injection of
deuterium oxide (D 2 O , heavy water))or tritarium water. B. Intracellular fluid (Calculated as Total
body water – Extracellular fluid volume).

((‫ اﻟﻤﺎء اﻟﺜﻘﻴﻞ‬، D 2 O) ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺣﻘﻦ أﻛﺴﻴﺪ اﻟﺪﻳﻮﺗﻴﺮﻳﻮم‬:‫ ﻣﺎء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬.‫ ﺗﻘﻴﺲ ﺳﻮاﺋﻞ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ أ‬‫ﻧﻮع اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﺘ‬
.(‫ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻟﻤﺎء ‐ ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ أﻧﻪ إﺟﻤﺎﻟ‬‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ )ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻋﻠ‬.‫أو ﻣﻴﺎه ﺗﺮﻳﺘﺎروم‬

C. plasma volume was measured by Evans blue D. Extracellular fluid: radioactive sodium, radioactive
chloride, radioactive iothalamate 28

28 ‫ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋ‬، ‫ ﻛﻠﻮرﻳﺪ اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬، ‫ اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻟﻤﺸﻊ‬:‫ اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.D ‫ﺗﻢ ﻗﻴﺎس ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ ﺑﻮاﺳﻄﺔ إﻳﻔﺎﻧﺰ ﺑﻠﻮ‬

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Edema : Edema refers to the presence of excess fluid in the body tissues . Intracellular Edema:
Inflammation usually has a direct effect on the cell membranes to increase their permeability, allowing
sodium and other ions to diffuse into the interior of the cell, with subsequent osmosis of water into the
cells .

‫ﻮن ﻟﻼﻟﺘﻬﺎب ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠ‬‫ ﻋﺎدة ﻣﺎ ﻳ‬:‫ اﻟﻮذﻣﺔ داﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬.‫ أﻧﺴﺠﺔ اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬‫ وﺟﻮد اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ اﻟﺰاﺋﺪ ﻓ‬‫ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ اﻟﻮذﻣﺔ إﻟ‬: ‫اﻟﻮذﻣﺔ‬
‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺘﻨﺎﺿﺢ اﻟﻼﺣﻖ‬، ‫ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬‫ اﻟﺠﺰء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠ‬‫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺴﻤﺎح اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم واﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎت اﻷﺧﺮى ﻟﺘﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻓ‬، ‫أﻏﺸﻴﺔ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻧﻔﺎذﻳﺔﻫﺎ‬
.‫ اﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎه ﻓ‬

 depression of the metabolic systems of the tissues,  lack of adequate nutrition to the cells.
Extracellular Edema (1 ) abnormal leakage of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial spaces across the
capillaries, and ( 2 ) failure of the lymphatics to return fluid from the interstitial back into the blood

‫( ﺗﺴﺮب ﻏﻴﺮ ﻃﺒﻴﻌ‬1) ‫ وذﻣﺔ ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬.‫ﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬‫ ﻋﺪم وﺟﻮد اﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ اﻟ‬ ، ‫ ﻟﻸﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬‫ أﻧﻈﻤﺔ اﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ اﻟﻐﺬاﺋ‬‫ اﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎب ﻓ‬
‫ ﻓ‬‫ إرﺟﺎع اﻟﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻈﻬﺮ اﻟﺨﻼﻟ‬‫( ﻓﺸﻞ اﻟﻠﻤﻔﺎوﻳﺎت ﻓ‬2) ‫ و‬، ‫ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﺣﺎت اﻟﺨﻼﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ اﻟﺸﻌﻴﺮات اﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ‬‫ﻟﻠﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺒﻼزﻣﺎ إﻟ‬
‫اﻟﺪم‬

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