有機化學⼀ Henry Li

Chapter 6 Chemical Reactivity and Mechanisms-1

6-1 Enthalpy
In general chemistry, you learned about the nature of electrons and their ability to
formed bonds (MO theory). Today, we are going to talk about more complex system:
______________.

To understand the reaction at atomic level, we studied following things:

A) ________________: Step by step description; Which bonds break/form? (Use
_____________ to describe.
B) ________________: energy changes; Which products are more/less stable?
C) ________________: rate of the reactions; Which products form fast?

Enthalpy (ΔH or q (焓)):

Heat energy exchange between the reaction and its surrounding at constant pressure.
In reaction: bonds break (_______________) and form (_________________).
Mechanism of bonds break:
Homolytic Bond Cleavage Heterolytic Bond Cleavage

Bond Dissociation Energy (________________): energy is absorbed in bond

breaking, so BDE is always ＿＿＿＿＿＿.
ΔH° =
Example: Calculate the ΔH° of the following reaction. (BDE of (CH3)C-H: 91 kcal/mole;
I2: 36 kcal/mole; (CH3)C-I: 50 kcal/mole; HI: 71 kcal/mole)

(CH3)3CH + I 2 (CH3)3CI + HI

1
有機化學⼀ Henry Li

Which direction reaction favors?

Exothermic (_______): the system gives energy to the surrounding (ΔH°= __ ).
Endothermic (_______): the system receives energy from the surrounding (ΔH°= __ ).

The reaction favors __________, (ΔH° is _______).

Practice: Calculate the overall ΔH° and the reaction favored products or reactants?
(BDE refers table 6.1 in your book)

CH3CH 2CH3 + F 2 CH3CHFCH3 + HF

Next, to evaluate the reaction that occur sponaneously…

6-2 Entropy (ΔS, (熵)): changes in the order of a system

Example: