GEOGRAPHICAL

SPACE
 Geography
All the places in the world have different characteristics, and
there is always a certain component that distinguishes one
from another. Their study and knowledge corresponds to
geography.
Geography is also considered a science that studies the social
construction of space.
 Geographical space
Defines space organized by society or human
groups in their interrelation with the
environment.
Components of the
Geographical space
Natural, social, cultural, economic and political.
 Natural components
Are those relating to nature, such as
topography, climate, water, soil and
subsoil, and those of a biological nature like
flora and fauna. (Not man-made)
Earthquakes
Relief
Oceans, rivers, lakes
Astronomical elements
Underground water
 Social components
Point out the specific characteristics of a population
such as absolute population and relative population
or population density.

Absolute population. The total population of a

place.
Relative population or population density. The
number of inhabitants per square km.
Work
Health
Migration
Education
Economic components
Are represented by all the activities done by groups
through the exploitation and use of natural
resources.
Fishing Forestry
Agriculture Communication
Livestock Transportation
Hunting Trade
Industry Tourism
Finance
Political components

Armies
International treaties
Armed conflicts
Borders
Governments
States
Cultural components
Regions that share aspects such as:
Culture Art
Religions Technology
Types of food Ethnic groups
Science Traditions
Language
Differences in geographical space in
San Luis Potosí
 Categories of
Analysis of
Geographical Space

Place
Environment
Landscape
Region
Territory
 Categories of spatial
analysis (5)
1. Place
It refers to a specific and unique
place. Places can be found
through their coordinates-each
one having a specific location – or
by their common name.
2. Environment
It is the result of the interaction
between nature and society. It is
the space in which human beings
carry out their activities.
 Categories of spatial
analysis (5)
3. Landscape 4. Region

It is the geographical space such It is a continuous extension of

as mountains, roads, factories, Earth’s surface that has
fields, etc. There are two types homogenous and unique
characteristics; therefore the
of landscapes: the natural ones,
region is similar in its geographical
and the cultural ones.
components. Regions can be
natural, cultural and economic.
Categories of spatial
analysis (5)
5. Territory
It refers to a geographically
limited space from a cultural,
historic and political point of
view.
countries
federal entities
counties or a
borough
Example: France
Individually apply your knowledge
page 13
 ABIOTIC, BIOTIC, ANTHROPIC

ABIOTIC: Non-living factors

BIOTIC: Living organisms.
in the environment.
Examples: animals, plants,
Example: fire, water, ice,
people.
rocks, sunlight, clouds,
temperature, air.

ANTHROPIC: Produced by man.

 CLIMATES

Climates are determined by:

temperature
atmospheric pressure
wind
humidity
cloudiness
precipitation
evaporation
 CLIMATES

Climates can be modified by:

Latitude
Altitude
Topography of land and sea
distribution
Marine currents
Ozone layer
Individually apply your knowledge
page 16
Differences in the cartographic representation
of Local, National, and Global Scales.

Cartography: It´s related to

the representation of the Map: abstraction of
Earth´s surface. reality where the Earth´s
surface is represented.
Main function of
Cartography: Elaboration of
maps, blueprints and globes.
 INEGI
National Institute of Statistics and
Geography.
This institute is in charge of generating data,
which helps to provide insights about Mexico's
development.
 To achieve an ideal analysis of geographical space
different scales may be used.

TYPES OF SCALES

GLOBAL: Continental (Planet as a whole)

REGIONAL: Natural, economic, or cultural regions
NATIONAL: Countries, federal entities.
LOCAL: Cities, villages, towns, landscapes in great detail.
Individually apply your knowledge
on page 18
In maps, we use two types of
scales:
graphical and numerical scale
Individually apply your knowledge
on page 19
 The use of the
numerical and
graphic scales in
Cartographic
Representations

Complete the chart on

page 20
 Earth´s circles and
points
They provide accuracy when locating a specific place.

Poles Axis
Imaginary line
 Geographical coordinates
Parallels and Meridians are called the coordinates system.
The geographical coordinates are measured in degrees (º), minutes (´), and
seconds (´´).
 Earth´s circles and points
Imaginary lines

Parallels Meridians Equator

Perpendicular to the Perpendicular to the Divides the Earth into
axis. equator. Direction two hemispheres:
from pole to pole. north and south.
 Geographical coordinates

Latitude Longitude Altitude

Distance between any Distance between any Distance between any
point and the equator. point and the point and the sea level
Degrees from 0 to 90 Greenwich meridian. Measured vertically in
(º) Degrees from 0 to 180 meters.
(º)
 LOGUITUDE, LATITUDE AND
ALTITUDE
Coordinates of Madrid, Spain
40° 25′ 0″ N; 3° 42′ 12″ O 657m

LATITUDE LONGUITUDE ALTITUDE

 TIME ZONES

A day is the time it takes for the Earth to rotate once on its
axis. (Rotation Movement)
24 hours are divided by 360 degrees of the Earth = 15 degrees
of longitude are the time zones.
The first time zone is the Greenwich Meridian. Time zone -
GMT (Greenwich Mean Time).
Because the Earth rotates east, time zones in the west will be
earlier than those in the east.
The International Date Line is located at the 180th meridian.
Individually apply your knowledge
on page 23
 Cartographic Projections

CYLINDRICAL CONIC AZIMUTHAL

 CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
(MERCATOR)
Used to create planispheres or to make navigational,
maritime and aearial maps. (Mapamundi)
The area of ​the equator is the one with the least
distortions.
Parallels and meridians intersect at 90 degree angles.
 CONIC PROJECTION

Represents continents, regions of medium

latitudes or specific countries.
The deformations are greater and progressive.
Useful to map small areas.
 AZIMUTHAL PROJECTIONS
Used to map polar areas, Antarctica and the Arctic
Ocean.
Only one point touches its plain.
Due to their visibility, the regions can increase in size
and therefore appear to be deformed.
 AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY
An essential tool in cartography that helps with spatial analysis.
It originated at the same time as the invention of the airplane.
It consists of achieving photographs taken at a specific height.
They portray detailed images of the Earth.
 SATELLITE IMAGES
They allow for the remote sensing of underground water bodies,
fuel deposits, hurricane behaviors, and the creation of highly
precise maps.
Also provide information on a sector of the Earth.
Satellite images can be used in geology, meteorology, ecology, and
agriculture.
 GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)
Accurately establish the geographical coordinates of a point, a line,
or an area on the surface of the planet.
 GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Integrates different types and sets of data to create a projection
based on the overlay of maps.
Can create high-quality maps in different types of scales.