Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)

Week 1 & 2 – Introduction

Dr. Tariq Jamil

E-mail: tariqjamil@neduet.edu.pk
Office: DICE Energy Lab, MED, NEDUET
Office Hours : Monday, Wed, Friday – 15:00 hours onwards

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 Myself – Dr. Tariq Jamil
Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department
NED University of Engg. & Tech. Karachi
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• Undergrad and M. Engg. in Mechanical Engineering from NED University of Engineering &
TJTechnology, Karachi. TJ TJ TJ TJ

• Masters
TJleading Ph.D. from University
TJ of Colorado-Boulder, CO, TJ USA TJ
• 20 high impact publications related to materials engineering – 505 citations
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• Spend ~7 years in industry in different techno-commercial positions
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• Have 14 years of teaching and research experience in higher education institutes

TJ information visit
• For more TJ TJ TJ
scholars.google.com → Tariq Jamil (h-index = 9, i10-index = 9)
https://med.neduet.edu.pk/ → Faculty → Tariq Jamil
 Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
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Introduction
TJ TJ and Engineering, classification
Importance of Material Science TJ TJ property charts
of materials, material TJ

Metallic TJ
Materials TJ TJ TJ
Crystallography: Types of crystal structures, atomic packing factor, Miller indices of crystallographic
TJ TJ Imperfections in solids:TJ
planes and directions TJ of point defects and their
Classification of defects, types TJ
effects on material properties, dislocations, kinetics of dislocations, dislocation interactions,
significance of dislocations on material permanent deformation
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Mechanical properties of materials: Deformation behavior of materials under tensile and
compressive loads, Hardness testing, Testing of materials under impact loading, fundamentals of
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fracture mechanics, importance of fracture mechanics, material characterization of fracture surfaces,
stress distribution around a crack, fatigue testing, S-N curves, creep deformation behavior, ASTM
standards for all mechanical tests

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 Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
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Diffusion in materials: Diffusion theory, equilibrium and non-equilibrium diffusion mechanisms, effect
of diffusion on material properties
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Heat treatment and phase transformation in materials: Types of heat treatment processes, effects
of heat treatment
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TJ and properties, conceptsTJ
of phases in solids, solubility
TJ limit in
solid solutions, strengthening mechanisms (solid solution and precipitate strengthening), binary phase
TJ diagrams, iron-ironTJcarbide phase diagram, diffusional
TJ and non-diffusional
TJphase transformation, TJ
kinetics of phase transformation

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Polymers TJ TJ TJ TJ
Structure, Thermoplastics and Thermosetting Polymers, Copolymers, Polymer Crystals, Defects in
Polymers
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Characteristic, Applications and Processing of Polymers: Mechanical Behavior, Viscoelasticity,
Fracture, Strengthening Mechanism, Polymer Types, Polymer Processing

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 Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
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Ceramics: Ceramic Structure Imperfections in ceramics, Mechanical Properties Applications and
Processing of Ceramics: Types and Applications, Fabrication and Processing
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Composites: Introduction, Particle Reinforced Composites, Fiber Reinforced Composites, Processing

of Composites,
TJ Sandwich Panels TJ TJ TJ

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Environmental Degradation: Material degradation, corrosion, Stress corrosion cracking, corrosion
prevention,
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Advanced Materials
Nanomaterials:
TJ Classifications of nanomaterials,
TJ nanomaterialTJproperties, synthesis and TJ
characterization of nanomaterials, significance and application of nanomaterials
Advanced high strength steels: Classification of AHSS, material and mechanical characterization of
AHSS, properties and applications of AHSS
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 Books / Resource Material
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• Text book: “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction” by

David G. Rethwisch, 9th Edition
TJ William D. Callister and TJ TJ TJ TJ

• Reference book: Principles of Material Sciences & Engineering by

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William F. Smith, 3rd Edition
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• Online resources (Lectures and resource material on Google
classroom, YouTube, Wikipedia)
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 Course Learning Outcomes
Taxonomy Programme learning
TJ Sr. No. TJ CLOs TJ TJ TJ
level outcome (PLO)
At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
Discuss the mechanical properties, crystallography, degradation, and imperfections of
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1 Chapter 1(introduction and Materials Classification), 3 (Crystalline), 4 (Imperfection), 6 C2 PLO – 1
(Mechanical Properties), 7 (partly; dislocations), 17 (degradation; partly)
TJ Presentation (5 marks), MidTJ
Attempts: Term Exam, Final Exam TJ TJ
Analyze the diffusion, and phase transformation and their effect on material properties.
TJ 2 TJ 9 (Phase Diagrams)
Chapter 5 (Diffusion), TJ TJ C4 PLO – TJ
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Attempts: Mid Term Exam, Final Exam, (Assignment - 7)
Selection of engineering materials in a team or as an individual based on the
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understanding of different classes TJ TJ TJ
Chapter 8 (Failure), 12 ( Ceramics; partly), 13 ( Ceramics ; partly), 14 (Polymer; partly), 15
3 C6 PLO – 9
(polymer; partly), 16 (composite; partly), 22 (Material Selection; important, from edition 7),
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23 (material selection; partly) TJ TJ TJ
Attempts: Final Exam, CEP (8 marks)
Follow experimental procedures used in material science and engineering including
4 P3 PLO – 4
sample preparation, material’s treatment, characterization and engineering applications
Highlighted topics are planned to be covered before the Mid Term Examination and would be the part of the exam. 7
 Materials Science and Engineering
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Interdisciplinary field of materials science and engineering, is the design and discovery of new
materials, particularly solids.
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• “Materials Science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and
properties
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• “Materials Engineering” is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations,
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designing/engineering TJ
the structure of a material TJ
to produce a predetermined set of properties TJ

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 Structure of Materials and Optical Properties
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The ceramic material aluminum oxide, also known as alumina, is completely transparent, translucent
or opaque – depending onTJ
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 Why Should we Learn Materials Science and
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Engineering?
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• Innovative design
TJ • Clever use of materials…..
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e.g. Plastic paper pins, TJ TJ
coated turbine blades
• For more efficient machines/devices…. heat engines, sharper
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knives, bearing with ultra low friction, efficient batteries etc.
TJ • Meeting growing
TJ needs… for smarterTJ
systems and advance TJ TJ
applications.

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• To avoid engineering disasters TJ TJ TJ
• Crack in aircraft structures, buckling of plastic spoons
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Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, food
production etc. ….effect nearly every segment of our everyday lives

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 Why Should we Learn Materials Science and
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Engineering?
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• Professional EngineeringTJ TJ
should know the material selection TJ TJ
• (more than 50,000 materials for engineers)
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• Understand properties of materials and their limitation
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• Order of magnitude of the properties of common material should be on tips. (e.g. 10 apples/kg)
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 Class Property

Economic and Environmental Price and availability

Recyclability
Classes of Property Sustainability
Carbon footprint
TJ TJ TJGeneral Physical TJ Density
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Mechanical Modulus
Yield and tensile strength
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Hardness TJ
Fracture toughness
Fatigue strength
Creep strength
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Thermal Thermal conductivity
Specific Heat
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Thermal expansion coefficient
Electrical and Magnetic Resistivity
Dielectric constant
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Magnetic TJ
Environmental interaction Oxidation
Corrosion
Wear
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Production Ease of manufacture
Joining
Finishing
Aesthetic Color
Texture 12
Feel
 Common Properties of Engineering Materials
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Mechanical Properties:
TJ • Strength: TJa material to withstand an appliedTJ
The ability of TJ
force without breaking or deforming. TJ
• Stiffness: The degree to which a material resists deformation under stress.
• Ductility: The ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture or fracture.
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• Hardness: TJ to indentation, scratching, abrasion,
The resistance of a material TJ or penetration. TJ
• Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and deform plastically before fracturing.
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Thermal Properties: TJ TJ TJ
• Thermal Conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct heat.
• Thermal Expansion: The tendency of a material to expand or contract with changes in temperature.
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• Specific Heat Capacity: The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of the material by
one degree Celsius.
Electrical Properties:
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• Electrical Conductivity: The ability of a material to conduct an electric current. 
• Dielectric Strength: The maximum voltage required to produce a dielectric breakdown through a material.

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 Common Properties of Engineering Materials
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Chemical Properties:
TJ • Corrosion Resistance: TJ TJ
The ability of a material to resist deterioration TJ reactions with its
or degradation due to chemical TJ
environment.
• Chemical Stability: The ability of a material to maintain its properties when exposed to various chemicals.
• Chemical
TJ Inertness: The lack of TJ
reactivity with certain substances. TJ TJ
Optical Properties:
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• Transparency/Opacity: TJcan pass through a material.
The extent to which light TJ TJ
• Refraction: The bending of light as it passes through a material.
• Color: The appearance of a material due to the selective absorption and reflection of light.
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Environmental Properties: TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Weather Resistance: The ability of a material to withstand exposure to outdoor conditions, including sunlight, rain, and
temperature variations.
• UVTJ
Resistance: TJresist damage from ultraviolet (UV)
The ability to TJradiation. TJ
Density and Weight:
• Density: The mass per unit volume of a material.

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 Common Properties of Engineering Materials
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Cost and Availability:

TJ • Cost: TJ feasibility of using a particular
The economic TJ material in a given application.
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• Availability: The ease with which a material can be sourced.
Fabrication and Processing:
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• Machinability: The ease with which a material can be machined.

TJ • Weldability:TJ The ability of a material

TJ to be welded. TJ TJ
• Formability: The ease with which a material can be shaped or formed.
• etc.
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Magnetic Properties: TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Permeability: The ability of a material to become magnetized when exposed to an external magnetic field.
• Magnetic Susceptibility: The degree of magnetization of a material in response to an applied magnetic field.
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 Case Study –
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World War
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II Welded Merchant
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Ships
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Failure TJ

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Low fracture toughness of the steel – particularly of the welds 1-1 was too low
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 Case Study - SpaceX
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• SpaceX is developing to take people to and from Mars and other

TJdistant destinations TJ TJ TJ TJ
SpaceX's Starship spacecraft

• Material - Stainless steel rather than carbon fiber

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TJ • Carbon fiber costs

TJ $135 per kilogram, moreover
TJ ~35% of the TJ TJ
stuff get scrapped during manufacturing on the other hand
stainless steel costs $3 per kilogram
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• SS has high melting point
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Service to Earth Orbit, the

Moon, Mars and Beyond
Video title: Why SpaceX Built A Stainless Steel Starship
Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6AcE7hBhpYU&t=32s 17
 Classes of Materials
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TJ TJ TJ Natural
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• Wood
• Leather
• Cotton/wool/silk
A ceramic is a solid material comprising an inorganic compound of • Bone
metal, non-metal or metalloid atoms primarily held in ionic and covalent 18
bonds. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick.
 Advantage and Disadvantages of Metals, Ceramics
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and Polymer
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Metals Ceramic Polymer

Advantages:
TJ TJ Advantages: TJ Advantages:
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• High stiffness and strength • Low coefficient of friction • Lightweight
• Ductile • Extremely high melting point • Strong and durable
• High fracture
TJ toughness •TJCorrosion resistance TJ • Cheap TJ
• Good conductor of heat and • Low density • Easy to manufacture
TJ electricity TJ • ExtremeTJhardness • TJ
Wide range of material TJ
• Superior aesthetics • Inexpensive
• Magnetic properties • Easily available
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Disadvantages: Disadvantages: Disadvantages:

• Relatively
TJ Dense
• Expensive
• Oxidation/corrosion
• Wider range of process
needed for manufacturing
•TJDimensional tolerances TJ
difficult to control during
processing
• Weak in tension
• Poor shock resistance
• Can not biodegrade
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• Cannot withstand very high
temperature
• Made from oil, a non-
renewable resource.
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 Composite Materials
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 Types of Materials
• Metallic Materials
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➢ Composed of one or more metallic
elements.
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❑ Example:- Iron, Copper, Aluminum.
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➢ Metallic
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element may combine
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with TJ
nonmetallic elements.
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❑ Example:- Silicon Carbide, Iron Oxide.
➢ Inorganic and have crystalline structure.
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➢ Good thermal and electric conductors.
Metals and Alloys
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Ferrous Nonferrous
Eg: Steel, Eg:Copper
Cast Iron Aluminum
 Types of Materials
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• Polymeric (Plastic) Materials
➢ Organic giant molecules and mostly
TJ TJ noncrystalline. TJ TJ TJ
➢ Some are mixtures of crystalline and
noncrystalline regions.
TJ ➢ Poor
TJ conductors of electricity
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hence used as insulators.
TJ TJ ➢ StrengthTJand ductility vary greatly.
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➢ Low densities and decomposition
temperatures.
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➢ Examples :- Poly vinyl Chloride
(PVC), Polyester.
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➢ Applications TJ
:- Appliances, DVDs, TJ
Fabrics etc.
 Types of Materials
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• Ceramic Materials
TJ TJ nonmetallic elements
➢ Metallic and TJ are chemically bondedTJ together. TJ
➢ Inorganic but can be either crystalline, noncrystalline or mixture of
TJ both. TJ TJ TJ
➢ High hardness, strength and wear resistance.
TJ ➢ Very
TJ good insulator. Hence
TJ used for furnace lining
TJ for heat treating and
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melting metals.
➢ Also used in space shuttle to insulate it during exit and reentry into
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atmosphere.
➢ Other applications : Abrasives, construction materials, utensils etc.
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➢ Example:- Porcelain, Glass, Silicon nitride.
 Types of Materials
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• Composite Materials
TJ ➢ Mixture TJ
of two or more materials.
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➢ Consists of a filler material and a binding material.
➢ Materials only bond, will not dissolve in each other.
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➢ Mainly two types :-
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o Fibrous: Fibers in TJ
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a matrix TJ TJ
o Particulate: Particles in a matrix
o Matrix can be metals, ceramic or polymer
TJ ➢ ExamplesTJ :- TJ TJ TJ
❑ Fiber Glass ( Reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy
matrix)
TJ ❑ Concrete ( Gravels
TJ or steel rodsTJreinforced in cementTJand
sand)
➢ Applications:- Aircraft wings and engine, construction.
 Types of Materials
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• Electronic Materials
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➢ Not Major by volume but very
important.
TJ ➢ Silicon
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is a common electronic TJ
material.
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➢ Its electrical characteristics are
changed by adding impurities.
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➢ Examples:- Silicon chips,
TJ transistors
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➢ Applications :- Computers,
Integrated Circuits, Satellites etc.
 Case Study - Screw Driver
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TJ TJ TJ • Impact TJ Carbon Steel TJ

toughness • High value of E and G
• High yield strength
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Polymethylemethacrylate TJ TJ TJ TJ
(Plexiglass, Perspex), or wood
• Light weight
• Insulator TJ TJ TJ TJ high hardness
• Need
• Cheap • Magnetic
• Appearance, and feel or texture

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 Case Study – Turbine Blades
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Aerodynamics thrust
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Titanium based alloy Nickel-based alloys
• Good modulus • Good modulus
• TJYield strength TJ • TJYield strength TJ
• Fracture toughness • Do not get soft at Temperature ~950 oC
• Corrosion (must fly over seas) • Resistance to creep and to oxidation
• Low density
• A bird strike may demolish blade with CFRP
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TJ ThankTJyou for your Attention

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Feel free to post questions on google class room
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 CLO Assessment Mechanism
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Assessment Module TJ CLO 1 CLO 2 TJ
CLO 3 CLO-4 TJ
Presentation (5/40)
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Assignment/Mini
Project *
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(10/40)
TJ Sessional
TJ MCQ based online TestTJ TJ TJ
Evaluation (5/40) *

TJ Mid Term
TJ / Test TJ TJ TJ
* *
(20/40)

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Lab *

Final Exam (60%) * * *

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