Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)

Week 3

Mechanical Properties of Materials

Dr. Tariq Jamil

E-mail: tariqjamil@neduet.edu.pk
Office: DICE Energy Lab, MED, NEDUET

1
 Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
(According to Course Outline)
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

Mechanical properties of materials: Deformation behavior of materials under tensile and

TJ TJ
compressive loads, Hardness TJ
testing, material property charts TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

2
 Books / Resource Material
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

• Textbook: “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction” by

TJ William D. Callister and TJ
David G. Rethwisch, 9th Edition
TJ TJ TJ
• Chapter # 6

TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Reference book: Principles of Material Sciences & Engineering by
TJ William F. Smith,
TJ3 Edition
rd
TJ TJ TJ

• Online resources (Lectures and resource material on Google

TJ classroom, YouTube, Wikipedia)
TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

3
 Outline
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

• How the various mechanical properties are measured?

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• What these properties represent?
• Engineering stress
TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Hooke’s law, its conditions, and engineering strain
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Poisson’s ratio
• Engineering stress–strain diagram
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Modulus of resilience and toughness (static)
• Hardness-testing
TJ
techniques;
TJ TJ TJ

4
 Usual Properties of Interest in Material
TJ
Selection
TJ
Process During
TJ
Engineering
TJ
Design TJ
• Mechanical –
TJ Strength, modulusTJ etc. TJ TJ TJ
• Physical –
Density, melting point.
TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Electrical –
TJ Conductivity,
TJ resistivity. TJ TJ TJ
• Aesthetic –
Appearance, texture, colour
• Processability –
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
Ductility, mouldability
• And last, but not least……….
TJ TJ TJ TJ
Cost, cost, cost!

5
 Stress
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
Stress is force per unit area
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Spreading out the weight
reduces the stress with the
TJ TJ TJ TJ
same force.
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
Normal Stress is skier’s weight distributed over
skis surface area. F=mg
TJ TJ TJ TJ

6
 Engineering stress is defined as the load divided by the
Engineering Stress initial cross-sectional area of the specimen.

• Tensile stress, σ: • Shear stress, τ:

Ft
σ=
Ao
original area
before loading Stress has units:
N/m2 or lb/in2
 Engineering strain is defined as the amount of
deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by
Engineering Strain the initial length of the material.

• Tensile strain: • Lateral strain:

δ/2

Lo
wo
Applied δ/2 Resulting
δL/2 δL/2
• Shear strain:
θ/2

γ = tan θ Strain is always

dimensionless.
π/2 - θ

π/2 θ/2
 Engineering Stress and Strain
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

• In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces
TJthat neighboring particles
TJ of a continuous material
TJ exert on each other, TJ TJ

• StrainTJ
is the measure of the deformation
TJ of the material.
TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

Source: https://www.mm.ethz.ch/research_animations.html
(Please visit the link for animated version)
9
 Interatomic Forces and Potential Energy
TJ
versus Interatomic
TJ
Separation
TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

10
Adopted from Principles of Electronic Materials and Devices. Third Edition by S.O Kasap
 Stress Strain Diagram
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Elastic region
Necking
TJ• pl – Proportional limit TJ TJ TJ TJ

• y – yield limit (offset)

TJ TJ TJ TJ
• u – ultimate tensile strength
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• f – fracture
• %El – Percentage elongation
TJ at fracture TJ TJ TJ TJ
• > 20% ductile materials
• < 5% brittle materials
TJ TJ TJ TJ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHZALtqAjeM 11
 Ductile and Brittle Materials
(Refresher)
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

Ductility measures the degree

TJ TJ of plastic deformationTJ TJ TJ
sustained at fracture
• A Ductile material is one that exhibits a large amount
of plastic
TJ deformation before failure.
TJ TJ TJ
• It shows necking before fracture.
TJ • Example: Steel
TJ %El > 20% TJ TJ TJ
• A Brittle material exhibits little or no yielding before
TJ facture. TJ TJ TJ TJ
• Usually defined as materials having %EL < 5%
at fracture.
• ItsTJshows little or no necking TJbefore fracture. TJ TJ
• It is much stronger in compression than in
tension.
• Examples: Gray cast iron & Glass

12
Source: https://www.fictiv.com/
 Strength, Stiffness and Hardness
(Refresher)
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

• Strength of materials usually refers to the yield strength.

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

• Stiffness
TJ is an indicator of the tendency
TJ for an element to return
TJ to its original form afterTJ
being
subjected to a force. The lesser the deformation, the stiffer the material.
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
• In the elastic region, “Stiffness” refers to Young’s modulus. The higher the E the higher the
stiffness.
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ measures a material's resistance

• Hardness TJ TJ
to surface deformation. TJsteel,
For some metals, like
hardness and tensile strength are roughly proportional.

13
 Material’s Behavior under Loading Condition
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ
(a) Schematic illustration of how a tensile load produces an elongation and positive linear strain. Dashed lines represent the
shape before deformation; solid lines, after deformation. (b) Schematic illustration of how a compressive load produces
contraction and a negative linear strain. (c) Schematic representation of shear strain , where γ = 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝜃𝜃. (d) Schematic
representation of torsional deformation (i.e., angle of twist ) produced by an applied torque T.
14
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

15
 True vs. Engineering Stress
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

16
 Schematic stress–strain diagram
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

Schematic stress–strain diagram showing linear elastic deformation for loading and unloading cycles.
17
 Schematic Representation of the Apparatus
TJ
Used to TJ
Conduct Tensile
TJ
Stress–strain
TJ
Tests TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ
Universal Testing Machine

18
Adapted from H.W. Hayden, W. G. Moffatt, and J.Wulff, The Structure and Properties of Materials, Vol. III, Mechanical Behavior
 Standard Material Testing
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

19
 Transformation of Stress Components
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ
Schematic representation showing normal (𝜎𝜎 ′ ) and shear (𝜏𝜏 ′ ) stresses that act on a plane oriented
at an angle relative to the plane taken perpendicular to the direction along which a pure tensile
stress (s) is applied.
20
 Standard Test Methods for Tension Testing
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

Metals
TJ TJTest Methods for Tension Testing
• ASTM E8/E8M-13: "Standard TJ of Metallic Materials" (2013)
TJ TJ
• ISO 6892-1: "Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Method of test at ambient temperature" (2009)
• ISO 6892-2: "Metallic materials. Tensile testing. Method of test at elevated temperature" (2011)
TJ TJ TJ TJ
• JIS Z2241 Method of tensile test for metallic materials

TJ Composites TJ TJ TJ TJ
• ASTM D 3039/D 3039M: "Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials"
Flexible materials
TJ TJ
• ASTM D638 Standard Test Method TJPlastics
for Tensile Properties of TJ TJ
• ASTM D828 Standard test method for tensile properties of paper and paperboard using constant-rate-of-
elongation apparatus
TJ Standard test method forTJ
• ASTM D882 TJsheeting
tensile properties of thin plastic TJ
• ISO 37 rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic—determination of tensile stress–strain properties

21
 Non-Linear Stress Strain Elastic Deformation
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

There are some materials (e.g., gray cast iron, concrete, and many
TJ
polymers) for which TJ
this elastic portion ofTJthe stress–strain curve
TJ
is not linear TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

Schematic stress–strain diagram showing non-linear elastic behavior, and

how secant and tangent moduli are determined. 22
 Example of Concrete
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ
A slope of the secant between two points on the curve is known as secant modulus. Secant modulus is applicable when
concrete specimen shows non-linearity (usually non-reinforced) or where initial tangent modulus not gives too much required
information. Second point that mostly consider is almost 85% of compressive stress of concrete. After selecting two points, by
drawing a straight line between these two points gives the secant modulus of particular concrete specimen.
23
http://www.engineeringintro.com/concrete/stress-strain-relationship/secant-modulus-of-concrete/
 Room-Temperature Elastic and Shear Moduli,
TJ
and Poisson’s
TJ
Ratio for
TJ
Various Metal
TJ
Alloys TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

24
 Modulus of Elasticity versus Temperature
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

Plot of modulus of elasticity versus temperature for tungsten, steel, and

aluminum. (Adapted from K. M. Ralls, T. H. Courtney, and J.Wulff, Introduction
to Materials Science and Engineering. 25
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ ThankTJyou for your Attention

TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ
Feel free to post questions on google class room
TJ TJ TJ TJ TJ

TJ TJ TJ TJ

26