Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)

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Mechanical Properties of Materials
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Dr. Tariq Jamil
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E-mail: tariqjamil@neduet.edu.pk
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Office: DICE Energy Lab, MED, NEDUET

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 Materials and Metallurgy (ME-209)
(According to Course Outline)
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Mechanical properties of materials: Deformation behavior of materials under tensile and

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compressive loads, Hardness TJ
testing, material property charts TJ TJ

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 Books / Resource Material
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• Text book: “Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction” by

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David G. Rethwisch, 9th Edition
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• Chapter # 6

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• Reference book: Principles of Material Sciences & Engineering by
TJ William F. Smith,
TJ3 Edition
rd
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• Online resources (Lectures and resource material on Google

TJ classroom, YouTube, Wikipedia)
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 Outline
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• How the various mechanical properties are measured?

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• What these properties represent?
• Engineering stress
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• Hooke’s law, its conditions, and engineering strain
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• Poisson’s ratio
• Engineering stress–strain diagram
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• Modulus of resilience and toughness (static)
• Hardness-testing
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techniques;
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 Engineering Stress-Strain Behavior as
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FunctionTJof Temperature
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Engineering stress–
strain behavior
for iron at three
temperatures 5
 True Stress Strain Curve
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Coincident with the formation of a neck is the
introduction of a complex stress state within the
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neck region (i.e., the existence of other stress TJ
components in addition to the axial stress). As a
consequence, the correct stress (axial) within the
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from the applied load and neck cross-sectional
area. This leads to the “corrected” curve
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A comparison of typical tensile engineering stress–strain and true stress–strain behaviors. Necking begins at point M on
the engineering curve, which corresponds to M’ on the true curve. The “corrected” true stress– strain curve takes into
account the complex stress state within the neck region.
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 True Stress-True Strain Relationship in Plastic
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Region TJ TJ TJ TJ

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True stress-true strain relationship in plastic
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K and n are constants; these values will vary from alloy to alloy, and will also depend on the condition of the
material (i.e., whether it has been plastically deformed, heat treated, etc.). The parameter n is often termed the
strain hardening exponent and has a value less than unity. 7
 Hardness
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• Measure of a material’s resistance to localized plastic deformation (e.g., a

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small dent or a scratch)

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• Quantitative hardness techniques have been developed over the years in
TJ which a smallTJ indenter is forced TJ
into the surface of a TJ
material to be tested,TJ
under controlled conditions of load and rate of application. The depth or
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hardness number; the softer the material, the larger and deeper is the
indentation, and the lower the hardness index number.
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 Why Hardness
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Hardness tests are performed more frequently than any other mechanical
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test for several reasons:
• They are simple and inexpensive - ordinarily no special specimen need
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be prepared, and the testing apparatus is relatively inexpensive.
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• The test is nondestructive - the specimen is neither fractured nor
excessively deformed; a small indentation is the only deformation.
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• Other mechanical properties often may be estimated from hardness
data, such as tensile strength
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 Hardness Testing Techniques
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 Comparison of Several
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Hardness
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Scales TJ TJ TJ

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Comparison of several hardness scales. (Adapted from G. F.

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Kinney, Engineering Properties and Applications of Plastics, p.
202. Copyright © 1957 by John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.)

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 Correlation Between Hardness and Tensile
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• Tensile strength is roughly proportional, as a

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function of the HB TJ TJ
for cast iron, steel, and TJ TJ

brass. The same proportionality relationship

doesTJnot hold for all metals,
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For steel alloys, conversion of Brinell

hardness to tensile strength
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 Toughness
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 Similarities between Resilience and Toughness
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• Both resilience and toughness indicate capability to absorb energy during

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deformation; however, resilience is associated with elastic deformation
only, while toughness is associated with both elastic and plastic
deformations.
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• Moduli of both the properties have same unit and dimension.
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 Differences between resilience and toughness
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Resilience Toughness
Resilience is defined as the ability of the solid Toughness is defined as the ability of the solid
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material to absorb energy when TJ
material TJfracture occurs.
to absorb energy until TJ
deformed.
Modulus TJ of resilience is the indication
TJof resilience Modulus ofTJ
toughness is the indicationTJof
property of solid material. By definition, modulus toughness property of solid material. By definition,
TJ of resilience is theTJenergy, per unit volume, TJ modulus of toughnessTJis the energy, per unit TJ
required to deform a particular solid material up to volume, required for breaking a particular solid
its elastic limit under tensile testing. material under tensile testing.
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Modulus of resilience is theTJ
area below TJ
Modulus TJ area below
of toughness is the total TJ
engineering stress-strain curve up to elastic point. engineering stress-strain curve.

Value of modulus
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TJ Value of modulus
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than modulus of resilience.
Resilience is important property to consider when Toughness is important consideration for metal
high elastic deformation is desired, such as in forming processes (forging, bending, sheet metal
springs. operations, etc.). 15
 Strength to Density Ratio
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 Strength versus Toughness
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 Average and Standard Deviation
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Computation of average value

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Computation of standard deviation 18

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TJ ThankTJyou for your Attention

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Feel free to post questions on google classroom
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