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Safety Relief Valves Sizing: Nomenclature T P T P a t M µ R k ρ α D Cp L A W A/A Q A Q G h Z L F C F2 U L K v K K K K K K
Safety Relief Valves Sizing: Nomenclature T P T P a t M µ R k ρ α D Cp L A W A/A Q A Q G h Z L F C F2 U L K v K K K K K K
Link: https://processpocket.streamlit.app/Safety%20Valves%20Sizing
This tool was developed for process engineers to quickly estimate the outcome of the safety relief valve sizing
equations on site. As a part of a larger project to develop what is similar to Carl Branan’s book “process
engineers Pocket Handbook” these tools would allow a process engineer to quickly calculate/estimate
equipment efficiencies or sizing using standardized calculations
The aim here is to take little-known data from the field (flow, pressures, temperatures, compositions..etc.) and
use it as input for a rough estimation without having to return to the office to use commercial software or
calculations Excel sheets to validate or to calculate. Additionally, these tools may also serve as a gathered data
validation tool.
Nomenclature
1. Introduction
Sizing pressure relief valves (PSV) requires a vivid understanding of the process where the safety valves are
installed, the sizing equations, and the numerous relevant standards. In this document, we’ll be exploring the
hand calculations required to preliminary size different safety valves. First, we’ll explore how to estimate the
relieving and set pressures according to standards. Secondly, we’ll explore the basic safety orifices sizing
equations (for gases, steam, or liquids) and learn how to estimate the required coefficients. Finally, we’ll take a
glance at how to estimate the required relief loads for different processes and contingencies as an introduction
to this complex matter. However, the back pressure calculations were not discussed in this document. The
backpressure used in safety calculations is the sum of superimposed backpressure and built-up back pressure.
The superimposed backpressure is the static pressure and the relief header before the valve opening, while the
built-up back pressure is the pressure increase due to the valve opening building up extra pressure to overcome
the outlet friction losses. The estimation of the built-up back pressure could be discussed later in the context of
flare systems calculations.
This document did not discuss the various safety valve types' working mechanisms, the rupture disc types and
sizing procedures, or guidelines for sizing the inlet/outlet piping of PSV. However, you may find the mentioned
topics in references and recommended reads.
2. Set/relief Pressure Calculations
Table 2.1: Relief Pressure estimation table (percentages are applied to MAWP’s gauge pressures) [1]
Contingency Installation Single-Valve Installations Multiple-Valve Installations
Set Pressure Max. Accumulated Set Pressure Max. Accumulated
(%) pressure (%) (%) pressure (%)
Non-fire only First valve 100 110 [1] 100 116 [2]
𝑃1 190.5 ∗ 𝑊 11.78𝑄√𝐺
Acalc 𝑇= ∗𝑇 𝐴= 𝐴=
𝑃𝑛 𝑛 𝑃1 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑠ℎ 𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑏 𝐾𝑐 𝐾𝑑 𝐾𝑤 𝐾𝑣 𝐾𝑐 √𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑃𝐶𝑓 2 𝑘⁄(𝑘−1)
=[ ]
𝑃1 𝑘+1
2 𝑘+1/𝑘−1
𝐶 = 0.03948√𝑘 [ ]
𝑘+1
𝑘 1 − 𝑟 (𝑘−1)/𝑘
𝐹2 = √[ ] 𝑟 2/𝑘 [ ]
𝑘−1 1−𝑟
A: mm2
A: mm2 A: mm2
W: kg/h
W: kg/h Q: L/min
Units Q: Nm3/min
P1,P2: kPa P1,P2: kPag
P1,P2: kPa
T: Kelvin T: Kelvin
T: Kelvin
W (kg/h ) = 0.044 * M.wt * Q (Nm3/hr)
Q (Nm3/min) = Q (Nm3/hr)/60
Conversion Q (L/min) = Q (m3/hr) *16.67
Notes P (kPa) = P (kg/cm2) * 98.0665
A (cm2) = A (mm2)*0.01
A (in2) = A (cm2) * 0.155
Table 3.1: Table of single-phase relief valve sizing equations [1]
NOTE 1: The Napier coefficient KN must be considered when P1 ≥ 106.5 kg/cm2a.
NOTE 2: for gas equations
Kd = effective coefficient of discharge. For preliminary sizing, use the following values:
= 0.975 when a pressure relief valve is installed with or without a rupture disk in combination.
= 0.62 when a pressure relief valve is not installed and sizing is for rapture disk
Wrated = maximum rated flow rate through the valve
3.1 Gas PSV Sizing[1]
1. Estimate if flow is critical or sub-critical from the following equation
2 𝑘/𝑘+1
𝑃𝑐 = 𝑃1 ∗ [ ] , where
𝑘+1
Pc is the critical pressure, P1 is the upstream pressure (relieving), both in absolute units
k is the specific heats ratio for any ideal gas
2. Based on the flow condition, you can proceed with one of the following equations:
Kd: effective coefficient of discharge that should be obtained from the valve manufacturer. For preliminary sizing
estimation, a discharge coefficient of 0.65 can be used.
Kw: correction factor for back pressure. If the backpressure is atmospheric, Kw =1.0.
Balanced-bellow valves in backpressure service will require the correction factor obtained from
Figure 2 Conventional valves require no special correction.
Kv: correction factor for viscosity as determined from the following equation:
2.878 342.75 −1 170 −0.5
𝑘𝑣 = (0.9935 + + ) or 𝑘𝑣 = ( + 1)
𝑅𝑒0.5 𝑅𝑒1.5 𝑅𝑒
When a pressure relief valve is sized for viscous liquid service, it should first be sized as if it were for non-viscous
type application (i.e., Kv = 1.0) so that a preliminary required discharge area, A, can be obtained from the previous
equation. From API standard orifice sizes (Table 3.3 may be used for preliminary estimation), the next larger
orifice size should be used in determining the Reynolds number, Re, the following equation:
𝑄∗(18800∗𝐺)
𝑅𝑒 = ,
𝜇√𝐴
Inlet piping
inlet piping pressure losses due to friction should not be higher than 3% of set pressure and calculated using the
maximum rated capacity of the pressure relief device [1][3]. Exceptions were mentioned in recommended reads[II]
When two or more pressure relief devices are placed on one connection, the inlet piping internal cross-sectional
area shall be at least equal to the combined inlet areas of the pressure relief devices connected to it
Selection Criteria of PSV
1. Conventional PSVs
2. The sum of the maximum variable superimposed back pressure plus the built-up back pressure is less than
10% of the set pressure.
3. Fouling or corrosive conditions are not expected.
2. Bellows Type PSVs
1. The sum of the variable superimposed back pressure plus built-up back pressure exceeds 10% of set
pressure.
2. Fouling or corrosive conditions are expected and protection cannot be afforded by using alternative
materials or devices.
More on the advantages and disadvantages of different PSV types can be found at recommended reads [II] [III]
4. Examining possible cases (Contingencies)
Estimating the required relief loads could be a grueling task that requires extensive heat and mass balance
calculations at relief conditions. It could be best to use simulation tools for this one. However, this section
aims to familiarize readers with the basis and variables needed for different scenarios. Moreover, manual
calculations could be an alternative option where minimum data are available for simulation in some cases.
All causes of overpressure, or contingencies, must be evaluated for each PSV installation in terms of the
pressures generated and the rates at which fluids must be relieved. Causes of overpressure in process
equipment can range from a single event to a complex combination of events. The basis for calculating a
valve size follows calculations of valid contingencies. The contingency that requires the largest effective area
dictates the size of the PSV.
More on “guidelines on estimating relief loads for different contingencies” can be found on recommended
reads [V][I][III]
Table 4.1: Guidelines on estimating relief loads for different contingencies [2]
Item Pressure Relief Device Pressure Relief Device
No. Condition (Liquid Relief) (Vapor Relief)*
1 Closed outlets on vessels Maximum liquid pump- Total incoming steam and vapor plus that
in rate generated therein at relieving conditions
2 Cooling water failure to condenser — Total vapor to condenser at relieving conditions
3 Top-tower reflux failure — Total incoming steam and vapor plus that
generated therein at relieving conditions less
vapor condensed by side-stream reflux
4 Side-stream reflux failure — Difference between vapor entering and leaving
section at relieving conditions
5 Lean oil failure to absorber — None, normally
6 Accumulation of noncondensables — Same effect in towers as found for Item 2; in
other vessels, same effect as found for Item 1
7 Entrance of highly volatile — For towers, usually not predictable
material: Water in hot oil or Light
hydrocarbons in hot oil
8 Overfilling storage or surge vessel Maximum liquid —
Pump-in rate
9 Failure of automatic controls — Must be analyzed on a case-by-case basis
10 Abnormal heat or vapor input — Estimated maximum vapor generation including
non-condensables from overheating
11 Split exchanger tube — Steam or vapor entering from twice the cross-
sectional area of one tube; also same effects
found in Item 7 for exchangers
12 Internal Explosions — Not controlled by conventional relief devices
but by avoidance of circumstances
13 Chemical reaction — Estimated vapor generation from both normal
and uncontrolled conditions
14 Hydraulic expansion Use Liquid expansion —
1. Cold fluid shut in equation (table 4.7)
2. Line outside process area
3. Shut in
15 Exterior fire — Estimate by external fire equations (table 4.2)
16 Power failure (steam, electric, or — Study the installation to determine the effect of
other) power failure; size relief valve for the worst
condition that can occur
1. Fractionators — All pumps could be down, with the result that
reflux and cooling water would fail
2. Reactors — Consider failure of agitation or stirring, quench
or retarding steam; size valves for vapor
generation from a runaway reaction
3. Air-cooled exchangers — Fans would fail; size valves for the difference
between normal and emergency duty
4. Surge vessels Maximum liquid inlet —
rate
* Considerations may be given to the suppression of vapor production as the result of the device’s relieving
pressure being above operating pressure, assuming constant heat input. (Procedures for sizing pressure relief devices
are presented in Section 4 of API-RP-520.)
After the specifications are determined, the next activity is to calculate a preliminary effective discharge area.
Figure 4.1 shows the inputs used to determine the basis for calculating the size of a PSV.
An overpressure problem does not occur on If the design pressure for the compressor discharge system is
the discharge line of a centrifugal pump higher than the pressure of surge point at maximum speed,
because the centrifugal pump discharge overpressure does not occur. If the design pressure is lower
system normally has a design pressure equal than that, overpressure protection should be considered. In
to or higher than the pump shut-off this case, the relieving load should be the flow rate (FD) at the
pressure. head equivalent to the design pressure (PD) at maximum
However, when the design pressure is set speed or should be the anti-surge flow (FS) at maximum
lower than the pump shut-off pressure, an speed, whichever is greater. That value is usually obtained
overpressure problem will occur, and the from such compressor performance curve as shown below:
flow rate at the head, equivalent to the set
pressure of the PSV minus the maximum
suction pressure, should be read from the
pump performance curve for the relieving
load.
The relieving load should be determined
based on the pump’s maximum speed when
the steam turbine driver is provided.
If the vapor pressure of the cold medium at the When the outlet of the cold side is blocked off, and the hot
inlet temperature of hot side is more than 1.3 medium continues to flow, overpressure will
times the design pressure of the cold side, occur, and the relieving load should be calculated based on the
overpressure protection due to vaporization is vaporizer heat duty at the relieving condition obtained by the
needed. If it is assumed that the outlet of the cold procedure shown in Table 4.3
side is blocked off, and the hot medium continues
to flow, the relieving load on the cold side should
be determined as follows :
𝑄 (𝑇1 − 𝑡𝑏𝑝 )
𝑊 = .
𝜆 (𝑇1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑣 ) Steam Vaporizer
𝑡1 + 𝑡2 (1) Inlet and outlet temperatures of process fluid to/from
𝑡𝑎𝑣 =
2 reboiler at relieving pressure will increase, because
W : relieving load (kg/hr) the boiling temperature of process fluid increases, when the
Q : normal heat exchanger duty (kcal/hr) operating pressure reaches the relieving pressure.
λ : latent heat of vaporization at tbp (kcal/kg) (2) When heating steam is supplied under steam flow control,
T1: hot side inlet temperature (oC) the saturated temperature of steam at the
Tbp: cold side inlet temperature (oC) pressure of supply header should be applied to ΔT calculation,
tav: average cold side temperature (normal because the flow control valve tend to open to maintain the
operation) (oC) steam flow at a constant. If the other control system is applied
t1/t2: cold side inlet/outlet temperature (oC) to the steam supply, the normal operating temperature of
steam may be used.
(3) Ucalc (calculated overall heat transfer coefficient ) should be
used for recalculation.
Table 4.7: Relief loads guidelines for Liquid Thermal Expansion and Solar radiation
Inadvertent Control Valve Opening
Flashing Liquid [4]
NOTE 2: Shortcut mentioned in ref [8] were used in the tool (Cv =10*d2), d in inches
Wetted Area Calculations [5]
To determine vaporization rate, the surface
area wetted by a vessel's internal liquid and is Semi-Ellipsoidal/Elliptical Heads
up to 7.6 m (25 feet) above grade, denoted as Or Torispherical/Dished Heads
"fire elevation", needs to be considered. The
term "grade" usually refers to ground level,
but may be at any level at which a sizable fire
could be sustained.
z
D
Vessels
Cylindrical part
h
Vertical
𝐴𝑤
𝐷2 ℎ
= 𝜋 (( − 0.5) 𝐵 + 1
8 𝐷
ℎ
L 1 4𝜀 ( − 0.5) + 𝐵
+ ln( 𝐷 ))
D 4𝜀 2 − √3
2
ℎ
√
𝐵 = 1 + 12 ( − 0.5)
𝐷
4𝑧 2
𝜀 = √1 −
𝐷2
D
z: inside dish depth
h
𝜀 : Eccentricity of elliptical heads
L
𝐴𝑤 = 𝐿𝐷 cos −1 (1 − (2ℎ/𝐷))
Heads
Hemispherical Heads
𝐷
𝐴𝑤 = 𝜋ℎ
2
Shortcut Calculations for various wetted Areas [4]
Output
Relieving pressure kPa / kg/cm2 670
Z - 0.9 0.98
Critical Pressure kPa / kg/cm2 392 -
Cp/Cv - 1.11 1.05
Kb - 1 1
Kc - 1 1
kd - 0.975 0.975
Acalculated cm2/ in2 36.98 / 5.73 39.5 / 6.12
Aselected cm2/ in2 41.16 / 6.38 41.16 / 6.38
Orifice Designation P P
1. Estimating Relief Pressure and constants
Relief pressure for one relief valve, no rupture disc, and non-fire case will equal 1.1 the equipment
design pressure
Pr = 1.1 * 517 = 670 kPa (6.8321 kg/cm2)
Kb = 1 as backpressure is atmospheric
Kc = 1, as there’s no rupture disc installed
Kd = 0.975
1. Checking whether the flow is critical
2 𝑘⁄(𝑘−1) 2 1.11⁄(1.11−1)
𝑃𝐶𝑓 = 𝑃1 ∗ [ ] = 670 ∗ [ ] = 670 ∗ 0.5825 = 390.33
𝑘+1 1.11 + 1
The PRV sizing is based on the critical flow equation since the backpressure (0 kPag) is less than the
critical flow pressure (291 kPag).
2 (𝑘+1)/(𝑘−1) 2 (1.11+1)/(1.11−1)
𝐶 = 0.03948√𝑘 [ ] =0.03948*√1.11 [ ] = 0.03948 ∗ 0.63045 =
𝑘+1 1.11+1
0.02489
Using The C graph provided earlier (Figure 2.7), C = 0.0249 for Cp/Cv of 1.11
𝑊 ∗ √𝑇𝑍 24270 348 ∗ 0.9
𝐴= = √ = 3698 𝑚𝑚2
𝐶𝐾𝑑 𝑃1 𝐾𝑏 𝐾𝑐 √𝑀 0.0249 ∗ 0.975 ∗ 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 670 51
See API 526 for the selection of the proper orifice size. API 526 provides standard effective
orifice areas in terms of letter designations. For this example, a “P” size orifice should be selected since it
has an effective orifice area of 6.38 in.2 (4116 mm2)
Step 1: Calculate Relief Pressure Step 2: Input mass flow rate and composition
Step 3: Input relief/back conditions (T&P) Step 4: Download your calculations table!
API RP 520 Example No. 4
Input Units API RP 520 Part I Tool
Mass flow Kg/hr 69615 69615
Relieving Temperature C 427 427
Design pressure of equipment kPag / kg/cm2g 11032 112.5
Backpressure kPag / kg/cm2g 101.325 1.033
Overpressure % 10 10
Output
Relieving pressure kPa / kg/cm2 12236 (124.77) 124.77
Kb - 1 1
Kc - 1 1
kd - 0.975 0.975
KN - 1.01 1.01
KSH - 0.855 0.862
Acalculated cm2/ in2 12.87 / 1.995 12.75 / 1.97
Aselected cm2/ in2 18.41 / 2.853 18.41 / 2.853
Orifice Designation L L
1. Estimating Relief Pressure and constants
Relief pressure for one relief valve, no rupture disc, and non-fire case will equal 1.1 the equipment
design pressure
Pr = 1.1 * 11032 + 101.325 = 12236.5 kPa (124.77 kg/cm2)
Kb = 1 for conventional valve discharging to atmosphere
Kc = 1, as there’s no rupture disc installed
Kd = 0.975
KSH : 0.855 from tables
KN : P1 (124.77 kg/cm2.a) is > 106.5 kg/cm2.a
KN = (0.1906 *1774.7 - 1000)/(0.2292 *1774.7- 1061) = 1.01
orifice areas in terms of letter designations. For this example, a “L” size orifice should be selected since it
Step 3: Input relief/back conditions (T&P) Step 4: Download your calculations table!
API RP 520 Example No. 5
Input Units API RP 520 Part I Tool
Mass flow L/min 6814 368010 (kg/hr)
Specific Gravity 0.9 0.9
Viscosity Saybolt / cP 2000 / 388.5 388.5
Design pressure of equipment kPag / kg/cm2g 1724 17.58
Backpressure kPag / kg/cm2g 345 3.52 (4.55 abs)
Overpressure % 10 10
Output
Relieving pressure kPag / kg/cm2 1896 (19.33 kg/cm2.g) 20.37 (19.337 gauge)
Kc - 1.0 1
Kd - 0.65 0.65
Kw - 1 0.97
Kv - 1 (initially) / 0.982 0.99
Acalculated cm2/ in2 31.22 / 4.84 30.71 / 4.83
Aselected cm2/ in2 41.16 / 6.38 41.16 / 6.38
Orifice Designation P P
1. Estimating Relief Pressure and constants
Relief pressure for one relief valve, no rupture disc, and non-fire case will equal 1.1 the equipment
design pressure
Pr = 1.1 * 1724 = 1896.4 kPa (kg/cm2)
Kw = 1 as backpressure is atmospheric
Kc = 1 as there’s no rupture disc installed
Kd= 0.975
Kv: initially assumed 1
2. Calculating Orifice Area
See API 526 for the selection of the proper orifice size. API 526 provides standard effective
orifice areas in terms of letter designations. For this example, a “P” size orifice should be selected since it
has an effective orifice area of 6.38 in.2 (4116 mm2)
3. Check Kv and recalculate Acalculated
𝑄 ∗ (18800 ∗ 𝐺) 6814*18800*0.9
𝑅𝑒 = = = 4625
𝜇√𝐴 388.5√4116
−0.5
170
𝑘𝑣 = ( + 1) = 0.982
𝑅𝑒
𝐴𝑅 3066
𝐴= = = 3122 𝑚𝑚2
𝐾𝑣 0.982
Step 1: Calculate Relief Pressure Step 2: Input mass flow rate and composition
Step 3: Input relief/back conditions (T&P) Step 4: Download your calculations table!
Fire Case Example: Benzene in a Horizontal Vessel
Input Units Reference [1] Tool
Units Converted
Fluid Benzene Benzene
Molecular weight - 78.11 78.11
Relieving Temperature K 37.78 + 273.15 [Note] 250 + 273.15 [Note 2]
Design pressure of equipment kPag / kg/cm2.g 1379 14.06 kg/cm2.g (1379 kPa)
Backpressure kPa / kg/cm2 Atmospheric Atmospheric
Overpressure % 21 21
Vessel Geometry data Bare Vessel Bare Vessel
Horizontal + Horizontal +
spherical heads Cylindrical heads
Diameter m 4.572 4.572
T-T Length m 9.144 9.144
Level (Normal liquid level) m 3.734 3.734
Height above grade m 4.572 4.572
Output
Relieving pressure kPa / kg/cm2 1769.88 18.04 kg/cm2.g (1769.7 kPa)
ΔH kCal/kg 95.62(input) 146 [Note 1]
Wetted Area (Aw) m2 83.7 121
Mass flow Kg/hr 14665 13020.15
Z - 1 (input) 0.81
Critical Pressure kPa / kg/cm2
Flow condition - Critical Critical
Cp/Cv - 1.12 (input) 0.97
Kb - 1 1
Kc - 1 1
kd - 0.975 0.975
C
Acalculated cm2/ in2 6.787 / 1.052 in2 8.20495 / 1.27177 in2
Aselected cm2/ in2 8.303 / 1.287 in2 8.303 / 1.287 in2
Orifice Designation J (nozzles 2”/3”) J (nozzles 2”/3”)
Notes:
1. Heat of vaporization is higher in the tool as a result of adding the heat required to bring the fluid
from the subcooled phase to saturation temperature
2. A temperature of 250 was assumed to obtain benzene at the vapor phase; assuming relived and
vaporized benzene at 37.78 C & 18 kg/cm2 is illogical. This, however, will increase Acalculaed.
3. Estimate Vessel wetted area
2ℎ
𝐴𝑤 (𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡) = 𝐿𝐷 cos −1 (1 − ( ))
𝐷
3.03
= 9.1 ∗ 4.57 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (1 − (2 ∗ )) = 587 ∗ cos −1 (−0.326) = 79.14 𝑚2
4.57
𝐴𝑤 (2 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠) = 𝜋ℎ𝐷 = 3.14 ∗ 3.03 ∗ 4.057 = 38.6 𝑚2
𝐴𝑤 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 79.147 + 38.6 = 117.74 𝑚2
4. Estimate Relief Load
Q = qoFA0.82
Relief pressure for one relief valve, no rupture disc, and fire case will equal 1.21 the equipment design
pressure
Pr = 1.21 * 1379 + 101.325 = 1770 kPa (18.05 kg/cm2)
Kb = 1 as backpressure is atmospheric
Kc = 1, as there’s no rupture disc installed
Kd = 0.975
4. Checking whether the flow is critical
2 𝑘⁄(𝑘−1) 2 1.12⁄(1.12−1)
𝑃𝐶𝑓 = 𝑃1 ∗ [ ] = 1770 ∗ [ ] = 1770 ∗ 0.5805 = 1027.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘+1 1.12 + 1
The PRV sizing is based on the critical flow equation since the backpressure (0 kPag) is less than the
critical flow pressure (1027 kPag).
5. Calculating Orifice Area
2 (𝑘+1)/(𝑘−1) 2 (1.12+1)/(1.12−1)
𝐶 = 0.03948√𝑘 [ ] =0.03948*√1.12 [ ] = 0.03948 ∗ 0.4 =
𝑘+1 1.12+1
0.0249
Using The C graph provided earlier (Figure 2.7), C = 0.025 for Cp/Cv of 1.12
See API 526 for the selection of the proper orifice size. API 526 provides standard effective orifice areas
in terms of letter designations. For this example, a “J” size orifice should be selected since it has an
effective orifice area of 1.287 in.2 (830 mm2)
Step 1: Calculate Relief Pressure Step 2: Select estimate relief loads and choose “External Fire
due to vaporization”
Step 3: input relieved stream composition and conditions Step 4: Input wetted Area required inputs
Step 5: check your results and calculations’ matrix Step 6: go to “3. Gas or vapor” and use Calculated Relief Load
Step 7: Input mass flow rate and composition Step 8: Download your calculations table!
Maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP) is the maximum gauge pressure permissible at the top of
a completed vessel in its operating position for a designated temperature. The pressure is based on
calculations for each element in a vessel using nominal thickness, exclusive of additional metal thickness
allowed for corrosion and loading other than pressure. The maximum allowable working pressure is the
basis for the pressure setting of the pressure relief devices that protect the vessel.
Design gauge pressure refers to at least the most severe conditions of coincident temperature and
pressure expected during operation. This pressure may be used in place of the maximum allowable
working pressure in all cases where the MAWP has not been established. The design pressure is equal to
or less than the MAWP.
Accumulation is the pressure increase over the maximum allowable working pressure of the vessel
during discharge through the pressure relief device, expressed in pressure units or as a percent.
Maximum allowable accumulations are established by applicable codes for operating and fire
contingencies.
Overpressure is the pressure increase over the set pressure of the pressure relief device, expressed in
pressure units or as a percent. It is the same as accumulation when the relieving device is set at the
maximum allowable working pressure of the vessel.
Rated relieving capacity is the portion of the measured relieving capacity permitted by the applicable
code regulation to be used as a basis for the application of a pressure relief device. Stamped capacity is
the rated relieving capacity that appears on the device nameplate.
The stamped capacity is based on the set pressure plus the allowable overpressure for compressible
fluids and the differential pressure for incompressible fluids. The stamped capacity shall not exceed 90%
of the average capacity of the valves tested.[ASME VIII Div. 1 UG-13 1 (d)(l)]
Set pressure is the inlet gauge pressure at which the pressure relief device is set to open under service
conditions.
Pressure differential is the difference between the set pressure of the pressure relief device and the
operating pressure of the protected vessel.
Cold differential test pressure is the pressure at which the pressure relief valve is adjusted to open on the
test stand. The cold differential test pressure includes corrections for the service conditions of back
pressure or temperature or both.
Back pressure is the pressure that exists at the outlet of pressure relief devices as a result of the pressure
in the discharge system. It is the sum of the superimposed and built-up back pressure.
Superimposed back pressure: The static back pressure that exists at the outlet of a pressure relief device
at the time the device is required to operate. It is result of pressure in the discharge system corning from
other sources and may be constant or variable. Built-up back pressure: The built-up back pressure is the
increase in pressure in the discharge header that develops as a result of flow after the pressure relief
device or devices open.
The built-up back pressure is caused by flow from the particular device and others, if any, which
simultaneously discharge into the disposal system. This type of back pressure is variable. The built-up
back pressure shall be less than the allowable back pressure, 10% of the set pressure for the
conventional type or 50% of the set pressure for the balanced-bellows type.
Constant Back Pressure: The static back pressure that exists under normal operation where no relief
device is operated; i.e. constant back pressure of the superimposed back pressure. The constant back
pressure is used to determine the spring set pressure of conventional type pressure relief valve as a
difference between the set pressure and the constant back pressure. Therefore, the opening pressure
will vary depend on the built-up back pressure. The opening pressure of balanced-bellows type is the set
pressure of the valve and is independent of any back pressure.
Blowdown is the difference between the set pressure and the closing pressure of a pressure relief valve,
expressed as a percent of the set pressure or in pressure units.
Opening pressures the value of increasing inlet static pressure at which there is a measurable lift of the
disc or at which discharge of the fluid becomes continuous.
Closing pressure is the value of decreasing inlet static pressure at which the valve disc reestablishes
contact with the seat or at which lift becomes zero.
Simmer is the audible or visible escape of compressible fluid between the seat and disc at an inlet static
pressure below the set pressure and at no measurable capacity
Leak-test pressure is the specified inlet static pressure at which a seat leak test is performed. The term
relieving conditions is used to indicate the inlet pressure and temperature on a pressure relief device at a
specific overpressure. The relieving pressure is equal to the valve set pressure plus the overpressure. The
temperature of the flowing fluid at relieving conditions may be higher or lower than the operating
temperature.
Chatter refers to the motion that causes the disc to contact the seat and damage the valve and
associated piping. Chattering may result in lowered capacity and damage to the seating surfaces.
Flutter refers to the abnormally rapid reciprocating motion of the movable parts of a pressure relief valve
in which the disc does not contact the seat
Atmospheric discharge is the release of vapors and gases from pressure relief or depressing devices to
the atmosphere.
Flare system is a means for the safe disposal of waste gasses by closed pipeline and combustion system.
With an elevated mre the combustion is carried out at the top of a pipe or stack where the burner and
igniter are located. A ground flare is similarly equipped except that combustion is carried out at or near
ground level. A burn pit differs from a flare in that it is normally designed to handle both liquids and
vapors.
Vent stack is the elevated vertical termination of a disposal system that discharges vapors into the
atmosphere without combustion or chemical conversion of the relieved fluid.
References
[1] API RP 520 Part I, 10th edition.
[2] Engineering Encyclopedia: Aramco desktop standards: sizing and selecting Pressure relief valves
[3] Pressure relief devices rev. 5, JGC standard practice 2002 JGS 210-120-1-61E
[4] Pressure Relieving design rev. 5, JGC standard practice 2008 JGS 210-120-1-40E
[5] Volume and Wetted Area of Partially Filled Horizontal Vessels, Link:
https://neutrium.net/equipment/volume-and-wetted-area-of-partially-filled-horizontal-vessels/
[6] Sizing Pressure-Relief Devices, Daniel A. Crowl and Scott A. Tipler. (AIChE)
[7] Elements of chemical process engineering chapter 1, Basic Process Engineering principles
[8] Chemical process engineering Vol. 1, Chapter 5 P. 246 By Kayode Coker