‭Chapter 10 revision - classification and evolution another massive topic nearly 100‬

‭questions!!!‬

‭ elow is a list of questions that cover this chapter. Please use them to help you recap this topic.‬
B
‭You can either write out answers for each one‬‭or‬‭the‬‭second table already has the answers‬
‭added ,you might find it useful to test yourself ( or get someone to test you) and just make a‬
‭note of the questions you don’t know the answer to and make sure you learn them!‬‭The second‬
‭option is highly recommended for this topic as there are so many questions to work through!‬
‭Working through these questions will help you prepare for the exams and is a good starting‬
‭point before you move on to working through past paper questions.‬

‭ uestion‬
q ‭answer‬
‭1‬ ‭What is classification?‬

‭2‬ ‭Why do scientists classify organisms?‬

‭3‬ ‭ hat is taxonomy?‬

W
‭What are the eight taxonomic groups in order of largest to‬
‭4‬ ‭smallest?‬

‭5‬ ‭What is the binomial naming system?‬

‭‬
6 ‭ hy is the binomial naming system important?‬
W
‭7‬ ‭What are the 5 kingdoms in classification?‬

‭8‬ ‭What are the general features of prokaryotae?‬

‭9‬ ‭What are the general features of protoctista?‬

‭10‬ ‭What are the general features of fungi?‬

‭11‬ ‭What are the general features of plantae?‬

‭ 2‬
1 ‭ hat are the general features of animalia‬
W
‭13‬ ‭What are the 3 domains of classification?‬

‭14‬ ‭Why are 3 domains preferred to 5 kingdoms?‬

‭ hat is the difference between eukarya, bacteria and archaea in‬

W
‭ 5‬
1 ‭terms of ribosomes?‬
‭16‬ ‭In the new system of classification, what are the 6 kingdoms?‬
‭Which group has been divided to form eubacteria and‬
‭17‬ ‭archaebacteria?‬

‭ hat is the difference between the habitats of archaebacteria and‬

W
‭18‬ ‭eubacteria?‬

‭19‬ ‭What is phylogeny?‬

‭20‬ ‭What are phylogenetics?‬

‭21‬ ‭What is a phylogenetic tree?‬

‭ hat are the advantages of phylogenetic classification over‬

W
‭22‬ ‭hierarchical / Linnean classification?‬

‭23‬ ‭What is evolution?‬

‭ hat did Darwin observe to support his theory of evolution‬

W
‭24‬ ‭through natural selection?‬

‭25‬ ‭What did Darwin notice about the finches of the Galapagos?‬

‭ hat did Darwin determine about the shape of the Galapagos‬

W
‭26‬ ‭finches' beaks and their environment?‬

‭ 7‬
2 ‭ ho was Alfred Wallace?‬
W
‭28‬ ‭What are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution?‬

‭29‬ ‭What is palaeontology?‬

‭30‬ ‭What evidence for evolution is shown in the fossil record?‬

‭31‬ ‭Why is the fossil record not complete?‬

‭32‬ ‭What is comparative anatomy?‬

‭33‬ ‭What is divergent evolution?‬

‭34‬ ‭What is comparative biochemistry?‬

‭35‬ ‭ ow are molecules used in comparative biochemistry?‬
H
‭Which molecules can be used in comparative molecular‬
‭ 6‬
3 ‭biochemistry?‬
‭37‬ ‭What are the two types of variation between organisms?‬
‭38‬ ‭What is interspecific variation‬
‭39‬ ‭What is intraspecific variation?‬

‭40‬ ‭What are the causes of variation?‬

‭41‬ ‭What are the causes of genetic variation?‬

‭42‬ ‭How do alleles cause genetic variation?‬

‭43‬ ‭How do mutations cause genetic variation?‬

‭44‬ ‭ ow does meiosis cause genetic variation?‬

H
‭How does sexual reproduction (2 partners) cause genetic‬
‭45‬ ‭variation?‬

‭46‬ ‭How does chance cause genetic variation?‬

‭ hy is there much more variation in sexually reproductive‬

W
‭47‬ ‭organisms than those which reproduce asexually?‬
‭Are animals or plants more likely to be affected by the‬
‭ 8‬
4 ‭environment and cause variation? Why‬
‭49‬ ‭Give an example of a purely environmental variation.‬
‭50‬ ‭In most cases, what causes variation within a population?‬
 ‭ ive an example of a characteristic that can be affected by both‬
G
‭51‬ ‭genetic and environmental factors.‬
‭It is hard to separate genetic and environmental factors from‬
‭causing variation. What investigations are done to allow better‬
‭ 2‬
5 ‭understanding between nature and nurture?‬
‭53‬ ‭Into which 2 groups can data on characteristic variation be sorted?‬
‭54‬ ‭What is another term for discontinuous variation?‬

‭55‬ ‭What is discontinuous variation?‬

‭56‬ ‭Give an example of discontinuous variation.‬

‭ 7‬
5 ‭ hat causes discrete variation?‬
W
‭58‬ ‭How is discontinuous variation displayed graphically?‬

‭59‬ ‭What is continuous variation?‬

‭60‬ ‭What is an example of continuous variation?‬

‭61‬ ‭What causes continuous variation?‬

‭ 2‬
6 ‭ ow is continuous variation displayed graphically?‬
H
‭63‬ ‭Continuous variation typically show what distribution?‬
‭64‬ ‭What is normal distribution?‬

‭ 5‬
6 ‭ hat are the characteristics of normal distribution?‬
W
‭66‬ ‭What is standard deviation?‬
‭What does the variation look like if there is a high standard‬
‭67‬ ‭deviation?‬
‭What does the variation look like if there is a low standard‬
‭68‬ ‭deviation?‬

‭69‬ ‭What do the symbols in the standard deviation formula stand for?‬
‭70‬ ‭What is the Student's t test used for?‬

‭71‬ ‭What is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient used for?‬

‭72‬ ‭What are the purpose of statistical tests?‬

‭73‬ ‭What is a null hypothesis in a Student's t test?‬

‭74‬ ‭What is a null hypothesis in a Spearman's rank?‬

‭75‬ ‭What are the degree of freedom in a Student's t test?‬

‭76‬ ‭How do you determine significance in a Student's t test?‬

‭77‬ ‭How do you determine significance in a Spearman's rank?‬

‭ 8‬
7 ‭ hat are adaptations?‬
W
‭79‬ ‭What are the 3 types of adaptation?‬
‭80‬ ‭What is an anatomical adaptation?‬

‭ 1‬
8 ‭ hat is a behavioural adaptation?‬
W
‭82‬ ‭What is a physiological adaptation?‬

‭83‬ ‭Give an example of an anatomical adaptation.‬

‭84‬ ‭How is Marram grass adapted to stop transpiration?‬

‭ 5‬
8 ‭ ive an example of a behavioural adaptation.‬
G
‭86‬ ‭What are the two main types of behavioural adaptation?‬
‭87‬ ‭What is an innate behaviour?‬

‭88‬ ‭What is a learned behaviour‬

‭89‬ ‭Give an example of physiological adaptations.‬

‭90‬ ‭What is convergent evolution?‬

‭91‬ ‭Why does convergent evolution occur?‬

‭92‬ ‭What is natural selection?‬

‭93‬ ‭What are the steps involved in natural selection?‬

‭94‬ ‭What is a selection pressure?‬

‭95‬ ‭What are examples of selection pressures?‬

‭96‬ ‭What are modern examples of evolution?‬

‭97‬ ‭How do antibiotic resistant bacteria show modern evolution?‬

‭98‬ ‭How do peppered moths show modern evolution?‬
 ‭question‬ a‭ nswer‬
‭The process of putting living‬
‭1‬ ‭What is classification?‬ ‭things into groups‬
‭It makes identification of‬
‭organisms simpler. It predicts‬
‭characteristics, comparing‬
‭one species with others from‬
‭the group. It identifies‬
‭2‬ ‭Why do scientists classify organisms?‬ ‭evolutionary links.‬
‭A hierarchical grouping‬
‭system, where each group is‬
‭subdivided into smaller‬
‭3‬ ‭What is taxonomy?‬ ‭groups.‬
‭Domain; Kingdom; Phyllum;‬
‭ hat are the eight taxonomic groups in order of largest to‬
W ‭Class; Order; Family; Genus;‬
‭4‬ ‭smallest?‬ ‭Species.‬
‭A naming system devised by‬
‭Karl Linnaeus. It uses two (bi)‬
‭names. The genus and‬
‭species. The genus has a‬
‭5‬ ‭What is the binomial naming system?‬ ‭capitalised first letter.‬
‭A species may have many‬
‭different common names,‬
‭but the scientific name will‬
‭6‬ ‭Why is the binomial naming system important?‬ ‭be universal.‬
‭Prokaryotae, protoctista,‬
‭7‬ ‭What are the 5 kingdoms in classification?‬ ‭fungi, plantae, animalia‬
‭- Unicellular‬
‭- No nucleus or membrane‬
‭bound organelles‬
‭- A ring of naked DNA‬
‭- No feeding mechanism‬
‭(nutrients absorbed or‬
‭created through‬
‭8‬ ‭What are the general features of prokaryotae?‬ ‭photosynthesis)‬
 -‭ Mainly unicellular‬
‭- Nucleus and membrane‬
‭bound organelles‬
‭- Some have chloroplasts‬
‭- Some sessile, others have‬
‭cilia or flagella or move‬
‭through amoeboid‬
‭mechanisms‬
‭- Nutrients aquired either by‬
‭photosynthesis, ingesting of‬
‭other organisms or both.‬
‭9‬ ‭What are the general features of protoctista?‬ ‭Some are parasitic‬
‭- Unicellular or multicellular‬
‭- A nucleus and membrane‬
‭bound organelles‬
‭- A cell wall made of chitin‬
‭- No chloroplasts of‬
‭chlorophyll‬
‭- No mechanisms for‬
‭locomotion‬
‭- Body or mycelium made of‬
‭threads or hyphae‬
‭- Saprotrophic (absorb‬
‭nutrients mainly from‬
‭decaying material) Some are‬
‭parasitic‬
‭- Most store food as‬
‭10‬ ‭What are the general features of fungi?‬ ‭glycogen‬
‭- Multicellular‬
‭- A nucleus and membrane‬
‭bound organelles‬
‭- Cell wall made from‬
‭cellulose‬
‭- All contain chlorophyll‬
‭- Do not move (some‬
‭gametes have cilia or‬
‭flagella)‬
‭- Autotrophic (nutrients‬
‭created through‬
‭photosynthesis)‬
‭11‬ ‭What are the general features of plantae?‬ ‭- Store food as starch‬
 -‭ Multicellular‬
‭- A nucleus and membrane‬
‭bound organelles‬
‭- No cell wall‬
‭- No chloroplasts‬
‭- Move using cilia, flagella or‬
‭contractile proteins‬
‭(sometimes in the form of‬
‭muscular organs)‬
‭- Heterotrophic (nutrients‬
‭aquired by ingestion)‬
‭ 2‬
1 ‭ hat are the general features of animalia‬
W ‭- Store food as glycogen‬
‭13‬ ‭What are the 3 domains of classification?‬ ‭Bacteria, archaea, eukarya‬
‭1 Fits better with phylogeny‬
‭2 There are key differences‬
‭between prokaryotes and‬
‭the eucaryotes (other 4‬
‭kingdoms)‬
‭3 All of the 4 eucaryotic‬
‭kingdoms have a nucleus‬
‭4 There are key differences‬
‭between bacteria and‬
‭14‬ ‭Why are 3 domains preferred to 5 kingdoms?‬ ‭archaea‬
‭Eukarya have 80s‬
‭ hat is the difference between eukarya, bacteria and archaea in‬
W ‭Bacteria have 70s‬
‭15‬ ‭terms of ribosomes?‬ ‭Archaea have 70s‬
‭Eubacteria, archaebacteria,‬
‭protoctista, fungi, plantae,‬
‭16‬ I‭n the new system of classification, what are the 6 kingdoms?‬ ‭animalia‬
‭Which group has been divided to form eubacteria and‬
‭17‬ ‭archaebacteria?‬ ‭ rokaryotae‬
P
‭Archaebacteria - ancient‬
‭bacteria, live in extreme‬
‭conditions, such as‬
‭hydrothermal vents or‬
‭anaerobic conditions, they‬
‭can make methane.‬
‭Eubacteria - true bacteria‬
‭found in all environments,‬
‭What is the difference between the habitats of archaebacteria and‬ ‭bust bacteria are in this‬
‭18‬ ‭eubacteria?‬ ‭kingdom.‬
 T‭ he name given to the‬
‭evolutionary relationships‬
‭19‬ ‭What is phylogeny?‬ ‭between organisms.‬
‭The study of the‬
‭evolutionary history of‬
‭groups of organisms. How‬
‭closesly related they are to‬
‭20‬ ‭What are phylogenetics?‬ ‭one another.‬
‭A diagram showing the‬
‭evolutionary history of‬
‭groups of organisms. They‬
‭are branched, showing which‬
‭groups have evolved from a‬
‭21‬ ‭What is a phylogenetic tree?‬ ‭common ancestor.‬
‭Phylogenetic classification‬
‭connects groups based on‬
‭their relationships rather‬
‭than their characteristics;‬
‭Phylogeny produces a‬
‭continuum rather than‬
‭discrete groups; Phylogony‬
‭gives a better discription of‬
‭the variety present within‬
‭groups, rather than giving‬
‭the impression all groups are‬
‭ hat are the advantages of phylogenetic classification over‬
W ‭equal in age and‬
‭22‬ ‭hierarchical / Linnean classification?‬ ‭differentiation.‬
‭The theory that describes‬
‭how organisms change over‬
‭many years through natural‬
‭23‬ ‭What is evolution?‬ ‭selection.‬
‭He realised that organisms‬
‭best suited to the‬
‭environment were more‬
‭likely to survive and to‬
‭reproduceand therefore pass‬
‭on their characteristics to‬
‭their offspring. Therefore a‬
‭species over time will‬
‭ hat did Darwin observe to support his theory of evolution‬
W ‭become more adapted to it's‬
‭24‬ ‭through natural selection?‬ ‭environment by having a‬
 ‭ ore advantageous‬
m
‭phenotype.‬
‭He noticed that different‬
‭islands had different finches,‬
‭that although they were very‬
‭similar, and therefore‬
‭related, that their beaks and‬
‭claws were different shapes‬
‭25‬ ‭What did Darwin notice about the finches of the Galapagos?‬ ‭and sizes.‬
‭He linked the shape of the‬
‭finchs' beaks to the food that‬
‭they ate. He concluded that‬
‭the birds with beaks most‬
‭suited to the available food‬
‭would survive longer and be‬
‭more likely to reproduce and‬
‭ hat did Darwin determine about the shape of the Galapagos‬
W ‭pass on characteristics to‬
‭26‬ ‭finchs' beaks and their environment?‬ ‭their offspring.‬
‭A contemporary of Darwin‬
‭who independently‬
‭developed a theory of‬
‭27‬ ‭Who was Alfred Wallace?‬ ‭evolution.‬
‭Paleontology; comparative‬
‭anatomy; comparative‬
‭28‬ ‭What are the 3 main sources of evidence for evolution?‬ ‭biochemistry.‬
‭The study of fossils and what‬
‭they can tell us about the‬
‭29‬ ‭What is paleontology?‬ ‭Earth's past.‬
‭- Fossils of simple organisms‬
‭in oldest rocks, more‬
‭complex organisms in‬
‭youngest rocks.‬
‭- Ecological sequencing is‬
‭consistent. I.E. fossil plants‬
‭appear before fossil animals‬
‭(animals need plant to‬
‭survive)‬
‭- Studying the similarity in‬
‭fossil anatomy, we can see‬
‭the links between organisms‬
‭30‬ ‭What evidence for evolution is shown in the fossil record?‬ ‭and the evolution from a‬
 c‭ ommon ancestor.‬
‭- The link between living and‬
‭extinct organisms can be‬
‭investigated.‬
‭- Many organisms are soft‬
‭bodied and therefore‬
‭decompose‬
‭- The conditions aren't right‬
‭for fossilisation‬
‭- Fossils may be destroyed by‬
‭31‬ ‭Why is the fossil record not complete?‬ ‭the Earth's movement‬
‭The study of similarities and‬
‭differences in the anatomy‬
‭32‬ ‭What is comparative anatomy?‬ ‭of living species.‬
‭The description of different‬
‭organisms evolving from a‬
‭33‬ ‭What is divergent evolution?‬ ‭common ancestor.‬
‭The study of similarities and‬
‭differences in the proteins‬
‭and other molecules that‬
‭34‬ ‭What is comparative biochemistry?‬ ‭control life proceses.‬
‭Some molecules are‬
‭important for all life and‬
‭remain highly conserved‬
‭(don't change much). Slight‬
‭changes in these molecules‬
‭over time and between‬
‭species can be used to‬
‭identify relationships. The‬
‭greater the similarity, the‬
‭35‬ ‭How are molecules used in comparative biochemistry?‬ ‭closer the relationship.‬
‭Cytochrome C (used in‬
‭ hich molecules can be used in comparative molecular‬
W ‭respiration)‬
‭ 6‬
3 ‭biochemistry?‬ ‭Ribosomal RNA.‬
‭37‬ ‭What are the two types of variation between organisms?‬ ‭Interspecific and intraspecific‬
‭Variation between organisms‬
‭38‬ ‭What is interspecific variation‬ ‭of different species‬
‭Variation between organisms‬
‭39‬ ‭What is intraspecific variation?‬ ‭of the same species‬
‭1 - Genetic‬
‭40‬ ‭What are the causes of variation?‬ ‭2 - Environmental‬
 ‭ - Alleles‬
1
‭2 - Mutations‬
‭3 - Meiosis‬
‭4 - Sexual reproduction (2‬
‭partners)‬
‭41‬ ‭What are the causes of genetic variation?‬ ‭5 - Chance‬
‭Alleles are variant forms of a‬
‭gene. Different alleles‬
‭produce different effects and‬
‭different characteristics.‬
‭Individuals of a species may‬
‭42‬ ‭How do alleles cause genetic variation?‬ ‭inherit different alleles.‬
‭Mutations are changes to‬
‭the DNA sequence, and‬
‭therefore the proteins the‬
‭genes code for. this can‬
‭affect the physical and‬
‭43‬ ‭How do mutations cause genetic variation?‬ ‭metabolic characteristics.‬
‭Meiosis is the formation of‬
‭gametes. During this process‬
‭the independent assortment‬
‭of chromosomes and the‬
‭crossing over (creating‬
‭chiasmata) occurs. This leads‬
‭to genetically unique sex‬
‭44‬ ‭How does meiosis cause genetic variation?‬ ‭cells.‬
‭During sexual reproduction,‬
‭the offspring inherits‬
‭genetics from both parents,‬
‭ ow does sexual reproduction (2 partners) cause genetic‬
H ‭therefore being their own‬
‭45‬ ‭variation?‬ ‭different organism.‬
‭During sexual reproduction,‬
‭any 2 of the many gametes‬
‭are produced could end up‬
‭combining. This is random‬
‭fertilisation, it is why siblings‬
‭46‬ ‭How does chance cause genetic variation?‬ ‭differ from one another.‬
‭Meiosis, sexual reproduction‬
‭(2 partners) and chance are‬
‭ hy is there much more variation in sexually reproductive‬
W ‭all aspects of sexual‬
‭47‬ ‭organisms than those which reproduce asexually?‬ ‭reproduction. There is‬
 t‭ herefore more likelyhood of‬
‭variation through this‬
‭process.‬
‭Asexual reproduction results‬
‭in the creation of clones.‬
‭ re animals or plants more likely to be affected by the‬
A
‭48‬ ‭environment and cause variation? Why‬ ‭ lants, as they lack mobility.‬
P
‭The presence or absence of‬
‭scars. these can not be‬
‭49‬ ‭Give an example of a purely environmental variation.‬ ‭inherited.‬
‭Both genetic and‬
‭50‬ ‭In most cases, what causes variation within a population?‬ ‭environmental causes.‬
‭Height - you can inherit the‬
‭genes to allow you to grow,‬
‭but if your diet is poor, you‬
‭may not be able to reach‬
‭your potential height.‬
‭Skin colour - your skin colour‬
‭is determined by genes,‬
‭though exposure to sunlight‬
‭Give an example of a characteristic that can be affected by both‬ ‭and UV rays will darken the‬
‭51‬ ‭genetic and environmental factors.‬ ‭skin.‬
‭Twin studies, especially‬
‭It is hard to separate genetic and environmental factors from‬ ‭twins who have been‬
‭causing variation. What investigations are done to allow better‬ ‭separated and brought up in‬
‭52‬ ‭understanding between nature and nurture?‬ ‭different environments.‬
‭Discontinuous and‬
‭ 3‬
5 ‭Into which 2 groups can data on characteristic variation be sorted?‬ ‭continuous variation.‬
‭54‬ ‭What is another term for discontinuous variation?‬ ‭Discrete variation‬
‭Variation that can only be‬
‭put into particular‬
‭categories, or results in‬
‭55‬ ‭What is discontinuous variation?‬ ‭certain values.‬
‭- An animals sex,‬
‭- The shape of a bacteria‬
‭56‬ ‭Give an example of discontinuous variation.‬ ‭- Human blood group‬
‭A characteristic purely‬
‭determined by genetics,‬
‭ 7‬
5 ‭What causes discrete variation?‬ ‭typically a single gene.‬
‭58‬ ‭How is discontinuous variation displayed graphically?‬ ‭Using a bar chart.‬
 ‭ characteristic that can take‬
A
‭any value within a range.‬
‭There is a gradual change‬
‭from one extreme to‬
‭59‬ ‭What is continuous variation?‬ ‭another.‬
‭- Height‬
‭60‬ ‭What is an example of continuous variation?‬ ‭- Mass‬
‭- Multiple genes determining‬
‭that characteristic‬
‭(polygenes) also influenced‬
‭61‬ ‭What causes continuous variation?‬ ‭by the environment.‬
‭- Collected on a frequency‬
‭table‬
‭- Histogram drawn‬
‭ 2‬
6 ‭ ow is continuous variation displayed graphically?‬
H ‭- Curve drawn onto graph‬
‭63‬ ‭Continuous variation typically show what distribution?‬ ‭Normal distribution.‬
‭Data that creates a bell curve‬
‭64‬ ‭What is normal distribution?‬ ‭when plotted.‬
‭- Mean, median and mode‬
‭are the same‬
‭- Distribution is a bell curve,‬
‭symmetrical about the mean‬
‭- 50% of values are less than‬
‭the mean, and 50% greater‬
‭- Most values are close to‬
‭the mean, the values at the‬
‭65‬ ‭What are the characteristics of normal distribution?‬ ‭extremes are low.‬
‭A measure of how spread‬
‭66‬ ‭ hat is standard deviation?‬
W ‭out the data is.‬
‭What does the variation look like if there is a high standard‬
‭67‬ ‭deviation?‬ ‭A large amount of variation.‬
‭What does the variation look like if there is a low standard‬
‭68‬ ‭deviation?‬ ‭ small amount of variation.‬
A
‭σ - Standard Deviation‬
‭∑ - Sum of (add all the‬
‭numbers together)‬
‭x - measured value‬
‭ hat What do the symbols in the standard deviation formula‬
W ‭x ̅- mean value‬
‭69‬ ‭stand for?‬ ‭n - total number of values‬
 ‭ omparing the averages of‬
C
‭data values between two‬
‭populations. (Are two‬
‭populations statistically‬
‭70‬ ‭What is the Student's t test used for?‬ ‭similar or different?)‬
‭Considering the relationship‬
‭between two sets of data. (is‬
‭there a correlation or not, if‬
‭71‬ ‭What is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient used for?‬ ‭so is it positive or negative?)‬
‭To determine wether any‬
‭relationship or outcome is‬
‭due to chance, or an outside‬
‭factor effecting the‬
‭organisms. It determines the‬
‭72‬ ‭What are the purpose of statistical tests?‬ ‭significance of the data.‬
‭The prediction that there is‬
‭no significant difference‬
‭between the populations.‬
‭Any observed difference is‬
‭73‬ ‭What is a null hypothesis in a Student's t test?‬ ‭due to chance.‬
‭The prediction that there is‬
‭no significant relationship‬
‭between the data. Any‬
‭observed relationship is due‬
‭74‬ ‭What is a null hypothesis in a Spearman's rank?‬ ‭to chance.‬
‭It describes how much data‬
‭was collected. It is calculated‬
‭75‬ ‭What are the degree of freedom in a Student's t test?‬ ‭by (n1 + n2) -2‬
‭The value of "t" is looked up‬
‭in the Student's t test‬
‭significance tables‬
‭comparing the probability‬
‭value to the degrees of‬
‭freedom. For the data to be‬
‭significantly different to‬
‭chance alone, the value of‬
‭"t" must be lower that a‬
‭76‬ ‭How do you determine significance in a Studen't t test?‬ ‭probability 5% or 0.05.‬
 T‭ he value of the correlation‬
‭coefficient is looked up in‬
‭the Spearman's rank‬
‭significance tables‬
‭comparing the probability‬
‭value to the number of‬
‭values, "n". For the data to‬
‭be significantly different to‬
‭chance alone, the value of‬
‭"t" must be lower that a‬
‭77‬ ‭How do you determine significance in a Spearman's rank?‬ ‭probability 5% or 0.05.‬
‭Characteristics that allow an‬
‭organism to survive and‬
‭reproduce in it's‬
‭78‬ ‭What are adaptations?‬ ‭environment.‬
‭Anatomical; behavioural;‬
‭79‬ ‭What are the 3 types of adaptation?‬ ‭physiological.‬
‭A physical feature, internal‬
‭80‬ ‭What is an anatomical adaptation?‬ ‭or external.‬
‭The way an organism acts,‬
‭either inherited or learned‬
‭81‬ ‭What is a behavioural adaptation?‬ ‭from parents.‬
‭A process that goes on inside‬
‭82‬ ‭What is a physiological adaptation?‬ ‭an organism.‬
‭Body coverings - such as a‬
‭shell, hair or feathers‬
‭Camouflage - to blend in‬
‭with the environment so as‬
‭not to be seen‬
‭Teeth - the shape and type‬
‭allows different food to be‬
‭eaten‬
‭Mimicry - copying another‬
‭organisms appearance or‬
‭83‬ ‭Give an example of an anatomical adaptation.‬ ‭sound to fool predators‬
‭Curled leaves - minimise‬
‭exposed area of leaves‬
‭Hairs on inside - trap moist‬
‭air increasing humidity‬
‭Sunken stomata - less likely‬
‭84‬ ‭How is Marram grass adapted to stop transpiration?‬ ‭to loose water‬
 T‭ hick waxy cuticle - reduces‬
‭water loss through‬
‭evaporation‬
‭Survival - eg playing dead‬
‭Courtship - eg mating dances‬
‭Seasonal - eg migration or‬
‭ 5‬
8 ‭ ive an example of a behavioural adaptation.‬
G ‭hibernation‬
‭86‬ ‭What are the two main types of behavioural adaptation?‬ ‭Innate; learned‬
‭Instinctive, it is inherited‬
‭through genes, e.g. avoiding‬
‭87‬ ‭What is an innate behaviour?‬ ‭light, building webs.‬
‭Developed through‬
‭experience and observation,‬
‭88‬ ‭What is a learned behaviour‬ ‭e.g. use of tools, language.‬
‭Poison production‬
‭Antibiotic production‬
‭Water storing‬
‭Reflexes‬
‭89‬ ‭Give an example of physiological adaptations.‬ ‭Homeostasis‬
‭Where two unrelated‬
‭species develop traits or‬
‭characteristics. Same‬
‭function, but different‬
‭90‬ ‭What is convergent evolution?‬ ‭genetic origin.‬
‭The unrelated organisms live‬
‭in similar environments and‬
‭are experiencing similar‬
‭91‬ ‭Why does convergent evolution occur?‬ ‭selection pressures‬
‭THe process by which‬
‭organisms best suited to‬
‭their environment survive‬
‭and reproduce, passing on‬
‭their characteristics to their‬
‭offspring through their‬
‭92‬ ‭What is natural selection?‬ ‭genes.‬
 ‭ - Organisms within a‬
1
‭species show variation;‬
‭2 - Organisms best adapted‬
‭to a selection pressure are‬
‭more likely to survive and‬
‭reproduce;‬
‭3 - Successful organisms pass‬
‭the allele encoding the‬
‭advantageous characteristic‬
‭to their offspring;‬
‭4 - This proccess is repeated‬
‭each generation, and the‬
‭frequency of the‬
‭advantageous allele‬
‭increases;‬
‭5 - Over a very long time‬
‭period, this process may lead‬
‭to the evolution of a new‬
‭93‬ ‭What are the steps involved in natural selection?‬ ‭species.‬
‭Factors which affect an‬
‭organisms chance of survival‬
‭94‬ ‭What is a selection pressure?‬ ‭mor reproductive success.‬
‭Predation;‬
‭Competition (mates /‬
‭resources);‬
‭Disease;‬
‭95‬ ‭What are examples of selection pressures?‬ ‭Etc.‬
‭Anti-biotic resistant bacteria;‬
‭Peppered moths;‬
‭Sheep blowflies;‬
‭96‬ ‭What are modern examples of evolution?‬ ‭Flavobacterium.‬
‭Methicillin-resistant‬
‭Staphylococcus‬‭aureus has‬
‭become resistant to many‬
‭anti-biotics. As the bacteria‬
‭were exposed to them, some‬
‭which were resistant,‬
‭survived and reproduced.‬
‭They passed on the allele for‬
‭97‬ ‭How does anti-biotic resistant bacteria show modern evolution?‬ ‭resistance.‬
 ‭ hanges to the environment‬
C
‭changed the allele frequency‬
‭in the peppered moths.‬
‭Before the industrial‬
‭revolution pale moths were‬
‭camoulfaged against pale‬
‭trees.‬
‭During the revolution, the‬
‭trees were black with soot.‬
‭Dark moths were better‬
‭adapted and their frequency‬
‭incresed.‬
‭After the clean air act, the‬
‭trees are now clean again,‬
‭and the pale moths have‬
‭98‬ ‭How do peppered moths show modern evolution?‬ ‭increased in frequency.‬