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Cold Stretching of Cryogenic Pressure Vessels From Austenitic Stainless Steels
Cold Stretching of Cryogenic Pressure Vessels From Austenitic Stainless Steels
Cold Stretching of Cryogenic Pressure Vessels From Austenitic Stainless Steels
PVP2011
July 17-21, 2011, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
PVP2011-57331
1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1
Jinyang Zheng , Abin Guo , Cunjian Miao , Ping Xu* , Jian Yang , Jianjun Ye , Li Ma , Linlin Wu ,
3
Guoyi Yang
(1. Institute of Process Equipm ent, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P.
P. R. China;
2. Institute of Applied Mech anics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China;
3. China Special Equipment Inspection and Research Institute, Beijing 100013, P. R. China)
(*corresponding author, Phone: +86-571-879-53-393; Fax: +86-571-879-53-393; E-mail:pingxu@zju.edu.cn
E-mail:pingxu@zju.edu.cn )
Materials Allowable stress Allowable Rate of increase Allowable stress Rate of increase
[12]
1)It is calculated by Rk/ns, ns =1.5; 2) The material name references to GB 24511-2009 .
(2) Energy conservation and emission reduction cryogenic temperature, ASS after CS still has favorable
Due to the reduction of wall thickness, energy mechanical properties. It is found that, for welded test
consumption can be reduced in the welding and forming. plate of ASS with no less than 40% elongation after
According to the statistical report of the International fracture, the elongation at ambient temperature is still
[13]
Aluminum Association , about 60% fuel is used to more than 25%, and the Charpy V-notch impact energy at
carry the weight of automobile itself. It also indicates that -196℃ can still satisfy the requirement of 31J if plastic
fuel can be reduced by 10% to 15% if the weight of deformation is within 9%.
automobiles cuts by 10%. For transportable ASS CPV, it DESIGN STRESS
means that less fuel is consumed and less carbon dioxide The design stress is the maximum allowable stress at
exhaust during operation by using CS. CS pressure, which is used to determine allowable stress.
(3) Increasing the ratio of weight to volume Proof stress of ASS can be increased by CS. The larger
The ratio of weight to volume is an important index the plastic deformation takes place, the higher is the proof
of energy efficiency for transportable pressure vessels. stress. However, excessively high proof stress may lessen
Volume of ASS CPV can be increased by 2% to 10% due safety margins. So how to determine the design stress
to plastic deformation during CS. The ratio of weight to (also called strengthening stress) is a key factor for the
volume is reduced approximately by 50% caused by application of the CS.
increase in volume and decrease in weight. There are two methods for determining the design
stress.
SAFETY ANALYSIS OF COLD STRETCHED ASS (1) The design stress is proof stress plus 200MPa,
CPV which is used in EN13458-2, EN 13530 -2.
MECHANICAL PROPERITES (2) Considering the increment of proof stress by CS,
Based on extensive experimental and numerical dissipated strain energy, the strain energy function-based
[17]
studies on material specimens and prototype vessels, a method was developed to determine the design stress ,
large amount of data from tensile test, bending test and which is strongly related to the nonlinearity of
impact test, have been obtained. Meanwhile, strain stress-strain curve of the material.
[14]
hardening rate, deformation- induced α’-martensite ,
flow stress and mechanical properties of ASS with SAFETY MARGINS
[15, 16]
various degrees of CS are studied . In order to understand the safety margins of ASS
Owing to high ductility and excellent properties at CPV constructed by using CS, burst tests were
[17]
So far, thousands of cold stretched ASS CPV have is verified by test results .
been manufactured according to the CS standards such as PRESSURE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CS
AS 1210 Supplement 2, EN 13458-2, EN 13530-2 and It is shown that pressurizing rate and CS pressure
ASME Code Case 2596 and there have no related have significant effects on plastic deformation during
accidents reported. It has been demonstrated that the CS[20]. In order to accurately control pressurizing rate and
security of the CS CPV can be guaranteed as long as they CS pressure, a unique pressure control system for CS has
are under normal use. been developed by the authors. It consists of four
NONLINEAR SIMULATION sub-system, i.e., multi-task control subsystem, on-line
In contrast with static CPV with small volume, automatic parameters (including pressure, circumference,
transportable CPV, and static CPV with large volume etc.) measuring subsystem, automatic water filling
always have some structural attachments such as subsystem, and automatic de-loading system. The system
openings, stiffening rings, anti-wave boards, subplates, has the following functions:
etc, which would cause local structural discontinuity, and (1) Cold stretch several ASS CPV in parallel.
thus stress concentration under pressure. It is crucial to (2) Automatically measure the change in
ensure that plastic deformation in those areas be within circumference and volume.
9%. (3) Automatically fill water, pressurize, and
Nonlinear finite element analysis model has been de-pressurize.
developed by considering material nonlinearity, (4) Production procedure record contains at least
geometrical nonlinearity, and contact nonlinearity, which the following information: pressurizing sequence,
(1) There is no fatigue design curve for cold stretched [11] ZHENG Jinyang, MIAO Cunjian, SHOU Binan.
Light-weight: A Trend in the Development of
ASS. The effect of plastic deformation achieved by
Pressure Vessels [J]. Pressure Vessels Technology,
CS on fatigue properties of ASS should be studied
2009, 26(9):42-48.
both at room temperature and -196 ℃. [12] GB 24511-2009, Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and
(2) Stress due to dynamic load on the road may cause Strips for Pressure Equipment[S]. (in Chinese)
fatigue of cold stretched transportable cryogenic [13] CAI Qigang. The Application and Trends of
vessels. Method for calculating such stress, which is Aluminium Alloy for Automobile Body [J] . Guangxi
Journal of Light Industry, 2009, 25(1):28-29.
the basis for fatigue prediction, should be developed
[14] Cunjian Miao, Yaxian Li, Jinyang Zheng. Effect of
by considering the effect of structure-fluid
Strain Rate on the Deformation-Induced Martensitic
interaction.
Transformation and Mechanical Behavior of
Austenitic Stainless Steels for Cold Stretched
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pressure Vessels[C]. Washington: 2010 ASME
This research is supported by National High Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference.
Technology Research and Development Program of [15] ZHOU Gaobin. Strain Hardening of Cryogenic
China (863 Program) (Number: 2009AA044801). Vessels form Austenitic Stainless Steels [D].
Hangzhou, P.R.China, Dissertation Submitted to
REFERENCES Zhejiang University for Master Degree of
[1] GB150-1998, Steel Pressure Vessel[S]. (in Chinese) Engineering. 2007.
[2] J.S. Peterkin. Cold Stretched Austenitic Stainless [16] LI Yaxian. Study on the Material and Forming
Steel Pressure Vessels[C]. Symposium on Stress Process of Strain Strengthening Austenitic Stainless
Analysis for Mechanical Design 1981: Preprints of Steel Cryogenic Vessel [D]. Hangzhou, P.R.China,
Papers 1981.96-98. Dissertation Submitted to Zhejiang University for
[3] AS1210Supp2-1999, Pressure Vessels Master Degree of Engineering, 2009.
Cold-stretched Austenitic Stainless Steel Vessels [S]. [17] Li Ma, Jinyang Zheng, Cunjian Miao, etc. Nonlinear
[4] EN 13458-2:2002, Cryogenic Vessels-Static Vacuum Analysis of Pressure Strengthening For Austenitic
Insulated Vessels-Part 2: Design, Fabrication, Stainless Steel Pressure Vessels[C]. Chicago: 2008
Inspection and Testing[S]. ASME Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference.
[5] EN 13530-2:2002, Cryogenic Vessels-Large [18] Li Ma, Jinyang Zheng, Cunjian Miao, etc. analysis
Transportable Vacuum Insulated Vessels-Part2: of strength margins for austenitic stainless steel
Design, Fabrication, Inspection and Testing[S]. pressure vessels[C]. Chicago: 2008 ASME Pressure
[6] ISO 20421-1:2006. Cryogenic vessels-Large Vessels and Piping Conference.
transportable vacuum-insulated vessels-Part 1: [19] MA Li, ZHENG Jinyang, etc. Strength Margins